Major Agricultural Crops And

Development-Case Studies

DONE BY- YEHYA, AADITYA,

DAKSH, ARSHAD AND SHEIKH.
8CM
INDEX
MAJOR AGRICULTURAL CROPS AND DEVELOPMENT
RICE - YEHYA
WHEAT - AADITYA
MAIZE - DAKSH
MILLET - ARSHAD
SUGARCANE – YEHYA
TEA – YEHYA
COFFEE - SHAIKH
COTTON - SHAIKH
JUTE – YEHYA
RUBBER - ARSHAD
CASE STUDIES - YEHYA
 WHAT DO YOU MEAN BY RICE
CROPS?
Rice is one of the most important staple crops in the world, feeding over
half of the global population. It is a versatile cereal grain, belonging to the
grass family Oryza sativa (Asian rice) and Oryza glaberrima (African rice),
though Oryza sativa is the more commonly cultivated species. Rice is a
fundamental part of the diet in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, where it is
consumed in various forms—from steamed rice to processed products like
rice flour and noodles.

Rice cultivation is highly water-dependent, typically grown in flooded fields

called paddies, though there are upland varieties that require less water.
The crop grows best in tropical and subtropical climates, with countries like
China, India, Indonesia, and Vietnam leading global production. Rice’s
adaptability, nutritional value, and ability to grow in diverse environmental
conditions make it a key food crop worldwide.
Rice Crops: Conditions of Growth
• 1. CLIMATE
• 2.IRRIGATION
• 3.WATER
• 4.SOIL
• 5.LABOUR
1. Climate
Rice thrives in tropical and subtropical climates. Ideal
temperatures range from 22°C to 27°C.
It requires a long growing season with consistent
warmth.
High humidity and sunlight are important during the
growing phase.
2.Irrigation
• Adequate water management is critical, and rice often
grows in flooded conditions (paddy fields) during most
of its growth.
• Irrigation methods include controlled flooding through
canals and reservoirs, particularly in lowland rice fields.
• Efficient water management systems ensure that water
is provided at critical stages, such as planting, tillering,
and flowering.
3. Water
• Rice is highly water-dependent. It requires about 3,000
to 5,000 liters of water to produce 1 kg of rice.
• Flooded fields help suppress weeds and maintain
nutrient-rich soil conditions, but there are also drought-
resistant varieties.
• Upland rice can survive in less water and is usually rain-
fed, but it has lower yields compared to lowland rice.
4.Soils
Rice can grow in a wide range of soils, but it prefers
fertile, loamy, or alluvial soils that can retain water.

In lowland rice systems, clay or silty clay soils are

common because they help retain water.

• Upland rice is typically grown in well-drained soils but

still requires nutrient-rich soils to yield well.
5.Labour
Rice cultivation is labour-intensive, particularly in
countries that rely on traditional planting and harvesting
methods.
Activities like land preparation, transplanting seedlings,
irrigating fields, and harvesting all require significant
manual labor.
• In more mechanized regions, labor intensity may be
reduced, but developing countries still rely heavily on
manual labor.
Types of Rice
1. Upland Rice:
Grown in non-flooded fields, primarily on hills or higher grounds.
It relies on rainfall for moisture and is less water-dependent than lowland rice.
Upland rice is more common in areas with less access to irrigation, but it typically has
lower yields.
Example: Indica rice is commonly grown as upland rice, especially in tropical areas.

2. Lowland Rice:
Grown in flooded fields, often known as paddy rice.
It requires extensive irrigation and is highly water-intensive.
Lowland rice is the most common type of rice cultivated, accounting for the majority
of global production.
Example: Japonica rice is commonly cultivated in temperate lowland regions.
Principal Rice Producing Countries
COUNTRIES

CHINA KOREA NILE VALLEY OF EGYPT

INDIA MYANMAR SOUTH EASTERN USA

INDONESIA VIETNAM CENTRAL AMERICA

BANGLADESH PHILIPPINES PO VALLEY OF

ITALY
THAILAND SRILANKA SPAIN

JAPAN BRAZIL -
2. WHEAT
• Now Aaditya will Explain with his ppt
3.MAIZE
• Now Daksh will explain about his ppt
4.Millets
• Now Arshad will explain his PPT
5.Sugarcane
Definition: Sugarcane is a tall, perennial grass (Saccharum) cultivated
mainly for its high sucrose content.
Growth Conditions: Climate: Thrives in tropical and subtropical
regions with temperatures between 20°C and 32°C.Soil: Prefers well-
drained, fertile soils (loamy and sandy) with good nutrient availability.
Cultivation: Planting: Grown in rows using seed pieces called setts.
Maturity: Takes about 10 to 24 months to mature, depending on the
variety and conditions.
Uses: Sugar Production: Main source of granulated sugar, molasses,
and syrup.
Biofuels: Significant contributor to bioethanol production, a renewable
energy source.
Animal Feed: By-products like bagasse are used as animal feed and in
other industries.
Principal Producing Countries
INDIA PAKISTAN

CHINA USA

BRAZIL HAWAII

CUBA PHILIPPINES

MEXICO AUSTRALIA
Principal Producing Countries
• Brazil: Largest producer, significant in sugar and
ethanol.
• India: Major producer with high domestic consumption.
• China: Leading producer in Asia.
• Thailand: Important exporter in Southeast Asia.
• United States: Grown mainly in Florida, Louisiana, and
Texas.
6.TEA
• Tea is one of the most popular beverages worldwide,
derived from the leaves of the Camellia sinensis plant. It
is known for its diverse flavors and health benefits,
ranging from green and black teas to herbal infusions.
The method of processing and the region of cultivation
significantly influence the taste and characteristics of
tea.
Famous Teas
• 1. CHINA TEA

• 2.DARJEELING TEA

• 3.ASSAM TEA
1.China Tea
Types: Includes various types such as green tea (e.g.,
Longjing), black tea (e.g., Keemun), and oolong tea (e.g.,
Tieguanyin).
Characteristics: Renowned for its diverse flavors, aroma,
and health benefits. Chinese teas are often celebrated for
their traditional processing methods and high quality.
Regions: Key tea-producing regions include Fujian,
Yunnan, and Zhejiang.
2.Darjeeling Tea
Origin: Grown in the Darjeeling district of West Bengal, India,
at high altitudes (600 to 2,000 meters).

Characteristics: Known as the “Champagne of Teas” due to

its unique flavor, light color, and floral aroma. Darjeeling tea
is primarily black tea, but green and oolong varieties are
also produced.

Harvesting: It has several flushes (harvests) throughout the

year, with the first flush (spring) being the most prized.
3.Assam Tea
Origin: Grown in the Assam region of northeastern India,
known for its lush tea gardens and favorable climate.

Characteristics: This black tea is robust, malty, and strong,

often used in breakfast blends like English Breakfast tea.
Assam tea is characterized by its dark liquor and brisk taste.

Harvesting: Usually harvested in two main flushes: the first

flush in March and April and the second flush in June and
July, the latter producing the strongest flavors.
CONDITIONS FOR TEA GROWTH
• 1. Climate
Prefers a humid, tropical, or subtropical climate with
temperatures between 20°C and 30°C.
Requires abundant rainfall (around 1,200-2,500 mm annually)
and well-distributed precipitation.

2.Soil
Thrives in well-drained, acidic soils (pH 4.5 to 6.0) rich in
organic matter.

Fertile, loamy soils with good water retention and drainage

are ideal.
Cont-

• 3.Land
Grows best on hilly or sloped terrain to promote drainage
and reduce waterlogging.
Requires sufficient space for planting and easy access for
maintenance and harvesting.

4.Labour
Tea cultivation is labor-intensive, involving tasks such as
planting, pruning, and harvesting.

Skilled labor is essential for plucking the young leaves,

which are crucial for high-quality tea production.
Principal TEA producing Countries
1.China
2. India
3. Kenya
4. Sri Lanka
5. Turkey
6. Vietnam
7. Indonesia
8. Japan
9. Bangladesh
10. Taiwan
7.COFFEE
• Now we have Shaikh to explain on Coffee
8.Cotton
• Now we have Shaikh to explain on Cotton
9.Jute
Jute is a natural fiber obtained from the stem of the
Corchorus plant, primarily Corchorus capsularis and
Corchorus olitorius. Known as "golden fiber" due to its
color and luster, jute is used extensively in making
burlap, hessian cloth, and various eco-friendly products.
It is one of the most affordable and versatile fibers,
making it popular in the textile and packaging industries.
CONDITIONS FOR JUTE GROWTH
• 1. CLIMATE
• Thrives in tropical and subtropical climates.
Requires warm temperatures (around 20°C to 35°C) and
a humid environment.

2.SOIL
Prefers well-drained, fertile soils rich in organic matter.
Alluvial soils found in river deltas are ideal for jute
cultivation.
CONT
• 3. WATER
• Requires abundant water, especially during the initial
growth stages.
Well-distributed rainfall (around 100-200 cm annually) is
essential.

4.LABOUR
Jute cultivation is labor-intensive, involving tasks like
sowing, weeding, and harvesting.
Manual labor is often used for harvesting, which typically
occurs 3-4 months after planting.
Principal Jute Producing Countries
1. Bangladesh
2. India
3. China
4. Thailand
5. Nepal
6. Vietnam
10.Rubber
• NOW WE HAVE ARSHAD TO EXPLAIN ON RUBBER
CASE STUDY
Case Study: Agricultural Development in India and the USA
Introduction
Agriculture has shaped the destinies of nations. In India and
the USA, it serves as a critical pillar of their economies and
cultures, yet their paths to agricultural development diverge
significantly. This case study uses real-life applications,
illustrated through a short story, to compare agricultural
development in a developing country like India and a
developed country like the USA.
Short Story: The Harvest of Dreams
Setting: A small village in India and a large farm in Iowa, USA
Characters: Rajesh: A smallholder farmer in India
Sarah: A large-scale corn and soybean farmer in Iowa, USA
Part 1: The Struggles of Rajesh
In the small village of Khetri, India, Rajesh woke up early, the sun just beginning to rise
over the horizon. He stepped outside his modest home and looked at his two hectares of
land, hoping for good rains this monsoon season. The village was dependent on the
rains for their crops, and this year had been particularly dry.

Rajesh had inherited this land from his father, and like many farmers in Khetri, he relied
on traditional farming methods. He tilled the soil with a plow pulled by his buffalo,
planting a mix of rice and pulses. Despite his hard work, his yields were often low,
barely enough to feed his family, let alone sell at the market.

One day, as Rajesh tended to his crops, he received a visit from a government official.
The official informed him about a new initiative to provide farmers with access to
irrigation systems and modern seeds. Intrigued yet skeptical, Rajesh decided to join a
local farmer’s cooperative to learn more.

With the support of the cooperative, Rajesh learned about efficient irrigation techniques
and received high-yield seed varieties. He struggled initially, but with perseverance and
guidance, he began to see improvements. The rains finally came, and with his new
methods, he harvested a bumper crop of rice. Rajesh was able to sell enough at the
market to pay off debts and save for his children’s education.
Part 2: Sarah’s Success in Iowa

Meanwhile, in Iowa, USA, Sarah managed a sprawling 1,200-acre farm that her family had owned
for generations. Sarah’s farm was a hub of technology and innovation. As she drove her tractor
equipped with GPS, she marveled at how technology had transformed agriculture.

Using precision farming techniques, Sarah could monitor her crops’ health in real-time. Sensors
placed in the fields provided data on soil moisture, nutrient levels, and pest infestations. With
this information, she could make informed decisions about irrigation and fertilization,
maximizing her yield while minimizing waste.

Every season, Sarah participated in local agricultural fairs, showcasing her high-quality corn and
soybeans. She was an advocate for sustainable farming practices, using cover crops to prevent
soil erosion and reduce chemical inputs. Sarah also collaborated with agricultural researchers
from nearby universities, constantly looking for ways to improve her farming techniques and
maintain the health of her land.

One autumn day, as Sarah prepared for the harvest, she received an invitation to speak at a
conference on sustainable agriculture. Sharing her experiences with others, she highlighted the
importance of technology and innovation in modern farming while encouraging young farmers to
embrace sustainable practices.
Challenges Faced by Rajesh:
Small Scale: Rajesh's small farm limited his ability to invest in
technology.
Dependence on Monsoon: The unpredictable monsoon rains
impacted his yield and income.
Traditional Practices: His reliance on traditional methods kept
productivity low.
Advantages of Sarah:
Large Scale: Sarah’s large farm allowed for significant
investment in machinery and technology.
Advanced Techniques: The use of precision farming led to
higher yields and sustainable practices.
Access to Research: Collaboration with agricultural experts
helped her stay ahead in the industry.
Quiz
• 1. What is the primary factor that influences Rajesh's
agricultural productivity?
• A) Government policies
• B) Access to technology
• C) Monsoon rains
• D) Size of land
Answer
Answer: C) Monsoon rains
2.
• Which farming method is Sarah using in her Iowa farm?
• A) Traditional plowing with animals
• B) Precision farming with GPS technology
• C) Organic farming without technology
• D) Subsistence farming
Answer
• Answer: B) Precision farming with GPS technology
3.
• 3. What type of support does Rajesh receive to improve his
farming practices?

A) Financial loans from banks

B) Government initiatives and cooperative support

C) Private investment from companies

• D) International aid organizations

Answer
Answer: B) Government initiatives and cooperative
support
4.
4. How does the size of farms in India generally compare to those in
the USA?

A) Indian farms are larger than American farms

B) Both have similar average farm sizes

C) Indian farms are smaller and more fragmented

• D) American farms are smaller and more fragmented

Answer
• Answer: C) Indian farms are smaller and more
fragmented
5.
5. Which of the following is a major focus of Sarah’s farming
practices?

A) Traditional farming methods

B) Sustainable agriculture

C) Increasing livestock production

• D) Dependency on rain
Answer
• Answer: B) Sustainable agriculture