CONTENTS

Session 1: Introduction to Communication

Session 2: Verbal Communication
Session 3: Non-verbal Communication
Session 4: Pronunciation Basics
Session 5: Communication Styles
Session 6: Saying No
Session 7: Writing Skills — Parts of Speech
Session 8: Writing Skills — Sentences
Session 9: Greetings and Introduction
Session 10: Talking about Self
Session 11: Asking Questions
Session 12: Talking about Family
Session 13: Describing Habits and Routines
Session 14: Asking for Directions
 IMPORTANCE OF COMMUNICATION
Your ability to communicate clearly and share
thoughts, feelings and ideas will help you in all
your relations with other people.
Communication skills are needed to
• Inform – for example, communicating the
time of a meeting.
• Influence – for example, negotiating with a
shopkeeper to reduce the price.
• Express feelings – for example, to say or show
that you are excited about your success or
about a given task.
ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION
 PERSPECTIVES IN COMMUNICATION
Perspectives are ideas, views, or fixed ways of
thinking. These sometimes affect our
communication. For example, if you have a fixed
idea that your teacher or father is strict, even
when they are being friendly, you may think
they are scolding you.
EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
TYPES OF VERBAL COMMUNICATION
 ORAL COMMUNICATION
• Communication which
involves talking..
> Face-to-face conversation:
When you can see the listener.
> Talking on a phone: This is
for personal and official
communication.
> Classroom teaching,
business meeting and public
speeches.
 WRITTEN COMMUNICATION
• Communication which involves
written or typed words.
> Writing on paper: letters,
notes, etc.
> SMS (Short Message Service):
These can be sent through a
phone to a person or a group.
> Using email to share news,
thoughts, documents and files
> Printed books and
newspapers.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF
VERBAL COMMUNICATION
PUBLIC SPEAKING
Speaking in front of a large group makes most people
nervous. You can use the 3Ps (Prepare, Practice,
Perform) method to get over your fears, and become a
confident and effective speaker.
NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION
IMPORTANCE OF
NON-VERBAL
COMMUNICATION
In our day-to-day
communication, it is
observed that most of the
communication is done using
body movements (face or
arms movements, etc.) and
voice control (voice, tone,
pauses, etc.) and less than
10% is done using words.
Maximum communication is
non-verbal. We communicate
using words, tone of voice
and body language.
Non-verbal communication makes our message stronger.
• Using the right gestures and postures helps us to be professional at work.
• Using the right gestures while speaking makes our message more effective.
• Knowing non-verbal communication helps us understand our audience’s
reaction and adjust our behavior or communication accordingly.
• If verbal messages are blocked by noise or distance, etc., we can use hand
movements to exchange our message. Placing a finger on the lips to indicate
need for silence and nodding the head up and saying ‘yes’.
TYPES OF NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION
FACIAL
EXPRESSION
Our expressions show
our feelings: Happiness,
sadness, anger,
surprise, fear, etc.
• Smile when you meet
someone
• Keep your face
relaxed
• Match your
expressions with what
you are saying
POSTURE
Postures are positions of the
body. They show our
confidence and feelings.
• Keep upper body relaxed
and, shoulders straight.
• Sit straight, rest hands and
feet in relaxed position.
• Keep hands by your sides
while standing.
GESTURES OR
BODY LANGUAGE
Gestures describe movements
of parts of the body, especially
hands or head, to express an
idea or meaning. This includes
waving, pointing and using our
hands when speaking. For
example, raising a hand may
mean asking a question. Biting
nails show nervousness.
• Avoid pointing at people with
your finger.
• Bend your head a little while
talking or listening to show that
you are paying attention.
TOUCH
We communicate a
great deal through our
touch, such as shaking
hands and patting on
the back. For
example, a firm
handshake shows
confidence. Sports
coaches give a pat on
the back of players to
encourage them.
• Shake hands firmly.
• Avoid other touch
SPACE
Space is the physical
distance maintained
between two people.
It is important to
maintain a proper
distance when
speaking with
someone.
• Maintain proper
space depending on
the relationship, which
could be formal or
informal as the
EYE CONTACT
The way we look at someone
can communicate things, such
as interest or anger. Eye contact
is when two people are looking
directly into one another’s eyes.
It shows that we are paying
attention to the person. Looking
away can make the other
person feel ignored.
• Look at the person who is
speaking.
• Keep a relaxed, pleasant look.
• Break the look every few
seconds.
PARALANGUAGE
Paralanguage means how we
speak. The tone of our voice,
speed and volume can make
a difference in the meaning
we want to show. Speaking
too fast may show happiness,
excitement or nervousness.
Speaking too slow may show
seriousness or sadness.
• Use a proper tone and
volume while speaking.
• Maintain a moderate
rate(speed) of talking.
VISUAL
COMMUNICATION
Another important method of
communication is visual
communication, which involves
sending and understanding
messages only through images
or pictures. The main
advantage of this type of
communication is that you do
not need to know any
particular language for
understanding it. It is simple,
easy to understand and
remains same across different
places.
 PRONUNCIATION
BASICS
Pronunciation is the way
you say a word or a
language is spoken. If
we do not say (or
pronounce) words
correctly, others cannot
understand what we are
saying. To communicate
well when you speak,
you need to know how
to pronounce words
correctly. Correct
pronunciation will help
you express yourself in a
• How do we pronounce
words? We use sounds to
speak. Every word is made
PHONETICS
up of one or more sounds.
We put these sounds
together to pronounce
words. Phonetics is the study
of the sounds that we make
when we speak.
The English alphabet has 26
letters, from A to Z. But each
of these letters can be
pronounced in different ways
in different words. We use 26
letters to write in English.
But, we use more than 26
sounds when we speak
English. This is why a word’s
COMMUNICATION STYLES —
ASSERTIVENESS
• Being assertive is a healthier
ASSERTIVE
communication style. COMMUNICATION
It
involves
• expressing your views
without disrespecting others
or yourself
• respecting others
• communicating your
opinion and wishes clearly
• being open to other’s points
of view, and
• finding a balance between
your needs and other’s
needs.
• Being assertive
• builds ADVANTAGES
self-confidence. OF ASSERTIVE
COMMUNICATION
• builds self-respect.
• prevents you from
saying words or doing
actions that you may
regret later.
• makes you and others
feel positive.
• makes sure that
everyone expresses their
ideas and meets the
needs of all.
• helps you to become a
more confident worker
SAYING NO — REFUSAL SKILLS
HOW TO SAY NO?
• I’m sorry I cannot
come as I have other
plans.
• I’m sorry but I have a
meeting to attend.
• I have made other
plans so I won’t be able
to join you.
• I have an important
meeting to attend so I
won’t be able to join
you.
• Thanks for asking, but
I have to attend an
important meeting.
• I would love to come,
CONNECTING WORDS (CONJUNCTIONS)
WRITING SKILLS — PARTS OF SPEECH
 USING CAPITALS

It is easy to know what to capitalize if you remember the word ‘MINTS’.

MINTS is a set of simple rules that help you capitalize words correctly.
PUNCTUATTION
BASIC PARTS OF SPEECH
SUPPORTING PARTS OF SPEECH TYPES
WRITING SKILLS – SENTENCES
 TYPES OF OBJECTS
• The object in a sentence can be either direct or indirect.
> Direct objects are the ones directly ‘acted on’ by the action
word (verb). A direct object answers the question ‘what?’
> An indirect object answers questions, such as ‘to whom’ and
‘for whom’.
 TYPES OF SENTENCES
Active Sentences Passive Sentences
• Sentences where the subject does • Sentences in which the subject
an action are known to be in the receives an action are known to be
Active voice. in the Passive voice.
 PARAGRAPH
• A group of sentences forms a paragraph. While writing a
paragraph, make sure the sentences have a common idea. When
you want to write about a different idea, make a new paragraph. For
example, if you are writing about your school, the first paragraph
can be of sentences about the name, location, size and other such
details. In the next paragraph you can use sentences to describe
what you like about your school.
 GREETINGS
There are many ways to greet
when you meet a person. The
greeting and reply to a greeting
at work is different from the
greeting and reply given to a
friend. Similarly, there are
many ways to say goodbye
when you depart. The greetings
change depending upon who
we are talking to and even
according to the time of the
day. Greetings help us start a
conversation nicely.
TYPES OF GREETINGS
 TYPES OF GREETINGS
Formal greetings Informal greetings
• Formal greetings are used if you do not • Informal greetings are used when you
know the person. It is used to greet a talk to friends, family or know the
senior, elderly people or people with person very well.
whom we have formal relations like
teachers or customers. This is used
more often in schools, colleges, offices,
in meetings and at work.
 INTRODUCING YOURSELF AND OTHERS
When you are meeting
someone for the first time,
or if others want to know
about you, you need to
‘introduce’ yourself. You
can do this by telling your
name and some general
information like your
hometown, your job or
subjects as a student, your
interests, etc. When
introducing yourself,
remember to look at the
other person and smile.
TALKING ABOUT SELF
FILLING A FORM
• A question is a sentence,
phrase, or word that either
ASKING QUESTIONS
asks for information or is
used to test someone’s
knowledge. We always use a
question mark (?) at the end
of a question.
There are two basic types of
questions: close-ended
questions and open-ended
questions.
> Questions that can be
answered with a ‘yes’ or a
‘no’ are called close-ended
questions. That is because
the answer options are
limited or closed.
> when we ask: “What
would you like to eat?”, the
answer could be: “I would
like to eat an apple.” These
are called open-ended
questions because their
 TALKING ABOUT FAMILY
• Your mother and father are your parents. You may
have one or more brothers or sisters
• In English, parents of both mother and father
are called Grandparents (Grandfather and
Grandmother).
• Sisters of both father and mother are called
Aunts.
• Brothers of both father and mother are called
Uncles.
• Children of all aunts and uncles are called
Cousins.
• Family members of the husband or wife are
known as ‘in-laws’.
– For example, brothers and sisters of the
husband will be brothers-in-law and sisters-in law
for the wife.
– Brothers and sisters of the wife will be brothers
in-law and sisters-in-law for the husband.
– Parents of the wife will be father-in-law and
mother-in-law for the husband.
– Parents of the husband will be father-in-law and
mother-in-law for the wife
 DESCRIBING HABITS AND ROUTINES
-> A habit is a practice that we
follow, especially one that is very
hard to stop or give up. For
example, getting up at a particular
time is a habit.

-> A routine is a regular, ordered

way of doing activities at a fixed
time. There are some phrases that
can be used to describe your
routine. Some words like every
day, usually (or generally), always,
sometimes, never, etc., can be
used to describe our habits and
routines.
 ASKING FOR DIRECTIONS
• How to Ask for or Give Directions
When you need to go to a new
place what do you do? You ask
somebody or use a map. When
you ask someone, you ask
politely. Start by saying ‘Excuse
me’ or by greeting them.
Ask clearly for the place where
you want to reach (for example,
Central School, Raja Nagar,
Railway Station, Kavi Nagar
Post Office, Admission office
inside a building)