Chapter 3

Objectives
2
After completing this chapter you will be able to,

 Use decision control structures

If
If-else
Switch
 Apply repetition control structures
While
Do-while
For
 Implement branching statements
Break
Continue
Return
 Java Statements and Blocks
3
What is a Statement?
A statement is a complete instruction terminated by a semi-colon.
Example: Assignment Statement
String name=“RAM”;
What is a Block?
A block is group of statements enclosed in curly brackets.
Example:
{
name=“Ramesh”; Executed First
age=12; Executed Second
}
Java executes one statement after the other in the order they are written
 Java Control Statements
4
What are Control Statements?

The control statements allows developers to control the flow of

program’s execution based upon some conditions during run time.

The control statements allows developers to,

• Repetitive execution of statements – Executing a statement ‘N’

number of times
• Conditional execution of statements – Execute statements based on
some condition.
Control Statements - Categories
5
 Selection Statements
6
What are Selection statements?

Selection statements allow the program to choose different paths of

execution based upon the outcome of an conditional expression or
the state of a variable.

Java supports the following selection statements

 if else statement
 switch statement
 Selection Statement - IF
7
If Statement:
The if statements can check conditions starting from very simple to
quite complex and execute statements.
Conditions are nothing but a single relational expression or the
combination of more than one relational expressions with logical
operators. If statement comes in three different constructs
 A simple If Statement
8
Features of Simple If statement:
 The simple if statement allows the execution of a single
statement or a block of statements enclosed within curly braces.
 The if statement handles a very simple situation and executes
only when the condition is true otherwise the whole statement
body is skipped .
if
Illustration:
(condition
is true)
Yes

No Execute
statements.

Skip the block and

execute other statements
 Simple If Statement
9
Syntax of Simple If statement:
Option I:
if(condition1 ) {
//statement body;
}
Option II:
if(condition1 && condition2){
//statement body;
}

The condition can be a single relational expression or a combination

of more than one relational expression separated using a logical
operators
 If Statement Example
10
Examples of a simple If statement:

Example1: Without curly braces

int a = 10;
int b = 20;
If(a>b)
System.out.println(“Value of a is greater than b”);

Example2: With curly braces

int empId=126;
int retirementAge=58;
If both the condition
int empAge=34; age and id are
if((empAge<retirementAge) && (empId==126)){ satisfied the
message will be
System.out.println(“Calculate Salary ”); printed.
}
It is a good programming practice to use the curly braces regardless of whether
there is one or more statements.
 If-else Statement
11

What is an if-else statement?

Simple If Else statement for If-else

statement + alternative flow = Statement

If-else can handle two blocks of code, and only one of those blocks will be
executed based on the condition outcome.

Syntax
if( <condition1> ) {
statements
} If condition1 is satisfied
these statements are executed
else{
statements
If condition1 is not satisfied
}
these statements are executed
 If-else Statement Example
12

Example of an if-else statement:

int empId=126;
int retirementAge=58;
int empAge=34;
if( (empAge<retirementAge) && (empId==126) ){
If both the condition age
System.out.println(“Calculate Salary ”); and id are satisfied the
message will be printed.
}
else
{
If the conditions in if
System.out.println(“Calculate Pension”); block is not satisfied, this
block will be fired.
}
 If-else if Statement
13

What is an if-else if statement?

Multiple If-else If-else If or

statements ladder if-else
Statement
If-else if can handle more than two blocks of code, and only one of those blocks will be
executed.
Syntax
if( <condition1> ) {
statements If condition1 is satisfied these statements
are executed.
}
else if(<condition2>){
statements If condition1 is not satisfied and condition2
} is satisfied these statements are executed.
else{
statements If both conditions are not satisfied these
} statements are executed.
If-else if Statement Example
14
 Lend a Hand – If-else if

1. Create a java class “NumberCheck” add a method displayBigNumber

three int parameters “num1” ,”num2” and “num3”.
2. The method displayBigNumber will check and print the biggest of the
three numbers in the following format
“<result> + is the Biggest Number”
3. Create a java class “MainProgram” add a main method which will
 Create a object instance of the NumberCheck.
 Trigger the method displayBigNumber by passing values of
num1,num2, and num3 as 11,18 and 7.
4. The message needs to be displayed in the console.
 Lend a Hand –Solution
16
Solution
 Switches in Real life
17
In the below illustration the respective switches are used to control the working of the
respective electrical appliances.
Example: Switch on Fan use the fan switch and so on….

 Similarly, when developing software applications to control the

flow of execution in executing a particular block of statements we
use the switch statement.
 The switch statement allows to choose a block of statements to run
from a number of option available.
How to write Switch Statement
18
 Switch Statement Example
19
Example:
int x=6%2;
switch (x){
case 0:
System.out.println("The value of x is 0." );
break;
case 1:
System.out.println("The value of x is 1." );
break;
default:
System.out.println("The value of x is default.");
break;
}
The argument of switch() must be one of the types byte, short, char, int.
There should be no duplicate case labels i.e., the same value cannot be used twice .
 How Switch works?
20
Lets see how Switch works without break statements,
Assume the value of X is 10
switch (x){ switch Statement Executed
case 12:
//Statements
break;
case 10:
case 10 condition passes
//Statements
Case 10 statements executed
break;
case 15: Break statement executed and control goes outside the switch
//Statements block.
break;
Default:
//Statements
break; Break statement breaks the execution control flow and control passed
} outside the switch block.
 How Switch works without break?
21

Lets see how Switch works without break statements,

Assume the value of X is 10

switch (x){ switch Statement Executed
case 12:
//Statements
case 10: case 10 condition passes
//Statements case 10 statements executed
case 15:
//Statements Since case 10 block does not have break the
case 15 and the default block statements will be
Default: executed .
//Statements
} After all the cases statements are executed the control
goes outside the switch blocks.
 Switch Statement
22
Some facts about switch statement:

• Java first evaluates the switch expression and jumps to the

case which matches the value of the expression

• Once the correct match is found, all statements from that

point are executed till a break statement is encountered

• Once break statement is encountered, the flow jumps to the

statements after the switch structure

• If none of the cases are satisfied, default block is executed.

The default block does not have to be at the end of the switch.
 Switch Vs IF
23

if-else switch
This can test expressions This tests expressions
based on ranges of based only on a single
values or conditions. integer, enumerated
value, or String object.
Example: if(a==10 &&
b=21) Example: switch(i)//
where I is an int.

Based on the condition to be evaluated developers can either go for switch or if-
else.
 Iteration Statement
24
What are Iteration statements?
Iteration Statements are used execute a block of statements
repeatedly as long as a certain condition is true.
A single relational expression or the combination of more than one
relational expression with logical operators are given as
conditions.
Java offers three iteration constructs
 While Statement
25

The while loop is Java’s most fundamental iteration statement.

Simple Problem statement to understand the usage of while statement:
John has to develop a small java program which needs to print a
welcome message as long as the number of guests is greater than zero.
The above problem statement can be easily done using while loop

Example:
while(countOfGuests>0){
System.out.println(“Welcome to my party”);
countOfGuests--;
}
 While Statement
26
Facts about while statement:
The while loop is a statement or block of statements that is repeated
as long as some condition is satisfied

Syntax
while (boolean_expression) {
statement1;
statement 2;
…..}

The statements in while loop are executed as long as the boolean

expression is true
Illustration of a while statement
27
 Lend a Hand – While
28
1. Create a java class “WelcomeMessage” and add a method
named printMessage which would display “Welcome All”.
2. Create a java class “TestProgram” add a main method which
will
 Create an instance of the WelcomeMessage and trigger
the method printMessage five times.
 The message “Welcome All” should be displayed 5 times.
3. The message needs to be displayed in the console.

Use while Statement

While Statement Example
29

Develop the code as illustrated below.

 do-while Statement
30
What is a Do while Loop:
It is similar to while loop except that the do-while execute the block
once, and then checks the while condition.
The do-while loop always executes its body at least once, because its
conditional expression is at the end of the loop.
Real Time Example : ATM Machine
Illustration of a do while statement
31
 Example of do-while Statement
32

Example of a do while statement:

The value of i is
printed for the first
time, even though it
does not match the
condition i< 5

Output:
 Lend a Hand – do while
33

1. Create a java class “WelcomeMessage” and add a method

named printMessage which would display “Welcome All”.
2. Create a java class “TestProgram” add a main method which will
 Create an instance of the WelcomeMessage and trigger the
method printMessage five times.
 The message “Welcome All” should be displayed 5 times.
3. The message needs to be displayed in the console.

Use do while Statement

do-while Statement Example
34

Develop the code as illustrated below.

 For Statement
35
What is a for loop?
For statement is similar to while loop is used to repeat the execution
of the code till a condition is met.

Syntax:
for(initialization; loopCondition; iteration) {
statements;
}

The initialization allows to declare and/or initialize loop variables, and is executed
only once.
The loopCondition compares the loop variable to some limit value. If the loop
condition is not met it is broken.
The iteration usually increments or decrements the values of the loop variables
Illustration of a for statement
36

Initialize Loop
counter

Update
Counter

Is
Yes Execute block
conditio
n true?
of commands

No

Program continues..
 For Statement Example

class Example{
public static void main(String []args){
for(int i=1; i< 10; i++){
Statement
System.out.println(“The Number is “+i); Executed in
loop
}
Loop Value Condition for loop, Loop value
}
Initialized to Loop executed till incremented.
1. value is < 10
 Lend a Hand – For Loop statement
38

1. Create a java class “WelcomeMessage” and add a method

named printMessage which would display “Welcome All”.
2. Create a java class “TestProgram” add a main method which will
 Create an instance of the WelcomeMessage. and trigger the
method printMessage five times.
 The message “Welcome All” should be displayed 5 times
in the console.
3. The message needs to be displayed in the console.

Use For Loop Statement

For Statement Example
39

Develop the code as illustrated below.

 Transfer Statement
40

What are transfer statements?

The transfer Statements in Java alter the normal control flow of the
statements. They allow you to redirect the flow of program
execution.

Transfer Statements are used to quit either the current iteration of a

loop or the entire loop.

Java offers two transfer statements

1. break.
2. continue.
3. return.
 Break Statement
41

Break statement used for,

1. Used to terminates a statement sequence in a switch statement.
2. Used to exit loops in Iteration Statement.

Problem statement:
This program iterates through the 100 employees and calculate salary . If one
employee is minor age, i.e. age < 18 it should break the loop and stop the
execution.
while (employeecount<=100) {
if(employeeAge <18)
{
break;
}
calculateSalary();
}
 Continue Statement
42

Continue Statements stops the processing the remaining code in the body of the
particular iteration Statement and continue with the next loop.

Problem statement:
This program iterates through the 100 employees and calculate salary . If one
employee is minor age, i.e. age < 18 it should SKIP the salary calculation
logic for the employee and proceed with other employees.

while (employeecount<100) {
if(employeeAge <18)
{
continue;
}
calculateSalary();
}
 Continue Statement
43

•Continue Statement can be used within selection statements

which are inside iteration statements .

•In while and do-while statements, a continue statement causes

control to be transferred directly to the conditional expression that
controls the loop.

•In a for statement, a continue statement skips the current iteration

and causes the control to got to the first statement of the loop to
proceed with the next iteration.
 Return Statement
44
Return statement:
The return statement exits from the current method, and the control flow
returns to where the method was invoked.

The return statement has two forms:

• One that returns a value
• One that doesn’t.

Option 1: To return a value, simply put the value or expression that needs to
be returned after the return keyword.
return <value/expression>;

Option 2: When the return type of method is void, use the form of return that
does not return a value

return;
In this case, the execution of the method is stopped.
 Lend a Hand - Return statement
45

Let us use the same

WelcomeMessage class
that we developed for
the previous example

When i is equal to 3, the return

statement is executed and the
execution of the method is stopped

Output Try the same example with break and

continue statement and see how the
program behaves.
 Time To Reflect
46

Associates to reflect the following topics before proceeding.

 What statements will you use to execute a block of code

repetitively.
 How to stop a execution of a loop?
 Difference between do while and while statement?
 What is the difference between switch and If statements?