Control Structure - If Else and Switch in C++ Programming

COMPUTER PROGRAMMING
LECTURE # 4: CONTROL
STRUCTURE - A
BSE 1
Joddat Fatima
1
joddat.fatima@gmail.com
Department of C&SE
Bahria University Islamabad
CONTROL STRUCTURE
 A program is usually not limited to a linear sequence of instructions.
 During its process it may bifurcate, repeat code or take decisions.
 For that purpose, C++ provides control structures that serve to specify
what has to be done by our program, when and under which
circumstances.
 Compound Statement or Block.

A block is a group of statements which are separated by semicolons (;) like all C++
statements, but grouped together in a block enclosed in braces: { }:
{ statement1; statement2; statement3; }
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THREE CONTROL STRUCTURES
 Sequence structure
 Programs executed sequentially by default
 Selection structures
 if, if/else, switch
 Repetition structures
 while, do/while, for
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SELECTION STRUCTURE IF-ELSE
4
IF STRUCTURE
 The if keyword is used to execute a statement or block only if a

condition is fulfilled. Its form is: if (condition) statement
 Where condition is the expression that is being evaluated.
 If this condition is true, statement is executed.
 If it is false, statement is ignored (not executed) and the program

continues right after this conditional structure.
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CONDITIONAL -- IF
 For example, the following code fragment prints x is 100 only if

the value stored in the x variable is indeed 100:
if (x == 100)
cout << "x is 100";
 If we want more than a single statement to be executed in case

that the condition is true we can specify a block using braces { }:
if (x == 100)
{
cout << "x is ";
cout << x;
} 6
EXAMPLE IF SELECTION
7
IF AND ELSE STRUCTURE
 We can additionally specify what we want to happen if the condition is not

fulfilled by using the keyword else.
 if
 Performs action if condition true
 if/else
 Different actions if conditions true or false
if (x == 100)
cout << "x is 100";
else
cout << "x is not 100";
 Prints on the screen x is 100 if indeed x has a value of 100, but if it has not 8
-and only if not- it prints out x is not 100.
EXAMPLE IF AND ELSE
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NESTED IF ELSE
 The if + else structures can be concatenated with the intention of verifying a range of
values.
 One inside another, test for multiple cases
 Once condition met, other statements skipped
 The following example shows its use telling if the value currently stored in x is
positive, negative or none of them (i.e. zero):
if (x > 0)
cout << "x is positive";
else if (x < 0)
cout << "x is negative";
else
cout << "x is 0";
 Remember that in case that we want more than a single statement to be executed, we 10
must group them in a block by enclosing them in braces { }.
FLOW DIAGRAM IF-ELSE
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EXAMPLE NESTED IF AND ELSE
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SELECTION STRUCTURE SWITCH
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SWITCH STRUCTURE
 The syntax of the switch statement is a bit peculiar.
 Its objective is to check several possible constant values for an expression.
 Something similar to what we did at the beginning of this section with the
concatenation of several if and else if instructions.
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SWITCH FLOW DIAGRAM
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THE CONTROLLING STATEMENT
 A switch statement's controlling statement must return one

of these types
 A bool value
 An enum constant
 An integer type
 A character
 The value returned is compared to the constant values after

each "case"
 When a match is found, the code for that case is used
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THE BREAK STATEMENT
 The break statement ends the switch-statement

 Omitting the break statement will cause the code for the next
case to be executed!
 Omitting a break statement allows the use of multiple case labels
for a section of code
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THE DEFAULT STATEMENT
 If no case label has a constant that matches the controlling

expression, the statements following the default label are
executed
 If there is no default label, nothing happens when the switch

statement is executed
 It is a good idea to include a default section
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EXAMPLE SWITCH
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EXAMPLE SHOW BOTH SELECTIVE STRUCTURES
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EXAMPLES
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EXAMPLE # 1
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
int number;
cout << "Enter Number\n";
cin >> number;
if(num%2==0)
cout <<“NUMBER IS EVEN”<<endl;
else
cout <<“NUMBER IS ODD”<<endl;
return 0;
}
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EXAMPLE # 2
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EXAMPLE # 3
int main()
{
double number1, number2, number3;
cout << "Enter three floating-point numbers: ";
cin >> number1 >> number2 >> number3;
double max = number1;
if (number2 > max ),

max = number2;
if (number3> max )
max = number3;
cout << "Maximum is: " << max<< endl;

return 0; 24
}
EXAMPLE # 4
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EXAMPLE # 5
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EXAMPLE # 6
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Control Structure - If Else and Switch in C++ Programming

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Control Structure - If Else and Switch in C++ Programming

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COMPUTER PROGRAMMING

 A program is usually not limited to a linear sequence of instructions.

 During its process it may bifurcate, repeat code or take decisions.

 Compound Statement or Block.

 The if keyword is used to execute a statement or block only if a

 Where condition is the expression that is being evaluated.

 If this condition is true, statement is executed.

 If it is false, statement is ignored (not executed) and the program

 For example, the following code fragment prints x is 100 only if

 If we want more than a single statement to be executed in case

 We can additionally specify what we want to happen if the condition is not

 The syntax of the switch statement is a bit peculiar.

 Its objective is to check several possible constant values for an expression.

 A switch statement's controlling statement must return one

 The value returned is compared to the constant values after

 The break statement ends the switch-statement

 If no case label has a constant that matches the controlling

 If there is no default label, nothing happens when the switch

if (number2 > max ),

cout << "Maximum is: " << max<< endl;

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