Fractional Distillation - Ojasvi Singh 11 s1

Fractional
distillation
OJASVI SINGH
11-S1
Acknowledgement
I would like to express my greatest gratitude to all those who
directly or indirectly helped and supported me throughout the
project. Firstly, I am highly indebted to my chemistry teacher Mr.
Shailendra sir for his guidance and constant supervision as well
as for providing necessary information regarding the project. I
would also like to extend my gratitude to our principal for giving
me a chance to work on this project .Finally, I would like to thank
my parents, for their continued support and coordination in this
project.
Defination
Fractional distillation means that a type of distillation
that involves the separation of miscible liquids. The
fractional distillation process involves repeated
condensation and distillation. Usually, the separation of
a mixture into component parts takes place in
fractional distillation. The separation takes place when
the mixture is in exposure to heat at a particular
temperature where fractions of mixture start to
vaporise. Fractional distillation’s basic process or
principle is that different liquids evaporate and boil at
various different temperatures. Therefore in fractional
distillation during the heating of the mixture, the
substance which has a lower boiling point, will start to
Procedure
•Some of the fractional distillation apparatuses in use for
the process are distilling flask, receiver, thermometer, heat
source, condenser and fractionating column.
•After we set up the apparatus the mixture of liquids A and
B, which are miscible are taken, where A has greater
volatility than B substance.
•The solution is put into the distilling flask, and the tip of the
flask is in connection with the fractionating column.
•The heat increases the temperature slowly. The vapours
start to rise in the flask as soon as the mixture starts to
boil. The vapours come out from the volatile component a.
Distillation of Crude Oil. The separation of various components of
crude oil is one of the very common examples of fractional
distillation in the industry. Paraffin wax, diesel, lubricating oil,
gasoline, kerosene and naphtha are the substances that crude oil
contains. The separation of these components takes place
productively with the help of the distillation process. Crude oil is
put in the chamber and is given heat along with high-pressure
steam. As a result, the mixture starts to boil and thus the formation
of vapour takes place. At this particular point, various substances
start entering the vapour phase. The vapour then rises up the
fractional distillation column consisting of several plates .
The plates consist of holes that allow the vapour to pass through.
At the top of the fractionating column, the temperature is low. We
find that components that have the highest boiling point condense
in the lower part of the column, on the other hand, the substance
with a low boiling point condenses at the top. From the sides of the
• Also, the vapours move towards the condenser through the
fractionating column, where it cools down to form a liquid which
is then collected in the receiver.
• Until there is complete separation of the two mixtures

vaporisation and condensation take place repeatedly throughout
the process.
Distillation of Crude Oil
Distill. The separation of various components of crude oil is one of the very
common examples of fractional distillation in the industry. Paraffin wax,
diesel, lubricating oil, gasoline, kerosene and naphtha are the substances
that crude oil contains. The separation of these components takes place
productively with the help of the distillation process. Crude oil is put in the
chamber and is given heat along with high-pressure steam. As a result, the
mixture starts to boil and thus the formation of vapour takes place. At this
particular point, various substances start entering the vapour phase. The
vapour then rises up the fractional distillation column consisting of several
plates.
The plates consist of holes that allow the vapour to pass through. At the top
of the fractionating column, the temperature is low. We find that components
that have the highest boiling point condense in the lower part of the column,
on the other hand, the substance with a low boiling point condenses at the
top. From the sides of the column, the vapours or liquid fractions are
removed. Later, the liquid fractions are further in process in the condensers
to cool them even more.
Applications of Fractional
Distillation
•Fractional distillation is useful for the production of high-purity
silicon from chlorosilanes. Silicon is very much in use in
semiconductors.
•It is in use for the separation of liquefied air. We obtain components
like liquid nitrogen, concentrate argon and oxygen.
•Fractional distillation has also its use in various industries like oil
refineries and even in chemical plants mainly for the separation and
purification of several organic compounds.
•It is useful in the process of purification of water.
•Fractional isolation is in use for the separation of acetone and water.
Bibliography
For successfully completing my project, I have taken help
from the following website links:
• www.google.com
• https://wwwtoppr.com/
• https://byjus.com
Thank you
OJASVI SINGH
11-S1

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Fractional

• Until there is complete separation of the two mixtures

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