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    All India Senior School Certifcate Examination: Divine Child School Mehsana

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    Ashish
    1) Rahil Parsana, a class XII student at Divine Child School, successfully completed a chemistry project on fractional distillation during the 2017-2018 academic year. 2) Fractional distillation is the separation of a mixture into its component parts through heating and condensation based on differences in boiling points. It involves heating a mixture in a fractional distillation column where the different components separate as vapors and condense at different heights based on their boiling points. 3) Fractional distillation has important industrial uses such as in refining crude oil into useful fractions like gasoline and separating air into its primary components of nitrogen and oxygen.

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    All India Senior School Certifcate Examination: Divine Child School Mehsana

    Uploaded by

    Ashish
    39 views19 pages
    1) Rahil Parsana, a class XII student at Divine Child School, successfully completed a chemistry project on fractional distillation during the 2017-2018 academic year. 2) Fractional distillation is the separation of a mixture into its component parts through heating and condensation based on differences in boiling points. It involves heating a mixture in a fractional distillation column where the different components separate as vapors and condense at different heights based on their boiling points. 3) Fractional distillation has important industrial uses such as in refining crude oil into useful fractions like gasoline and separating air into its primary components of nitrogen and oxygen.

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    1) Rahil Parsana, a class XII student at Divine Child School, successfully completed a chemistry project on fractional distillation during the 2017-2018 academic year. 2) Fractional distillation is the separation of a mixture into its component parts through heating and condensation based on differences in boiling points. It involves heating a mixture in a fractional distillation column where the different components separate as vapors and condense at different heights based on their boiling points. 3) Fractional distillation has important industrial uses such as in refining crude oil into useful fractions like gasoline and separating air into its primary components of nitrogen and oxygen.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    39 views19 pages

    All India Senior School Certifcate Examination: Divine Child School Mehsana

    Uploaded by

    Ashish
    1) Rahil Parsana, a class XII student at Divine Child School, successfully completed a chemistry project on fractional distillation during the 2017-2018 academic year. 2) Fractional distillation is the separation of a mixture into its component parts through heating and condensation based on differences in boiling points. It involves heating a mixture in a fractional distillation column where the different components separate as vapors and condense at different heights based on their boiling points. 3) Fractional distillation has important industrial uses such as in refining crude oil into useful fractions like gasoline and separating air into its primary components of nitrogen and oxygen.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 19

    ALL INDIA SENIOR SCHOOL CERTIFCATE

    EXAMINATION
    (2017-2018)

    DIVINE CHILD SCHOOL

    MEHSANA
    PROJECT TITLE :
    Fractional Distillation
    SUBMITTED BY:

    NAME:RAHIL PARSANA

    CLASS:XII SCI. A
    ENROLLMENT NO:
    Certificate
    This is to certify that Rahil
    Parsana, a student of class XII,
    Divine child school has
    successfully completed the
    project titled FRACTIONAL
    DISTILLATION during the
    academic year 2017-2018
    towards partial fulfillment of
    chemistry practical examination
    conducted by CBSE.
    Teacher Signature
    Principal Signature

    External Examiner Signature


    Acknowledgement
    Primarily I would thank god for being able to
    complete this project with success. Then I
    would like to thank my chemistry teachers
    Mr. Sanjeeb Sinha & Mr. Anand Tripathi,
    whose valuable guidance has been the ones
    that helped me patch this project and make if
    full proof success their suggestions and their
    instructions had served as the major
    contributor towards the completion of the
    project.
    Then I would like to thank my parents and
    friends who have helped me with their
    valuable suggestions and guidance has been
    helpful in various phases of the completion of
    the project.
    Last but not the least I would like to thank my
    classmates who have helped me a lot.
    Table of Content

     Introduction to Fractional
    Distillation

     Mechanism

     Uses and Application

     Acknowledgement ,
    Bibliography and References
    Introduction to Fractional
    Distillation

    Fractional distillation is the separation of


    a mixture into its component parts, or
    fractions, separating chemical compounds
    by their boiling point by heating them to a
    temperature at which one or more
    fractions of the compound will vaporize.
    Generally the component parts have
    boiling points that differ by less than 25°C
    from each other under a pressure of one
    atmosphere. If the difference in boiling
    points is greater than 25°C, a simple
    distillation is used.
    Mechanism
    The steps of fractional distillation are as follows:
    1. You heat the mixture of two or more substances(liquids)
    with different boiling points to a high temperature. Heating
    is usually done with high pressure steam to temperatures of
    about 1112 degrees Fahrenheit / 600 degrees Celsius.
    2. The mixture boils, forming vapour (gases); most
    substances go into the vapour phase.
    3. The vapour enters the bottom of a long column (fractional
    distillation column) that is filled with trays or plates. The
    trays have many holes or bubble caps(like a loosened cap on
    a soda bottle) in them to allow the vapour to pass through.
    They increase the contact time between the vapour and the
    liquids in the column and help to collect liquids that form at
    various heights in the column. There is a temperature
    difference across the column (hot at the bottom, cool at the
    top).
    4. The vapour rises in the column.
    5. As the vapour rises through the trays in the column, it
    cools.
    6. When a substance in the vapour reaches a height where
    the temperature of the column is equal to that substance's
    boiling point, it will condense to form a liquid.(The substance
    with the lowest boiling point will condense at the highest
    point in the column; substances with higher boiling points
    will condense lower in the column.)
    7. The trays collect the various liquid fractions.
    8. The collected liquid fractions may pass to condensers,
    which cool them further, and then go to storage tanks, or
    they may go to other areas for further chemical processing
    Fractional distillation is useful for separating a mixture of
    substances with narrow differences in boiling points, and is
    the most important step in the refining process.
    Uses and Applications
     Fractional distillation of Air
    Air is filtered to remove dust, and then cooled in stages
    until it reaches 200oC. At this temperature it is a liquid.
    We say that the air has been liquefied.
    Here's what happens as the air liquefies (note that you
    do not need to recall the boiling points of the different
    gases):
     Water vapour condenses, and is removed using
    absorbent filters
     Carbon dioxide freezes at -79oC, and is removed
     Oxygen liquefies at -183oC
     Nitrogen at -196oC.
    The liquid nitrogen and oxygen are then separated by
    fractional distillation.

    The liquefied air is passed into the bottom of a


    fractionating column. Just as in the columns used to
    separate oil fractions, the column is warmer at the
    bottom than it is at the top.

    The liquid nitrogen boils at the bottom of the column.


    Gaseous nitrogen rises to the top, where it is piped off
    and stored. Liquid oxygen collects at the bottom of the
    column. The boiling point of argon the noble gas that
    forms 0.9 percent of the air is close to the boiling point
    of oxygen, so a second fractionating column is often
    used to separate the argon from the oxygen.
    (Typical industrial fractional distillation columns.)

    (Diagram of a typical, large-scale industrial distillation tower.)


    Fractional Distillation of
    Oil/Hydrocarbons
    Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons. The crude oil is
    evaporated and its vapour condense at different
    temperature in the fractionating column. Each fraction
    contains hydrocarbon molecules with similar number
    of carbon atom and a similar range of boiling points.
    The diagram above summarizes the main fractions
    from crude oil and their uses, and the trends in
    properties. Note that the gases leave at the top of the
    column, the liquids condense in the middle and the
    solids stay at the bottom.

    As you go up the fractionating column, the


    hydrocarbons have:
     Lower boiling points.
     Lower viscosity.
     Higher flammability.
    The oil refining process starts with a fractional
    distillation column.
    Very few of the components come out of the fractional
    distillation column ready for market. Many of them
    must be chemically processed to make other fractions.
    For example, only40% of distilled crude oil is gasoline;
    however, gasoline is one of the major products made
    by oil companies. Rather than continually distilling
    large quantities of crude oil, oil companies chemically
    process some other fractions from the distillation
    column to make gasoline; this processing increases the
    yield of gasoline from each barrel of crude oil.
    Schematics
    Bibliography
     https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_distillation
     https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation
     NCERT 11th Chemistry part II
     http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/aqa
    /earth/earthsatmosphererev6.shtml
     http://science.howstuffworks.com/environment/energy
    /oil-refining4.htm

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