Introduction To Genetics & Punnett Squares Notes

Introduction to Genetics
& Punnett Squares
EQ: How do we define genetics and

explain it to others?
What is Genetics?
• Every living organism has a
set of characteristics
that are inherited from its
parent or parents.
• The passing of traits to the
next generation (offspring)
is called
inheritance, or heredity.
• Genetics- the branch of biology
that
deals with heredity
Gregor Mendel
• Gregor Mendel was an Austrian monk.
• He spent several years studying science

and mathematics.
• Mendel is known as the father of genetics.
• A large amount of what we know

about genetics today, began with
the work of Mendel.
• He experimented with
pea plants in the 1800s.
Genetics Terminology
• Offspring – children of a genetic cross
• Gene – section of DNA that codes for a trait
• Allele – variations of the gene, different forms
⮚ alleles are represented using letters
⮚ ex: T – tall, t – short
• Genotype – the genetic makeup of an organism
⮚ the letter combination
⮚ cannot see, it is in the genes
⮚ ex: TT, Tt, or tt
• Phenotype – the physical makeup of an organism
⮚ what the organism looks like
⮚ can see
⮚ ex: tall or short
• Dominant – allele that will always show up in the offspring T
⮚ dominant alleles are represented using capital letters
⮚ ex: T – tall, P – purple
• Recessive – allele that will only show up if two copies are inherited
⮚ recessive alleles are represented using lowercase letters
⮚ ex: t – short, p - white
t
• Homozygous – the two alleles are the same
⮚ homo = same
⮚ both alleles are either capital letters or lowercase letters
⮚ ex: TT, tt or PP, pp
• Heterozygous – the two alleles are different

⮚ hetero = different
⮚ one allele is capital and one allele is lowercase
⮚ ex: Tt or Pp
• Homozygous Dominant – organism has two of the same
dominant allele
⮚ both alleles are the same and are both dominant (capitalized)
⮚ ex: TT or PP
• Homozygous Recessive – organism has two of the same

recessive allele
⮚ both alleles are the same and both are both recessive lowercase)
⮚ represented using two of the same lowercase letters
⮚ ex: tt or pp
• Both homozygous genotypes are considered to be pure bred

• Heterozygous genotypes are considered to be hybrids

• P generation
⮚ Parental generation
⮚ Purple flowered plant X White flowered plant P
⮚ PP X pp
• F1 generation X
⮚ First Filial generation F1
⮚ Offspring of the parental generation
⮚ Produced all purple flowered plants (Pp)
• F2 generation
F2
⮚ Second Filial generation
⮚ Offspring of the F1
⮚ Produced 3 purple flowered plants and 1 white flowered plant
⮚ 1 PP : 2 Pp : 1 pp
Mendel’s Laws
Gregor Mendel’s
Pea Plants
• All of the pea plants Mendel studied had traits controlled by only one
gene that had only two contrasting forms.
• One of the two contrasting forms was completely dominant over the
other form.
• Example:
In pea plants, tall is dominant to short
T – tall, t- short
Possible genotypes
TT, Tt, tt
Possible phenotypes
Tall, short
TT and Tt – tall plants
Tt – short plant
Mendel’s Laws
• Law of Dominance
⮚ Some alleles are dominant and others are recessive
⮚ Dominant alleles will mask
recessive alleles
⮚ Recessive alleles will only show
if the offspring inherit two copies
of the recessive allele
• Law of Segregation
⮚ When gametes are formed, the allele
pairs for each gene separate
⮚ This allows only one allele to be placed
into each egg or sperm
Mendel’s Laws
• Law of Independent Assortment
⮚ When gametes are formed, different pairs
of genes separate independently of each
other
⮚ This means the inheritance of one gene
does not affect the inheritance of another
gene
Example:
⮚ Tall is dominant to short in pea plants
T = tall t = short Fathers genotype: TtYy
⮚ Yellow seeds are dominant to green seeds Possible sperm created:
Y = yellow y = green 1. TY (tall plant with yellow seeds)
2. Ty (tall plant with green seeds)
3. tY (short plant with yellow
seeds)
4. ty (short plant with green seeds)
Punnett Squares
Punnett Squares
• Punnett Square – diagram used to determine the probability of a
combination of alleles
• Punnett Squares are used to show
which offspring that can result from a
cross, giving you theirDad’s Possible
possible
genotypes and phenotypes. Alleles
Mom’s Possible Possible Possible
Child’s Child’s
Genetic Make Genetic Make
Alleles
Up Up
(25% chance) (25% change)
Possible Possible
Child’s Child’s
Genetic Make Genetic Make
Up Up
Punnett Squares
Punnett Squares
⮚ Genotypic ratio – the number of times a genotype appears in a cross
⮚ Phenotypic ratio – the number of times a phenotype appears in a cross
• Rules for the correct order of ratios…..

✔ The homozygous dominant genotype/phenotype is listed first
✔ The heterozygous genotype/phenotype is listed second
✔ The homozygous recessive genotype/phenotype is listed last

Punnett Squares
• Example: Awesome teachers are dominant to horrible teachers.
Cross two heterozygous awesome teachers.
A = Awesome Aa x Aa A a
a = horrible
A AA Aa
Parents: Aa x aa a Aa aa
possible genotypes 🡪 AA : Aa: aa

genotypic ratio 🡪 1 AA: 2 Aa: 1 aa
possible phenotypes 🡪 awesome: horrible

phenotypic ratio 🡪 3 awesome teachers : 1 horrible teacher
Test Cross
• Test Cross – tool used to determine the
genotype of an individual
with a dominant phenotype
⮚ The individual in question is crossed with
a known homozygous recessive individual
⮚ The phenotypes of the offspring produced

from a test cross will help determine if the
tested parent has a homozygous
dominant genotype or heterozygous
genotype
Monohybrid vs Dihybrid Crosses
• Monohybrid Cross – tool

used to study the
inheritance of a single pair of
alleles
⮚ Bb x Bb
• Dihybrid Cross – tool used to

study the inheritance of two
different alleles
⮚ RrYy x RrYy
Punnett Squares
• In pea plants, round seeds are dominant to wrinkled seeds
✔ _____ = round _____ = wrinkled
⮚ Cross a homozygous round seed plant and a homozygous
wrinkled seed plant.
✔ _____ = homozygous round seeds
✔ _____ = homozygous wrinkled seeds
✔ _______ X _______
⮚ Possible Genotypes 🡪
⮚ Genotypic Ratio 🡪 Possible Phenotypes 🡪
Phenotypic Ratio 🡪
Punnett Squares
• In pea plants, round seeds are dominant to wrinkled seeds
✔ _R_ = round _r_ = wrinkled
⮚ Cross a homozygous round seed plant and a homozygous
wrinkled seed plant. R R
✔ _RR_ = homozygous round seeds

✔ _rr_ = homozygous wrinkled seeds r Rr Rr
✔ _RR_ X _rr_
r Rr Rr
⮚ Possible Genotypes 🡪 Rr
⮚ Genotypic Ratio 🡪 4 Rr : 0
⮚ Possible Phenotypes 🡪 round
⮚ Phenotypic Ratio 🡪 4 round: 0
Punnett Squares
• In rabbits, black fur is dominant to white fur.
✔ _____ = black fur
✔ _____ = white fur
⮚ Cross two heterozygous rabbits.
✔ _______ = black rabbits
✔ _______ X _______
⮚ Possible Genotypes 🡪 Possible Phenotypes 🡪
⮚ Genotypic Ratio 🡪 Phenotypic Ratio 🡪

(_______ chance of having a black rabbit)
(_______ chance of having a white rabbit)
Punnett Squares
• In rabbits, black fur is dominant to white fur.
✔ _B_ = black fur B b
✔ _b_ = white fur
⮚ Cross two heterozygous rabbits. B BB Bb
✔ _Bb_ = black rabbits

✔ _Bb_ X _Bb_ b Bb bb

BB : Bb : bb black : white
1 BB : 2 Bb: 1 bb 3 black : 1 white
(_75%_ chance of having a black rabbit)
(_25%_ chance of having a white rabbit)
Punnett Squares
• In the Tyrannosaurus Rex, long teeth are dominant to short teeth.
✔_____ = long teeth _____ = short teeth
⮚ Cross one heterozygous T Rex and
one short toothed T Rex.
✔_______ = long toothed T Rex
✔ _______ = short toothed T Rex
✔ _____ X _____

(_____ chance of long teeth & _____ chance of short teeth)
Punnett Squares
• In the Tyrannosaurus Rex, long teeth are dominant to short teeth.
✔ T_ = long teeth _t_ = short teeth
T t
⮚ Cross one heterozygous T Rex and
one short toothed T Rex. t Tt tt
✔_Tt_ = long toothed T Rex
✔ _tt_ = short toothed T Rex Tt tt
t
✔ _Tt_ X _tt_
⮚ Possible Genotypes🡪 Tt : tt Possible Phenotypes 🡪 long : short
⮚ Genotypic Ratio 🡪 2 Tt : 2 tt Phenotypic Ratio 🡪 2 long : 2 short
(_50%_ chance of long teeth & _50%_ chance of short teeth)

Introduction To Genetics & Punnett Squares Notes

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Introduction To Genetics & Punnett Squares Notes

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Introduction To Genetics & Punnett Squares Notes

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Introduction to Genetics

& Punnett Squares

EQ: How do we define genetics and

• He spent several years studying science

• Mendel is known as the father of genetics.

• A large amount of what we know

• Heterozygous – the two alleles are different

• Homozygous Recessive – organism has two of the same

• Both homozygous genotypes are considered to be pure bred

• Heterozygous genotypes are considered to be hybrids

⮚ Phenotypic ratio – the number of times a phenotype appears in a cross

• Rules for the correct order of ratios…..

✔ The heterozygous genotype/phenotype is listed second

✔ The homozygous recessive genotype/phenotype is listed last

possible genotypes 🡪 AA : Aa: aa

possible phenotypes 🡪 awesome: horrible

⮚ The phenotypes of the offspring produced

• Monohybrid Cross – tool

• Dihybrid Cross – tool used to

✔ _RR_ = homozygous round seeds

⮚ Genotypic Ratio 🡪 Phenotypic Ratio 🡪

✔ _Bb_ = black rabbits

⮚ Possible Genotypes 🡪 Possible Phenotypes 🡪

⮚ Possible Genotypes 🡪 Possible Phenotypes 🡪

⮚ Genotypic Ratio 🡪 Phenotypic Ratio 🡪

⮚ Possible Genotypes🡪 Tt : tt Possible Phenotypes 🡪 long : short

⮚ Genotypic Ratio 🡪 2 Tt : 2 tt Phenotypic Ratio 🡪 2 long : 2 short

(_50%_ chance of long teeth & _50%_ chance of short teeth)

You might also like