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2-Water-F18

Uploaded by

paulanthony.rodriguez
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
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Ch.

2a Warm-Up
1. List 1 trace minerals found in living
things and its purpose in the body.
2. What is the difference between a
polar and nonpolar substance?
Name an example of each.
3. What types of molecules can form
hydrogen bonds? Explain.
4. Draw a possible chemical structure
diagram of C6H12O6.
Ch. 2b Warm-Up
1. Explain how a water strider can
seem to “walk” on water.
2. Name 3 examples of polar
substances.
3. Name 3 examples of nonpolar
substances.
4. Explain what is the meant by the
phrase: “Structure dictates
function” in your own words. (Give
an example of this in biology –
Ch. 2b Warm-Up
1. What property of water allows a
water strider to “walk” on water?
2. Contrast adhesion and cohesion.
Give an example of each.
3. Contrast hydrophobic and
hydrophilic substances. Give an
example of each.
3DMD Water Kit
Examine 1 water molecule.

What do the colors represent?


What observations do you make about this
molecule?
Examine 2 water molecules.

As you examine how 2 water molecules


interact, what observations do you make?
Covalent vs. Hydrogen Bonds

Is water a polar covalent molecule or a


nonpolar covalent molecule? Why?
Examine the ethane molecule.

What do the different colors on the ethane molecule


represent?

What is the intramolecular bond between the atoms within an


ethane molecule?

Is ethane molecule a polar covalent molecule or a nonpolar


covalent molecule? Why?

Will ethane bond to water? Will ethane form bonds with other
ethane molecules?
Turn ethane into ethanol.

Add an OH (hydroxyl) group to ethane. Now you have


ethanol!
What properties does ethanol have?
Examine sodium chloride.

What is the chemical formula of sodium chloride?


What do the colors represent?
Will a water molecule interact with sodium
chloride? Why?
Based on your observations, what do you learn
about the sodium ion and the chloride ion?
Cohesion vs. Adhesion

The attraction between two like molecules is


cohesion.
The attraction between two unlike molecules
is adhesion.
Capillary Action
States of Water

Move your water molecules to represent


water in three different states:
SOLID
LIQUID
GAS
Ice: 12 different structures

Hexagonal Ice
Properties of
Water
Chapter 2b
You Must Know
• The importance of hydrogen
bonding to the properties of water.
• Four unique properties of water
and how each contributes to life on
Earth.
• How to interpret the pH scale.
• How changes in pH can alter
biological systems.
• The importance of buffers in
biological systems.
Water is a Polar Molecule
• Unequal sharing of e- between O and
H
• Hydrogen bond: slightly negative O
attracted to slightly positive H of
nearby molecule
• H2O can form up to 4 bonds
Four Emergent
Properties of
Water
1. Cohesive Behavior
Cohesion = H-bonding between like
molecules

Surface Tension = measure of how
difficult it is to break or stretch surface
of liquid
Adhesion = bonding between unlike
molecules
 Adhesion of H2O to vessel walls
counters ↓ pull of gravity
Transpiration = movement of H2O up
plants

H2O clings to
each other by
cohesion; cling to
xylem tubes by
adhesion
BIOFLIX: WATER
TRANSPORT IN PLANTS
2. Moderation of
Temperature
Thermal energy (heat) = Total
amount of KE in system
Temperature = measure intensity of
heat due to average KE of
molecules

Which has higher temp?


More heat?
Water = High specific heat

Change temp less when absorbs/loses
heat

Large bodies of water absorb and
store more heat  warmer coastal
areas

Create stable marine/land
environment
 Humans ~65% H2O  stable temp,
resist temp. change
Evaporative Cooling

Water has high heat of vaporization

Molecules with greatest KE leave as gas

Stable temp in lakes & ponds

Cool plants

Human sweat
3. Expansion Upon
Freezing
Insulation by ice – less dense,
floating ice insulates liquid H2O
below
 Life exists under
frozen surface
(ponds, lakes,
oceans)
 Ice = solid habitat
(polar bears)
4. Water = Solvent of Life
• Solution = liquid,
homogeneous mixture of 2+
substances
• Solvent = dissolving agent
(liquid)
• Solute = dissolved substance
• Water = versatile solvent
Figure 2.22 A water-soluble protein
4. Solvent of life
• “like dissolves like”

Hydrophilic Hydrophobi
c
Affinity for H2O Repel H2O

Polar, ions Non-polar

Cellulose, sugar, Oils, lipids


salt
Blood Cell membrane
Water Chemistry
Acids and Bases

H2O H+ + OH-
(gains proton) H+ + H2O  H3O+
(hydronium ion)
-
(loses proton) H2O – H  OH
+
5. Acids and Bases
• Acid = increases H+
concentration (HCl)
• Base = reduces H+
concentration (NaOH)
• Most biological fluids are pH 6-8
Acidi Bas
c ic
0 7 1
pH Scale 4
H and OH Ions
+ -
Figure 2.23 The pH scale and pH values of some aqueous solutions
Calculating pH
[H+][OH-] = 10-14
n If [H+] = 10-6 M, then [OH-] = 10-8
pH = -log [H+]
1. If [H+] = 10-2
• -log 10-2 = -(-2) = 2
• Therefore, pH = 2
2. If [OH-] = 10-10
• [H+] = 10-4
• -log 10-4 = -(-4) = 4
• Therefore, pH = 4
Buffers
Buffers: minimize changes in
concentration of H+ and OH- in a
solution (weak acids and bases)
• Buffers keep blood at pH ~7.4
• If blood drops to 7 or up to 7.8 
death
Carbonic Acid – Bicarbonate System:
important buffers in blood plasma

H2CO3 (carbonic acid)  HCO3- (bicarbonate)


Ocean Acidification:
Threat to Coral Reef Ecosystems

CO2 + Seawater  Carbonic acid  Lowers ocean pH


Examples of
Chemical
H2O Property Benefits to
Explanation
Life
•polar
↑gravity plants,
Cohesion •H-bond
trees
•like-like
•H-bond plants xylem
Adhesion
•unlike-unlike bloodveins
•diff. in stretch
Surface Tension •break surface bugswater
•H-bond
•Absorbs & retains oceanmod temp
Specific Heat E protect marine
•H-bond life
•liquidgas Cooling
Evaporation
•KE Homeostasis

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