Numbers

NUMBERS
Classification Of Numbers
INTRODUCTION:
An arithmetic value expressed as a word or a figure is a number.
Numbers are quantities used to count. Numbers are used for calculations. These numbers are widely
classified as
N: Natural Numbers: 1,2,3,4…
W: Whole Numbers: 0,1,2,3,4….
I or Z: Integers: …. -2, -1, 0, 1, 2,3, …..
Q: Rational Numbers: Numbers of the form p/q, q not zero , and p,q€Z.
These are terminating, recurring decimals.
Example: 4 , 2/5, 1/3, 22/7, …….
R: Real Numbers: All rational numbers along with Irrational numbers form the Real Number
system.
Irrational numbers are non-terminating, non-recurring decimals.
Example: 2
It should be observed here that,
N is a subset of W, W is a subset of Z, Z is a subset of Q, Q is a subset
of R.
Hence Real numbers contains all numbers in existence. (not
imaginary numbers, Mind it!)
ODD, EVEN Numbers:
All Integers are classified as Odd and Even Integers.
All Integers divisible by 2 are called Even Integers, Example: ….-4, -2, 0, 2, 4,……
Otherwise, they are odd integers.
Remember :
Odd number x Odd number= an Odd number
Even X Even = Even
Even X Odd = Even
PRIME and COMPOSITE Numbers
All Natural numbers greater than 1 are called Prime numbers if they are
divisible by 1 and itself.
Example: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61,
67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97, ….
All those which are not prime are called composite numbers.
1 is neither Prime nor Composite

2 is the only even prime
All prime numbers greater than 3 will be of the form 6n+1 or 6n-1.
Divisibility test:
Divisibility by 2: Any even number is divisible by 2. I.e any number whose unit
digits are 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8
Example 1:
The number 16970, 217352, 67904, 81376 and 34918 end in 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8
respectively. So they are all divisible by 2.
Divisibility by 3: A number is divisible by 3, if the sum of digits are divisible by 3.
Example 2:Is the number 254679 divisible by 3?

2+5+4+6+7+9 = 33, which is divisible by 3.
Hence 254679 is divisible by 3.
Divisibility by 4: A number is divisible by 4, if the last two digits are divisible by 4.
Example: Show that 738924 is divisible by 4.
Clearly the number formed by the last two digits of the given number is 24, which is divisible by 4.
Hence, the given number is divisible by 4.
Divisibility by 5(or 10): A number whose digit is 0 or 5 (or 0) is divisible by 5( or 10)
Example:
The number 63180 and 75635 end in 0 and 5 respectively
Divisibility by 6: A number is divisible by 6 if the number is divisible by both 2 and 3.

Divisibility by 8: A number is divisible by 8, if the last three digits are divisible by 8.
Example: Show that 769573512 is divisible by 8.

Clearly, the number formed by the last three digits of the given number is 512, which is divisible by
8
So, the given number is divisible by 8.
Divisibility by 9: A number is divisible by 9, if the sum of digits are divisible by 9
Divisibility by 11:A number is divisible by 11, if the difference between the sum of the digits in odd
places and the sum of the digits in even places is 0 or a multiple of 11.
Example: Will 11 divide 4763088 completely?
Sum of digits in odd places = 4+6+0+8 = 18
Sum of digits in even places = 7+3+8 = 18 and their difference 18-18=0, which is divisible by 11.
Divisibility by 12 : Check if the number is divisible by both 4 and 3.
Divisibility by 14: Check if the number is divisible by both 2 and 7
Divisibility by 15: Check if the number is divisible by both 5 and 3
Divisibility by 16: Check if the last 4 digits of the number is divisible by 16
Divisibility by 18: Check if the number is divisible by both 9 and 2 and so on.
Divisibility by 88: Check if the number is divisible by both 8 and 11.

Show that 569172 is divisible by both 2 and 4, but not divisible by 8. Why so?
Given number ends in 2. So, it is divisible by 2

Number formed by last 2 digits of the given number is 72, which is divisible by 4. So, the given
number is divisible by 4.
But, the number formed by the last 3 digits of the given number is 172, which is not divisible by 8.
So, the given number is not divisible by 8.
Clearly, 2 and 4 are not co-primes. So the given number need not be divisible by their product,
namely 8.
Show that 2784936 is divisible by 88.
The number formed by the last 3 digits of the given number is 936, which is divisible by 8.
In the given number, we have:
(Sum of digits at odd places) – (Sum of digits at even places)

= [(6+9+8+2) – (3+4+7)] = 11, which is divisible by 11.

Thus, the given number is divisible by both 8 and 11, where 8 and 11 are co-primes.
Hence, the given number is divisible by 88.
Trailing zeros
1. How many zeros will this product end with:
i) 25 x 10 will end with one zero
ii) 25 x 2 will end with one zero
In both the cases, one 5 in 25 will combine with the 2 and hence one zero will be in the end
iii) 25 x 4 will end with 2 zeros
Reason: there are two 5’s in 25 which will combine with the two2’s in 4 and hence the product will
end with two zeros
Hence it is clearly understood here that the 5’s and 2’s in any product will give the zeros at the end
of the product.
2: How many zeros are there in the end of
i) 15 x 25 x 32 x 39 x 12
15 = 5 x 3
25 = 52
32 = 25
39 = 13 x 3(no 2 and 5’s involved, hence ignored) Hence by counting the 2’s = 7
and 5’s =3
the 3fives will combine with 3 twos and give 3 zeros at the end.
OR the minimum of 7, 3 is 3 and hence the product will have 3 zeros at the end.
Now let us compile these and list a working rule for finding the number of zeros at the end of any
product is
1. Factorise the given numbers
2. Count the number of 2’s and 5’s in the factors of each number
3. The minimum of 2’s and 5’s will be the number of zeros at the end
Now let us see how to find the number of zeros at the end of a factorial notation.
Let us understand here that
2. n! is the product of all natural numbers till n
2. ie, n!= n . (n-1) . (n-2) …. 3. 2. 1
Find the number of zeros at the end of 155!
As we understood from the previous example that only 5’s are counted and 2’s ignored, let us check
the number of 5’s in 155!
For which divide 155 by 5 repeatedly as long as division is permitted.
5|155
5 |31
5 |6
1
Hence the number of zeros are 31 + 6 + 1 = 38(these are the quotients and reminders are ignored.
So, note here that in any factorial notation if we are to count the number of zeros then count only the
5’s
Can u guess how many 5’s will be there in a factorial notation?
The number of highest powers of 5 in a factorial is obtained by dividing the number by 5 repeatedly
Find the highest power of 5 in 100!
Here the question format is different, but when you look into it, you will understand that the meaning
of the question in example 3 and this is the same.
Just count the fives involved by dividing 100 by 5 repeatedly, till the number becomes lesser than 5.
5 |100
5| 20
4
This way helps us to conclude that there are 20 + 4 = 24 5’s in 100!
Working rule to find the highest power of any prime number p in n!:
1. Divide n by p repeatedly till the quotient is less than p

2. Add the quotients(ignore the remainders)
3. That will be the highest power of p in n!
Find the highest power of 15 in 120!
As per the previous method explained, the factorisation of 15 = 5 x 3

Now to find the number of 5’s and 3’s in 150!, it is enough if we find the number of 5’s alone as 3’s
will be more when compared to 5’s in 150!
Hence dividing 150 by 5 we get
5 |150
5 |30
5 |6
1
implies there are 37 5’s in 150! and this will be the minimum when compared to the number of 3’s.
So,
150! has 37 multiples of 15,
Or the highest power of 15 in 150! Is 37
Find the number of zeroes at the end of 1000!
Since number of zeros are decided by the 5’s and 2’s present in the product,
And in any factorial notation 2’s will be more in number, hence ignored and only 5’s are counted.
Hence the number of 5’s in 1000! Is
=[1000/5]+[1000/52]+[1000/53]+[1000/54]
= 200 + 40 + 8 + 1
= 249
The number of zeroes at the end of 1000! is 249.
Find the number of zeroes in the product 12724x47534x555228x7779
In any product the number of trailing zeroes depends on the pair of 2’s and 5’s are present in the
product.
In the given expression since there is no even number and hence there is no zero at the end of the
product.
Find the number of zeroes at the end of the product 125 3x10242x1993x4723
In any product the number of trailing zeroes depends on the pair of 2’s and 5’s are present in the
product.
Ignore the terms which are not even and not divisible by 5.
125=53 and 1024=210
Hence the number of 5’s in 1253 is 9
Number of 2’s in 10242 is 20
Here the number of 5’s is lesser than the number of 2’s.
Hence the number of zeroes at the end is 9.

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NUMBERS

1 is neither Prime nor Composite

Divisibility by 3: A number is divisible by 3, if the sum of digits are divisible by 3.

Example 2:Is the number 254679 divisible by 3?

Divisibility by 6: A number is divisible by 6 if the number is divisible by both 2 and 3.

Example: Show that 769573512 is divisible by 8.

Divisibility by 12 : Check if the number is divisible by both 4 and 3.

Divisibility by 14: Check if the number is divisible by both 2 and 7

Divisibility by 15: Check if the number is divisible by both 5 and 3

Divisibility by 16: Check if the last 4 digits of the number is divisible by 16

Divisibility by 88: Check if the number is divisible by both 8 and 11.

Given number ends in 2. So, it is divisible by 2

(Sum of digits at odd places) – (Sum of digits at even places)

So, the given number is divisible by 11.

1. Divide n by p repeatedly till the quotient is less than p

As per the previous method explained, the factorisation of 15 = 5 x 3

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