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LEVER(1)

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Sargin jeba kumar
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3 views

LEVER(1)

Uploaded by

Sargin jeba kumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LEVER

Definition
A mechanical lever is a rigid bar that rotates around a axis or a fulcrum.

Rigid bar fulcrum

1)fulcrum (F).
The point at which the lever rotates.
• The movement will be created by two types of forces, i.e.
resistance (R),
effort(E),
• in which the resistance (R) is the opposing force and the effort (E) is
action achieving force.
Effort arm(EA)
The perpendicular distance between the effort to the fulcrum is called
as effort arm (EA).
Resistance arm (RA)
The perpendicular distance between the resistance to the fulcrum is
called as resistance arm (RA).
LEVERS IN HUMAN BODY
lever - bone
fulcrum- joints
Resistance-weight of the body
Effort-muscle force
• Achieving the ROM of the joints may sometime depend on the strength of the muscles or
the place of the insertion of the particular muscles.
• For example, if the two muscles are acting on the same joint for a same movement; the
effort (E) will be added more, as a result the ROM will be so easier and also more faster the
movement.
• Consider the equal powered two muscles are acting on the same joint for same action but
their insertions are:
(a) one is farther to the joint (fulcrum),
(b) another is closer to the joint (fulcrum).
• The muscle, which inserted closer to the joint produce stronger movement than the
farther inserted muscles
First Order Lever
The fulcrum (F) is between the effort (E) and the resistance (R). Sometimes
the fulcrum is situated closer to the resistance or effort.

If the fulcrum is closer to the resistance (R) it produces more speed or ROM
but with less strength. If the fulcrum is close to the effort (E) it produces the
less speed or ROM but with more strength.
Example:
See-saw, scissors, nail-cutter, etc.
Example in human body
1) Atlanto-occipital joint.
• During the nodding movement of
the head, Atlanto-occipital joint as
fulcrum (F)
• The weight is situated anteriorly in
the face (R)
• The Neck extensors act as the
effort(E)
2)Tilting movements of the
pelvis on the femoral heads
hip joint act as the fulcrum
hip extensors act as the effort
Second Order Lever
The resistance (R) lies between the fulcrum (F) and the effort (E), these
levers are the lever of the strength but not the speed and ROM.

Example:
Wheelbarrow
Example in human body
1)raising the body on the toes.
• In which the ball of the toes are the fulcrum
(F) the tendo-Achilles tendon is the effort (E)
and the body weight is passing through the
middle part of the foot is the resistance (R).
• This variety always having the mechanical
advantage. So that varieties of levers or called
are the levers of the strength
Third Order Lever
The effort lies in between the fulcrum (F) and the resistance (R). These
levers having mostly mechanical disadvantage. But the third order levers are
seen plenty in the human body.

Example:
Bettle nut cutter, Chapatti press.
Example in human body
flexing the elbow in which
the elbow is the fulcrum (F)
biceps insertion is the effort (E)
and the forearm and hand is the
resistance (R)
Mechanical Advantage
The mechanical advantage of the lever depends on the few factors: force
(F), resistance ( R) and its perpendicular distance, i.e. resisted arm (RA) and
effort arm (EA).
If the RA and EA are in same length, there may not be any mechanical
advantage.
The same effort force is necessary to oppose the resistance. Then the
mechanical advantage (MA) = 1.
When the effort arm (EA) is more than the resistance arm (RA) then the
mechanical advantage will be more than 1. When the mechanical advantage is
more than 1, less effort is required to perform the movement.
EA > RA

a. In first order levers there is no rule of mechanical advantage. EA may be


greater,lesser or equal to RA. Among these, if the EA is greater than RA, it gives
more mechanical advantage.
b. In all second order levers the mechanical advantage is greater than one.
c. In all third order levers the mechanical advantage is normally less than one. So,
the effort should be more to produce the movement.
THANK YOU

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