16CS6402

INTRODUCTION TO JAVA
PROGRAMMING

Text Book
T1- Herbert Schildt, ―Java The complete reference‖, 8th Edition, McGraw Hill
Education, 2011.
T2 - Cay S. Horstmann, Gary cornell, ―Core Java Volume –I Fundamentals‖, 9th
Edition, Prentice Hall, 2013.
 UNITS

• UNIT I - INTRODUCTION TO JAVA FUNDAMENTALS

• UNIT II - INTRODUCTION TO OOP AND INHERITANCE

• UNIT III – INHERITANCE AND INTERFACES

• UNIT IV – EXCEPTION HANDLING AND I/O

• UNIT V – MULTITHREADING AND GENERIC

PROGRAMMING
 UNIT I - INTRODUCTION TO JAVA FUNDAMENTALS

•Introduction to java programming

• Features of Java Language,
• JVM -The Java Environment
•Fundamental Programming Structures in Java
• Comments
•Primitive Data types •Packages
•Variables • -defining package
•operators • -access protection
•Arrays • -importing packages
•Control statements • JavaDoc comments.
Review of Object Oriented
Programming
1. Review of Object Oriented Programming:
 Object-oriented programming (OOP) is the core of Java.
 OOP allows decomposition of a problem into a number of entities called
objects and then builds data and function around these objects.
 The data of an object can be accessed only by the function associated with
that object.
 However, function of one object can access the function of other objects.
Basic Concepts of Object Oriented Programming:
Basic Concepts of Object Oriented Programming:
The basic Concepts used extensively in Object Oriented
Programming are,
 Objects
 Classes
 Data abstraction and encapsulation
 Inheritance
 Polymorphism
 Dynamic binding
 Message passing
1.Objects :
 An object is an instance of a class.
 Objects are variables of the type class and it is an real time

entity. Every object is associated with data and functions

which define meaningful.
 An Object is a collection of data members and associated

member functions.
2. Class

•Class is a collection of Objects.

•Class is a collection of data members and member
functions.
•Objects with similar properties and methods are
grouped together to form a Class.
•An Object is an instance of a Class. When a class is
defined, no memory is allocated but when it is
instantiated (i.e. an object is created) memory is
allocated.
Example:
Example:

Car Santro
Car Alto
Car Etios

Class Object

Class : Car
Attributes:
Name
Model //data members
Year of Manufacture
Colour
Engine Power
Operations:
Start( ) // member functions
Stop( )
Accelerate( )
Class and Objects
3.Data Abstraction:
 Data Abstraction represents only the essential

features and hides the implementation details.

 Data Abstraction increases the power of

programming language by creating user defined data

types called Abstract Data Types (ADTs).

4.Data Encapsulation:
 The wrapping up of data and functions into a single unit

called class is known as Encapsulation.

 Data Encapsulation enables the important concept of data

hiding or information hiding.

5. Inheritance:

•Inheritance is the process of deriving the properties (data

members and member functions) of one class (base class) to
the another class (derived class).
•The base class is also known as parent class or super class,
the new class that is formed will have the combined features
of both the classes and is called as derived class.
•Derived class is also known as a child class or sub class.
Example:Inheritance

Bird

Flying Bird Non - Flying Bird

Parrot Crow Penguin Kiwi

6. Polymorphism:
 Polymorphism means ability to take many forms.
 It allows a single name/operator to be associated with

different operations depending on the type of data passed to

it. Examples of polymorphism are function overloading,
operator overloading and dynamic binding (virtual
functions).
Polymorphism:Example

Shape

Draw ()

Circle object Box Object Triangle Object

Draw (circle) Draw (box) Draw (triangle)

7. Dynamic Binding
 Binding refers to the linking of a procedure call to the code

to be executed in response to the call.

 Dynamic binding or late binding means that the code

associated with a given procedure call is not known until the

time of the call at run time.
8. Message Passing

OOPs consist of a set of objects that communicate with

each other. Message passing involves following steps-
1. Creating classes that define objects and their behavior
2. Creating objects from class definitions and
3. Establishing communication among objects through
message passing.
Example:
customer. balance(account no)

object message information

BENEFITS OF OOPs
OOP offers several benefits to both the program designer and the user. The
principal advantages are.
 Through inheritance, we can eliminate redundant code and extend the use

of existing classes
 We can build program from the standard working module that

communicate with one another, rather than having to start writing the code
from scratch. This leads to saving of development time and higher
productivity.
 The principal of data hiding helps the programmer to build secure

programs.
 It is possible to have multiple instance of an object to co-exist without any

interference
 It is easy to partition the work in a project, based on objects.

 Object oriented systems can be easily upgraded from small to large

systems.
 Message passing techniques for communication between objects makes the

interface description with external systems much simpler.

 Software complexity can be easily managed.
HISTORY OF
JAVA
FATHER OF
JAVA

James Gasoline 3
“ In 1991, “Green Team” of Sun
Microsystem
leded by James Gosling
developed the Java
Programming Language.
Previously it was called Oak, later
in 1995, it was named Java.

4
▰ Java is also regarded as
Internet programming language.
It can make web pages more
dynamic, responsive using Java
applet whereas HTML is mostly
flat & static.

▰ Java typically offers three

editions: SE (Client-side apps.),
EE (Server-side apps.) and
ME (apps. for mobile devices)

5
HISTORY OF JAVA

▰ 1990 oak : To control microprocessors

Embedded in customer item

▰ Oak needed to be
– Platform independent
– Extremely reliable
– Compact

▰ 1993: Java
– Internet and web exploration

– Internet application
▰ 1994: Hot Java Browser
▰ 1995: java1. 0 6
 VERSIONS OF
JAVA

▰ 1995 version 1.0:

– The Java development kit was released for free by the sun
– 8-packages 212-classes
– Microsoft and other companies licensed Java

▰ 1997 version 1.1:

– 23 packages, 504 classes
– Improvement include better event handling inner classes , improved JVM

▰ 1999 version 1.2:

- It is also called as the Java 2 platform
- 59 packages 1520 classes

7
- Collection API included list sets and hash map
 VERSIONS OF
JAVA

▰ 2000 VERSION 1.3:

- 76 packages 1842 classes

- Java sound

▰ 2002 VERSION 1.4:

- 135 PACKAGES 2991 classes
- Improved I , xml support etc..,

▰ 2004 VERSION 5.0 (1.5):

- 165 packages over 3000 classes

- Faster startup metadata formatted output

▰ 2006 JAVA SE 6:
– Scripting language support 8
 VERSIONS OF
JAVA

▰ 2011 JAVA SE 7:

– JVM support for dynamic language

– String in switch
– Allowing underscores in numeric literals

▰JAVA SE 8:
– LAMBDA OPERATOR is expected in summer 2013
JAVA SE #:
JAVA SE #:
.
.
. Java 21, the latest, was released on September 19, 2023.

9
TOPIC 1

•Introduction to java programming

•Features of Java Language,
•JVM -The Java Environment
UNIT I - Features of Java (Java buzz words):

1. Simple
According to Sun, Java language is simple because:
•syntax is based on C++ .
•removed many confusing and/or rarely-used features e.g., explicit pointers,
operator overloading etc.
•No need to remove unreferenced objects because there is Automatic Garbage
Collection in java.
2. Object-oriented
•Like C++, java uses all the OOP concepts like encapsulation, inheritance and
polymorphism etc.
•Java is called a purely object oriented language as everything we write inside
class
in a java program.
Features of Java (Java buzz
words)(Contn…)
3.Architecture-Neutral
 Java code can be run on multiple platforms e.g. Windows, Linux, Sun
Solaris, Mac/OS etc.
 Java code is compiled by the compiler and converted into bytecode. This
bytecode is a platform-independent code because it can run on any
machine with any processor and with any OS.
 Write Once and Run Anywhere(WORA).
Features of Java (Java buzz
words)(Contn…)
4. Security
 When we use a Java-compatible Web browser, we can safely download Java

applets without fear of viral infection or malicious intent.

 Java achieves this protection by confining a Java program to the Java

execution environment and not allowing it access to other parts of the

computer. This control is exercised by JVM.
5. Robust (Strong/ Powerful):
 Java programs will not crash because of its exception handling and its

memory management features.

 Java uses strong memory management. There is a lack of pointers that avoids

security problem.
 There is automatic garbage collection in java.

 There is exception handling and type checking mechanism in java. All these

points make java robust.

Features of Java (Java buzz words)
(Contn…)
Portability:
 Java does not have implementation dependent aspects and it yields or gives

same result on any machine.

 We may carry the java bytecode to any platform.

Distributed:
 Java is designed for use on network; it has an extensive library which

works in agreement with Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the

Internet Protocol (IP) .
 We can create distributed applications in java.

 RMI (Remote Method Invocation) and EJB (Enterprise JavaBeans) are

used for creating distributed applications.

 We may access files by calling the methods from any machine on the

internet.
Features of Java (Java buzz
words)(Contn…)
Multithreaded
 Java was designed to meet the real-world requirement of creating interactive,

networked programs.
 Java supports multithreaded programming, which allows us to write programs

that do many things simultaneously.

 The Java run-time system comes with an elegant yet sophisticated solution for

multiprocess synchronization that enables us to construct smoothly running

interactive systems.
Dynamic
 Java programs carry with them substantial amounts of run-time type

information that is used to verify and resolve accesses to objects at run time.
 This makes it possible to dynamically link code in a safe and expedient

manner.
 This is crucial to the robustness of the applet environment, in which small

fragments of byte code may be dynamically updated on a running system.

 JVM
 JVM i.e., Java Virtual Machine.
 JVM is the engine that drives the Java code.
 Mostly in other Programming Languages, compiler produce code
for a particular system but Java compiler produce Bytecode for a
Java Virtual Machine.
 When we compile a Java program, then bytecode is generated.
Bytecode is the source code that can be used to run on any platform.
 Bytecode is an intermediary language between Java source and the
host system.
 It is the medium which compiles Java code to bytecode which gets
interpreted on a different machine and hence it makes it
Platform/Operating system independent.
 JVM

 JVM generates a .class(Bytecode) file, and that file can be run in any OS,
but JVM should have in OS because JVM is platform dependent.
 The Java Environment

 Java includes many development tools, classes and

methods
◦ Development tools are part of Java Development Kit (JDK) and
◦ The classes and methods are part of Java Standard Library (JSL),
also known as Application Programming Interface (API).
 JDK constitutes of Java Development tools like java
compiler, java interpreter (JVM) and many.
 API includes hundreds of classes and methods grouped
into several packages according to their functionality.
STRUCTURE OF JAVA
PROGRAMMING
The Basic Structure of a Simple Java program
 A Java program consists of different sections. Some of them are mandatory

but some are optional. The optional section can be excluded from the
program depending upon the requirements of the programmer.
STRUCTURE OF JAVA PROGRAMMING
(Cont…)
Documentation Section
 It includes the comments that improve the readability of the program. A
comment is a non-executable statement that helps to read and understand
a program especially when your programs get more complex.
 Eg:1 // Calculate sum of two numbers
 Eg:2 /*calculate sum of two numbers
and it is a multiline comment */
Package Statement
 A package is a collection of classes, interfaces and sub-packages.

 A sub package contains collection of classes, interfaces and sub-

sub packages etc.

 java.lang.*; package is imported by default and this package is

known as default package. It must appear as the first statement in

the source code file before any class or interface declaration. This
statement is optional.
STRUCTURE OF JAVA
PROGRAMMING (Cont…)
Import statements
 An import statement is used for referring classes that are declared in other

packages. The import statement is written after a package statement but

before any class definition. You can import a specific class or all the
classes of the package.
 Example If you want to import Date class of java.util package using

import statement then write.

 import java.util.Date;
Interface Section
 In the interface section, we specify the interfaces. An interface is similar to

a class but contains only constants and method declarations.

Class Definition:
 Java program may contain multiple class definition. Classes are primary

feature of Java program. The classes are used to map real world problems.
STRUCTURE OF JAVA
PROGRAMMING (Cont…)
Main Method Class Section:
 Every program in Java consists of at least one class, the one that contains the

main method. The main () method which is from where the execution of program
actually starts and follow the statements in the order specified. The class section
is mandatory.
First Java Program: print a message “Welcome to Java World”
 class Example
 {

public static void main (String args[])

{
System.out.println ("Welcome to Java World");
}
 }
 Output:
 Welcome to Java World
 How to compile the above program:
 To compile the Example program, execute the compiler, javac, specifying the name
of the source file on the command line, as shown here:

 C:\>javac Example.java
 The javac compiler creates a file called Example.class that contains the byte code
version of the program. As discussed earlier, the Java byte code is the intermediate
representation of our program that contains instructions the Java interpreter will
execute. Thus, the output of javac is not code that can be directly executed. To
actually run the program, we must use the Java interpreter, called java. To do so,
pass the class name Example as a command-line argument, as shown here:

 C:\>java Example
 When the program is run, the following output is displayed:
 Welcome to Java World
Total Platform
Independence
JAVA COMPILER
(translator)

JAVA BYTE CODE

(same for all platforms)

JAVA INTERPRETER
(one for each different system)

Windows 95 Macintosh Solaris Windows NT

Thank You