THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM

Musculoskeletal system
Consists of
Muscles Tendon Ligaments Bones Cartilage Joints Bursae

Gives the human body its shape and ability to move

Musculoskeletal system
+ nervous system = voluntary movements Nervous system impulses contraction Contraction muscle shortens pulling on the bones to which it's attached

Most movement involves groups of muscles

BONES

FUNCTIONS OF BONE AND SKELETAL SYSTEM

SUPPORT PROTECTION ASSISTANCE IN MOVEMENT MINERAL HOMESTASIS HEMATOPOEISIS TRIGLYCERIDE STORAGE

STRUCUTRE OF BONE
Diaphysis Epiphyses Metaphyses Epiphyseal plate Articular cartilage: hyaline

 Periosteum Medullary cavity Endosteum

STRUCUTRE OF BONE

Calcification
Deposition of mineral salts into the collagen framework of bone

initiated by osteoblasts Matrix

25% water 25% collagen fibers: flexibility, strength 50% crystallized mineral salts (Hydroxyapatite (calcium
phosphate, calcium carbonate) 50%) strength

BONE CELLS
Osteogenic cells: stem cells Osteoblast: bone-building cells; organic componentes Osteocytes: mature bone cells; metabolism Osteoclasts: fusion of monocytes; bone remodeling (resorption)

Bone tissue
Compact bone
Cortical

Spongy bone
Cacellous trabecular

Compact bone

Blood and nerve supply

Periosteal arteries Nutrient arteries Metaphyseal arteries Epiphyseal arteries

Bone formation
Intramembranous ossification
Devt of center of ossification, calcificaiton, formation of trabeculae, development of periosteum

Endochondral ossification

Endochondral ossification

Bone growth
Growth in length Appositional growth - thickness

Growth in length

APPOSITIONAL GROWTH

Bone homeostasis

Joints
Arthroses

Bone-bone Bone-teeth Bone- cartilage

Classification of joints
Presence of synovial cavity and connective tissue type
Fibrous Cartilagenous Synovial

Movement
Synarthroses ampiarthroses diarthroses

SUTURES
thin layer of fibrous connective tissue

Syndesmoses

more space than a suture; more fibrous connective tissue

Gomphoses

teeth in sockets of upper and lower jaw

Synchondroses

hyaline cartilage connecting bones

Symphyses

fibrocartilage connecting bones (with a thin layer of hyaline cartilage on the bone)

 Most moveable Articular capsule: dense irregular and regular connective tissue synovial membrane: lines the capsule; secretes synovial fluid Synovial fluid: viscous, clear fluid; lubricates, allows diffusion of nutrient and wastes

SYNOVIAL JOINTS

Articular cartilage: covers epiphyses of bone; not covered by synovial membrane Options: discs, menisci

The muscles
Functions
Move bones Maintain posture Heat production

CARDIAC (HEART) MUSCLE Striated Branched Centrally located nucleus Involuntary

Visceral (involuntary) muscle Nucleus centrally located

Skeletal (voluntary and reflex) muscle Striated Multi-nucleated Nucleus peripherally located ~ 600

Functions
Move body parts or the body as a whole Responsible for voluntary and reflex movements Maintain posture Thermogenesis Movement and regulation of body contents

Muscle structure
Structures
Endomysiuma sheath of fibrous connective tissue that surrounds the exterior of the fiber Sarcolemmathe plasma membrane of the cell that lies beneath the endomysium and just above the cells' nuclei

Muscle structure
Perimysiumfibrous sheath of connective tissuebinds muscle fibers into a bundle, or fasciculus
Epimysiuma stronger sheathbinds all of the fasciculi together to form the entire muscle

 Myofibril a cylindrical bundle of contractile filaments within the skeletal muscle cell. Myofilaments - individual contractile proteins that make up the myofibril. There are two types of myofilaments Actin (thin) Myosin (fat)

Muscle attachments
Most skeletal muscles are attached to bones, either directly or indirectly Direct attachmentthe epimysium to periosteum Indirect attachmentthe epimysium extends past the muscle as a tendon, or aponeurosis, and attaches to the bone

Moments of contraction
Moments of contraction Contractionone bone stays relatively stationary while the other is pulled in toward the stationary one Originpoint where the muscle attaches to the stationary or less movable boneusually lies on the proximal end of the bone Insertionpoint where muscle attaches to the more movable boneon the distal end

Muscle growth
Muscle develops when existing muscle fibers hypertrophy Muscle strength and size differ among individuals because of such factors as exercise, nutrition, gender, and genetic constitution

Muscle movements
Skeletal muscle permits several types of movement Muscle's functional name comes from the type of movement it permits
Flexor muscle permits bending (flexion) Adductor muscle permits moving away from a body axis (adduction) Circumductor muscle allows a circular movement (circumduction)

Muscles of the axial skeleton

Essential for respiration Include:
muscles of the face, tongue, and neck muscles of mastication muscles of the vertebral column situated along the spine

Muscles of the appendicular skeleton

Include:
shoulder abdominopelvic cavity upper and lower extremities

Muscles of the upper extremities are classified according to the bones they move Muscles that move the arm are further categorized into:
those with an origin on the axial skeleton those with an origin on the scapula

Tendons
Bands of fibrous connective tissue Attach muscles to the periosteum Enable bones to move when skeletal muscles contract

Ligaments
Dense, strong, flexible bands of fibrous connective tissue Bind bones to other bones

Bones
Human skeleton contains 206 bones
80 form the axial skeletoncalled axial because it lies along the central line, or axis, of the body 126 form the appendicular skeletonrelating to the limbs, or appendages, of the body

Bones of the axial skeleton

facial and cranial bones hyoid bone vertebrae ribs and sternum

Bones of the appendicular skeleton

clavicle scapula humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges pelvic bone femur, patella, fibula, tibia, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges

Bone classification
Classified by shape
Long (such as the humerus, radius, femur, and tibia) Short (such as the carpals and tarsals) Flat (such as the scapula, ribs, and skull) Irregular (such as the vertebrae and mandible) Sesamoid (such as the patella)

Bone functions
Protect internal tissues and organs Stabilize and support the body Provide a surface for muscle, ligament, and tendon attachment Move through lever action when contracted Produce red blood cells in the bone marrow (hematopoiesis) Store mineral salts

Blood supply
Blood reaches bones through three paths:
Haversian canalsminute channels that lie parallel to the axis of the bonepassages for arterioles Volkmann's canalscontain vessels that connect one Haversian canal to another and to the outer bone Vessels in the bone ends and within the marrow

Bone formation
At 3 months in utero, the fetal skeleton is composed of cartilage By about 6 months, fetal cartilage has been transformed into bony skeleton After birth, some bonesmost notably the carpals and tarsalsossify (harden) Change results from endochondral ossificationa process by which osteoblasts (bone-forming cells) produce osteoid (a collagenous material that ossifies)

Bone remodeling
Remodelingthe continuous process whereby bone is created and destroyed Osteoblasts and osteoclaststwo types of osteocytes are responsible for remodeling Osteoblastsdeposit new bone Osteoclasts increase long-bone diameter and promote longitudinal bone growth by reabsorbing the previously deposited bone Epiphyseal platescartilage that separate the diaphysis, or shaft of a bone, from the epiphysis, or end of a bone

Cartilage
Dense connective tissue that consists of fibers embedded in a strong, gel-like substance Has the flexibility of firm plastic Supports and shapes various structures, such as the auditory canal and the intervertebral disks Cushions and absorbs shock, preventing direct transmission to the bone Has no blood supply or innervation

 Hyaline cartilage
Most common type Covers the articular bone surfaceswhere one or more bones meet at a joint Connects the ribs to the sternum Appears in the trachea, bronchi, and nasal septum

 Fibrous cartilage
Forms the symphysis pubis and the intervertebral disks Composed of small quantities of matrix and abundant fibrous elements Strong and rigid

 Elastic cartilage
Located in the auditory canal, external ear, and epiglottis Large numbers of elastic fibers give this type of cartilage elasticity and resiliency

Joints
Articulations points of contact between two bones that hold bones together and allow flexibility and movement Classification
functionextent of movemen structurewhat they're made of

Functional classification of joints

Synarthrosisimmovable Amphiarthrosisslightly movable Diarthrosisfreely movable

Structural classification of joints

Fibrous joints
Articular surfaces of the two bones are bound closely by fibrous connective tissue A little movement is possible Include sutures, syndesmoses (such as the radioulnar joints), and gomphoses (such as the dental alveolar joint)

 Cartilaginous joints
Also called amphiarthroses Cartilage connects one bone to another Allow slight movement Synchondrosestypically, temporary joints in which the intervening hyaline cartilage converts to bone by adulthoodfor example, the epiphyseal plates of long bones Symphysesjoints with an intervening pad of fibrocartilagefor example, the symphysis pubis

 Synovial
Bony surfaces in the synovial joints separated by a viscous, lubricating fluid (the synovia) and by cartilage Joined by ligaments lined with a synoviaproducing membrane Freely movable Include most joints of the arms and legs

 Other features of synovial joints include:

joint cavity-a potential space that separates the articulating surfaces of the two bones articular capsulea saclike envelope with outer layer that is lined with a vascular synovial membrane reinforcing ligamentsfibrous tissue that connects bones within the joint and reinforces the joint capsule

Types of synovial joints

Gliding
Flat or slightly curved articular surfaces Allow gliding movements May not allow movement in all directions Examples: intertarsal and intercarpal joints

 Hinge
Convex portion of one bone fits into a concave portion of another Movement resembles that of a metal hinge Movement is limited to flexion and extension Examples: elbow and knee

 Pivotal
Rounded portion of one bone fits into a groove in another bone Allow only uniaxial rotation of the first bone around the second Example: head of the radiusrotates within a groove of the ulna

 Condylar jointsoval surface of one bone fits into a concavity in another bone
Allow flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction Examples: radiocarpal and metacarpophalangeal joints of the hand

 Saddle joints
Resemble condylar joints but allow greater freedom of movement Carpometacarpal joints of the thumbonly saddle joints in the body

 Ball-and-socket joint
Gets its name from the way its bones connect Spherical head of one bone fits into a concave socket of another bone Shoulder and hip jointsbody's only ball-andsocket joints

Bursae
Small synovial fluid sacs Located at friction points around joints between tendons, ligaments, and bones Act as cushions to decrease stress on adjacent structures Examples include:
subacromial bursa (located in the shoulder) prepatellar bursa (located in the knee)