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    Importance of Dimensionless Numbers in Mass Transfer

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    Ali Ammar
    This document discusses several dimensionless numbers used in mass transfer, including their definitions, applications, and physical significance. It introduces the Biot, Fourier, Prandtl, Nusselt, Grashof, Peclet, Rayleigh, and Archimedes numbers. The Biot number represents the ratio of diffusive to convective mass transfer resistance. The Fourier number is the ratio of current time to time needed to reach steady state. The Prandtl number is the ratio of momentum to thermal diffusivity. Dimensionless numbers allow comparison of vastly different systems by combining key parameters.

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    Importance of Dimensionless Numbers in Mass Transfer

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    Ali Ammar
    792 views27 pages
    This document discusses several dimensionless numbers used in mass transfer, including their definitions, applications, and physical significance. It introduces the Biot, Fourier, Prandtl, Nusselt, Grashof, Peclet, Rayleigh, and Archimedes numbers. The Biot number represents the ratio of diffusive to convective mass transfer resistance. The Fourier number is the ratio of current time to time needed to reach steady state. The Prandtl number is the ratio of momentum to thermal diffusivity. Dimensionless numbers allow comparison of vastly different systems by combining key parameters.

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    This document discusses several dimensionless numbers used in mass transfer, including their definitions, applications, and physical significance. It introduces the Biot, Fourier, Prandtl, Nusselt, Grashof, Peclet, Rayleigh, and Archimedes numbers. The Biot number represents the ratio of diffusive to convective mass transfer resistance. The Fourier number is the ratio of current time to time needed to reach steady state. The Prandtl number is the ratio of momentum to thermal diffusivity. Dimensionless numbers allow comparison of vastly different systems by combining key parameters.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    792 views27 pages

    Importance of Dimensionless Numbers in Mass Transfer

    Uploaded by

    Ali Ammar
    This document discusses several dimensionless numbers used in mass transfer, including their definitions, applications, and physical significance. It introduces the Biot, Fourier, Prandtl, Nusselt, Grashof, Peclet, Rayleigh, and Archimedes numbers. The Biot number represents the ratio of diffusive to convective mass transfer resistance. The Fourier number is the ratio of current time to time needed to reach steady state. The Prandtl number is the ratio of momentum to thermal diffusivity. Dimensionless numbers allow comparison of vastly different systems by combining key parameters.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 27

    Group Members

    2009-CH-242

    2009-CH-227
    2009-CH-237 2009-CH-203 2009-CH-229

    Gulfam Raza Haidery 2009-CH-242

    Importance of dimensionless numbers in mass transfer

    Contents:
    Introduction
    Properties Buckingham theorem

    Dimensionless numbers in Mass Transfer


    Applications Physical significance

    INTRODUCTION
    In physics and mathematics, the dimension of a object is defined as the minimum number of coordinates needed to specify any point within it.

    PROPERTIES
    Quantity with No Physical dimension but it can has units which are dimensionless. Quantities have same dimensions and their ratio makes them dimensionless.

    Buckingham theorem
    The Buckingham theorem of dimensional analysis is that the functional dependence between a certain number (say, n) of variables can be reduced by the number (say, k) of independent dimensions occurring in those variables to give a set of p = n k independent, dimensionless quantities.

    CONT
    The power consumption of a stirrer is a function of the density the viscosity diameter speed So n = 5 variables are built up from k = 3 dimensions which are: Length: L (m) Time: T (s) Mass: M (kg). According to the -theorem, the n = 5 variables can be reduced by

    the k = 3 dimensions to form p = n k = 5 3 = 2 independent dimensionless numbers which are, in case of the stirrer: Reynolds number (a dimensionless number describing the fluid flow regime) Power number (describing the stirrer and also involves the density of the fluid)

    Basil Ahmad Raza 2009-CH-227

    About Mass Transfer

    MT BIOT NUMBER
    Ratio of Diffusive to Convective MT Resistance

    film mass transfer coefficient


    LC - characteristic length DAB - mass diffusivity

    Determines Uniformity of concentration in solids

    MT FOURIER NUMBER
    Ratio of current time to time to reach steady state

    Fo = Dt/L2

    MT PRANDTL NUMBER
    Ratio of momentum to specific diffusivity

    Pr = /D Determines the ratio of fluid/ Mass transfer boundary layer thickness


    Momentum diffusivit y Cp Pr Thermal diffusivit y K

    : kinematic viscosity, = / , (SI units : m2/s) : thermal diffusivity, = k / (cp), (SI units : m2/s) : dynamic viscosity, (SI units : Pa s = (N s)/m2) k: thermal conductivity, (SI units : W/(m K) ) cp : specific heat, (SI units : J/(kg K) ) : density, (SI units : kg/m3 ).

    MUHAMMAD USMAN 2009-CH-237

    MT NUSSELT NUMBER
    Ratio of length scale to diffusion boundary layer

    thickness Nu = hdL/Dfluid
    Used to calculate MT coefficient hd

    MT GRASHOOF NUMBER
    Ratio of natural convection buoyancy force to viscous force

    Gr = g CCL3/2 Controls the ratio of length scale to natural convection boundary layer g = acceleration due to Earth's gravity = volumetric thermal expansion coefficient (equal to approximately 1/T, for ideal fluids, where T is absolute temperature) Ts = surface temperature T = bulk temperature L = length D = diameter = kinematic viscosity

    Limitations
    The transition to turbulent flow occurs in the range 108

    < GrL < 109 for natural convection from vertical flat plates. At higher Grashof numbers, the boundary layer is turbulent; at lower Grashof numbers, the boundary layer is laminar.

    M.M.KHAN 2009-CH-203

    MT PECLET NUMBER
    Ratio of convective to diffusive mass transfer in fluids

    Pe = Re.Pr Used to determine plug flow/perfect mixing CSTR model validity

    MT RALEIGH NUMBER
    Ratio of natural convective to diffusive mass

    transport Ra = Gr.Pr Determines the transition to turbulent

    Importance of DN
    Dimensionless numbers allow you to compare two

    systems that are vastly different by combining the parameters of interest.


    For example, the Reynolds number, Re = velocity * length / kinematic viscosity. If you are testing an airfoil with a particular Re, and you want to run a simulation on a scaled-down model (length is smaller), you could increase fluid velocity or lower kinematic viscosity (change fluids) or both to establish the same Re and ensure you are working under comparable circumstances.

    FAISAL ALI 2009-CH-229

    Archimedes Number (Ar)


    This represents the ratio of buoyancy and inertial forces
    Formula:

    where:
    g=

    gravitational acceleration (9.81 m/s),

    l = density of the fluid, kg / m3 = density of the body, kg / m3 = dynamic viscosity, kg / sm L = characteristic length of body, m

    Application
    o

    Used when dealing with Gravitational settling of particle in fluid In engineering applications the Pclet number is often very large. In such situations, the dependency of the flow upon downstream locations is diminished, and variables in the flow tend to become 'one-way' properties. Thus, when modeling certain situations with high Pclet numbers, simpler computational models can be adopted. A flow will often have different Pclet numbers for heat and mass. This can lead to the phenomenon of double diffusive convection. In the context of particulate motion the Pclet numbers have also been called Brenner numbers, with symbol Br, in honor of Howard Brenner.

    Physical significance
    This represents the ratio of buoyancy and inertial forces, which stands in for the contribution of natural convection. When Ar >> 1, natural convection dominates and when Ar << 1, forced convection dominates.

    S. no.

    Parameters

    Symbols (units)

    Primary dimensions

    1
    2 3 4 5

    Significant length
    Fluid density Fluid viscosity Temperature difference Coefficient of volume expansion Acceleration due to gravity Thermal conductivity of fluid Heat transfer coefficient Specific heat of fluid

    Lc (m)
    (kg/m3) (kg/m.s) T (deg.C or K) (1/K)

    L
    ML-3 ML-1t-1 T T-1

    g (m/s2)

    Lt-2

    7 8 9

    k (W/m.K) h (W/m2.K) Cp (J/kg.k)

    MLt-3T-1 Mt-3T-1 L2t-2T-1

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