Globalisation and

Multinational/internatio

nal Business

International business is a term used to collectively describe all commercial transactions (private and governmental, sales, investments, logistics, and transportation) that take place between two or more nations

Usually, private companies undertake such transactions for profit; governments undertake them for profit and for political reasons

.It refers to all those business activities which involves cross border transactions of goods, services, resources between two or more nations.

Transaction of economic resources include capital, skills, people etc. for international production of physical goods and services such as finance, banking, insurance, construction etc

A multinational enterprise (MNE) is a company that has a worldwide approach to markets and production or one with operations in more than a country

An MNE is often called multinational corporation (MNC) or transnational company (TNC). Well known MNCs include fast food companies such as McDonald's and Yum Brands, vehicle manufacturers such as General Motors, Ford Motor Company and Toyota, consumer electronics companies like Samsung, LG and Sony

Globalisation: Setting the Scene

Current issues in the global economy Defining globalisation
global economic interdependence implications for business

What is driving globalisation?

market drivers cost drivers government drivers competitive drivers

The drivers of globalisation

Market drivers Per capita income converging among industrialised nations Convergence of lifestyles and tastes Organisations beginning to behave as global customers Increasing travel creating global consumers Growth of global and regional channels Establishment of world brands Push to develop global advertising Government drivers Reduction of tariff barriers Reduction of non-tariff barriers Creation of blocs Decline in role of governments as producers and customers Privatisation in previously state-dominated economies Shift to open market economies from closed communist systems in eastern Europe Increasing participation of China and India in the global economy Other drivers Revolution in information and communication Competitive drivers Continuing increases in the level of world trade Increased ownership of corporations by foreign acquirors Rise of new competitors intent upon becoming global competitors Growth of global networks making countries interdependent in particular industries More companies becoming globally centred rather than nationally centred Increased formation of global strategic alliances Globalisation of financial markets Improvements in business travel Cost drivers Continuing push for economies of scale Accelerating technological innovation Advances in transportation Emergence of newly industrialised countries with productive capability and low labour costs. Increasing cost of product development relative to market life

The drivers of globalisation

Market drivers Per capita income converging among industrialised nations Convergence of lifestyles and tastes Organisations beginning to behave as global customers Increasing travel creating global consumers Growth of global and regional channels Establishment of world brands Push to develop global advertising Government drivers Reduction of tariff barriers Reduction of non-tariff barriers Creation of blocs Decline in role of governments as producers and customers Privatisation in previously state-dominated economies Shift to open market economies from closed communist systems in eastern Europe Increasing participation of China and India in the global economy Other drivers Revolution in information and communication Competitive drivers Continuing increases in the level of world trade Increased ownership of corporations by foreign acquirors Rise of new competitors intent upon becoming global competitors Growth of global networks making countries interdependent in particular industries More companies becoming globally centred rather than nationally centred Increased formation of global strategic alliances Globalisation of financial markets Improvements in business travel Cost drivers Continuing push for economies of scale Accelerating technological innovation Advances in transportation Emergence of newly industrialised countries with productive capability and low labour costs. Increasing cost of product development relative to market life

The drivers of globalisation

Market drivers Per capita income converging among industrialised nations Convergence of lifestyles and tastes Organisations beginning to behave as global customers Increasing travel creating global consumers Growth of global and regional channels Establishment of world brands Push to develop global advertising Government drivers Reduction of tariff barriers Reduction of non-tariff barriers Creation of blocs Decline in role of governments as producers and customers Privatisation in previously state-dominated economies Shift to open market economies from closed communist systems in eastern Europe Increasing participation of China and India in the global economy Other drivers Revolution in information and communication Competitive drivers Continuing increases in the level of world trade Increased ownership of corporations by foreign acquirors Rise of new competitors intent upon becoming global competitors Growth of global networks making countries interdependent in particular industries More companies becoming globally centred rather than nationally centred Increased formation of global strategic alliances Globalisation of financial markets Improvements in business travel Cost drivers Continuing push for economies of scale Accelerating technological innovation Advances in transportation Emergence of newly industrialised countries with productive capability and low labour costs. Increasing cost of product development relative to market life

The drivers of globalisation

Market drivers Per capita income converging among industrialised nations Convergence of lifestyles and tastes Organisations beginning to behave as global customers Increasing travel creating global consumers Growth of global and regional channels Establishment of world brands Push to develop global advertising Government drivers Reduction of tariff barriers Reduction of non-tariff barriers Creation of blocs Decline in role of governments as producers and customers Privatisation in previously state-dominated economies Shift to open market economies from closed communist systems in eastern Europe Increasing participation of China and India in the global economy Other drivers Revolution in information and communication Competitive drivers Continuing increases in the level of world trade Increased ownership of corporations by foreign acquirors Rise of new competitors intent upon becoming global competitors Growth of global networks making countries interdependent in particular industries More companies becoming globally centred rather than nationally centred Increased formation of global strategic alliances Globalisation of financial markets Improvements in business travel Cost drivers Continuing push for economies of scale Accelerating technological innovation Advances in transportation Emergence of newly industrialised countries with productive capability and low labour costs. Increasing cost of product development relative to market life

The drivers of globalisation

Market drivers Per capita income converging among industrialised nations Convergence of lifestyles and tastes Organisations beginning to behave as global customers Increasing travel creating global consumers Growth of global and regional channels Establishment of world brands Push to develop global advertising Government drivers Reduction of tariff barriers Reduction of non-tariff barriers Creation of blocs Decline in role of governments as producers and customers Privatisation in previously state-dominated economies Shift to open market economies from closed communist systems in eastern Europe Increasing participation of China and India in the global economy Other drivers Revolution in information and communication Competitive drivers Continuing increases in the level of world trade Increased ownership of corporations by foreign acquirors Rise of new competitors intent upon becoming global competitors Growth of global networks making countries interdependent in particular industries More companies becoming globally centred rather than nationally centred Increased formation of global strategic alliances Globalisation of financial markets Improvements in business travel Cost drivers Continuing push for economies of scale Accelerating technological innovation Advances in transportation Emergence of newly industrialised countries with productive capability and low labour costs. Increasing cost of product development relative to market life

The drivers of globalisation

Market drivers Per capita income converging among industrialised nations Convergence of lifestyles and tastes Organisations beginning to behave as global customers Increasing travel creating global consumers Growth of global and regional channels Establishment of world brands Push to develop global advertising Government drivers Reduction of tariff barriers Reduction of non-tariff barriers Creation of blocs Decline in role of governments as producers and customers Privatisation in previously state-dominated economies Shift to open market economies from closed communist systems in eastern Europe Increasing participation of China and India in the global economy Other drivers Revolution in information and communication Competitive drivers Continuing increases in the level of world trade Increased ownership of corporations by foreign acquirors Rise of new competitors intent upon becoming global competitors Growth of global networks making countries interdependent in particular industries More companies becoming globally centred rather than nationally centred Increased formation of global strategic alliances Globalisation of financial markets Improvements in business travel Cost drivers Continuing push for economies of scale Accelerating technological innovation Advances in transportation Emergence of newly industrialised countries with productive capability and low labour costs. Increasing cost of product development relative to market life

Globalisation: Setting the Scene

Current issues in the global economy Defining globalisation
global economic interdependence implications for business

What is driving globalisation?

market drivers cost drivers government drivers competitive drivers

Globalisation: the good and the bad

Multinational Corporations
Statistics on growth and size of MNCs
the comparative size of MNCs and countries' GDP

Comparison of the 10 largest multinational corporations (by gross revenue) and selected countries (by GDP): 2002
MNC rank Country or Company USA Wal-Mart Stores Indonesia Denmark Exxon Mobil General Motors BP Greece China: Hong Kong Ford Motor Finland Ireland Enron DaimlerChrysler Royal Dutch/Shell Group Thailand Iran General Electric Argentina Toyota Motor Malaysia Chile Luxembourg Kenya Albania GDP ($bn) or gross revenue ($bn) 10,869.1 219.8 212.9 205.1 191.6 177.3 174.2 165.2 165.1 162.4 158.2 150.2 138.7 136.9 135.2 132.4 127.8 125.9 121.8 120.8 102.7 65.9 23.8 12.9 5.3

2 3 4

6 7 8

9 10

Multinational Corporations
Statistics on growth and size of MNCs
the comparative size of MNCs and countries' GDP foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows

FDI inflows ($ millions)

1,600,000 1,400,000 World 1,200,000 Developed countries Developing countries 1,000,000 800,000 600,000 400,000 200,000 0 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

FDI inflows ($ millions)

FDI inflows ($ millions)

1,600,000 1,400,000 World 1,200,000 Developed countries Developing countries 1,000,000 800,000 600,000 400,000 200,000 0 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

FDI inflows ($ millions)

FDI inflows ($ millions)

1,600,000 1,400,000 World 1,200,000 Developed countries Developing countries 1,000,000 800,000 600,000 400,000 200,000 0 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

FDI inflows ($ millions)

FDI inflows ($ millions)

1,600,000 1,400,000 World 1,200,000 Developed countries Developing countries 1,000,000 800,000 600,000 400,000 200,000 0 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

FDI inflows ($ millions)

FDI inflows
30.0

FDI as % of gross fixed capital formation

25.0

20.0

15.0

10.0

5.0

0.0 1985 1990 1995 2000

FDI inflows
30.0

FDI as % of gross fixed capital formation

25.0

20.0

15.0

Developing countries
10.0

5.0

0.0 1985 1990 1995 2000

FDI inflows
30.0

FDI as % of gross fixed capital formation

25.0

Developed countries
20.0

15.0

Developing countries
10.0

5.0

0.0 1985 1990 1995 2000

Multinational Corporations
Diversity among MNCs
size the nature of the business overseas business relative to total business production locations

ownership patterns
organisational structure

Why do Businesses go Multinational?

Categories of multinational organisation
horizontally integrated vertically integrated conglomerate

Advantages to firms
reductions in costs
international differences in factor prices

international differences in factor productivity low-cost access to local markets spreading overheads

Why do Businesses go Multinational?

Advantages to firms (cont.)
government support in host countries
lower taxes subsidies provision of infrastructure

increased demand spreading risks can exploit advantages over local firms
ownership of superior technology entrepreneurial and managerial skills R&D capacity

access to local technology

Why do Businesses go Multinational?

The product life cycle and the MNC
the launch phase the growth phase maturity late maturity and decline

Problems facing multinationals

language barriers selling and marketing relations with host governments relationships between subsidiaries

MNC Investment and the Host State

Advantages of MNC investment
employment balance of payments technology transfer tax revenues

Disadvantages
uncertainty power and control by the MNC over the host transfer pricing the environment

MNCs and Developing Countries

The scale of MNC investment in developing countries Advantages to host country
the saving gap
the importance of development finance the contribution of saving to growth

the foreign exchange gap public finance gap skills and technology gaps

MNCs and Developing Countries

Disadvantages to host country
MNCs may drive local firms out of business limited demand for local components repatriation of profits transfer pricing and effects on tax revenues
competition between developing countries to attract MNCs

distorting the whole pattern of development

increasing gap between rich and poor introducing consumerist values

What can developing countries do?