SEVESO DISASTER ITALY
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An explosion at a chemical plant in Seveso, Italy in 1976 released toxic clouds containing dioxins over nearby areas. Immediate effects included skin lesions and illness in people and damage to vegetation. Long-term health impacts included liver damage, immune system problems, and increased cancer rates. Soil in contaminated zones was removed and buried in concrete pits as a countermeasure. The disaster led to new regulations like the Seveso Directive to prevent chemical accidents and limit environmental and health impacts.
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Seveso, a commune located near Milan, was home to several chemical factories, including a plant operated by the company ICMESA (Industrie Chimiche Meda Società Azionaria). The ICMESA plant produced a variety of chemicals, including hexachlorobenzene and 2,4,5-trichlorophenol, which are used in the production of pesticides and herbicides.
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The disaster occurred when a reactor at the ICMESA plant suffered a catastrophic failure, resulting in the release of a large quantity of toxic chemicals into the atmosphere. The specific chemical released was 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), a highly toxic and persistent compound commonly referred to as dioxin.
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### Environmental and Health Impacts
The Seveso disaster had significant environmental and health consequences. The dioxin released during the accident contaminated soil, vegetation, and water sources in the area. Livestock and pets were also affected, with many dying or requiring euthanasia due to the toxicity of the chemicals.
The health impacts on humans were profound. Those directly exposed to the dioxin experienced symptoms such as skin lesions, respiratory issues, and eye irritation. Long-term health effects included an increased risk of developing cancers, reproductive disorders, and immune system problems. Pregnant women exposed to dioxin faced risks of adverse effects on fetal development.
### Response and Cleanup Efforts
In the immediate aftermath of the disaster, authorities implemented emergency measures to evacuate affected residents and establish safety zones to prevent further exposure. The Italian government, along with international organizations, mobilized to assess the extent of contamination and develop strategies for cleanup and remediation.
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Abstract
This undertaking entails a Pre-Assessment study on behalf of the board of directors at ABC Agriculture Production Inc; it explores the general operational characteristics, potential ecological health effects, potential human health impacts, potential societal health impacts, and risk assessment and regulatory requirements.
General Operational Characteristics
In this context, we will review the General Operational Characteristics of the organization. In essence, ABC Agriculture Production Inc. is located in Southwestern Nebraska, covering 640-acre land. Besides this land, particularly to the west, a privately owned rancher’s property harbors a commercially producing and leased natural gas well. A major river’s small active salt fork exists east of the 640-acre land. Production offices and barns meant for confined animal feed operations are presumed to cover an area of 160 acres; this involves separate large, full barns set for chicken, beef cattle, and swine operations, six barn-discharge wastewater lagoons, and one feed mill. Alfalfa and corn hay fields are presumed to cover 320 acres of the land; groundwater irrigation wells supply the irrigation sprinkler systems to sustain these crops. The remaining 160 acres manifest caliche and gypsum open pit excavation mines; these products are essentially excavated and traded by the truckload.
The organization primarily uses commercial nitrogen fertilizers to sustain crops, commercial herbicides to control weeds, and commercial pesticides to manage relevant pests. The involved animals are sustained through relevant administration of routine injections; antibiotics and vitamin supplements are also critically and routinely appreciated. Dead animal remains are usually disposed of in a pit; the pit has to be covered with calcium hydroxide daily. The facility manifests an EPA-recognized National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System permit. It is often applied as a combined wastewater/stormwater effluent permit. Also, the organization appreciates a hazardous waste permit for discarding all rejected pharmaceutical, pesticide, and herbicide wastes. Relevant rainfall and wind speeds should be 21 inches annually and 12 mph, respectively. Humidity should manifest an average provision of 65.8 % and a dew point of 37.9°F. Furthermore, high/Low temps range from summer (91°F/63°F) to winter (40°F/14°F).
Potential Ecological Health Impacts
The primary ecological pollutants in this context involve TSS, ammonia, TKN, and TDS. Also, the involved herbicides and pesticides used in the site are presumed to manifest chemical pollutants such as organophosphorus, organochlorines, and carbamates, which manifest critical ecological health impacts. Mining activities relevant to the caliche and gypsum excavation sites can potentially lead to the leaching of calcium carbonate and calcium sulfate dihydrate to the nearby surrounding attracting potent ...
14A Pollution Prevention Plan (P4) Pre-Assessment Stu
14A Pollution Prevention Plan (P4) Pre-Assessment StuAnastaciaShadelb This section discusses engineering opportunities for pollution prevention through selecting appropriate control technologies to apply as pollution prevention techniques for each identified ecosystem disturbance from the organization's operations. It describes how each technique is expected to affect effluent permit limits.
[DOCUMENT]
Potential Ecological Health Impacts
The primary ecological pollutants in this context involve TSS, ammonia, TKN, and TDS. Also, the involved herbicides and pesticides used in the site are presumed to manifest chemical pollutants such as organophosphorus, organochlorines, and carbamates, which manifest critical ecological health impacts. Mining activities relevant to the caliche and gypsum excavation sites can potentially lead to
Pollution under International Environmental Law
Pollution under International Environmental LawAJHSSR Journal ABSTRACT: Various activities of humans especially in the industrial world in any given civilized State pose
serious threat to the existence of man by way of emitting various pollutants into the environment (water,
atmosphere, soil etc.) As a result of these emissions of pollutants, sovereign States have made efforts to protect
the environment from pollution internationally. This is owing to the fact that man‟s existence on earth is
constantly being seriously threatened as a result of activities from civilized living. Pollution of the environment
occurs in almost every industrial activity as a result of emissions of pollutants. Notable examples of such acts of
pollution of the environment are air pollution by artificial heating using firewood, coal, gas or oil and the
burning of fossil fuels and forests – increases the atmospheric carbon dioxide and leads to increase in the
warmth of the earth. The research considered the various instruments regulating pollution in the international
plane. The research found that sovereign States should ensure that various industrial activities carried out within
their jurisdictions are so done in line with international standards and agreements so as not to cause damage to a
neighbouring State via pollution. More so, State parties to international agreements on protection of the
environment against pollution should uphold and apply the agreements in their various States.
KEYWORDS: Pollution, Environment
Interior Landscape Plants for Indoor Air Pollution Abatement
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SEVESO DISASTER ITALY
- 1. SEVESO DISASTER AN INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT CAUSING ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE FEBRUARY-17-2017 MOHD SALMAN 16LPMS06 MSc PLANT BIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF HYDERABAD [email protected] SUPERVISOR Dr. IRFAN A. GHAZI DEPARTMENT OF PLANT SCIENCE
- 3. Map of the Seveso accident area showing the trichlorophenol plant, Icmesa, where the TCCD exposer occured, the three contamination zones, A, B, and R, and the surrounding noncontaminated area adopted as a reference zone. REF: Environmental Health Perspectives * Vol 106, Supplement 2 * April 1998
- 4. JULY 10,1976, SEVESO, ITALY THE INDUSTRIE CHIMICHE MERIDIONALI SOCIETA ANONIMA FACTORY UNEXPECTED RISE IN TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE IN A 2,4,5-Trichlorophenol(TCP) REACTOR EXPLOSION
- 5. RELEASING ‘TOXIC CLOUDS’ 2,3,7,8-TRICHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN(TCDD) (in Kg) SODIUM HYDROXIDE SODIUMTRICHLOROPHENATE ETHYLENE GLYCOL
- 6. RELEASE OF ‘TOXIC CLOUDS’ CONTAINING 2,3,7,8-TRICHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN(TCDD) SODIUM HYDROXIDE SODIUMTRICHLOROPHENATE ETHYLENE GLYCOL HIGHLY TOXIC
- 9. IMMEDIATE EFFECTS VEGETATION, BIRDS, AND COURTYARD ANIMALAS WERE SERIOUSLY AFFECTED. PEOPLE WHO HAPPENED TO BE ON THE DEPOPSITION PATH OF THE CLOUD DEVELOPED NAUSEA, HEADACHE, AND EYE IRRITATION, AND A FEW CHILDREN WERE ADMITTED TO THE LOCAL COMMUNITY HOSPITALS FOR SKIN LESIONS ON EXPOSED PARTS OF THE BODY.
- 10. HAZARDOUS EFFECTS OF DIOXIN ABSORBED BY THE EARTH AND BY THE PLANTS IMPAIR NERVOUS SYSTEM LIVER DAMAGE REDUCED REPRODUCTIVE CAPACITY CIRCULATORY PROBLEMS CAUSES CANCER SUPPRESS IMMUNE SYSTEM RESPIRATORY PROBLEMS
- 12. Long-lasting effect Of The Seveso Disaster On Thyroid Function In Babies. 2,3,7,8- tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) – the dioxin released by the Seveso disaster – is the most toxic type of dioxin and in 1997 was declared a class-1 carcinogen by the World Health Organization REF: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/07/080728215326.htm
- 13. REF: Environmental exposure to dioxin: the Seveso experience Signorini 2000 DIOXIN CONCENTRATION IN DIFFERENT ZONES
- 14. COUNTERMEASURES REMOVAL OF TOP SOIL. SEVESO DIRECTIVE OF EC WAS ISSUED. BASEL CONVENTION OF THE UNITED NATIONS WAS ADOPTED. $ 48 – 50 MILLION . ABOUT 140 HUNDRED YEN. (ESTIMATION BY ITALIAN AUTHORITIES)
- 15. COUNTERMEASURES REMOVAL OF TOP SOIL. Removing all of the top soil. 1800 hectares were polluted and the direct countermeasure was soil dressing. Two large holes were dug; the polluted soil was buried in them; and, they were covered with concrete. SEVESO DIRECTIVE OF EC WAS ISSUED. attempted to prevent major accidents and limit effects on human health the environment by the chemical industry. BASEL CONVENTION OF THE UNITED NATIONS WAS ADOPTED. intended to prevent the transfer of pollutants across borders.
- 16. REFERENCES Environmental exposure to dioxin: the Seveso experience - Signorini 2000 Environmental Health Perspectives : Vol 106, Supplement 2, April- 1998 Health Effects of Dioxin Exposure: A 20 Year MortalityStudy- Pier Alberto Bertazzi- 2001 https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/07/08072821532 6.htm http://uncoveringflorence.weebly.com/uploads/2/8/3/1/28316 163/191855631.jpg?525
- 18. ACKNOWLEDGMENT DR.IRFAN A.GHAZI DR.RAHUL KUMARDR.J. MADHU PRAKASH PROF.C.H.VENKETRAMANA H.O.D DEPARTMENT OF PLANT SCIENCE