The Parthenon was built in Athens in the 5th century BCE under the supervision of the architects Iktinos and Kallikrates and the sculptor Phidias. Commissioned by the politician Pericles, it was built to honor the goddess Athena and showcase Athens' wealth and power. Considered one of the greatest achievements of architecture, the Parthenon has endured over the centuries despite being damaged and changed for different uses. It remains a globally significant monument embodying classical Greek architectural ideals of harmony, proportion, and precision.
O documento discute os primeiros socorros para diferentes tipos de acidentes, incluindo a posição lateral de segurança, como socorrer vítimas em estado de choque ou inconsciência, o que fazer em casos de amputação, envenenamento, fraturas, hemorragia e queimaduras.
O documento descreve o processo de hominização, desde os primeiros hominídeos como o Australopitecus até o Homo Sapiens Sapiens. Detalha as principais mudanças físicas e intelectuais, como a bipedia, aumento do cérebro e desenvolvimento da linguagem. Também aborda as primeiras sociedades humanas, desde as sociedades recoletoras do Paleolítico até as sociedades produtoras agrícolas do Neolítico.
El documento describe a las nueve Musas griegas, hijas de Zeus y Mnemosine. Cada una presidía sobre un arte o ciencia en particular. Calíope representaba la elocuencia y poesía épica, Clío la historia y poesía heroica, y Erató la poesía amorosa. Las otras Musas eran Euterpe de la música, Melpómene del teatro trágico, Polimnia de la poesía lírica sagrada, Terpsícore de la danza, Talía de la comedia y pastoreo, y Urania de la astronomía
Ficha de trabalho nº 2 tec.dist. - empilhadoresLeonor Alves
3 slides•1.6K views
Este documento fornece instruções sobre a operação segura de empilhadores, incluindo como apanhar e descarregar cargas, regras de condução, estacionamento seguro e elevação de pessoas. Detalha os perigos associados e medidas preventivas como manter partes do corpo dentro do veículo, usar cinto de segurança, conduzir devagar em pisos escorregadios e não transportar pessoas.
O documento descreve os conceitos e objetivos da Norma Regulamentadora 20, que estabelece requisitos de segurança e saúde no trabalho com inflamáveis e combustíveis. A NR20 aplica-se a atividades de extração, produção, armazenamento, transferência, manuseio e manipulação desses produtos. As instalações são classificadas em Classe I, II ou III dependendo da atividade e capacidade de armazenamento. Cada classe deve cumprir requisitos como projeto da instalação, procedimentos operacionais, análise de ris
The document provides information on Greek architecture and the Parthenon building. It discusses that Greek architecture was known for its temples and open air theaters which used simplicity and symmetry. It also describes the three main architectural styles of ancient Greece - Doric, Ionic and Corinthian. Additionally, it provides details on the construction and purpose of the Parthenon building in Athens between 447-432 BCE. The Parthenon was built as a temple dedicated to the goddess Athena and used mathematical formulas to achieve precise proportions.
The document compares the Parthenon and Pantheon buildings, noting their similarities and differences in use, design, and elements. Both provide beauty, and have likenesses that make them seem designed by the same people. The Parthenon was built in Athens in the mid-440s BC as a temple to Athena using three column types to showcase Athenian power and imperialism.
The Parthenon was a temple built in Athens between 447-432 BCE dedicated to the goddess Athena. It was built to house a large statue of Athena and to proclaim Athens' success against the Persians. Though damaged over time by explosions, looting, and pollution, it still dominates the Athens skyline. The Parthenon was richly decorated with sculptures depicting Greek myths on its metopes, a Panathenaic procession on its frieze, and the birth of Athena and her contest with Poseidon in its pediments. Its most impressive sculpture was a large gold and ivory statue of Athena housed inside.
The document provides an overview of the Acropolis of Athens, an ancient citadel located on a rocky outcrop above the city of Athens. It contains the remains of several ancient and historically significant buildings, most notably the Parthenon temple dedicated to the goddess Athena. The Acropolis has been inhabited as far back as the 4th millennium BC and was an important site for ancient Athens, containing temples, treasuries, and statues. It remains a iconic archaeological site today.
Ancient Greek architecture had a significant influence on Western civilization. The Greeks are known for constructing temples, theaters, and other civic buildings using distinctive styles like Doric, Ionic and Corinthian. A prime example is the Parthenon temple built in Athens between 447-432 BCE which showcased the Greeks' artistic skills in construction and design. Greek architecture placed an emphasis on harmony, proportion and making buildings that were integrated with their natural surroundings. These architectural achievements demonstrated the Greeks' innovative spirit and emphasis on human-scale design.
The ancient Greeks invented three main architectural column styles - Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian. The Doric style is the simplest with plain columns and no base. The Ionic style is more decorative with fluted columns and scrolls on the capital. The most decorative is the Corinthian style which has columns with flutes and leaves and flowers beneath the capital. Famous examples that still stand include the Parthenon in Athens (Doric), the Temple of Athena Nike (Ionic), and buildings inspired by these styles today use neoclassical elements.
The document compares and contrasts the ancient Greek Parthenon temple and the Roman Pantheon building. While the Romans were inspired by Greek architecture and adopted elements like columns, they also added their own innovations. The Parthenon has Doric columns and relief carvings, while the Pantheon has ornate Corinthian columns and a practical inscription. A major difference is that the Pantheon has a large interior rotunda, making it more suitable for large gatherings than the Parthenon. Both structures served religious purposes as temples, though the Pantheon may also have been used for imperial displays.
The document provides background information on two famous temples from classical architecture: the Parthenon and the Pantheon. It discusses their materials, uses, locations, and some key differences. The Parthenon was constructed primarily from marble in Athens, Greece in the 5th century BC and dedicated to the goddess Athena. The Pantheon in Rome was constructed mostly from granite and converted to a church in the 7th century, making it one of the best preserved Roman buildings. While both used pillars, the Parthenon was made of marble while the Pantheon used granite and had a dome structure allowing light through an oculus.
Ancient Greek architecture from 550 BC to 330 BC featured temples designed as earthly homes for the gods. The three main architectural orders seen in temples were Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian. Major temples included the Parthenon, built between 447 BC and 432 BC on the Acropolis in Athens, which had sculptural decoration and precise mathematical proportions. Other structures included theaters like the one at Epidauros and the Altar of Pergamon that featured dramatic sculptural friezes depicting myths. Greek architecture was known for its harmonious designs and emphasis on mathematics and ornamentation.
The Acropolis_ A Timeless Marvel of Ancient Greece.pdfCIOWomenMagazine
10 slides•35 views
Explore Athens' The Acropolis: a UNESCO marvel. Learn its history, surprising facts & top things to do. Plan your visit & discover the Parthenon, Erechtheion & more!
Ancient Greek architecture developed between 900 BC to 1st century AD and was influenced by earlier civilizations like Egypt. The Greeks used post-lintel construction and three classical orders - Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian. Temples were the main buildings and were used for religious purposes to show power. Other structures included houses, theaters, and markets. Materials included bricks, stone, wood and marble. Architecture progressed through Geometric, Archaic, Classical and Hellenistic periods, with innovations like stone temples and complex theater designs in the Archaic and Classical eras.
The document summarizes the key architectural structures located on the Acropolis of Athens. It describes the Propylaea, the monumental entrance gate to the Acropolis built between 437-432 BCE. It then discusses the small Temple of Athena Nike, built in 420 BCE in the Ionic order. The most prominent structure, the Parthenon, is then covered - a Doric temple built between 447-438 BCE dedicated to Athena. Finally, it summarizes the Erechtheum, an unusual Ionic temple with a prominent Porch of the Maidens built between 421-406 BCE and dedicated to both Athena and Poseidon.
The document discusses the architectural techniques used by ancient Greek architects that influenced modern architecture. It describes how Greek architects were relentless in pursuing perfection and meticulous attention to detail. Some of the techniques discussed include using columns, intricate stone carvings, precise mathematical calculations, and optical illusions to create the appearance of perfection. These techniques established foundations for architecture worldwide and are still used today.
The Agora was the central public space in ancient Greek city-states, surrounded by buildings where citizens would gather for commerce, worship, and government. A key architectural feature of the Agora was the Stoa, a colonnade that provided shade. The Greeks also built temples on the Acropolis and in the Agora, following standard architectural styles like the Doric order with thick columns. Over time, Greek architects refined temple designs to achieve ideal proportions, as seen in the Parthenon whose precise mathematical ratios created the illusion of perfection.
The document summarizes important monuments and sites of ancient Greece, including the Palace of Knossos on Crete which was the seat of King Minos according to myth. It also describes the fortified site of Mycenae and its importance as a palatial center. Additionally, it provides details about the Acropolis of Athens including the Parthenon temple dedicated to Athena and the Panathenaic frieze that originally surrounded it. Finally, it briefly mentions the well preserved theater of Epidaurus that could seat 13,000 spectators.
The document discusses whether the Acropolis in Athens under Pericles was more an expression of intense religiosity or a monument to imperialism. It examines the religious and political significance of buildings like the Parthenon, Propylaea, and temples of Athena. While the Acropolis had religious importance as the site dedicated to the goddess Athena, images of military victories and allusions to Athens' power suggest it also demonstrated imperial might. The document concludes that the Acropolis represented both religiosity towards Athena and imperialism, as the success of Athens was linked to the favor of its patron goddess.
The document discusses Greek culture and architecture, focusing on the Parthenon and Pantheon. It describes how Greek culture emphasized art and sculpture that conveyed past generations. It also discusses the Pantheon as a majestic architectural work that represented Greek culture. The document then provides more details about the architectural structures and designs of the Parthenon and Pantheon, noting both similarities and differences between the two prominent buildings.
IObit Uninstaller Pro 14.0.1.19 Crack With Serial Keyutfefguu
26 slides•28 views
📱👉COPY & PASTE LINK👉👉👉 https://crackedtech.net/after-verification-click-go-to-download-page/👈 IObit Uninstaller Pro Crack Free Download is a powerful uninstall application that helps you easily remove unwanted programs, even if Windows “Add or Remove ...
The document provides an overview of the Acropolis of Athens, an ancient citadel located on a rocky outcrop above the city of Athens. It contains the remains of several ancient and historically significant buildings, most notably the Parthenon temple dedicated to the goddess Athena. The Acropolis has been inhabited as far back as the 4th millennium BC and was an important site for ancient Athens, containing temples, treasuries, and statues. It remains a iconic archaeological site today.
Ancient Greek architecture had a significant influence on Western civilization. The Greeks are known for constructing temples, theaters, and other civic buildings using distinctive styles like Doric, Ionic and Corinthian. A prime example is the Parthenon temple built in Athens between 447-432 BCE which showcased the Greeks' artistic skills in construction and design. Greek architecture placed an emphasis on harmony, proportion and making buildings that were integrated with their natural surroundings. These architectural achievements demonstrated the Greeks' innovative spirit and emphasis on human-scale design.
The ancient Greeks invented three main architectural column styles - Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian. The Doric style is the simplest with plain columns and no base. The Ionic style is more decorative with fluted columns and scrolls on the capital. The most decorative is the Corinthian style which has columns with flutes and leaves and flowers beneath the capital. Famous examples that still stand include the Parthenon in Athens (Doric), the Temple of Athena Nike (Ionic), and buildings inspired by these styles today use neoclassical elements.
The document compares and contrasts the ancient Greek Parthenon temple and the Roman Pantheon building. While the Romans were inspired by Greek architecture and adopted elements like columns, they also added their own innovations. The Parthenon has Doric columns and relief carvings, while the Pantheon has ornate Corinthian columns and a practical inscription. A major difference is that the Pantheon has a large interior rotunda, making it more suitable for large gatherings than the Parthenon. Both structures served religious purposes as temples, though the Pantheon may also have been used for imperial displays.
The document provides background information on two famous temples from classical architecture: the Parthenon and the Pantheon. It discusses their materials, uses, locations, and some key differences. The Parthenon was constructed primarily from marble in Athens, Greece in the 5th century BC and dedicated to the goddess Athena. The Pantheon in Rome was constructed mostly from granite and converted to a church in the 7th century, making it one of the best preserved Roman buildings. While both used pillars, the Parthenon was made of marble while the Pantheon used granite and had a dome structure allowing light through an oculus.
Ancient Greek architecture from 550 BC to 330 BC featured temples designed as earthly homes for the gods. The three main architectural orders seen in temples were Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian. Major temples included the Parthenon, built between 447 BC and 432 BC on the Acropolis in Athens, which had sculptural decoration and precise mathematical proportions. Other structures included theaters like the one at Epidauros and the Altar of Pergamon that featured dramatic sculptural friezes depicting myths. Greek architecture was known for its harmonious designs and emphasis on mathematics and ornamentation.
IObit Uninstaller Pro 14.0.1.19 Crack With Serial Keyutfefguu
26 slides•28 views
📱👉COPY & PASTE LINK👉👉👉 https://crackedtech.net/after-verification-click-go-to-download-page/👈 IObit Uninstaller Pro Crack Free Download is a powerful uninstall application that helps you easily remove unwanted programs, even if Windows “Add or Remove ...
4. The Parthenon
The Parthenon in Athens, a resplendent
marble temple, largest doric-style temple of
its time, and the most important surviving
building of Classical Greece (Credit: Khan
Academy Organization)
Phidias, the Athenian
sculptor, who oversees
the temple’s sculpture
and decoration (Credit:
History.com)
5. ● Iktinos (left) and Kallikrates
(right) were the Greek
Architects who
constructed the
Parthenon.
● They were also involved in
other construction projects
such as The Temple of
Athena Nike, The Temple
of Hephaestus in Athens
and more.
The Parthenon
A drawing of Iktinos and Kalikrates (Credit: Greatest Greeks Wordpress)
6. ● Pericles commissioned, designed,
and constructed the Parthenon
● According to historian Thucydides,
Pericles was also a brilliant general,
orator, patron of arts and politician.
He was “the first citizen” democrat.
● He was a leader of the Delian
League, AKA Athenian Empire
Pericles
Bust of Pericles bearing the inscription "Pericles, son of
Xanthippus, Athenian". Marble, Roman copy after a Greek original
from c. 430 BC, Museo Pio-Clementino, Vatican Museums
8. Worship
● The Parthenon was built to worship the
Greek Goddess, Athena
● The Statue of Athena in the cella was built
by Phidias
● Thought to be 12ft high (39m) and was
made of ivory and gold
● Unclear if worship was the only purpose of
the Parthenon or if it also acted as a treasury
Replica in Nashvillen by Allen Le Quire.
Artist rendition of the Parthenon.
9. The Peace of Callias
● Some historians believe that it was originally
built as a possible peace treaty with Persia in
449 BCE
● The Delian League continued to exist, even
after the reason for its existence had ceased
to be valid
● With the building, it is now openly
acknowledged that Athens was not just the
head of the Greek defence league, but also
an imperial master over other Greek states
● Parthenon was built with League funds.
Thus, the building may be read as an
expression of Athenians’ confidence in the
newly naked imperialism
12. Cohesion
The Doric order is characterized by the sires
of triglyphs and metopes on the entablature.
Each metope was occupied by a panel of
relief sculpture.
Pictures illustrating entablature & metope
14. Plan of the Parthenon
showing the 9:4 ratio
of width to height;
Symmetria
Elevation of the Parthenon showing the 9:4
ratio of interaxial to diameter of columns.
● Achieved
symmetria
– x = 2y + 1
● Temple’s short
ends have 8
columns and the
long sides have 17
16. Significance of Parthenon
● Irregularity despite symmetry
- Creates architectural contrapposto
● Precision
- Small aspects of the structure are
irregular, yet they are brought together
perfectly
- Suggests calculations made are with
advanced accuracy
- It showcases that Greeks were masters
of Maths and geometric principles
17. Temple of Athens → Roman Catholic Church → Mosque → Shelter and Ammunition Storage
Painting of the ruins of the
Parthenon and the Ottoman
mosque built after 1715, in the
early 1830s by Pierre Peytier.
Changes over the years
18. The Pre-Parthenon
Foundation of the Older
Parthenon, below the platform of
the newer Parthenon
Column drums of the destroyed
Older Parthenon, reused in
building-up the North wall of the
Acropolis, by Themistocles.
The Older Parthenon (in black) was destroyed by the
Achaemenids in the Destruction of Athens, and then
rebuilt by Pericles (in grey).
21. References
Becker, J. A. (2014). Introduction to Greek architecture. Khan Academy. Retrieved October 18,
2021, from https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/greek-
art/beginners-guide-greece/a/introduction-to-greek-architecture.
Cartwright, M. (2019, May 27). Athens and Persia: The Peace of Callias, 5th century BCE.
Brewminate. Retrieved October 18, 2021, from https://brewminate.com/athens-and-
persia-the-peace-of-callias-5th-century-bce/.
History.com Editors. (2009, November 9). Pericles. History.com. Retrieved October 18, 2021,
from https://www.history.com/topics/ancient-history/pericles.
History.com Editors. (2018, February 2). Parthenon. History.com. Retrieved October 18, 2021,
from https://www.history.com/topics/ancient-greece/parthenon.
Ila. (2020, January 22). Why is the Parthenon important, special and famous? 3 reasons.
Tripilare.com. Retrieved October 18, 2021, from https://www.tripilare.com/us/why-is-the-
parthenon-important-famous-special/#What_the_Partheon_symbolized.
22. References
Lynch, P. (2018, June 21). Optical refinements at the Parthenon. The Irish Times. Retrieved October
18, 2021, from https://www.irishtimes.com/news/science/optical-refinements-at-the-
parthenon-1.3531800.
Odysseides, T. (2017, March 8). Ictinus & Callicrates. Greatest Greeks. Retrieved October 18, 2021,
from https://greatestgreeks.wordpress.com/2017/03/08/ictinus-callicrates/.
Pruitt, S. (2019, July 16). How the Ancient Greeks Designed the Parthenon to Impress - And Last.
History.com. Retrieved October 18, 2021, from https://www.history.com/news/parthenon-
acropolis-ancient-greece-engineering.
Silverman, D. (1997, August 26). The Parthenon. Parthenon. Retrieved October 18, 2021, from
https://www.reed.edu/humanities/110Tech/Parthenon.html.
The British Museum Editors. (2021). The Parthenon Sculptures. The British Museum. Retrieved
October 18, 2021, from https://www.britishmuseum.org/about-us/british-museum-
story/contested-objects-collection/parthenon-sculptures.
Wikimedia Foundation. (2021, August 18). Older Parthenon. Wikipedia. Retrieved October 18, 2021,
from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Older_Parthenon.
#5: The Parthenon is former temple of Athena that is currently located on the Athenian Acropolis in Greece.
Work began in the midst of the Peloponnesian War in 447 BCE and was completed in 432 BCE.
It was built during the height of Athenian imperial power, also known as the Ancient Greek Empire, and was unencumbered by the War
The parthenon represents the maturity of the Greek classical form and withstood earthquakes, fire, wars, explosion, and looting over the years.
In 2015, A panel of engineers discovered that the modular columns used to build the Parthenon were deliberately designed to have excellent seismic performance properties, which explains its ability to withstand earthquakes
Even during its prime, The Parthenon was a powerful symbol of Ancient Greece and Athenian culture as it was the center of religious life in the powerful Greek CIty-State of Athens and was known as the largest and most lavish temple in the Greek Mainland.
Hence, it was a symbol of power, wealth and elevated culture of Athens
As we can see on the right, Pheidias was an Athenian sculptor who oversaw the temple’s sculpture and decoration
#7: However, Pericles was the big main guy. He commissioned, designed, and constructed the temple.
According to historian Thoo see duh dese, Pericles was a brilliant general in the Delian League AKA Athenian Empire, a mutual defence league against the Persians. He was also an orator, as well as the patron of arts and politician
Thoo see duh dese also claimed that he was “the first citizen” of democratic Athen, who funded vast cultural projects in Athens besides the towering Parthenon. For instance, the temple of Athena Nike and the Erechtheum
They were all built with the highest standards of aesthetics, engineering, mathematics, and all these white marble structures were decorated with intricate status and friezes carved by the era’s greatest sculptors.
#9: The main purpose was worship. The temple was built to worship Athena, the Greek Goddess of Wisdom and War
The statue of Athena in the cella built by Phidias
Guarded in the eastern section, the statue was thought to have been 12 ft high (39m) and was made of ivory and gold.
However, It is unclear if the Parthenon served only Athena or if it also acted as a treasury of the Delian League
#10: At the same time, some historians believe that it was originally built as a possible peace treaty with Persia in 449, two years before work began on the Parthenon.
The significance of this theory would be that the Delian League continued to exist, even after the reason for its existence had ceased to be valid.
With the building of the temple, it now openly acknowledged that Athens was not just the head of the Greek defence league but also an imperial master over other Greek states.
Since the Parthenon was built with League funds, the building may be read as an expression of the confidence of the Athenians in this newly naked imperialism.
However, I would like to note that this theory is still debated amongst historians
#12: It was estimated that 13,400 stones were used, which cost about 470 silver talents (about 9.4mil SGD)
Similarly to Doryphoros of Polykleitos, with his obsession over the ideal proportions of the body, as seen from his works, the Parthenon is the architectural embodiment of idealization.
#13: Doric is not only a type of column, but an "order"; this means that temples of the Doric order not only have this type of column, but also have a certain structure at the upper levels.
The different types of orders (column plus entablature) are illustrated by these diagrams
The Doric order is characterized by the series of triglyphs and metopes on the entablature. Each metope was occupied by a panel of relief sculpture.
#14: However, the Parthenon combines elements of the Doric and Ionic orders. Basically a Doric temple, it features a continuous sculpted frieze borrowed from the Ionic order, as well as four Ionic columns supporting the roof of the opisthodomos.
The carvings on the frieze were hand carved. They were designed to tell multiple stories on each side. For instance, one of its sides had a depiction of Gods battling giants and other creatures, such as centaurs. Another side tells the story of Athena - her birth, her fight with Poseidon, and the Greeks worshipping her. Meanwhile, the south side portrays the Trojan War.
#15: Cella – the proportion of length to width, the distance between the centres of two adjacent column drums (the interaxial) in proportion to the columns’ diameter, and so forth.
#17: Precision– from the above, if small aspects are so irregular, yet they can be brought together into one perfect piece, precision is needed. Calculations need to made with great accuracy.
A show of how the Greeks were masters of Mathematics and geometric principles, highlighting their intelligence.
Irregularity despite Symmetry
E.g. the peristyle columns lean inward slightly. Those at the corners have a diagonal inclination and are also about two inches thicker than the rest.
Creates architectural contrapposto
#18: It has changed over time, with conquerors taking liberties. It had many different forms.
The Parthenon, for example, was converted into a Byzantine and later a Roman Catholic church and then, after the Ottoman conquest of Greece, into a mosque. Each time the building was remodeled for a different religion, it was modified structurally.
centre of religious life in Athens and it went through so many religious changes
the Ottoman Empire converted the place of worship into an ammunition depot and shelter in 1687, causing massive structural damage as the ammunition got bombarded with cannonballs and exploded.
However, despite the changes it had, the destruction over the years, it still stood till this day as one of the iconic pieces of Greek architecture.
#19: In the past, The Parthenon was actually built to replace an existing temple which was destroyed by the Persians in 480BC as the Persian Empire attacked Athens and destroyed the Acropolis, which is the hill that the Parthenon currently sits on
Earlier structures were known as the Older Parthenon or Pre-Parthenon. Building the current Parthenon helped transformed the city’s alliances into an empire and graced its Acropolis with the famous Parthenon.
#20: Today, Fragments of the carvings and sculptures are scattered all over the world, including Paris, The Vatican, Copenhagen, Munich, Vienna, and Wurzburg. About half of the original surviving sculptures now resides in the British Museum, the other half remains in Athens.
The British Museum also lends objects globally, allowing a wide audience to explore the History of the Parthenon. As a result, the history and significance of the Parthenon can live on