Heart
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The document describes the anatomy and structures of the heart. It discusses: - The heart is surrounded by the pericardium, a double-walled sac that has an outer fibrous layer and inner serous layers separated by fluid. - The heart has four chambers - two upper atria that receive blood and two lower ventricles that pump blood out. Blood flows through valves between the chambers. - The heart wall has three layers - the outer epicardium, middle muscular myocardium, and inner endothelial endocardium. - The heart is supplied by the right and left coronary arteries and drains into the coronary sinus vein. - Nerves from the autonomic nervous system
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Heart
- 1. ANATOMY OF THE HEARTBy:Dr Mohammed Faez
- 2. The HeartThe heart is a chambered muscular organ that pumps blood received from the veins into the arteries, thereby maintaining the flow of blood through the entire circulatory system.
- 3. The HeartThe heart is surrounded by membrane called Pericardium.
- 4. The PericardiumThe pericardium is a fibroserous sac that encloses the heart and the roots of the great vessels.The pericardium lies within the middle mediastinum.
- 6. The PericardiumIts function is to restrict excessive movements of the heart as a whole and to serve as a lubricated container in which the different parts of the heart can contract.
- 7. The PericardiumPericardium – a double-walled sac around the heart composed of:A superficial fibrous pericardiumA deep two-layer serous pericardiumThe parietal layer lines the internal surface of the fibrous pericardiumThe visceral layer or epicardium lines the surface of the heartThey are separated by the fluid-filled pericardial cavity
- 10. The Pericardium
- 11. The PericardiumBlood SupplyThe pericardium blood supply is from the pericardiacophrenic branches of the internal thoracic arteries.Nerve SupplyThe pericardium nerve supply the fibrous pericardium and the parietal layer of serous pericardium are supplied by the phrenic nerve.
- 12. Heart WallEpicardium – visceral layer of the serous pericardiumMyocardium – cardiac muscle layer forming the bulk of the heartFibrous skeleton of the heart – crisscrossing, interlacing layer of connective tissueEndocardium – endothelial layer of the inner myocardial surface
- 13. Heart WallEndocardiumdeepest layer of the heartsmooth lining to reduce friction of bloodflowMyocardiummiddle layer of the heartlocation of muscle fibers responsible for pumpingPericardiumouter protective layercomposed of :visceral pericardiumparicardial cavityparietal pericardium
- 14. Heart Wall
- 15. Heart Wall
- 16. The HeartThe heart is a hollow muscular organ that is somewhat pyramid shaped and lies within the pericardium in the mediastinum .It is connected at its base to the great blood vessels but otherwise lies free within the pericardium.
- 17. The Heart
- 18. The HeartThe heart surfaces:• The anterior (sternocostal) surface comprises the: right atrium, atrioventricular groove, right ventricle, a small strip of left ventricle and the auricle of the left atrium.• The inferior (diaphragmatic) surface comprises the: right atrium, atrioventricular groove and both ventricles separated by the interventricular groove.• The posterior surface (base) comprises the left atrium receiving the four pulmonary veins.
- 19. The Heart
- 20. The Heart ChambersFour chambersTwo atria (Right and Left)Two ventricles (Right and Left)
- 21. The Heart ChambersAtria Features small, thin-walled chambers Functions receiving chambers for blood returning to the heart from the circulation
- 22. push the blood into the adjacent ventricles.The Heart ChambersAtria Receive blood from Right side
- 23. Superior and Inferior Vena Cava
- 24. Coronary Sinus (draining the myocardium)
- 25. Left side
- 26. Pulmonary VeinsThe Heart ChambersVentricles Features make up most of the mass of the heart
- 27. the walls of the left ventricle are 3X thicker than those of the right The Heart ChambersVentricles Functions discharging chambers of the heart
- 28. propel blood to Pulmonary Trunk (right ventricle), Aorta (left ventricle) The Right Atrium• Receives deoxygenated blood from the inferior vena cava below and from the superior vena cava above.• Receives the coronary sinusin its lower part.• The upper end of the atrium projects to the left of the superior vena cava as the right auricle.
- 29. The Right AtriumThe sulcusterminalisis a vertical groove on the outer surface of the atrium. This groove corresponds internally to the cristaterminalis .Above the coronary sinus the interatrial septum forms the posterior wall. The depression in the septum the fossaovalisare presents the site of the foramen ovale.
- 31. RA
- 32. The Right VentricleReceives blood from the right atrium through the tricuspid valve .The edges of the valve cusps are attached to chordaetendineaewhich are, in turn, attached below to papillary muscles.
- 33. The Right VentricleThe wall of the right ventricle is thicker than that of the atria but not as thick as that of the left ventricle. The wall contains a mass of muscular bundles known as trabeculaecarneae.The infundibulumis the smooth walled outflow tract of the right ventricle.
- 34. The Right VentricleThe pulmonary valve is situated at the top of the infundibulum. It is composed of three semilunar cusps. Blood flows through the valve and into the pulmonary arteries via the pulmonary trunk to be oxygenated in the lungs.
- 36. RV
- 37. The Left AtriumReceives oxygenated blood from four pulmonary veins which drain posteriorly.The cavity is smooth walled except for the atrial appendage.On the septal surface a depression marks the fossaovalis.
- 38. The Left AtriumThe mitral (bicuspid) valve guards the passage of blood from the left atrium to the left ventricle.
- 39. LA
- 40. The Left VentricleThe wall of the left ventricle is thicker than the right ventricle but the structure is similar. The thick wall is necessary to pump oxygenated blood at high pressure through the systemic circulation. Trabeculaecarneaeproject from the wall with papillary muscles attached to the mitral valve cusp edges by way of chordaetendineae.
- 41. The Left VentricleThe vestibuleis a smooth walled part of the left ventricle which is located below the aortic valve .
- 43. LV
- 44. The Heart ValvesHeart valves ensure unidirectional blood flow through the heartComposed of an endocardium with a connective tissue core.Two major typesAtrioventricular valvesSemilunar valves
- 46. Atrioventricular (AV) ValvesAtrioventricular (AV) valves lie between the atria and the ventriclesR-AV valve = tricuspid valveL-AV valve = bicuspid or mitral valveAV valves prevent backflow of blood into the atria when ventricles contractChordaetendineae anchor AV valves to papillary muscles of ventricle wallPrevent prolapse of valve back into atrium
- 48. Semilunar Heart ValvesSemilunar valves prevent backflow of blood into the ventriclesHave no chordae tendinae attachmentsAortic semilunar valve lies between the left ventricle and the aorta Pulmonary semilunar valve lies between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunkHeart sounds (“lub-dup”) due to valves closing“Lub” - closing of atrioventricular valves“Dub”- closing of semilunar valves
- 49. SemilunarValve
- 50. The Heart ValvesAtrioventricular valves Semilunar valvesRight AV (Tricuspid)separates the right atrium from the right ventricle. Prevents backflow into atrium.Left AV (Bicuspid)separates the left atrium from the left ventricle. Prevents backflow into atrium.Pulmonary valveseparates the right ventricle from the pulmonary arteries. Prevents backflow after ventricular contraction.Aortic valveseparates the left ventricle from the aorta. Prevents backflow after ventricular contraction .
- 51. The Heart ValvesPulmonarysemilunar valveRight AV(tricuspid)valveAorticsemilunar valveChordaitendineaePapillarymuscleLeft AV(bicuspid)valve
- 52. The Heart Valves
- 53. Arterial Supply of the HeartThe arterial supply of the heart is provided by the right and left coronary arteries, which arise from the ascending aorta immediately above the aortic valve.
- 54. Coronary Arteries The origins of the coronary arteries are as follows:The left coronary artery arises from the aortic sinus immediately above the left posterior cusp of the aortic valve .The right coronary artery arises from the aortic sinus immediately above the anterior cusp of the aortic valve.
- 55. Right coronary arteryBranchesRight marginal arteries (acute marginal artery)Posterior interventricular artery. (in post. IV sulcus)Sinoatrial nodal artery.Atrioventricular nodal artery.
- 56. Left coronary arteryBranchesLeft anterior descending (LAD) or anterior interventricular artery. (lies in anterior IV sulcus)Septal branches.Diagonal branchesLeft marginal artery. (Obtuse marginal artery)Left circumflex artery.
- 59. Venous Drainage of the HeartMost blood from the heart wall drains into the right atrium through the coronary sinus ,which lies in the posterior part of the atrioventricular groove .It is a continuation of the great cardiac vein. It opens into the right atrium to the left of the inferior vena cava
- 60. Venous Drainage of the Heart
- 61. Nerve Supply of the HeartThe heart is innervated by sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers of the autonomic nervous system via the cardiac plexuses situated below the arch of the aorta.The sympathetic supply arises from the cervical and upper thoracic portions of the sympathetic trunks, and the parasympathetic supply comes from the vagus nerves.
- 62. THANK YOU
- 66. External Heart: Anterior View
- 67. External Heart: Posterior View
- 68. Gross Anatomy of Heart: Frontal Section