Ivf
Download as PPTX, PDF9 likes3,854 views
This document discusses intravenous fluid management in newborns. It notes that total body water is highest at birth, around 75% for term infants and 80% for preterm infants. During the first week, excess fluid is lost primarily through urine as extracellular fluid decreases. Preterm infants lose more, around 10-15% of body weight. Intravenous fluids are given to sick newborns or those under 30 weeks gestation. The type and amount of fluids given depends on factors like weight and postnatal age. Fluid needs increase in situations like fever or phototherapy and decrease in conditions causing fluid retention. Monitoring includes weight, urine output, and laboratory tests to avoid dehydration or fluid overload.
1 of 21
Downloaded 16 times
Recommended
Dyselectrolytemia in icu 
Dyselectrolytemia in icu MEEQAT HOSPITAL An electrolyte disorder occurs when there is an imbalance in ionized salts like sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium in the blood. Electrolytes help regulate pH, fluid balance, and neuromuscular and organ function. Common electrolyte disorders include hypernatremia, hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, hypokalemia, hypercalcemia, and hypocalcemia. Treatment involves identifying the cause, restricting intake of the abnormal electrolyte, and slowly correcting the imbalance to avoid complications like cerebral edema.
Electrolyte imbalance potassium
Electrolyte imbalance potassiumSachin Verma The document discusses potassium imbalance, focusing on hypokalemia and hyperkalemia, their causes, clinical effects, and treatment approaches. It provides details on potassium distribution and regulation in the body, factors that influence potassium levels, signs and symptoms of imbalance, and strategies for correcting deficiencies and excesses. The document is intended as an educational reference for medical professionals on electrolyte disorders related to potassium.
IV Fluid Choice - An ICU Perspective
IV Fluid Choice - An ICU PerspectiveSCGH ED CME This document discusses intravenous (IV) fluid choice from an intensive care perspective. It begins by introducing IV fluids as a cornerstone treatment in emergency and intensive care medicine and discusses the debate around the relative safety of different IV fluid formulations. It summarizes the findings of several large randomized controlled trials that compared colloids to crystalloids and found increased risks of harm with some colloids. The document analyzes the safety of different IV fluid options like albumin, hydroxyethyl starches, and crystalloids based on evidence from major trials. It concludes that normal saline is generally the default fluid but that more physiological crystalloids may be preferable in some situations like burns or metabolic acidosis.
HEPARIN INDUCED THROMBOCYTOPENIA
HEPARIN INDUCED THROMBOCYTOPENIANahid Sherbini This document discusses heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). HIT is an immune-mediated reaction to heparin that results in platelet activation and thrombocytopenia. It can lead to thrombotic complications in 20-50% of patients. The document reviews the pathophysiology of HIT, defines its criteria, discusses diagnostic assays and algorithms, and outlines treatment and management approaches including alternative anticoagulants like lepirudin, argatroban, and danaparoid. Early recognition and treatment are important to prevent life-threatening thrombotic events associated with HIT.
Review on 2017 American Academy of Pediatrics Clinical practice Guideline for...
Review on 2017 American Academy of Pediatrics Clinical practice Guideline for...Maj Jahangir Alam The document summarizes the key changes in the 2017 American Academy of Pediatrics Clinical Practice Guideline for screening and managing high blood pressure in children and adolescents. Some significant changes include replacing the term "prehypertension" with "elevated blood pressure", introducing new normative blood pressure tables, simplifying blood pressure classification for adolescents, and expanding the role of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and limiting recommendations for routine screening. The new guidelines also revise recommendations for echocardiography and indications for antihypertensive medications. The 2017 guidelines aim to develop an evidence-based approach aligned with new adult hypertension guidelines.
Pulmonary embolism
Pulmonary embolismAmir Mahmoud A pulmonary embolism occurs when a blood clot forms in the deep veins of the legs or pelvis and travels through the bloodstream, lodging in the pulmonary arteries of the lungs. It can be difficult to diagnose and is a potentially life-threatening condition. Diagnostic tests may include a d-dimer blood test, CT scan, ventilation-perfusion scan, echocardiogram, and angiogram. Treatment involves anticoagulation medications to prevent further clotting and thrombolysis in some severe cases. Prevention by minimizing risk factors for deep vein thrombosis is important.
Hyperkalemia and its management
Hyperkalemia and its managementMEEQAT HOSPITAL This document discusses hyperkalemia, including its definition, causes, clinical manifestations, and treatment. It provides details on potassium regulation and homeostasis in the body. The main causes of hyperkalemia are a shift of potassium from intracellular to extracellular space, excessive potassium intake, and decreased renal potassium excretion. Symptoms range from weakness to cardiac arrhythmias. Treatment involves calcium gluconate for cardiac issues, insulin with glucose to shift potassium intracellularly, sodium bicarbonate for acidosis, and diuretics or dialysis to increase renal excretion.
Acute decompensated heart failure 
Acute decompensated heart failure ikramdr01 This document discusses the management of acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF). It outlines assessing patients for ADHF through clinical signs and symptoms, initial investigations including ECG, labs, and imaging. Treatment involves immediate relief of symptoms through intensive monitoring and care, identifying precipitating causes, stabilizing the patient, and modifying medical therapy which may include diuretics, vasodilators, inotropes, and managing underlying conditions. Goals include symptom relief, hemodynamic monitoring, addressing congestion or hypoperfusion, and developing discharge plans.
Hypocalcemia
HypocalcemiaDr Iyan Darmawan Hypocalcemia has various presentations and can lead to significant morbidity if left untreated. The most common cause is hypoalbuminemia from conditions like cirrhosis or malnutrition that lower serum calcium levels. Other potential causes include vitamin D deficiency, parathyroid issues, medications, and critical illnesses like sepsis. Treatment involves identifying and addressing the underlying cause, as well as replacing calcium, often intravenously, to resolve symptoms and normalize calcium levels. Calcium levels must be closely monitored during treatment until stabilized.
Fluid balance and therapy in critically ill
Fluid balance and therapy in critically illAnand Tiwari The document discusses various aspects of human body water content and distribution. It notes that water makes up 50-60% of total body weight, with 40% being intracellular fluid, 20% extracellular fluid, and 15% interstitial fluid. It also discusses fluid compartments, mechanisms of fluid movement, electrolyte concentrations, fluid requirements, types of intravenous fluids and their properties, and considerations in fluid resuscitation.
Syndrome of inappropriate anti diuretic hormone secretion (siadh)
Syndrome of inappropriate anti diuretic hormone secretion (siadh)Crisbert Cualteros Syndrome of inappropriate anti diuretic hormone secretion (siadh)
Diagnosis
SIgns and Symptoms
Treatment
Atrial fibrillation
Atrial fibrillationHasnein Mohamedali MD Atrial fibrillation is characterized by an irregular heartbeat and is classified as paroxysmal, persistent, or permanent based on duration. It is associated with risks like stroke and is diagnosed by ECG showing irregular rhythms. Treatment involves rate control with medications, anticoagulation based on stroke risk scores, and catheter ablation or antiarrhythmic drugs for rhythm control.
Hypernatremia
Hypernatremiashivarajapaed The document provides guidelines for the management of hypernatremia, outlining the need for a protocol, definitions, etiologies, clues from history and examination, diagnostic workup, approaches to treatment based on volume status, monitoring during treatment, and take-home messages. Hypernatremia is a medical emergency caused by excessive sodium intake, water deficit, or both, and requires careful fluid management and electrolyte replacement tailored to the individual case while closely monitoring for complications.
hypernatremia
hypernatremiaMehakinder Singh Hypernatremia is defined as a plasma sodium concentration >145 mEq/L. It is usually caused by a water deficit rather than sodium gain. Common causes include impaired thirst, diarrhea, insensible losses from fever/ventilation, and renal losses from osmotic diuresis or diabetes insipidus. Symptoms range from none in chronic cases to neurologic issues like altered mental status. Treatment involves gradually correcting the sodium level by about 10-12 mEq/L/day using oral or IV water while monitoring for complications like cerebral edema. Replacing volume deficits and identifying underlying causes are also important.
hyponatremia
hyponatremiaKaleem Chest Physician This document discusses sodium metabolism and disorders of sodium concentration. It provides details on:
- Water distribution in the body and fluid compartments
- Causes and types of hyponatremia, including hypovolemic, hypervolemic, and euvolemic hyponatremia
- Evaluation and management of hyponatremia, including treatment based on severity and rate of sodium correction
- Causes and clinical features of hypernatremia
The document is a comprehensive review of sodium disorders and approaches to diagnosis and treatment of hypo- and hypernatremia.
Sodium bicarbonate in acidosis
Sodium bicarbonate in acidosisAbdalmohsen Ababtain, MD This document summarizes information about using sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) to treat acidosis. It discusses what bicarbonate is, how it works to neutralize acid in the blood, appropriate dosing, administration, safety issues, and contraindications. It specifically examines using bicarbonate to treat diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and lactic acidosis, noting that the evidence does not clearly support its routine use in DKA but it may be considered in severe cases with pH <6.9. For lactic acidosis, bicarbonate may help if pH is <7.1 but the evidence is limited and it could increase lactate levels and mortality. The
Nutrition in icu
Nutrition in icuRahul Varshney Nutrition of critically ill patients.
Principal, composition, Benefits, Complications and calculations etc.
Bradycardia made really simple
Bradycardia made really simpleJunhao Koh 1. Bradycardia is defined as an inadequate heart rate for cardiac output and perfusion rather than an absolute number below 60 bpm.
2. Bradycardia can be caused by either a generator problem originating from the sinus node or a gate problem with conduction through the atrioventricular node.
3. The severity of bradycardia symptoms depends on the level and degree of conduction block, the patient's activity level, and the reliability of subsidiary pacemaker sites as backup rhythms.
Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection
Total anomalous pulmonary venous connectionRezaul hayat This document provides information on total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC), including its definition, history, classification, embryology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and findings. TAPVC is an anomaly where the pulmonary veins do not connect to the left atrium and instead connect directly to systemic veins. It can be classified based on the site of connection and presence of obstruction. Clinical presentation depends on whether there is pulmonary venous obstruction, ranging from asymptomatic to respiratory distress and death in infants.
14 Ri Acute Nonoliguric Renal Failure
14 Ri Acute Nonoliguric Renal FailureDang Thanh Tuan This document discusses acute nonoliguric renal failure. It defines acute renal failure and describes its categories based on urine output. It then covers the main causes of acute renal failure including pre-renal, intrinsic renal, and post-renal causes. Specific causes of ischemic and toxin-induced acute renal failure are also outlined. The document concludes by noting that while the causes of nonoliguric renal failure vary, nephrotoxic failure occurs more frequently in nonoliguric patients compared to oliguric patients. Nonoliguric patients also have better outcomes with lower mortality and less need for dialysis.
Heyde's syndrome
Heyde's syndromeJaber Samer Heyde's syndrome is characterized by aortic stenosis, acquired von Willebrand disease, and angiodysplasia. Patients with severe aortic stenosis have a high risk of bleeding due to an acquired von Willebrand syndrome in 67-92% of cases. The severity of the bleeding matches the severity of the aortic stenosis. Most patients who undergo aortic valve replacement for aortic stenosis see their chronic gastrointestinal bleeding from angiodysplasia cease. The acquired von Willebrand syndrome is thought to result from mechanical disruption of von Willebrand factor during turbulent blood flow through the narrowed aortic valve.
PPI-INDUCED BICYTOPENIA: MATTER OF CONCERN by RxVichuZ! ;)
PPI-INDUCED BICYTOPENIA: MATTER OF CONCERN by RxVichuZ! ;)RxVichuZ This presentation deals with bicytopenia induced by proton pump inhibitors, that were reported and published as a Case Report by researchers from China.
References have been provided as a separate textbox under each slide, for extensive referencing into the same.
Dyselectrolytemia
Dyselectrolytemiakushaligattani This document provides information on electrolyte disorders presented by Dr. S. Keerthi at J.S.P.S Govt Homoeopathic Medical College. It defines electrolyte disorders as imbalances in ions like sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, bicarbonate, phosphate, and chloride. For each electrolyte, the document outlines its normal range, functions, causes of deficiencies and excesses, associated signs and symptoms, and treatment considerations. The goal is to educate on electrolyte regulation and disorders seen in clinical practice.
Hyperkalemia
HyperkalemiaSADDA_HAQ This document discusses hyperkalemia, defined as a plasma potassium level above 5.5 mM. Causes include a shift of potassium from cells to plasma due to factors like acidosis, medications, or tissue breakdown. Symptoms range from cardiac arrhythmias to paralysis. Diagnosis involves blood tests. Treatment involves calcium to stabilize the heart, insulin or beta-agonists to shift potassium into cells, and resins, diuretics or dialysis to remove potassium from the body. The document provides details on treatment options, their mechanisms of action, dosages and cautions.
ABPM biplave.pptx
ABPM biplave.pptxbiplave karki This document discusses ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) and its role in clinical practice. It provides details on how ABPM works, the various indices that can be analyzed from ABPM reports, and its advantages over office blood pressure readings. ABPM provides a more accurate assessment of a patient's true blood pressure over 24 hours and can detect conditions like white coat hypertension. It is useful for diagnosing hypertension, monitoring treatment effectiveness, and predicting cardiovascular outcomes.
Differentiate Pre-Renal And Renal Failure
Differentiate Pre-Renal And Renal FailureJaber Samer This document discusses differentiating between pre-renal and renal failure. It notes that a BUN/creatinine ratio above 20, FENa below 1%, and urine osmolality above 500 mOsm/kg suggest pre-renal failure, while a FENa above 2% and urine osmolality below 350 mOsm/kg indicate renal failure. It also introduces novel biomarkers like KIM-1 and NGAL that can be detected earlier than creatinine in the diagnosis of acute kidney injury.
Hypernatremia
HypernatremiaSun Yai-Cheng This document discusses hypernatremia, defined as a serum sodium level greater than 150 mEq/L. It describes the normal extracellular and intracellular fluid compartments and how they are affected by hypernatremia. Clinical signs of hypernatremia range from restlessness to seizures and death depending on the serum osmolality level. Common causes include inadequate water intake, excessive sodium intake, renal or GI losses. Treatment involves volume repletion first with isotonic fluids followed by a gradual decrease in sodium levels with hypotonic fluids over 1-2 days. Free water deficits are calculated to determine fluid replacement volumes needed.
IABP
IABPDharam Prakash Saran The major physiological effects of counterpulsation include:
A) increased coronary artery perfusion, increased preload, decreased after load, decreased myocardial oxygen consumption
Fluid Electrolyte By Monica N
Fluid Electrolyte By Monica NRavi Kanojia This document discusses fluid and electrolyte balance in newborns. Key points include:
1) Total body water and extracellular fluid decrease as gestational age increases at birth, while intracellular fluid increases.
2) Term infants lose 5-10% of their body weight in the first few days of life due to reduction in extracellular fluid.
3) Preterm infants under 35 weeks gestation display negative sodium balance and hyponatremia in the first 2-3 weeks of life due to high renal sodium losses.
4) Fluid requirements vary based on weight, with very low birth weight infants needing higher amounts to offset insensible water losses. Close monitoring of fluid balance is important in
Fluid electrolyte management in newborn
Fluid electrolyte management in newbornsiddiqui03 This document discusses fluid and electrolyte management in newborns. It covers physiological aspects like changes in body water and electrolyte composition during development. It also discusses factors that affect insensible water loss in newborns like maturity, respiratory distress, and environment. The principles of fluid therapy include estimating fluid and electrolyte deficits, calculating replacement and maintenance needs, administering IV fluids, and monitoring the newborn. Specific clinical conditions that require special management like prematurity, respiratory distress, and diarrhea are also covered.
More Related Content
What's hot (20)
Hypocalcemia
HypocalcemiaDr Iyan Darmawan Hypocalcemia has various presentations and can lead to significant morbidity if left untreated. The most common cause is hypoalbuminemia from conditions like cirrhosis or malnutrition that lower serum calcium levels. Other potential causes include vitamin D deficiency, parathyroid issues, medications, and critical illnesses like sepsis. Treatment involves identifying and addressing the underlying cause, as well as replacing calcium, often intravenously, to resolve symptoms and normalize calcium levels. Calcium levels must be closely monitored during treatment until stabilized.
Fluid balance and therapy in critically ill
Fluid balance and therapy in critically illAnand Tiwari The document discusses various aspects of human body water content and distribution. It notes that water makes up 50-60% of total body weight, with 40% being intracellular fluid, 20% extracellular fluid, and 15% interstitial fluid. It also discusses fluid compartments, mechanisms of fluid movement, electrolyte concentrations, fluid requirements, types of intravenous fluids and their properties, and considerations in fluid resuscitation.
Syndrome of inappropriate anti diuretic hormone secretion (siadh)
Syndrome of inappropriate anti diuretic hormone secretion (siadh)Crisbert Cualteros Syndrome of inappropriate anti diuretic hormone secretion (siadh)
Diagnosis
SIgns and Symptoms
Treatment
Atrial fibrillation
Atrial fibrillationHasnein Mohamedali MD Atrial fibrillation is characterized by an irregular heartbeat and is classified as paroxysmal, persistent, or permanent based on duration. It is associated with risks like stroke and is diagnosed by ECG showing irregular rhythms. Treatment involves rate control with medications, anticoagulation based on stroke risk scores, and catheter ablation or antiarrhythmic drugs for rhythm control.
Hypernatremia
Hypernatremiashivarajapaed The document provides guidelines for the management of hypernatremia, outlining the need for a protocol, definitions, etiologies, clues from history and examination, diagnostic workup, approaches to treatment based on volume status, monitoring during treatment, and take-home messages. Hypernatremia is a medical emergency caused by excessive sodium intake, water deficit, or both, and requires careful fluid management and electrolyte replacement tailored to the individual case while closely monitoring for complications.
hypernatremia
hypernatremiaMehakinder Singh Hypernatremia is defined as a plasma sodium concentration >145 mEq/L. It is usually caused by a water deficit rather than sodium gain. Common causes include impaired thirst, diarrhea, insensible losses from fever/ventilation, and renal losses from osmotic diuresis or diabetes insipidus. Symptoms range from none in chronic cases to neurologic issues like altered mental status. Treatment involves gradually correcting the sodium level by about 10-12 mEq/L/day using oral or IV water while monitoring for complications like cerebral edema. Replacing volume deficits and identifying underlying causes are also important.
hyponatremia
hyponatremiaKaleem Chest Physician This document discusses sodium metabolism and disorders of sodium concentration. It provides details on:
- Water distribution in the body and fluid compartments
- Causes and types of hyponatremia, including hypovolemic, hypervolemic, and euvolemic hyponatremia
- Evaluation and management of hyponatremia, including treatment based on severity and rate of sodium correction
- Causes and clinical features of hypernatremia
The document is a comprehensive review of sodium disorders and approaches to diagnosis and treatment of hypo- and hypernatremia.
Sodium bicarbonate in acidosis
Sodium bicarbonate in acidosisAbdalmohsen Ababtain, MD This document summarizes information about using sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) to treat acidosis. It discusses what bicarbonate is, how it works to neutralize acid in the blood, appropriate dosing, administration, safety issues, and contraindications. It specifically examines using bicarbonate to treat diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and lactic acidosis, noting that the evidence does not clearly support its routine use in DKA but it may be considered in severe cases with pH <6.9. For lactic acidosis, bicarbonate may help if pH is <7.1 but the evidence is limited and it could increase lactate levels and mortality. The
Nutrition in icu
Nutrition in icuRahul Varshney Nutrition of critically ill patients.
Principal, composition, Benefits, Complications and calculations etc.
Bradycardia made really simple
Bradycardia made really simpleJunhao Koh 1. Bradycardia is defined as an inadequate heart rate for cardiac output and perfusion rather than an absolute number below 60 bpm.
2. Bradycardia can be caused by either a generator problem originating from the sinus node or a gate problem with conduction through the atrioventricular node.
3. The severity of bradycardia symptoms depends on the level and degree of conduction block, the patient's activity level, and the reliability of subsidiary pacemaker sites as backup rhythms.
Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection
Total anomalous pulmonary venous connectionRezaul hayat This document provides information on total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC), including its definition, history, classification, embryology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and findings. TAPVC is an anomaly where the pulmonary veins do not connect to the left atrium and instead connect directly to systemic veins. It can be classified based on the site of connection and presence of obstruction. Clinical presentation depends on whether there is pulmonary venous obstruction, ranging from asymptomatic to respiratory distress and death in infants.
14 Ri Acute Nonoliguric Renal Failure
14 Ri Acute Nonoliguric Renal FailureDang Thanh Tuan This document discusses acute nonoliguric renal failure. It defines acute renal failure and describes its categories based on urine output. It then covers the main causes of acute renal failure including pre-renal, intrinsic renal, and post-renal causes. Specific causes of ischemic and toxin-induced acute renal failure are also outlined. The document concludes by noting that while the causes of nonoliguric renal failure vary, nephrotoxic failure occurs more frequently in nonoliguric patients compared to oliguric patients. Nonoliguric patients also have better outcomes with lower mortality and less need for dialysis.
Heyde's syndrome
Heyde's syndromeJaber Samer Heyde's syndrome is characterized by aortic stenosis, acquired von Willebrand disease, and angiodysplasia. Patients with severe aortic stenosis have a high risk of bleeding due to an acquired von Willebrand syndrome in 67-92% of cases. The severity of the bleeding matches the severity of the aortic stenosis. Most patients who undergo aortic valve replacement for aortic stenosis see their chronic gastrointestinal bleeding from angiodysplasia cease. The acquired von Willebrand syndrome is thought to result from mechanical disruption of von Willebrand factor during turbulent blood flow through the narrowed aortic valve.
PPI-INDUCED BICYTOPENIA: MATTER OF CONCERN by RxVichuZ! ;)
PPI-INDUCED BICYTOPENIA: MATTER OF CONCERN by RxVichuZ! ;)RxVichuZ This presentation deals with bicytopenia induced by proton pump inhibitors, that were reported and published as a Case Report by researchers from China.
References have been provided as a separate textbox under each slide, for extensive referencing into the same.
Dyselectrolytemia
Dyselectrolytemiakushaligattani This document provides information on electrolyte disorders presented by Dr. S. Keerthi at J.S.P.S Govt Homoeopathic Medical College. It defines electrolyte disorders as imbalances in ions like sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, bicarbonate, phosphate, and chloride. For each electrolyte, the document outlines its normal range, functions, causes of deficiencies and excesses, associated signs and symptoms, and treatment considerations. The goal is to educate on electrolyte regulation and disorders seen in clinical practice.
Hyperkalemia
HyperkalemiaSADDA_HAQ This document discusses hyperkalemia, defined as a plasma potassium level above 5.5 mM. Causes include a shift of potassium from cells to plasma due to factors like acidosis, medications, or tissue breakdown. Symptoms range from cardiac arrhythmias to paralysis. Diagnosis involves blood tests. Treatment involves calcium to stabilize the heart, insulin or beta-agonists to shift potassium into cells, and resins, diuretics or dialysis to remove potassium from the body. The document provides details on treatment options, their mechanisms of action, dosages and cautions.
ABPM biplave.pptx
ABPM biplave.pptxbiplave karki This document discusses ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) and its role in clinical practice. It provides details on how ABPM works, the various indices that can be analyzed from ABPM reports, and its advantages over office blood pressure readings. ABPM provides a more accurate assessment of a patient's true blood pressure over 24 hours and can detect conditions like white coat hypertension. It is useful for diagnosing hypertension, monitoring treatment effectiveness, and predicting cardiovascular outcomes.
Differentiate Pre-Renal And Renal Failure
Differentiate Pre-Renal And Renal FailureJaber Samer This document discusses differentiating between pre-renal and renal failure. It notes that a BUN/creatinine ratio above 20, FENa below 1%, and urine osmolality above 500 mOsm/kg suggest pre-renal failure, while a FENa above 2% and urine osmolality below 350 mOsm/kg indicate renal failure. It also introduces novel biomarkers like KIM-1 and NGAL that can be detected earlier than creatinine in the diagnosis of acute kidney injury.
Hypernatremia
HypernatremiaSun Yai-Cheng This document discusses hypernatremia, defined as a serum sodium level greater than 150 mEq/L. It describes the normal extracellular and intracellular fluid compartments and how they are affected by hypernatremia. Clinical signs of hypernatremia range from restlessness to seizures and death depending on the serum osmolality level. Common causes include inadequate water intake, excessive sodium intake, renal or GI losses. Treatment involves volume repletion first with isotonic fluids followed by a gradual decrease in sodium levels with hypotonic fluids over 1-2 days. Free water deficits are calculated to determine fluid replacement volumes needed.
IABP
IABPDharam Prakash Saran The major physiological effects of counterpulsation include:
A) increased coronary artery perfusion, increased preload, decreased after load, decreased myocardial oxygen consumption
Viewers also liked (20)
Fluid Electrolyte By Monica N
Fluid Electrolyte By Monica NRavi Kanojia This document discusses fluid and electrolyte balance in newborns. Key points include:
1) Total body water and extracellular fluid decrease as gestational age increases at birth, while intracellular fluid increases.
2) Term infants lose 5-10% of their body weight in the first few days of life due to reduction in extracellular fluid.
3) Preterm infants under 35 weeks gestation display negative sodium balance and hyponatremia in the first 2-3 weeks of life due to high renal sodium losses.
4) Fluid requirements vary based on weight, with very low birth weight infants needing higher amounts to offset insensible water losses. Close monitoring of fluid balance is important in
Fluid electrolyte management in newborn
Fluid electrolyte management in newbornsiddiqui03 This document discusses fluid and electrolyte management in newborns. It covers physiological aspects like changes in body water and electrolyte composition during development. It also discusses factors that affect insensible water loss in newborns like maturity, respiratory distress, and environment. The principles of fluid therapy include estimating fluid and electrolyte deficits, calculating replacement and maintenance needs, administering IV fluids, and monitoring the newborn. Specific clinical conditions that require special management like prematurity, respiratory distress, and diarrhea are also covered.
fluidmgmt-a balanced approach
fluidmgmt-a balanced approachDepartment of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine Hasanuddin University Learning Objectives:
Describe the consequences of hyper- and hypovolemia for surgical and critically ill patients.
Develop a fluid management strategy for individual patients
Crecimiento y desarrollo 2
Crecimiento y desarrollo 2Migdalia Rivero 1. The document discusses growth and development in premature and small for gestational age infants. It provides guidelines for assessing growth based on intrauterine growth curves and comparing weights, lengths, and head circumferences to corrected ages.
2. For weights, lengths, and head circumferences, there is typically a period of catch-up growth where growth velocities exceed those of full-term infants. Maximum catch-up growth occurs from 36-44 postmenstrual weeks.
3. Guidelines are provided for how long to correct for gestational age when assessing weights, lengths, and head circumference, as well as typical growth velocities at different postnatal ages.
Crystalloid fluid therapy
Crystalloid fluid therapysantoshbhskr Its a recent review about crystalloid fluid therapy based on review article critical care 2016 ,march.
John Myburgh on Fluid Therapy
John Myburgh on Fluid TherapySMACC Conference This document discusses fluid resuscitation and intravenous fluids. It provides a brief history of intravenous fluids from early experiments in the 1800s to modern clinical trials. It notes emerging issues with ubiquitous fluid administration and inconsistent use. There is little evidence to support most colloids over crystalloids. Normal saline is commonly used but may cause harm, while balanced solutions are not clearly superior. Large clinical trials are needed to provide guidance on fluid type and use. The document calls for a paradigm shift toward treating fluid resuscitation more like a drug with specific indications and considerations of toxicity.
Prof. Mridul M. Panditrao's Fluid/s
Prof. Mridul M. Panditrao's Fluid/sProf. Mridul Panditrao This document discusses fluid balance and fluid compartments in the human body. It defines key terms like total body water, extracellular fluid, intracellular fluid, osmolality, tonicity, electrolytes and explains the distribution and regulation of body water. It also describes hypovolemia, its causes, diagnostic criteria and management approaches for hemorrhagic and non-hemorrhagic hypovolemia. Common intravenous fluids are classified and their properties and uses are explained.
coagulation system
coagulation systemderosaMSKCC The coagulation system involves a cascade of enzymatic reactions that ultimately result in fibrin clot formation. The cascade can be initiated through either the intrinsic or extrinsic pathway, both of which involve a series of coagulation factor zymogens being activated into active enzyme forms. This leads to thrombin generation and conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin. A number of processes also act to regulate coagulation and prevent excessive clotting, including antithrombin III, protein C, and fibrinolysis.
Surgery 6th year, Tutorial (Dr. Aram Baram)
Surgery 6th year, Tutorial (Dr. Aram Baram)College of Medicine, Sulaymaniyah I examined this patient's peripheral vascular system. On inspection from the end of the bed, the patient appeared comfortable at rest with no signs of vascular disease. Both limbs were pink and well perfused with normal capillary refill times. All pulses were present and equal bilaterally. Buerger's test was negative. To complete my examination, I would assess the cardiovascular system and test the relevant muscles and nerves of the affected limb, and perform duplex scans and ankle-brachial pressure indexes.
Which fluid and when aagbi wsm
Which fluid and when aagbi wsmcraigmorris Powerpoint slides for Association of Anaesthetists Winter Scientific Meeting, London, Jan 2011.
"Which fluids and when?"
Speaker Dr Craig Morris, Derby, UK
Holley: Transfusion and Coagulopathy
Holley: Transfusion and CoagulopathySMACC Conference Holley analyses the cascade of events in bleeding trauma patients leading to Australia's latest evidenced-based guidelines on transfusion protocols in critical bleeding.
Hemodynamic
HemodynamicIftach Ron This document discusses hemodynamic principles related to right heart catheterization. It covers topics such as pressure measurement techniques and sources of error, cardiac output measurement methods, and indications for right heart catheterization including heart failure, myocardial infarction, and pulmonary disease. Key concepts include optimal damping for pressure transducers, sources of pressure measurement artifacts, and uses of right heart catheterization to guide therapy for conditions like heart failure and shock.
Sharon Kay: Echo for Everyone: 5 Things Never to Miss
Sharon Kay: Echo for Everyone: 5 Things Never to MissSMACC Conference This document provides an overview of focused echocardiography. It discusses how echocardiography can be used to non-invasively assess the heart using ultrasound imaging techniques like 2D, Doppler, and color Doppler. The key aspects of a focused echocardiogram examination are described, including which standard views to obtain and the 5 things to evaluate: size, movement, artifacts, consistency, and conclusion. Common cardiac pathologies are demonstrated and how they appear on echocardiogram.
Justin Bowra: IVC Filling: The Ultimate Myth
Justin Bowra: IVC Filling: The Ultimate MythSMACC Conference Bowra examines the possibility of 'turning off the machine' and behaving like a doctor versus a detailed examination of the IVC.
Perioperative Optimisation of Coagulation and Haemostasis
Perioperative Optimisation of Coagulation and HaemostasisAndrew Ferguson This document provides a partial curriculum map and clinical scenarios for training in anaesthetics. It outlines objectives, scenarios, and key information related to haemostasis and management of bleeding and coagulopathy. The scenarios involve a patient with sepsis and shock undergoing emergency surgery, a patient on warfarin requiring surgery after injuries, and a trauma patient with bleeding and shock. Treatment options discussed include managing coagulopathy, reversing anticoagulants like warfarin, massive transfusion protocols, and use of blood products and coagulation factors.
Predicting fluid response in the ICU
Predicting fluid response in the ICUAndrew Ferguson This document discusses challenges with traditional measures for predicting fluid responsiveness in critically ill patients, such as central venous pressure and pulmonary artery wedge pressure. It notes that only about 50% of patients are actually fluid responsive. Newer dynamic indices using cardiorespiratory interactions, such as stroke volume variation and pulse pressure variation, have been shown to more accurately predict fluid responsiveness without the need for invasive monitoring. The document concludes that considering a patient's cardiorespiratory interactions and using dynamic indices can help clinicians better determine fluid responsiveness.
Damage Control Resuscitation
Damage Control ResuscitationMazen Kherallah This document discusses damage control resuscitation for hemorrhaging trauma patients. It begins by describing a case of a soldier with multiple severe injuries who arrived in hemorrhagic shock. It then outlines the principles of damage control resuscitation, including hypotensive resuscitation, hemostatic resuscitation to prevent coagulopathy, and aggressive bleeding control. The document reviews data from recent military conflicts showing improved outcomes with higher fresh frozen plasma to red blood cell transfusion ratios and the use of platelets and fresh whole blood for resuscitation.
shock
shockcoolboy101pk This document discusses the pathophysiology, classification, and management of shock. It defines shock and classifies it into four main categories: hypovolemic, cardiogenic, obstructive, and distributive shock. For each type, the document discusses causes, characteristics, hemodynamics, and clinical correlates. Key points include that distributive shock is most commonly septic shock, and hypovolemic shock is a major cause of early trauma mortality. The document also reviews the diagnosis and evaluation of shock, including clinical signs, laboratory tests, and invasive monitoring techniques. It outlines initial diagnostic and therapeutic steps for managing a patient in shock.
Emergency Fluid Therapy
Emergency Fluid TherapyRashidi Ahmad This document discusses fluid therapy in emergency care, covering topics such as:
- Types of fluids used for resuscitation including crystalloids, colloids, blood, and hypertonic saline.
- Factors to consider in fluid resuscitation for hemorrhagic shock such as volume, blood oxygen carrying capacity, and coagulation status.
- Debate around delayed versus immediate fluid resuscitation for penetrating trauma, with some evidence that delayed resuscitation may improve outcomes.
- Uncertainties remain regarding best practices for fluid resuscitation depending on trauma type and patient characteristics.
Damage Control Resuscitation
Damage Control ResuscitationSun Yai-Cheng Damage Control Resuscitation:
The New Face of Damage Control
J. trauma Volume 69(4), October 2010, pp 976-990
fluidmgmt-a balanced approach
fluidmgmt-a balanced approachDepartment of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine Hasanuddin University
Similar to Ivf (20)
Fluid and electrolyte management among neonates
Fluid and electrolyte management among neonatesGeetanjli Kalyan This document discusses fluid and electrolyte management in neonates. It outlines the physiological changes in neonates that impact fluid needs, including higher total body water and immature kidney function. It provides guidelines for calculating daily fluid requirements based on gestational age and weight. It describes the use of IV fluids for initial resuscitation and maintenance, adjusting for enteral feedings and weight changes. Conditions requiring IV fluids and formulas for replacing various fluid losses are also summarized.
Fluid and electrolyte management in neonates. By Dr Rabab Hashem
Fluid and electrolyte management in neonates. By Dr Rabab Hashemmohamed osama hussein Fluid and electrolyte management is important in neonates as their kidneys are not well equipped to handle imbalances. Proper assessment of an infant's fluid status and ongoing losses is needed to determine the appropriate amount and composition of intravenous fluids. Neonates have high total body water at birth that decreases rapidly. They also have relatively large surface areas and high insensible water losses. Careful monitoring of weight, clinical signs, lab values, and fluid intake/output is necessary to avoid issues like hyponatremia and hypernatremia. Electrolyte requirements vary based on gestational age and postnatal age. Conditions like prematurity, respiratory distress, or renal impairment require special consideration in fluid and electrolyte
Dr deepak seminar on fluid
Dr deepak seminar on fluidDeepak Singh 1) Maintenance fluid therapy aims to prevent dehydration, electrolyte disturbances, and protein degradation in sick infants and children whose oral intake is uncertain.
2) Fluid requirements are calculated based on weight and age using the "4-2-1 rule" or Holliday-Segar formula. Common maintenance fluids include 0.45% saline with potassium chloride.
3) Careful monitoring of weight, urine output, and serum sodium is important when administering intravenous fluids to avoid complications like hyponatremia. Replacement fluids should promptly replace ongoing losses from vomiting, diarrhea, or altered renal output.
Fluidelectrolytes
FluidelectrolytesVarsha Shah This document discusses fluid, electrolyte, and nutrition management in neonates. It covers the essential principles of fluids and electrolytes, including total body water, extracellular fluid, and goals of fluid management. It also discusses factors to consider like normal changes in body water and renal function in neonates. Guidelines are provided for fluid intake and electrolyte replacement in term and preterm infants. Common fluid and electrolyte issues like sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium abnormalities are outlined. Management of fluids and electrolytes in various neonatal conditions is also reviewed.
Fluids&electrolytes
Fluids&electrolyteshamida Esahli This document discusses fluid and electrolyte balance in children. It covers normal fluid requirements, signs of dehydration, electrolyte requirements, and principles for treating dehydration, shock, and electrolyte imbalances like hyponatremia and hypernatremia. The key steps in management include assessing for shock, dehydration, and electrolyte problems; treating shock with rapid fluid boluses; and rehydrating gradually based on estimated fluid deficits and electrolyte losses. Electrolyte levels should be monitored frequently during treatment.
Fluid management in the paediatric patient anaesthetist consideration...
Fluid management in the paediatric patient anaesthetist consideration...drriyas03 This document discusses fluid management in paediatric patients. It covers water physiology and fluid compartments in the body. Fluid volumes change with age from premature neonates to adults. Daily fluid losses are outlined. Methods for determining fluid requirements and correcting dehydration are presented. Intraoperative fluid replacement depends on the type and severity of surgery. Blood loss and transfusion thresholds are addressed. Selection of intravenous fluids must be tailored to the individual patient's needs.
Dehydration and rehydration
Dehydration and rehydrationMariaPetkova22 Dehydration occurs when fluid loss exceeds fluid intake. It can range from mild to severe based on the percentage of fluid loss. Treatment involves oral rehydration for mild to moderate cases and IV fluids for severe cases. IV fluid regimens are calculated based on correcting existing deficits, replacing ongoing losses, and meeting daily fluid needs over 24 hours. The treatment goal is gradual rehydration to prevent complications.
Fluids& Electrolytes presentation by Dr. Ahmed Safwat
Fluids& Electrolytes presentation by Dr. Ahmed SafwatShaju Edamana This document discusses fluid and electrolyte physiology and abnormalities. It covers the composition and regulation of body water compartments, daily fluid requirements, commonly used IV fluids, dehydration types and management, and electrolyte abnormalities including sodium, potassium, and their causes and treatment. The document provides detailed information on fluid and electrolyte balance in a pediatric population.
Fluids and Electrolyte therapy in Children copy.pptx
Fluids and Electrolyte therapy in Children copy.pptxdrgsvt This document discusses fluid management in pediatric patients with various illnesses. It provides information on the composition and osmolality of different intravenous fluids, as well as clinical situations that may require modification of standard maintenance fluids. Guidelines are presented for calculating intravenous fluid needs for different conditions like dehydration, shock, and acute gastroenteritis. Restricted fluid strategies are recommended for critically ill children to avoid fluid overload and hyponatremia.
Fluid and Electrolyte Mgt in Surgery - Copy.ppt
Fluid and Electrolyte Mgt in Surgery - Copy.pptkwartengprince250 This document provides information on fluid and electrolyte management. It discusses:
1. The importance of fluid management for surgical patients and how trauma, illness, and procedures can alter body fluid composition. Adequate pre-operative stabilization is essential to prevent complications.
2. Fluids provide various functions in the body including acting as a solvent, regulating pH and temperature, nutrient exchange, and more. The body is mainly composed of water and the total body water percentage decreases with age.
3. Body water is divided into compartments including intracellular fluid, interstitial fluid, intravascular fluid, and a third space. Compartments are normally in equilibrium but can be disrupted by conditions like dehydration.
Parenteral nutrition copy
Parenteral nutrition copyDr Praman Kushwah This document discusses parenteral nutrition for neonates. It covers the goals of fluid and electrolyte management, indications for parenteral nutrition, nutritional goals, composition of infusates including carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, electrolytes and vitamins. It also discusses the steps for calculating a total parenteral nutrition solution, preparation and administration, and potential complications that can arise with parenteral nutrition. The conclusion emphasizes that parenteral nutrition remains essential for preterm and sick neonates, but optimal inputs are still unknown, and some neonates experience extrauterine growth restriction due to excessive caution with nutrition in the NICU.
Fluids & Electrolytes ppt.ppt
Fluids & Electrolytes ppt.pptIbrahemIssacGaied This document discusses fluid and electrolyte regulation and abnormalities in pediatrics. It covers the composition of body water compartments, daily fluid requirements, types of dehydration and their management, as well as electrolyte abnormalities including hyponatremia, hypernatremia, hypokalemia, and hyperkalemia. Signs and symptoms and treatment approaches are provided for each electrolyte imbalance.
Water and Electrolyte balance in surgical patients
Water and Electrolyte balance in surgical patientsDaniroxx To help understand the need for Iv fluid therapy and electrolyte imbalances and their correction in surgical patients. It aims to keep the patient well hydrated with good urine output and avoid vital sign derangements and to avoid complications of wrongly advised fluids.
Reanimation(fluid & electrolyte) 
Reanimation(fluid & electrolyte) Viju Rathod The document provides information about fluid and electrolyte balance. It discusses the distribution and composition of body fluids, normal fluid exchange, and electrolyte disturbances including hypovolemia, hypervolemia, hyponatremia, hypernatremia, hypokalemia, hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia, hypercalcemia, hypomagnesemia, and hypermagnesemia. It also covers parenteral fluid therapy including intravenous fluids, methods of calculating fluid transfusion rates, and management of fluid balance in surgical patients.
Fluids and electrolytes Newborns
Fluids and electrolytes NewbornsDr. Darayus P. Gazder This document discusses fluid and electrolyte requirements in newborns. It notes that total body water is divided between intracellular and extracellular spaces, with sodium being the main extracellular ion and potassium the main intracellular ion. Fluid volumes are regulated by sodium and potassium salts in each compartment. Principles of fluid management include maintaining appropriate extracellular fluid volume and osmolality. Factors like gestational age, postnatal age, and weight loss influence fluid needs. Guidelines are provided for initial daily fluid requirements based on birth weight and monitoring fluid status through weight, clinical exam, serum and urine tests.
Fluid electrolyte balance
Fluid electrolyte balanceDr. Ankit Jitani This document discusses fluid and electrolyte imbalances in hematology patients. It begins with basic concepts of fluid and electrolyte balance including osmolality, osmolarity, and their regulation. It then presents seven case studies demonstrating different electrolyte abnormalities - hyponatremia, pseudohyponatremia, hypernatremia, hypokalemia, hyperkalemia, hypercalcemia, and tumor lysis syndrome. For each case, it analyzes the abnormality, considers potential causes, and outlines treatment approaches. The document provides an in-depth review of fluid and electrolyte regulation and an approach to managing related clinical issues in hematology patients.
fluids and electrolytes in paediatrics.pptx
fluids and electrolytes in paediatrics.pptxPraveen Yadav Presentation on Fluid and electrolyte management
8=Diarrheal_Diseases(DD)_in_Children.pptx
8=Diarrheal_Diseases(DD)_in_Children.pptxgetachewmesfin2 Diarrheal Diseases in Children is a common problem globally. It is defined as having 3 or more loose stools in 24 hours. It accounts for approximately 20% of under 5 deaths annually. Risk factors include failing to exclusively breastfeed for the first 6 months, poor hygiene and malnutrition. Treatment depends on the degree of dehydration and includes oral rehydration solution. Prevention strategies focus on exclusive breastfeeding, hygiene and immunization.
fluid & electrolyte balance 
fluid & electrolyte balance Dr. SHEETAL KAPSE This document provides an overview of fluid and electrolyte physiology and therapy. It discusses the distribution and composition of body water, normal fluid exchange, and electrolyte disturbances including hypovolemia, hypervolemia, hyponatremia, hypernatremia, hypokalemia, hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia, hypercalcemia, hypomagnesemia, and hypermagnesemia. It also covers parenteral fluid therapy including intravenous fluids, methods of calculating infusion rates, and fluid management in surgical patients.
IV Fluids
IV Fluidsmeducationdotnet This document discusses intravenous (IV) fluids, including their composition and uses. It covers:
- Body water content and its compartments, including intracellular and extracellular fluid.
- Homeostatic mechanisms that regulate fluid levels, including ADH, renin-angiotensin system, and aldosterone.
- Common IV fluid types like normal saline, Hartmann's solution, dextrose, and their indications. Normal saline can cause hyperchloremic acidosis in large volumes.
- Guidelines for calculating fluid maintenance needs and deficits to replace through IV fluids over 1-2 days while monitoring the patient's response. Potassium needs special consideration due to risks of too rapid administration.
Recently uploaded (20)
Bridging the Gap: Leveraging Mobile Health (mHealth) to Improve Healthcare Ac...
Bridging the Gap: Leveraging Mobile Health (mHealth) to Improve Healthcare Ac...raymondtraver56 In a nation as geographically diverse as Uganda, ensuring equitable access to healthcare remains a significant challenge. For many living in rural and remote communities, distance, transportation costs, and limited infrastructure create formidable barriers to essential medical services. However, a powerful and increasingly accessible tool offers a promising pathway to bridge this gap: mobile health, or mHealth
1. introduction to Biomechanics chap 1. onepptx.pptx
1. introduction to Biomechanics chap 1. onepptx.pptxBolan University of Medical and Health Sciences ,Quetta The human body, move and interact with their environment, applying principles of physics and engineering. It's crucial for understanding movement, improving performance, preventing injuries, and developing treatments. By analyzing forces, motion, and energy transfer, biomechanics helps optimize training, rehabilitation, and even the design of medical devices and equipment.
Dr Aliya S.M
BUMHS , Qta
DEMENTIA || degenerative neurologiclal dissorder
DEMENTIA || degenerative neurologiclal dissorderAnurag Joseph Slide 1: Title Slide
Title: Understanding Dementia: Definition, Types, Diagnosis, Pathophysiology, Management, and Nursing Care Plan
Subtitle: A comprehensive guide for nursing students
Slide 2: Definition of Dementia
Definition:
Dementia is a general term for a decline in cognitive ability severe enough to interfere with daily life.
Characteristics:
Memory loss
Difficulty with communication and reasoning
Progressive and irreversible decline
Affects behavior, thinking, and emotions
Slide 3: Types of Dementia
Alzheimer's Disease:
Most common form
Characterized by memory loss, confusion, and changes in behavior
Vascular Dementia:
Caused by reduced blood flow to the brain (stroke or series of strokes)
Symptoms: Impaired judgment, memory loss
Lewy Body Dementia:
Hallucinations, movement problems, and cognitive decline
Frontotemporal Dementia:
Affects personality, behavior, and language, often at a younger age
Slide 4: Diagnosis of Dementia
Methods of Diagnosis:
Clinical Assessment:
Detailed patient history (family, cognitive changes)
Cognitive Testing (e.g., MMSE):
Mini-Mental State Examination to assess cognitive function
Neuroimaging (CT/MRI):
Identifies structural brain changes
Laboratory Tests:
Rule out other causes (e.g., thyroid disorders, vitamin deficiencies)
Slide 5: Pathophysiology of Dementia
Neurodegenerative Processes:
Alzheimer’s Disease: Amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles damage brain cells
Vascular Dementia: Reduced blood supply due to blockages or mini-strokes
Cognitive Decline:
Impaired communication between neurons
Brain regions affected: hippocampus, frontal lobe, temporal lobe
Progressive Nature:
Loss of neurons and synaptic connections over time, leading to increased functional decline
Slide 6: Management of Dementia
Pharmacological Treatment:
Cholinesterase Inhibitors: (e.g., Donepezil) for Alzheimer's
NMDA Antagonists: (e.g., Memantine) for moderate-to-severe Alzheimer’s
Antipsychotics: For managing severe behavioral symptoms (caution with side effects)
Antidepressants: For mood stabilization
Non-Pharmacological Treatment:
Cognitive Stimulation Therapy (CST): Stimulate memory and cognitive skills
Behavioral Therapy: For managing aggression or depression
Social Interaction & Routine Activities: Help with orientation and reduce anxiety
Physical Activity: Promotes brain health and overall well-being
Slide 7: Nursing Care Plan for Dementia
Assessment:
Monitor cognitive function, mood, and behavior changes
Evaluate risk for falls, malnutrition, and skin integrity
Assess the need for caregiver support and education
Nursing Diagnoses:
Impaired Memory
Risk for Injury
Disturbed Thought Processes
Caregiver Role Strain
Goals:
Maximize cognitive function as much as possible
Maintain safety and prevent injury
Improve quality of life for the patient and caregiver
Interventions:
Promote a structured daily routine to reduce confusion
Provide cognitive stimulation
Pòster "Virtual Reality in Pain Management"
Pòster "Virtual Reality in Pain Management"Badalona Serveis Assistencials Pòster presentat per José Ferrer, metge de l'equip d'Innovació de Badalona Serveis Assistencials i membre de la Sociedad Española del Dolor, en el 14th Congress of the European Pain Federation EFIC, que se celebra a Lió del 24 al 26 d'abril de 2025 sota el títol "Comorbidity of Chronic Pain and Mental Health Disorders: Breaking the Cycle".
NURSING MANAGEMENT OF PATIENT WITH KIDNEY AND URINARY SYSTEM DISORDERS
NURSING MANAGEMENT OF PATIENT WITH KIDNEY AND URINARY SYSTEM DISORDERSRekhanjali Gupta Urethritis is an inflammation of the urethra, the tube that carries urine from the bladder out of the body. It's often caused by a bacterial infection, commonly a sexually transmitted infection (STI) like gonorrhea or chlamydia. Pain or burning during urination is a key symptom, along with other symptoms like urethral discharge and the frequent need to urinate.
Common viral infections pharmacotherapeutics--2
Common viral infections pharmacotherapeutics--2Harini Priya It is fully based on pharmacotherapeutics--2 for pharm d
It covers entire therapy of diseases for common viral infections
Medical Negligence and Medical Ethics.pptx
Medical Negligence and Medical Ethics.pptxDr Kadiyali. M. Srivatsa Negligence & Medical Ethics – The Unspoken Pandemic Presented by Dr. Kadiyali M Srivatsa
Every day, patients walk into clinics, trusting someone will care for them. But what if I told you…
that medical errors are now the third leading cause of death in the world?
Yes—after heart disease and cancer.
And the tragedy?
Most of these deaths are preventable.
🎬 Scene 2: Medical Negligence – A Global Crisis
On Screen:
⚠️ FACT: 2.6 million deaths annually are linked to medical errors – WHO
Narration:
According to the World Health Organization,
over 2.6 million people die every year due to unsafe medical care.
In high-income countries,
1 in 10 patients is harmed while receiving hospital care.
In low- and middle-income countries…
the number is likely even higher, but underreported.
This… is a silent pandemic.
Act of Commission vs. Omission
Negligence isn’t always about what’s done. It’s often about what is not done.
Doing what shouldn’t be done. Or…
failing to do what must be done.
Both destroy lives.
Nurses Acting as Doctors
Untrained, Unsupervised, Unethical. In some systems, nurses with only 6 months of training diagnose, prescribe, and manage patients without supervision.
This is not progress. It’s cost-cutting at the cost of lives.
Since 2006, hospitals in the UK began replacing doctors with “Independent Nurse Practitioners and prescriber.”
And what happened?
Avoidable deaths doubled. Medical litigation rose to £1.5 billion. Hospitals started collapsing under the weight of compensation claims.
Real Cases – Real Suffering
On Screen:
🚨 True Stories That Shake the Soul
Narration:
A nurse tells a 23-year-old woman with yellow eyes “It’s just a flu. Take paracetamol.” Two days later, she’s in liver failure.
A young man misdiagnosed with shingles actually has septicemia—He collapses in shock. Survives—but just barely.
A toddler with pneumonia is sent home. Told to return after the weekend.
She nearly dies. These are not accidents.
These are acts of negligence. And behind every mistake… is a family left grieving.
Why did I create Dr. Maya GPT?
Dr. Maya GPT – A Global Guardian for Patient Safety. I could no longer bear to watch patients suffer due to systemic negligence,
corporate cost-cutting, and ego-driven medicine.
Dr. Maya is not a replacement for doctors.
It is a guide.
A safety net.
An AI-powered guardian that helps people identify when to seek help—
and most importantly, whom to trust.
The Ethical Compass – Diligence - A Universal Virtue Across Faiths
Whether it's the teachings of the Bible, the Quran, the Gita, or the Dhammapada -they all echo one truth:
“Act with diligence.” That means effort. Integrity.
And doing the right thing—even when no one is watching.
Biophysics Thermodynamics 1 Chapter Notes
Biophysics Thermodynamics 1 Chapter NotesPKLI-Institute of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences Lahore , Pakistan. Biophysics – Unit 01: Thermodynamics
This unit introduces the fundamental principles of thermodynamics and their application in biological and physiological systems. It explores how energy is exchanged and transformed in the human body, forming the basis of many critical clinical processes.
Key Concepts Covered:
System & Surroundings: Open, closed, and isolated systems relevant to physiological environments (e.g., respiratory system as an open system).
Zeroth Law: Basis for clinical thermometry and body temperature regulation.
First Law of Thermodynamics (Law of Energy Conservation): Application in calorimetry, metabolic rate calculation, and ATP energy balance.
Second Law of Thermodynamics: Directionality of biological processes, entropy, and energy efficiency in muscle contraction and enzymatic activity.
Third Law: Conceptual relevance in absolute zero and physiological limits.
Clinical Applications:
Energy transformations during cellular respiration
Thermal regulation and homeostasis in patients
Bioenergetics in critical care (e.g., post-operative energy needs, fever metabolism)
Use of thermodynamic principles in medical devices (ventilators, incubators, dialysis machines)
Diseases of Gallbladder - Acute Cholecystitis & Other Diseases of GB
Diseases of Gallbladder - Acute Cholecystitis & Other Diseases of GBUthamalingam Murali This topic is very essential for MBBS Students, because for sure they will come across diseases of gallbladder in their medical career. Moreover, Lap Cholecystectomy is one of the commonest Laparoscopic surgery being performed across the world. The MBBS Students should know most of the important landmarks while watching or assisting the above case. Also included in the PPT is the recent Tokyo Guidelines for Cholecystitis....
Molecular Biology & Genetics cell function and structure 1.pptx
Molecular Biology & Genetics cell function and structure 1.pptxBolan University of Medical and Health Sciences ,Quetta its all about precise intro of molecular medicine and cell . course outline reflecting genetics for nursing and DPTians,
by Dr Aliya BUMHS,QTA
Anaemia & Polycythaemia Physiological Basis
Anaemia & Polycythaemia Physiological BasisMedicoseAcademics 📌 Title: Anemia – Types, Causes, Pathophysiology, and Clinical Features | Dr. Faiza
🎓 Presented by: Dr. Faiza
Assistant Professor of Physiology
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
🩸 This presentation is a comprehensive overview of Anemia, designed for medical students and healthcare professionals. It covers:
🔬 Learning Objectives:
Classification of anemias: Microcytic, Macrocytic, Normocytic
Differentiation based on etiology, lab findings, and clinical presentation
Unique features of hereditary and acquired anemias (e.g., thalassemia, sickle cell disease)
Diagnostic approaches and pathophysiological mechanisms
Impact of anemia on circulatory function
An overview of polycythemia vera vs secondary polycythemia
💉 Includes detailed tables, RBC indices, blood picture interpretation, and mnemonics for easier recall.
🧠 Ideal for:
MBBS and BDS students
FCPS Part 1 candidates
Educators revising core physiology
Clinical practitioners updating their concepts
📚 Topics Covered:
Iron Deficiency Anemia
Thalassemia (Alpha & Beta)
Sickle Cell Anemia
Megaloblastic Anemia (Vitamin B12 & Folate)
Aplastic Anemia
Acute Blood Loss
Hemolytic Anemias (Hereditary Spherocytosis, G6PD Deficiency)
Circulatory changes in anemia
Primary & Secondary Polycythemia
Diseases of Bones and Joints: Rheumatoid Arthritis, Osteoporosis, Gout, and C...
Diseases of Bones and Joints: Rheumatoid Arthritis, Osteoporosis, Gout, and C...Dr Aman Suresh Tharayil This slide deck outlines major disorders affecting bones and joints, including rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis, gout, and an introduction to cancer. It includes etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, and treatment strategies for each condition. The presentation is intended for pharmacy, physiotherapy, and nursing students looking to strengthen their grasp of musculoskeletal pathology and its management. Simple visuals and structured content make it ideal for classroom teaching and personal revision.
Introduction to ergonomics Lecturs 1(a).pptx
Introduction to ergonomics Lecturs 1(a).pptxBolan University of Medical and Health Sciences ,Quetta The science of fitting jobs to people, and biomechanics, the study of human movement, are closely related and both important for workplace health and safety. Ergonomics aims to optimize the interaction between humans and their work environment to minimize stress and improve well-being. Biomechanics provides the scientific basis for understanding how human movements and forces affect the body, informing ergonomic interventions to prevent injuries and improve productivity.
Dr Aliya S.M
BUMHS,Qta
Streamlining Pharma Logistics A Guide to Good Distribution Practices (GDP).pptx
Streamlining Pharma Logistics A Guide to Good Distribution Practices (GDP).pptxDr. Smita Kumbhar Good Distribution Practices (GDP) are a critical component of quality assurance in the pharmaceutical supply chain, ensuring that medicines are consistently stored, transported, and handled under suitable conditions. Adhering to GDP helps safeguard product quality and protect patients from ineffective or harmful pharmaceuticals. As global commerce expands, harmonized GDP regulations have emerged, supported by WHO, USP, CDSCO, and ISO frameworks. This article explores the legal landscape, principles, operational standards, personnel responsibilities, documentation protocols, premises and equipment norms, delivery and return procedures, self-inspection processes, and the role of stability testing, offering a comprehensive view of the global GDP ecosystem.
1. Introduction to Good Distribution Practices (GDP)
Good Distribution Practices refer to a set of guidelines ensuring that pharmaceutical products are consistently stored, transported, and handled under suitable conditions as required by the marketing authorization or product specification. The concept is closely related to Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP), with a focus on the post-manufacturing phase of the supply chain. GDP encompasses the entire logistical flow from the manufacturer to the final point of supply, ensuring integrity, traceability, and safety of medicinal products.
GDP is essential because any deviation in storage or transport conditions can compromise the product's efficacy and safety. Compliance with GDP minimizes the risks related to contamination, mix-ups, and product degradation, and helps in the identification and recall of defective products.
2. Legal GDP Requirements Worldwide
Various global bodies have established GDP guidelines. In the European Union, the most referenced document is the "Guidelines on Good Distribution Practice of medicinal products for human use" (2013/C 343/01). These guidelines outline specific requirements for personnel, premises, documentation, and transportation.
In the United States, the FDA and the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) provide detailed standards concerning the distribution of pharmaceutical products. USP Chapter <1079> focuses on good storage and shipping practices, particularly for temperature-sensitive products.
WHO provides GDP guidelines applicable to all member states, particularly focusing on developing nations to ensure consistent quality standards. Similarly, India's Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) issues GDP-related rules, focusing on wholesalers, distributors, and transportation services. These regional adaptations serve to align GDP globally while respecting local regulatory and infrastructural capacities.
3. Core Principles of GDP
The foundation of GDP lies in the following principles:
• Ensuring the quality, safety, and efficacy of pharmaceutical products during distribution.
• Full traceability of every product batch throughout the supply chain.
• Preventing counterfeit or substandard medicines
Ventricles and Cerebro Spinal Fluid notes
Ventricles and Cerebro Spinal Fluid notesAnurag Joseph 🧠 Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
Clear, colorless fluid found in the brain and spinal cord
Produced by the choroid plexus in the ventricles
Functions:
Cushions the brain (protection)
Removes waste
Delivers nutrients
Maintains intracranial pressure
Normal volume: ~150 mL
Circulates through ventricles → subarachnoid space → absorbed by arachnoid villi into venous system
🧠 Ventricles of the Brain
4 interconnected cavities filled with CSF:
Lateral ventricles (2) – one in each cerebral hemisphere
Third ventricle – midline, between the thalamus
Fourth ventricle – between brainstem and cerebellum
CSF flow:
Lateral ventricles → Foramen of Monro → Third ventricle → Cerebral aqueduct → Fourth ventricle → Subarachnoid space
Comprehensive Overview of Jaundice, Hepatitis Types, and Alcoholic Liver Dise...
Comprehensive Overview of Jaundice, Hepatitis Types, and Alcoholic Liver Dise...Dr Aman Suresh Tharayil This presentation provides a clear and detailed overview of liver-related disorders including jaundice, hepatitis (A to F), and alcoholic liver disease. It explores causes (pre-hepatic, hepatic, post-hepatic), signs and symptoms, pathogenesis, and treatment approaches. The slides also cover various types of hepatitis viruses, their modes of transmission, and public health relevance. Designed for pharmacy and healthcare students, this deck simplifies complex hepatic conditions for academic understanding and clinical awareness.
Parasitic Infections and Long COVID OK.pptx
Parasitic Infections and Long COVID OK.pptxIbrahimAboAlasaad Long COVID or Post COVID-19 condition occurs in individuals with a history of probable or confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, usually three months from the onset of COVID-19, with symptoms that last for at least two months and cannot be explained by an alternative diagnosis
VARIOUS CHILDBIRTH PRACTICES USED IN OBGpptx
VARIOUS CHILDBIRTH PRACTICES USED IN OBGpptxdaminipatel37 VARIOUS CHILDBIRTH PRACTICE USED IN SENARIO IN MIDWIFERY PORACTICE IS DESCRIBED HERE
Cell culture techniques M pharmacy Sem 2
Cell culture techniques M pharmacy Sem 228SamruddhiKadam 1. Basic equipment used in cell culture lab.
2. Cell culture media
3. various types of cell culture
4. general procedure for cell cultures
5. isolation of cells
6. subculture
7. cryopreservation
8. characterization of cells and their applications
9. Principles and applications of cell viability assays (MTT assays)
10. Principles and applications of flow cytometry.
advanced soft tissue sarcoma_2025_targeted and immunotherapies
advanced soft tissue sarcoma_2025_targeted and immunotherapiesSameer Rastogi In last decade, soft tissue sarcomas have seen change of landscape in the therapeutic aspect. This presentation deals with the recent advances worldwide in various sarcomas.
1. introduction to Biomechanics chap 1. onepptx.pptx
1. introduction to Biomechanics chap 1. onepptx.pptxBolan University of Medical and Health Sciences ,Quetta
Biophysics Thermodynamics 1 Chapter Notes
Biophysics Thermodynamics 1 Chapter NotesPKLI-Institute of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences Lahore , Pakistan.
Molecular Biology & Genetics cell function and structure 1.pptx
Molecular Biology & Genetics cell function and structure 1.pptxBolan University of Medical and Health Sciences ,Quetta
Diseases of Bones and Joints: Rheumatoid Arthritis, Osteoporosis, Gout, and C...
Diseases of Bones and Joints: Rheumatoid Arthritis, Osteoporosis, Gout, and C...Dr Aman Suresh Tharayil
Comprehensive Overview of Jaundice, Hepatitis Types, and Alcoholic Liver Dise...
Comprehensive Overview of Jaundice, Hepatitis Types, and Alcoholic Liver Dise...Dr Aman Suresh Tharayil
Ivf
- 2. Things to consider: • Normal changes in the TBW and ECF • Changes in the salt and water balance • Normal changes in the renal function • Insensible water losses.
- 3. Body fluid composition in the Fetus and Newborn • TBW= ICF+ECF(intravasular and interstitial) • As gestational age increases TBW and ECF decreases while ICF increases • At birth TBW=75% of body weight in term infants and 80% in preterm infants.
- 4. TBW- changes according to age
- 5. Perinatal changes • During first week to 10 days of life reduction in body weight is due to reduction in the ECF • Term infants weight loss = 5%-10% with in 3-5 days of life. • Preterm Infant lose about 10%-15% of body weight with in 5 days of life.
- 6. Sodium balance in the newborn • Major cation and Anion of ECF are sodium and chloride respectively. • Major Cation of ICF- potassium and Anions are protein, organic acids and phosphate. • Sodium balance is maintained by 3Na-2K pump . • Plasma Osmolality ranges from 285-295 mOsmos/kg • Osmolality= 2(Na)+1/8(Glucose)+BUN/2.8
- 7. Sodium balance in the newborn • Renal sodium loses are inversely proportional to gestational age of the child • Term infants have fractional excretion of Na- 1% with transient increase on day 2 and • Preterm infants <35 wks have a negative sodium balance and hyponatremia during first 2-3 wks of life
- 8. Sodium balance in the newborn • Increased urinary sodium losses seen in -Hypoxia -Respiratory Distress -Hyperbilirubinemia -ATN -Polycythemia -Diuretics
- 9. Renal concentration and diluting Capacity • Adults can concentrate urine upto 1500mOsm/kg of plasma water and dilute as low as 50mOsm/kg of plasma water. • Concentrating capacity is 800mOsm/kg in term infants and 600mOsm/kg in preterm , so require more urine volume to excrete solutes • Diluting capacity is 50mOsm/kg in term infants and 70mOsm/kg in preterm • Newborns have reduction in GFR and decreased activity of transporters in the early distal tubule
- 10. Insensible loss of Water. • Maturity of the Infant(BSA/Kg) • Open Warmer bed • Phototherapy • Hyperthermia • Tachypnea • Reduced by -Enclosed incubator -Humidified Air -Sedation -Decreased Activity -Hypothermia
- 11. Who require IV Fluids • Infant <30 weeks, & <1200 gm • Sick Term Newborns and children -Severe Birth Asphyxia -Apnea -RDS -Sepsis -Seizure -Hemodynamic Instability -GI malformations -Shock
- 12. How Much Fluid to be Given: Neonates Birth Weight Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 6 Day 7 <1000 g 80 100 120 130 140 150 160 1000-1500 g 70 90 110 120 130 140 150 >1500 g 60 75 90 105 120 135 150
- 13. How Much Fluid to be Given: Infants and >1 year Maintenance IV F -Holiday- Segar method First 10kg 100ml/kg (4ml/kg/hr) Next10-20kg Add 50ml/kg (2ml/kg/hr) >20kg Add 20ml/kg (1ml/kg/hr)
- 14. How Much Fluid to be Given Maintenance IV Fluids- Bed side Calculation Age Ml/kg/day <1 yr 120 1-2 yr 110 2-3yr 100 3-4yr 90 4-5yr 80 5-6yr 70 >6-yrs 60
- 15. Type of Fluid .1st 48 hrs- <1000g: 5% Dextrose >1000g: 10% Dextrose · 48hrs- 28 days : 10% DN/6 (80ml NS+ 420ml 10% Dextrose) . 28 days-6 yrs : 5% DN/4 . 6 Yrs-12 yrs : 5% DN/2 . >12 yrs : 5% DNS
- 16. Composition of IV fluids IV fluid Dextr Na K Cl lactate ca MOsm/l NS - 154 - 154 - - 308 RL - 131 5 111 29 2 270 1/2NS - 77 - 77 - - 154 5%D 50 - - - - - 278 10%D 100 - - - - - 556 5%DNS 50 154 - 154 - - 585 5% 50 77 - 77 - - 415 DNS/2 5% DNS/4 50 34 - 34 - - 347 Isolyte P 50 29 20 29 - - 368 5% 50 25 - 25 - - DNS/6
- 17. Extra Fluid • Warmer –add 10ml/kg/day • Phototherapy-add 10ml/kg/day • Fever- increase fluid requirement by 12% per degree rise above 37.8 degree C • Tachypnea- increase fluid requirement 10-30%
- 18. Extra Fluid • NEC and other condition with 3rd space loss • ELBW and VLBW Neonates • Vomiting • Gastroenteritis • Shock • Burns • Tachypnea • DKA
- 19. Less Fluid • Birth Asphyxia • Meningitis • Intra Ventricular Hemorrhage • PDA(cardiac failure) • Oliguria/Anuria • SIADH • Edema
- 20. Special Situations • Oliguria-Insensible water loss + measured urine output + deficit • Anuria-Insensible water loss + deficit • Dehydration- Maintenance + Deficit + ongoing losses.
- 21. Monitoring Parameter Freque ncy Normal value Fluid deficit signs Fluid overload signs Bed side. 1.Clinical 8hrly - Loss of skin turgor, dry mucosa, tachycardia Puffiness of eyes, sudden increase in liver size , basal rales 2.Weight Daily Weight loss Sudden weight gain 3.Urine Volume 6-8 hrly 1-3 ml/kg/hr <1 ml/kg/hr >3 ml/kg/hr 4.Urine Specific Gravity 6-8 hrly 1008-1015 >1015 <1004 Laboratory 1. Urine Osmolality 12hr 100-300 >450 <100 2. Plasma osmolality Daily 285 >300 <270 3.Serum Na 24-48hr 135-145 - - 4.Serum K 24-48hr 4-5 - - 5. Blood urea 24-48hr 20-40 - - 6. Serum Creatinine 24-48hr 0.6-1.2 - -