Enzymes assay.pptx
Download as pptx, pdf1 like812 views
Enzyme assay methods are described in the document. There are three main methods: 1) spectrophotometric which uses light absorption measurements, 2) sampling which involves removing and analyzing samples over time, and 3) fluorescence which detects light emission.
1 of 18
Downloaded 11 times
Ad
Recommended
methods of enzyme assay
methods of enzyme assayVidya Kalaivani Rajkumar Types of Enzyme assay
Two types (Based on sampling methods)
UV/VIS SPECTROSCOPY,FLURESCENCE METHOD/FLUORIMETRIC,RADIOISOTOPIC METHOD,CHEMILUMINESCENT,ION SELECTIVE ELECTRODE,OXYGEN ELECTRODE,IMMUNOCHEMICAL METHODS
Enzymes assay ppt Best
Enzymes assay ppt BestEducation Bhaskar Enzymes assay ppt, History, Introduction, Education Bhaskar, For College university students, Presentation, Enzyme Technology, Biotechnology, Microbiology, PhD, Enzyme Activity, Types of enzyme assay
Industrial applications of enzymes
Industrial applications of enzymesHARINATHA REDDY ASWARTHAGARI Industrial applications of enzymes:
By Dr. Harinatha Reddy A
Enzymes are used in a variety of industries such as pharmaceuticals, food, leather, textile, baking, and detergent industries. In detergents, proteases, amylases, lipases, and cellulases are used to remove organic stains, fatty deposits, starches, and brighten colors. In textiles, cellulases and proteases are used in bio-stonewashing to brighten colors and loosen indigo dye on denim. In the leather industry, proteases, lipases, and keratinases are used for tanning, soaking, de-hairing,
MALDI - TOF
MALDI - TOFHima Haridasan MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry is a technique used to analyze proteins. It works by ionizing protein samples using a laser and then measuring the time it takes for the ions to travel through a flight tube, which allows calculating the mass-to-charge ratio. The sample is mixed with an absorbing matrix and dried on a target plate before being ionized by a laser pulse. Ions are accelerated through a flight tube and reach a detector, with lighter ions traveling faster and reaching it first. The time of flight is converted to a mass spectrum, allowing identification of proteins in the sample. MALDI-TOF provides sensitive, high-throughput protein analysis and is widely used in fields like proteomics, microbiology,
Sds-Page 
Sds-Page 3_minutes SDS-PAGE is a standard technique used to separate proteins based on their molecular weight. It involves coating proteins with SDS detergent to linearize them, then running them through a polyacrylamide gel with an electric current which causes smaller proteins to migrate faster, allowing separation based on size. The document provides details on the principle, gel preparation, running the electrophoresis, visualizing results with stains like Coomassie blue or silver stain, and applications like determining protein purity or identification.
Pulse Field Gel Electrophoresis
Pulse Field Gel ElectrophoresisPankaj Gaonkar Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) is a technique used to separate large DNA molecules and generate DNA fingerprints for bacterial isolates. It involves using restriction enzymes to cut bacterial DNA into large fragments, which are then separated in an agarose gel using an electric field that periodically changes direction. PFGE allows discrimination of bacterial strains and is commonly used in epidemiological studies to link clinical infections to environmental or food isolates. While time-consuming, it provides stable, reproducible patterns and has been shown to be more discriminating than other subtyping methods for many bacteria.
Rapd ppt
Rapd pptPreetha Singha The document describes a seminar on Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. It defines RAPD as a type of PCR reaction that amplifies random segments of DNA using short arbitrary nucleotide primers. The document outlines the history, principle, procedure, applications, advantages, and limitations of RAPD analysis. It compares RAPD to other molecular marker techniques and concludes that RAPD is a lab technique used to amplify unknown DNA segments for analysis.
Enzyme assays
Enzyme assaysVijay Hemmadi Laboratory method for measuring enzyme activity.
Vital for study of enzyme kinetics and enzyme inhibition.
Measurement of enzyme activity – follow the change in concentration of substrate or product – measure reaction rate.
Enzyme assay VII
Enzyme assay VIIBidhan Sarkar This document discusses enzyme assays, which are laboratory methods used to measure enzymatic activity. It describes different types of enzyme assays including continuous assays, where activity is measured continuously, and discontinuous assays, where samples are taken at intervals. Continuous assays discussed include spectrophotometric, fluorometric, polarimetric, electrode, manometric, and calorimetric methods. Discontinuous assays include radiometric and chromatographic methods. The document also covers the purposes of enzyme assays and factors to control in assay experiments.
Abzymes
Abzymesjeeva raj Abzymes, also known as catalytic antibodies, are monoclonal antibodies that exhibit enzymatic activity. They are able to bind to transition states of enzyme-catalyzed reactions with high specificity and affinity, stabilizing the transition state and increasing reaction rates. Abzymes can be artificially produced by immunizing animals with transition state analogs of reactions. They have potential applications in drug development, cancer treatment, and developing therapies for viral infections like HIV. Researchers have engineered an abzyme that can degrade an essential region of the HIV envelope protein, rendering the virus unable to infect cells.
Enzyme engineering by tamizh
Enzyme engineering by tamizhTamizh Muhilan This document summarizes enzyme engineering. Enzyme engineering is the process of designing enzymes by changing the amino acid sequence through recombinant DNA technology. This allows modifying enzyme properties for industrial and other applications, such as improved kinetics, thermostability or pH suitability. There are two main methods - rational design which uses structural knowledge to make specific changes, and directed evolution which mimics natural evolution in vitro through random mutagenesis and selection to evolve enzymes with desired properties.
DNA Sequencing
DNA SequencingSurender Rawat This document discusses the history and various methods of DNA sequencing. It begins with a brief overview of DNA sequencing and its uses. It then outlines some of the major developments in DNA sequencing techniques, including the earliest RNA sequencing in 1972, Sanger sequencing in 1977, and the first complete genome of Haemophilus influenzae in 1995. The document proceeds to provide more detailed explanations of several DNA sequencing methods, such as Sanger sequencing, pyrosequencing, shotgun sequencing, Illumina sequencing, and SOLiD sequencing.
Bioinformatics data mining
Bioinformatics data miningSangeeta Das Data mining involves using machine learning and statistical methods to discover patterns in large datasets and is useful in bioinformatics for analyzing biological data. Bioinformatics analyzes data from sequences, molecules, gene expressions, and pathways. Data mining can help understand these rapidly growing biological datasets. Common data mining tools in bioinformatics include BLAST for sequence comparisons, Entrez for integrated database searching, and ORF Finder for identifying open reading frames. Data mining approaches are well-suited to the enormous volumes of data in bioinformatics databases.
Role of pcr in diagnostics
Role of pcr in diagnosticsTariq Mahmood The document discusses the increasing role of PCR in medical diagnostics. It begins by explaining what PCR is and how it works to amplify DNA segments. It then describes the three main uses of PCR in clinical settings: 1) to detect genetic mutations, 2) to detect microbial genes in samples, and 3) to amplify human DNA from limited samples. The rest of the document provides examples of how PCR has improved the diagnosis of genetic diseases and infections compared to previous methods. It concludes that while PCR has limitations, it has proven more sensitive than gold standard tests in many cases by overcoming barriers of other diagnostic techniques.
Different methods of DNA isolation
Different methods of DNA isolationNaveen Rajeshwar B There are 'n' number of DNA isolation methods depending on the sample type, final use of DNA product, etc. This presentation gives an overall idea about different methods of DNA isolation in a simplified way.
Modes of fermentation
Modes of fermentationManish Arora This document discusses three main modes of fermentation: batch, continuous, and fed-batch fermentation. Batch fermentation uses a closed system where fresh media is not added and waste is not removed, resulting in changing nutrient and waste concentrations over time. Continuous fermentation uses an open system where fresh media and waste removal occur continuously, maintaining steady-state log phase growth. Fed-batch fermentation uses a semi-closed system where fresh media is added periodically without waste removal, allowing nutrient concentrations to be controlled while volume increases over time.
Next generation sequencing
Next generation sequencingneelmanayab Next generation sequencing techniques allow DNA to be sequenced much more quickly and cheaply than previous Sanger sequencing. The document describes three main next generation sequencing methods: Illumina sequencing uses reversible dye-terminator nucleotides and DNA polymerase to sequence DNA clusters on a flowcell; Roche 454 sequencing is based on pyrosequencing and detects pyrophosphate release during nucleotide incorporation to sequence DNA; SOLiD sequencing uses DNA ligase and emulsion PCR to immobilize DNA on beads for sequencing. These new techniques have revolutionized genomics research by increasing sequencing speed and reducing costs.
Control systems in fermenter
Control systems in fermenterDhanya K C Control systems are necessary in fermenters to carefully monitor and regulate parameters like temperature, pH, oxygen levels, agitation and foaming. Sensors integrated directly into the fermenter provide real-time readings of these parameters to control systems which can activate mechanisms to precisely adjust the fermentation process as needed through elements like heating/cooling systems, pumps to add acids/bases and valves to control gas flow. Proper monitoring and control of these critical parameters is essential for optimal microbial growth and product formation.
shotgun sequncing
shotgun sequncingSAIFALI444 Genome sequencing is the process of determining the order of nucleotide bases - A, C, G, and T - that make up an organism's DNA. Shotgun sequencing involves randomly breaking the genome into small fragments, sequencing those pieces, and reassembling the sequence by identifying overlapping regions. It was originally used by Sanger to sequence small genomes like viruses and bacteria. There are two main methods - hierarchical shotgun sequencing for larger genomes containing repeats, and whole genome shotgun sequencing for smaller genomes.
Pyrosequencing
Pyrosequencingqadardana kakar Pyrosequencing is a sequencing by synthesis technique that uses a luciferase enzyme system to monitor DNA synthesis. It works by adding DNA polymerase and a single nucleotide to the DNA fragments, generating pyrophosphate that is converted to light. The light is detected and identifies the nucleotide incorporated. Pyrosequencing has applications in cDNA analysis, mutation detection, re-sequencing of disease genes, and identifying single nucleotide polymorphisms and typing bacteria and viruses.
2 d gel electrophoresis
2 d gel electrophoresisPiyush Ghoshe This document summarizes a seminar presentation on 2D electrophoresis. 2D electrophoresis is a technique used to separate mixed proteins based on their isoelectric point and mass. It involves two sequential electrophoretic steps: iso-electric focusing to separate proteins by charge, followed by SDS-PAGE to separate by molecular weight. The document describes the principles, methods, applications and references for 2D electrophoresis.
YEAST TWO HYBRID SYSTEM
YEAST TWO HYBRID SYSTEMMd Nahidul Islam Simply describe the yeast tow hybrid,where you can find definition ,principle,procedure,advantages and disadvantages .
Regulation of Gene expression 
Regulation of Gene expression subramaniam sethupathy The document discusses regulation of gene expression. It describes how gene expression involves transcription of DNA into mRNA which is then translated into proteins. Regulation of gene expression is important for organisms to adapt to their environment and involves mechanisms like transcription control, RNA processing, translation control and protein modification. Key examples discussed are the lac operon and lambda phage switch which demonstrate transcriptional regulation through repressor and activator proteins. The role of epigenetic factors like DNA and histone methylation and acetylation in long-term stable regulation of gene expression is also summarized.
Flow cytometry
Flow cytometryAnushi Jain This document provides an overview of flow cytometry. It discusses that flow cytometry allows for quantitative and qualitative analysis of cell properties as cells pass in single file in front of a laser. It describes the main components of flow cytometry as the fluidics system that transports cells, optics that illuminate cells and detect light scattering/fluorescence, and electronics that convert light signals to digital data. The document also outlines applications such as cell counting, sorting, and analysis of blood, bone marrow, and chromosomes.
Transformation and transfection 
Transformation and transfection Ravi Kant Agrawal This document discusses various mechanisms for transforming and transfecting cells, including prokaryotic, eukaryotic, plant, and fungal cells. It describes the history of bacterial transformation and mechanisms such as natural competence, artificial competence using calcium chloride or electroporation, and lipofection. For eukaryotic transfection, it discusses lipofection, dendrimers, and nucleofection. It also outlines various mechanisms for transforming plants, including Agrobacterium, electroporation, viral transformation, and particle bombardment.
AFLP, RFLP & RAPD
AFLP, RFLP & RAPDDOCTOR WHO Techniques based on the principle of selectively amplifying a subset of restriction fragments from a complex mixture of DNA fragments obtained after digestion of genomic DNA with restriction endonucleases.
Fplc(fast protein liquid chromatography )
Fplc(fast protein liquid chromatography )Safina Kouser This document describes Fast Protein Liquid Chromatography (FPLC), which is a chromatography system used to separate proteins and other biomolecules. FPLC uses stationary phases like resins and mobile phases like buffers. It works on the principles of size exclusion, ion exchange, and affinity chromatography. The key components of an FPLC system include pumps, mixers, injection valves, columns, fraction collectors, and detectors. Compared to HPLC, FPLC uses lower pressures, inert materials, and larger columns. Its advantages include reproducibility, simple operation, and suitability for analytical and preparative purposes. Common applications of FPLC include protein analysis, purification of venoms and plasma proteins.
Screening
ScreeningMuskan Bhardwaj This document summarizes screening techniques for industrially important microorganisms. It discusses primary and secondary screening. Primary screening involves isolating microorganisms of interest from environmental samples using selective media and techniques like dye indicators or crowded plates. Secondary screening further evaluates isolates for commercial value by identifying useful metabolites and determining optimal growth conditions. Examples provided are screening for organic acid, antibiotic, and extracellular metabolite producers. Secondary screening of antibiotic-producing Streptomyces involves measuring inhibition zones against test organisms.
Bead-based Separation Technique in Molecular Biology.pptx
Bead-based Separation Technique in Molecular Biology.pptxGulab Devi Teaching Hospital, Lahore. This document discusses bead-based separation techniques for isolating biomolecules like DNA. It explains that magnetic beads containing iron oxide particles can selectively bind to target molecules like DNA under certain buffer and salt conditions. The DNA is then separated and purified from other contaminants by applying a magnetic field to pull the beads and attached DNA out of solution while leaving behind other molecules. The DNA is later released from the beads in low salt buffer for downstream applications. The technique allows for rapid separation and purification of nucleic acids without centrifugation or filtration.
Agro-Bacterium mediated transformation.pptx
Agro-Bacterium mediated transformation.pptxGulab Devi Teaching Hospital, Lahore. Agro-bacterium-mediated transformation is a common method for inserting genes into dicotyledonous plants using the soil bacterium Agro-bacterium. The method involves using Agro-bacterium containing a T-DNA vector to transfer genes of interest into plant cells, followed by regeneration of transformed plants on selection media. Protocols are provided for transforming tobacco and chrysanthemum explants using Agro-bacterium, including co-cultivation, selection, regeneration of shoots, rooting of shoots, and verification of transformation. Transformed tobacco and chrysanthemum plants were successfully recovered using this method.
Ad
More Related Content
What's hot (20)
Enzyme assay VII
Enzyme assay VIIBidhan Sarkar This document discusses enzyme assays, which are laboratory methods used to measure enzymatic activity. It describes different types of enzyme assays including continuous assays, where activity is measured continuously, and discontinuous assays, where samples are taken at intervals. Continuous assays discussed include spectrophotometric, fluorometric, polarimetric, electrode, manometric, and calorimetric methods. Discontinuous assays include radiometric and chromatographic methods. The document also covers the purposes of enzyme assays and factors to control in assay experiments.
Abzymes
Abzymesjeeva raj Abzymes, also known as catalytic antibodies, are monoclonal antibodies that exhibit enzymatic activity. They are able to bind to transition states of enzyme-catalyzed reactions with high specificity and affinity, stabilizing the transition state and increasing reaction rates. Abzymes can be artificially produced by immunizing animals with transition state analogs of reactions. They have potential applications in drug development, cancer treatment, and developing therapies for viral infections like HIV. Researchers have engineered an abzyme that can degrade an essential region of the HIV envelope protein, rendering the virus unable to infect cells.
Enzyme engineering by tamizh
Enzyme engineering by tamizhTamizh Muhilan This document summarizes enzyme engineering. Enzyme engineering is the process of designing enzymes by changing the amino acid sequence through recombinant DNA technology. This allows modifying enzyme properties for industrial and other applications, such as improved kinetics, thermostability or pH suitability. There are two main methods - rational design which uses structural knowledge to make specific changes, and directed evolution which mimics natural evolution in vitro through random mutagenesis and selection to evolve enzymes with desired properties.
DNA Sequencing
DNA SequencingSurender Rawat This document discusses the history and various methods of DNA sequencing. It begins with a brief overview of DNA sequencing and its uses. It then outlines some of the major developments in DNA sequencing techniques, including the earliest RNA sequencing in 1972, Sanger sequencing in 1977, and the first complete genome of Haemophilus influenzae in 1995. The document proceeds to provide more detailed explanations of several DNA sequencing methods, such as Sanger sequencing, pyrosequencing, shotgun sequencing, Illumina sequencing, and SOLiD sequencing.
Bioinformatics data mining
Bioinformatics data miningSangeeta Das Data mining involves using machine learning and statistical methods to discover patterns in large datasets and is useful in bioinformatics for analyzing biological data. Bioinformatics analyzes data from sequences, molecules, gene expressions, and pathways. Data mining can help understand these rapidly growing biological datasets. Common data mining tools in bioinformatics include BLAST for sequence comparisons, Entrez for integrated database searching, and ORF Finder for identifying open reading frames. Data mining approaches are well-suited to the enormous volumes of data in bioinformatics databases.
Role of pcr in diagnostics
Role of pcr in diagnosticsTariq Mahmood The document discusses the increasing role of PCR in medical diagnostics. It begins by explaining what PCR is and how it works to amplify DNA segments. It then describes the three main uses of PCR in clinical settings: 1) to detect genetic mutations, 2) to detect microbial genes in samples, and 3) to amplify human DNA from limited samples. The rest of the document provides examples of how PCR has improved the diagnosis of genetic diseases and infections compared to previous methods. It concludes that while PCR has limitations, it has proven more sensitive than gold standard tests in many cases by overcoming barriers of other diagnostic techniques.
Different methods of DNA isolation
Different methods of DNA isolationNaveen Rajeshwar B There are 'n' number of DNA isolation methods depending on the sample type, final use of DNA product, etc. This presentation gives an overall idea about different methods of DNA isolation in a simplified way.
Modes of fermentation
Modes of fermentationManish Arora This document discusses three main modes of fermentation: batch, continuous, and fed-batch fermentation. Batch fermentation uses a closed system where fresh media is not added and waste is not removed, resulting in changing nutrient and waste concentrations over time. Continuous fermentation uses an open system where fresh media and waste removal occur continuously, maintaining steady-state log phase growth. Fed-batch fermentation uses a semi-closed system where fresh media is added periodically without waste removal, allowing nutrient concentrations to be controlled while volume increases over time.
Next generation sequencing
Next generation sequencingneelmanayab Next generation sequencing techniques allow DNA to be sequenced much more quickly and cheaply than previous Sanger sequencing. The document describes three main next generation sequencing methods: Illumina sequencing uses reversible dye-terminator nucleotides and DNA polymerase to sequence DNA clusters on a flowcell; Roche 454 sequencing is based on pyrosequencing and detects pyrophosphate release during nucleotide incorporation to sequence DNA; SOLiD sequencing uses DNA ligase and emulsion PCR to immobilize DNA on beads for sequencing. These new techniques have revolutionized genomics research by increasing sequencing speed and reducing costs.
Control systems in fermenter
Control systems in fermenterDhanya K C Control systems are necessary in fermenters to carefully monitor and regulate parameters like temperature, pH, oxygen levels, agitation and foaming. Sensors integrated directly into the fermenter provide real-time readings of these parameters to control systems which can activate mechanisms to precisely adjust the fermentation process as needed through elements like heating/cooling systems, pumps to add acids/bases and valves to control gas flow. Proper monitoring and control of these critical parameters is essential for optimal microbial growth and product formation.
shotgun sequncing
shotgun sequncingSAIFALI444 Genome sequencing is the process of determining the order of nucleotide bases - A, C, G, and T - that make up an organism's DNA. Shotgun sequencing involves randomly breaking the genome into small fragments, sequencing those pieces, and reassembling the sequence by identifying overlapping regions. It was originally used by Sanger to sequence small genomes like viruses and bacteria. There are two main methods - hierarchical shotgun sequencing for larger genomes containing repeats, and whole genome shotgun sequencing for smaller genomes.
Pyrosequencing
Pyrosequencingqadardana kakar Pyrosequencing is a sequencing by synthesis technique that uses a luciferase enzyme system to monitor DNA synthesis. It works by adding DNA polymerase and a single nucleotide to the DNA fragments, generating pyrophosphate that is converted to light. The light is detected and identifies the nucleotide incorporated. Pyrosequencing has applications in cDNA analysis, mutation detection, re-sequencing of disease genes, and identifying single nucleotide polymorphisms and typing bacteria and viruses.
2 d gel electrophoresis
2 d gel electrophoresisPiyush Ghoshe This document summarizes a seminar presentation on 2D electrophoresis. 2D electrophoresis is a technique used to separate mixed proteins based on their isoelectric point and mass. It involves two sequential electrophoretic steps: iso-electric focusing to separate proteins by charge, followed by SDS-PAGE to separate by molecular weight. The document describes the principles, methods, applications and references for 2D electrophoresis.
YEAST TWO HYBRID SYSTEM
YEAST TWO HYBRID SYSTEMMd Nahidul Islam Simply describe the yeast tow hybrid,where you can find definition ,principle,procedure,advantages and disadvantages .
Regulation of Gene expression
Regulation of Gene expression subramaniam sethupathy The document discusses regulation of gene expression. It describes how gene expression involves transcription of DNA into mRNA which is then translated into proteins. Regulation of gene expression is important for organisms to adapt to their environment and involves mechanisms like transcription control, RNA processing, translation control and protein modification. Key examples discussed are the lac operon and lambda phage switch which demonstrate transcriptional regulation through repressor and activator proteins. The role of epigenetic factors like DNA and histone methylation and acetylation in long-term stable regulation of gene expression is also summarized.
Flow cytometry
Flow cytometryAnushi Jain This document provides an overview of flow cytometry. It discusses that flow cytometry allows for quantitative and qualitative analysis of cell properties as cells pass in single file in front of a laser. It describes the main components of flow cytometry as the fluidics system that transports cells, optics that illuminate cells and detect light scattering/fluorescence, and electronics that convert light signals to digital data. The document also outlines applications such as cell counting, sorting, and analysis of blood, bone marrow, and chromosomes.
Transformation and transfection
Transformation and transfection Ravi Kant Agrawal This document discusses various mechanisms for transforming and transfecting cells, including prokaryotic, eukaryotic, plant, and fungal cells. It describes the history of bacterial transformation and mechanisms such as natural competence, artificial competence using calcium chloride or electroporation, and lipofection. For eukaryotic transfection, it discusses lipofection, dendrimers, and nucleofection. It also outlines various mechanisms for transforming plants, including Agrobacterium, electroporation, viral transformation, and particle bombardment.
AFLP, RFLP & RAPD
AFLP, RFLP & RAPDDOCTOR WHO Techniques based on the principle of selectively amplifying a subset of restriction fragments from a complex mixture of DNA fragments obtained after digestion of genomic DNA with restriction endonucleases.
Fplc(fast protein liquid chromatography )
Fplc(fast protein liquid chromatography )Safina Kouser This document describes Fast Protein Liquid Chromatography (FPLC), which is a chromatography system used to separate proteins and other biomolecules. FPLC uses stationary phases like resins and mobile phases like buffers. It works on the principles of size exclusion, ion exchange, and affinity chromatography. The key components of an FPLC system include pumps, mixers, injection valves, columns, fraction collectors, and detectors. Compared to HPLC, FPLC uses lower pressures, inert materials, and larger columns. Its advantages include reproducibility, simple operation, and suitability for analytical and preparative purposes. Common applications of FPLC include protein analysis, purification of venoms and plasma proteins.
Screening
ScreeningMuskan Bhardwaj This document summarizes screening techniques for industrially important microorganisms. It discusses primary and secondary screening. Primary screening involves isolating microorganisms of interest from environmental samples using selective media and techniques like dye indicators or crowded plates. Secondary screening further evaluates isolates for commercial value by identifying useful metabolites and determining optimal growth conditions. Examples provided are screening for organic acid, antibiotic, and extracellular metabolite producers. Secondary screening of antibiotic-producing Streptomyces involves measuring inhibition zones against test organisms.
More from Gulab Devi Teaching Hospital, Lahore. (20)
Bead-based Separation Technique in Molecular Biology.pptx
Bead-based Separation Technique in Molecular Biology.pptxGulab Devi Teaching Hospital, Lahore. This document discusses bead-based separation techniques for isolating biomolecules like DNA. It explains that magnetic beads containing iron oxide particles can selectively bind to target molecules like DNA under certain buffer and salt conditions. The DNA is then separated and purified from other contaminants by applying a magnetic field to pull the beads and attached DNA out of solution while leaving behind other molecules. The DNA is later released from the beads in low salt buffer for downstream applications. The technique allows for rapid separation and purification of nucleic acids without centrifugation or filtration.
Agro-Bacterium mediated transformation.pptx
Agro-Bacterium mediated transformation.pptxGulab Devi Teaching Hospital, Lahore. Agro-bacterium-mediated transformation is a common method for inserting genes into dicotyledonous plants using the soil bacterium Agro-bacterium. The method involves using Agro-bacterium containing a T-DNA vector to transfer genes of interest into plant cells, followed by regeneration of transformed plants on selection media. Protocols are provided for transforming tobacco and chrysanthemum explants using Agro-bacterium, including co-cultivation, selection, regeneration of shoots, rooting of shoots, and verification of transformation. Transformed tobacco and chrysanthemum plants were successfully recovered using this method.
Adventitious Shoot Proliferation in tissue culture.pptx
Adventitious Shoot Proliferation in tissue culture.pptxGulab Devi Teaching Hospital, Lahore. The document discusses the process of micropropagation through adventitious shoot proliferation using African violet as an example. There are four main stages: 1) initiation of sterile culture from explant tissue, 2) multiplication of shoots from the explant, 3) development of roots on shoots to produce plantlets, and 4) production of self-sufficient plants through hardening off. The objectives are to set up a micropropagation system through each stage using African violet. Various procedures are described for each stage, including media preparation and observations recorded. Results showed prolific bud induction and higher multiplication rates using smaller sub-cultured tissue pieces. Root induction was near 100% with one medium.
13- Gene Cloning & Clone Confirmation.pptx
13- Gene Cloning & Clone Confirmation.pptxGulab Devi Teaching Hospital, Lahore. Gene cloning involves isolating a gene from an organism's DNA, inserting it into a vector, and transforming host cells to generate multiple copies of the gene. Several techniques can confirm successful cloning, including DNA sequencing to verify the nucleotide sequence, restriction enzyme analysis to check for specific DNA fragments, and functional assays to test protein activity if the gene encodes a protein.
12-Transformation in Bacteria & Plant.pptx
12-Transformation in Bacteria & Plant.pptxGulab Devi Teaching Hospital, Lahore. Transformation is a process of horizontal gene transfer where foreign DNA is inserted into bacterial cells. It involves making bacterial cells competent, isolating foreign DNA, mixing cells with DNA, incubation, expression of new traits, and selection. Transformation is widely used in research to produce proteins and study bacterial evolution.
Plant transformation introduces specific genes into plants using various techniques like Agrobacterium-mediated transformation or particle bombardment. The process involves selecting a plant species and gene of interest, constructing a vector, introducing the new gene into plant cells, selecting and regenerating transformed cells, validating gene presence and expression, and field testing if needed. It is an important biotechnology method but requires following ethical and regulatory standards.
ELISA (Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay).pptx
ELISA (Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay).pptxGulab Devi Teaching Hospital, Lahore. ELISA is an immunological technique that detects the presence of an antigen or antibody using an enzyme-linked reaction. It has high sensitivity and specificity. There are four main types of ELISA - direct, indirect, competitive, and sandwich - which differ in their use of primary and secondary antibodies and whether the antigen or antibody is immobilized. ELISA is a widely used, inexpensive, and relatively quick technique for detecting various infections and antigens, with advantages over radioimmunoassay including lack of radiation hazards.
SDS PAGE (Sodium dodecyl Sulfate detergent).pptx
SDS PAGE (Sodium dodecyl Sulfate detergent).pptxGulab Devi Teaching Hospital, Lahore. The document discusses SDS-PAGE (sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis), a technique used to separate proteins based on their molecular weight. SDS denatures proteins and gives them a uniform negative charge, allowing separation based primarily on size in the polyacrylamide gel. The document provides details on preparing the resolving and stacking gels, running the electrophoresis, and using SDS-PAGE to separate and analyze proteins.
DNA & RNA Quantification by Spectrophotometer.pptx
DNA & RNA Quantification by Spectrophotometer.pptxGulab Devi Teaching Hospital, Lahore. This document describes how to quantify DNA and RNA concentrations using a UV-visible spectrophotometer. It explains that spectrophotometry uses Beer's Law and Lambert's Law to relate absorbance to concentration and path length. The procedure involves preparing samples, taking blank and sample measurements at 260nm, and using the measured absorbances and dilution factors to calculate concentrations according to the Beer-Lambert Law. Purity is also assessed by calculating absorbance ratios.
Agarose Gel Electrophoresis in Forensic Science.pptx
Agarose Gel Electrophoresis in Forensic Science.pptxGulab Devi Teaching Hospital, Lahore. Agarose gel electrophoresis is a technique used to separate macromolecules like DNA, RNA, and proteins based on their size. It involves dissolving agarose powder in buffer solution to form a gel matrix in a mold. Samples are loaded into wells in the gel and an electric current is applied, causing the charged molecules to migrate through the pores at different rates according to their size. After electrophoresis, the gel is stained and visualized under UV light to see separated bands of the macromolecules. This technique is widely used in molecular biology for applications such as DNA fragment sizing and PCR confirmation.
Genomic DNA isolation from different Biological Samples.pptx
Genomic DNA isolation from different Biological Samples.pptxGulab Devi Teaching Hospital, Lahore. The document discusses techniques for isolating genomic DNA from different biological samples. It describes the general procedure as lysing cells to release DNA, precipitating proteins and cell membranes, and isolating the DNA using alcohol precipitation. Specific procedures are provided for isolating DNA from blood, tissues, cultured cells, bacteria, and plants. The procedures involve lysing the source material through various mechanical or chemical means, then purifying and collecting the DNA through precipitation and resuspension in buffer solutions.
Ion Exchange Chromatography in Biotechnology.pptx
Ion Exchange Chromatography in Biotechnology.pptxGulab Devi Teaching Hospital, Lahore. Ion exchange chromatography is a technique used to purify charged biomolecules like proteins, peptides, and nucleic acids. It works by exploiting the electrostatic interactions between ionized functional groups on a stationary phase and the molecules in the sample. There are two main types: cation exchange uses negatively charged groups like sulfonic acid to attract positively charged cations, while anion exchange uses positively charged groups like amino to attract negatively charged anions. Samples are loaded onto the column in a compatible buffer and then different components are selectively eluted by adjusting the pH or ionic strength to disrupt the electrostatic bonds between molecules and stationary phase.
Paper & Thin Layer Chromatography in Biotech.pptx
Paper & Thin Layer Chromatography in Biotech.pptxGulab Devi Teaching Hospital, Lahore. This document discusses paper chromatography and thin layer chromatography. Paper chromatography uses cellulose filter paper as the stationary phase and a liquid as the mobile phase to separate solid and liquid compounds based on their polarity. Thin layer chromatography uses a silica gel coated glass plate as the stationary phase and a liquid mobile phase to separate non-volatile mixtures based on the polarity of particles toward the phases. Both techniques work on the principle of separating compounds based on their distribution between a solid stationary phase and liquid mobile phase.
Fractionation & Centrifugation of Biological Samples.pptx
Fractionation & Centrifugation of Biological Samples.pptxGulab Devi Teaching Hospital, Lahore. Fractionation and centrifugation are techniques used to isolate and separate biological components from tissues. The process involves homogenizing tissues to break cells and release contents. The homogenate is subjected to differential and density gradient centrifugation, which separate components based on density and size. This allows organelles and other structures to be isolated in different fractions for further analysis and study of their structure and function.
Preparation of Buffers & pH Measurement.pptx
Preparation of Buffers & pH Measurement.pptxGulab Devi Teaching Hospital, Lahore. This document outlines the key concepts and techniques covered in a biotechnology course, including 12 lectures. The first lecture defines buffers and the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation for calculating pH. It describes how to prepare buffer solutions using a weak acid and its conjugate base. The lecture also explains pH measurement using a pH meter, pH paper, or universal indicator and the importance of calibration and electrode care.
Y STR Haplotype Databases in Forensic Science.pptx
Y STR Haplotype Databases in Forensic Science.pptxGulab Devi Teaching Hospital, Lahore. Y-STR haplotype databases are essential for forensic DNA analysis and allow researchers to study paternal lineages. They contain genetic profiles based on variations in short tandem repeats on the Y chromosome. These databases can be used for paternity testing, forensic identification by matching crime scene DNA to suspects, identifying remains in missing persons cases, and population genetics research. Maintaining high quality standards is important for the reliability of matches between evidence and database profiles.
Lineage Markers in Forensic Serology & DNA Typing.pptx
Lineage Markers in Forensic Serology & DNA Typing.pptxGulab Devi Teaching Hospital, Lahore. This document discusses lineage markers that can be used to trace maternal and paternal lineages. It explains that mitochondrial DNA is passed down unchanged from mothers to children and can be used to determine maternal lineage. The Y chromosome is passed from fathers to sons and its DNA markers can trace paternal lineage. While lineage markers only provide information about one ancestral line, they are still useful in forensic investigations when autosomal DNA is limited or degraded.
Y Chromosome & DNA Testing in Forensic Science.pptx
Y Chromosome & DNA Testing in Forensic Science.pptxGulab Devi Teaching Hospital, Lahore. Y chromosome DNA testing can be used to investigate male lineage and paternal origins. There are three main types of Y chromosome DNA testing: 1) Y-STR testing examines short tandem repeats to generate a unique genetic fingerprint for identifying recent male ancestry or paternity. 2) Y-SNP testing examines single nucleotide variations to reveal details about historical migration patterns and haplogroup. 3) Big Y testing sequences a large number of markers including SNPs and STRs to provide a thorough understanding of a person's Y chromosome and further trace their lineage back in time. Y chromosome testing is often used along with autosomal DNA testing to create a more complete picture of a person's genetic history.
Forensic Issues in Forensic Serology & DNA Typing.pptx
Forensic Issues in Forensic Serology & DNA Typing.pptxGulab Devi Teaching Hospital, Lahore. Forensic DNA samples often contain degraded DNA and inhibitors that make analysis difficult. Environmental exposure degrades DNA, while substances like hemoglobin or dyes can inhibit PCR. To address this, samples may be diluted to reduce inhibitors, or more polymerase can be added to overcome them. Mixed samples and low copy number DNA present additional challenges, like detecting minor components or dealing with stochastic effects. Proper controls and replication are needed to reliably interpret low level DNA results.
Methods for Measuring DNA Variations.pptx
Methods for Measuring DNA Variations.pptxGulab Devi Teaching Hospital, Lahore. This document discusses 7 common methods used in forensic DNA analysis: 1) PCR is used to amplify DNA segments of interest like STRs. 2) STR analysis determines the lengths of short tandem repeats to identify individuals. 3) SNP analysis identifies single nucleotide polymorphisms for population studies and identification. 4) mtDNA sequencing analyzes maternal ancestry when nuclear DNA is degraded. 5) DNA methylation analysis assesses epigenetic patterns for tissue identification and age determination. 6) NGS allows high-throughput sequencing for genomic analysis. 7) Capillary electrophoresis separates and examines DNA fragments by size. These techniques are often combined to produce a precise DNA profile for identification.
Population Variations in Forensic Science.pptx
Population Variations in Forensic Science.pptxGulab Devi Teaching Hospital, Lahore. Population variation is an important consideration in forensic science and DNA evidence interpretation. Understanding genetic diversity across populations allows for more accurate assessment of DNA profile matches and inferences about sample origins. Factors like ancestral genetic markers, allele frequencies in databases, subpopulation structures, and statistical analysis techniques all require awareness of population genetics to avoid imprecise or prejudiced conclusions from DNA evidence. Emerging technologies continue to provide more detailed analysis of population variation.
Ad
Recently uploaded (20)
Form View Attributes in Odoo 18 - Odoo Slides
Form View Attributes in Odoo 18 - Odoo SlidesCeline George Odoo is a versatile and powerful open-source business management software, allows users to customize their interfaces for an enhanced user experience. A key element of this customization is the utilization of Form View attributes.
Grade 3 - English - Printable Worksheet (PDF Format)
Grade 3 - English - Printable Worksheet (PDF Format)Sritoma Majumder Grade 3 - English - Printable Worksheet (PDF Format)
BỘ ĐỀ TUYỂN SINH VÀO LỚP 10 TIẾNG ANH - 25 ĐỀ THI BÁM SÁT CẤU TRÚC MỚI NHẤT, ...
BỘ ĐỀ TUYỂN SINH VÀO LỚP 10 TIẾNG ANH - 25 ĐỀ THI BÁM SÁT CẤU TRÚC MỚI NHẤT, ...Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection https://app.box.com/s/n8nl163m8v9ou7xil944pod44a5wi43h
Grade 2 - Mathematics - Printable Worksheet
Grade 2 - Mathematics - Printable WorksheetSritoma Majumder Grade 2 - Mathematics - Printable Worksheet
All About the 990 Unlocking Its Mysteries and Its Power.pdf
All About the 990 Unlocking Its Mysteries and Its Power.pdfTechSoup In this webinar, nonprofit CPA Gregg S. Bossen shares some of the mysteries of the 990, IRS requirements — which form to file (990N, 990EZ, 990PF, or 990), and what it says about your organization, and how to leverage it to make your organization shine.
What is the Philosophy of Statistics? (and how I was drawn to it)
What is the Philosophy of Statistics? (and how I was drawn to it)jemille6 What is the Philosophy of Statistics? (and how I was drawn to it)
Deborah G Mayo
At Dept of Philosophy, Virginia Tech
April 30, 2025
ABSTRACT: I give an introductory discussion of two key philosophical controversies in statistics in relation to today’s "replication crisis" in science: the role of probability, and the nature of evidence, in error-prone inference. I begin with a simple principle: We don’t have evidence for a claim C if little, if anything, has been done that would have found C false (or specifically flawed), even if it is. Along the way, I’ll sprinkle in some autobiographical reflections.
Ancient Stone Sculptures of India: As a Source of Indian History
Ancient Stone Sculptures of India: As a Source of Indian HistoryVirag Sontakke This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation that provides basic information about the topic. Students should seek further information from the recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes. I took/copied the pictures/maps included in the presentation are from the internet. The presenter is thankful to them and herewith courtesy is given to all. This presentation is only for academic purposes.
Herbs Used in Cosmetic Formulations .pptx
Herbs Used in Cosmetic Formulations .pptxRAJU THENGE The content is for the educational purpose for Pharmacy and Cosmetic students.
Link your Lead Opportunities into Spreadsheet using odoo CRM
Link your Lead Opportunities into Spreadsheet using odoo CRMCeline George In Odoo 17 CRM, linking leads and opportunities to a spreadsheet can be done by exporting data or using Odoo’s built-in spreadsheet integration. To export, navigate to the CRM app, filter and select the relevant records, and then export the data in formats like CSV or XLSX, which can be opened in external spreadsheet tools such as Excel or Google Sheets.
How to Manage Purchase Alternatives in Odoo 18
How to Manage Purchase Alternatives in Odoo 18Celine George Managing purchase alternatives is crucial for ensuring a smooth and cost-effective procurement process. Odoo 18 provides robust tools to handle alternative vendors and products, enabling businesses to maintain flexibility and mitigate supply chain disruptions.
How to Manage Opening & Closing Controls in Odoo 17 POS
How to Manage Opening & Closing Controls in Odoo 17 POSCeline George In Odoo 17 Point of Sale, the opening and closing controls are key for cash management. At the start of a shift, cashiers log in and enter the starting cash amount, marking the beginning of financial tracking. Throughout the shift, every transaction is recorded, creating an audit trail.
APM Midlands Region April 2025 Sacha Hind Circulated.pdf
APM Midlands Region April 2025 Sacha Hind Circulated.pdfAssociation for Project Management APM event hosted by the Midlands Network on 30 April 2025.
Speaker: Sacha Hind, Senior Programme Manager, Network Rail
With fierce competition in today’s job market, candidates need a lot more than a good CV and interview skills to stand out from the crowd.
Based on her own experience of progressing to a senior project role and leading a team of 35 project professionals, Sacha shared not just how to land that dream role, but how to be successful in it and most importantly, how to enjoy it!
Sacha included her top tips for aspiring leaders – the things you really need to know but people rarely tell you!
We also celebrated our Midlands Regional Network Awards 2025, and presenting the award for Midlands Student of the Year 2025.
This session provided the opportunity for personal reflection on areas attendees are currently focussing on in order to be successful versus what really makes a difference.
Sacha answered some common questions about what it takes to thrive at a senior level in a fast-paced project environment: Do I need a degree? How do I balance work with family and life outside of work? How do I get leadership experience before I become a line manager?
The session was full of practical takeaways and the audience also had the opportunity to get their questions answered on the evening with a live Q&A session.
Attendees hopefully came away feeling more confident, motivated and empowered to progress their careers
LDMMIA Reiki Yoga S5 Daily Living Workshop
LDMMIA Reiki Yoga S5 Daily Living WorkshopLDM Mia eStudios Happy May and Happy Weekend, My Guest Students.
Weekends seem more popular for Workshop Class Days lol.
These Presentations are timeless. Tune in anytime, any weekend.
<<I am Adult EDU Vocational, Ordained, Certified and Experienced. Course genres are personal development for holistic health, healing, and self care. I am also skilled in Health Sciences. However; I am not coaching at this time.>>
A 5th FREE WORKSHOP/ Daily Living.
Our Sponsor / Learning On Alison:
Sponsor: Learning On Alison:
— We believe that empowering yourself shouldn’t just be rewarding, but also really simple (and free). That’s why your journey from clicking on a course you want to take to completing it and getting a certificate takes only 6 steps.
Hopefully Before Summer, We can add our courses to the teacher/creator section. It's all within project management and preps right now. So wish us luck.
Check our Website for more info: https://ldmchapels.weebly.com
Get started for Free.
Currency is Euro. Courses can be free unlimited. Only pay for your diploma. See Website for xtra assistance.
Make sure to convert your cash. Online Wallets do vary. I keep my transactions safe as possible. I do prefer PayPal Biz. (See Site for more info.)
Understanding Vibrations
If not experienced, it may seem weird understanding vibes? We start small and by accident. Usually, we learn about vibrations within social. Examples are: That bad vibe you felt. Also, that good feeling you had. These are common situations we often have naturally. We chit chat about it then let it go. However; those are called vibes using your instincts. Then, your senses are called your intuition. We all can develop the gift of intuition and using energy awareness.
Energy Healing
First, Energy healing is universal. This is also true for Reiki as an art and rehab resource. Within the Health Sciences, Rehab has changed dramatically. The term is now very flexible.
Reiki alone, expanded tremendously during the past 3 years. Distant healing is almost more popular than one-on-one sessions? It’s not a replacement by all means. However, its now easier access online vs local sessions. This does break limit barriers providing instant comfort.
Practice Poses
You can stand within mountain pose Tadasana to get started.
Also, you can start within a lotus Sitting Position to begin a session.
There’s no wrong or right way. Maybe if you are rushing, that’s incorrect lol. The key is being comfortable, calm, at peace. This begins any session.
Also using props like candles, incenses, even going outdoors for fresh air.
(See Presentation for all sections, THX)
Clearing Karma, Letting go.
Now, that you understand more about energies, vibrations, the practice fusions, let’s go deeper. I wanted to make sure you all were comfortable. These sessions are for all levels from beginner to review.
Again See the presentation slides, Thx.
apa-style-referencing-visual-guide-2025.pdf
apa-style-referencing-visual-guide-2025.pdfIshika Ghosh Title: A Quick and Illustrated Guide to APA Style Referencing (7th Edition)
This visual and beginner-friendly guide simplifies the APA referencing style (7th edition) for academic writing. Designed especially for commerce students and research beginners, it includes:
✅ Real examples from original research papers
✅ Color-coded diagrams for clarity
✅ Key rules for in-text citation and reference list formatting
✅ Free citation tools like Mendeley & Zotero explained
Whether you're writing a college assignment, dissertation, or academic article, this guide will help you cite your sources correctly, confidently, and consistent.
Created by: Prof. Ishika Ghosh,
Faculty.
📩 For queries or feedback: [email protected]
How to Clean Your Contacts Using the Deduplication Menu in Odoo 18
How to Clean Your Contacts Using the Deduplication Menu in Odoo 18Celine George In this slide, we’ll discuss on how to clean your contacts using the Deduplication Menu in Odoo 18. Maintaining a clean and organized contact database is essential for effective business operations.
Lecture 2 CLASSIFICATION OF PHYLUM ARTHROPODA UPTO CLASSES & POSITION OF_1.pptx
Lecture 2 CLASSIFICATION OF PHYLUM ARTHROPODA UPTO CLASSES & POSITION OF_1.pptxArshad Shaikh *Phylum Arthropoda* includes animals with jointed appendages, segmented bodies, and exoskeletons. It's divided into subphyla like Chelicerata (spiders), Crustacea (crabs), Hexapoda (insects), and Myriapoda (millipedes, centipedes). This phylum is one of the most diverse groups of animals.
Rococo versus Neoclassicism. The artistic styles of the 18th century
Rococo versus Neoclassicism. The artistic styles of the 18th centuryGema Rococo versus Neoclassicism. The artistic styles of the 18th century
Operations Management (Dr. Abdulfatah Salem).pdf
Operations Management (Dr. Abdulfatah Salem).pdfArab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport This version of the lectures is provided free of charge to graduate students studying the Operations Management course at the MBA level.
How to Create A Todo List In Todo of Odoo 18
How to Create A Todo List In Todo of Odoo 18Celine George In this slide, we’ll discuss on how to create a Todo List In Todo of Odoo 18. Odoo 18’s Todo module provides a simple yet powerful way to create and manage your to-do lists, ensuring that no task is overlooked.
BỘ ĐỀ TUYỂN SINH VÀO LỚP 10 TIẾNG ANH - 25 ĐỀ THI BÁM SÁT CẤU TRÚC MỚI NHẤT, ...
BỘ ĐỀ TUYỂN SINH VÀO LỚP 10 TIẾNG ANH - 25 ĐỀ THI BÁM SÁT CẤU TRÚC MỚI NHẤT, ...Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
Operations Management (Dr. Abdulfatah Salem).pdf
Operations Management (Dr. Abdulfatah Salem).pdfArab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport
Ad
Enzymes assay.pptx
- 6. Enzyme assay methods ss 1- Spectrophotometric 2- Sampling method 3- Fluorescence method