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Presented By Bhakti Shah Charmi Mehta Dharmin Shah Vishesh Gada Yash Kothari Rajvi Dedhia
International monetary fund   The International Monetary Fund Created in 1944, at the Bretton Woods conference to prevent the kinds of chain reaction in the economic system that caused world currencies to collapse like in the Great Depression of the 1930s
The IMF in short: * IMF is a forum of national economic policies, international monetary and financial systems, which involves active dialogue with each member country * Total quotas of $312 billion; outstanding loans of $71 billion to 82 countries  (According to the report of August 31, 2005) * Five largest shareholders: United States, Japan, Germany, France, United Kingdom * China, Russia, and Saudi Arabia have their own seats on the Board. * 16 other Executive Directors are elected for two year terms by groups of countries ,  known as “ Constituencies”.
  Growth in IMF Membership, 1945 – 2003   In the beginning 29 member countries Today,184 member  countries Staff of about 2680  persons Two-thirds are economists  in 139 countries Headquarters in Washington, D.C.
Purposes Promote international monetary cooperation, exchange stability, and orderly exchange arrangements Foster economic growth and high levels of employment Temporary financial assistance to countries to help the balance of payments adjustments
Operations 􀂃  Monitoring economic and financial developments and policies, in member countries and at the global level, giving policy advice to its members based on its more than fifty years of experience. 􀂃  Lending to member countries with balance of payments problems, supporting adjustment and reform policies aimed at correcting the underlying problems. 􀂃  Providing the governments and central banks of its member countries with technical assistance and training in its areas of expertise.
Operations  ….. continued   􀂃  IMF looks at the performance of the economy as a whole (macroeconomic performance) 􀂃  Focuses also on the financial sector policies Ex: regulation and supervision of banks and other financial institutions. 􀂃  Pays attention to structural policies that affect macroeconomic performance. Ex: labor market policies (affect employment and wage behavior)
Current Role 􀂃  Enormous economic challenges;  in the early 1990s 􀂃  Purposes have remained the same 􀂃  But, operations have developed: Surveillance, Financial assistance, Technical assistance 􀂃  Its role has become more important because of the expansion of its membership. The number of member countries has more than quadrupled from the date it was formed.
Current Role  … continued In September 2000, the IMF’s then managing director Horst Köhler set out some major priorities for the work of the IMF: 􀂃  Promoting sustained non-inflationary economic growth 􀂃  Being in the center of competence 􀂃  Focusing on its core macroeconomic and financial areas of responsibility 􀂃  Working in a complementary fashion with other institutions established 􀂃  Being an open institution
How the polices are determined : …  in their headquarters in Washington: The Executive Board meets three times a week, maybe more. The Board has a voting system: - The larger the economy, the more voting power it has - But, most decisions are based on consensus
Quotas: Imp's main resources: subscriptions (quotas) Countries pay 25 percent of their quota subscriptions in Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) or major currencies IMF can call on the remainder, payable in the member's own currency, to be made available for lending as needed Quotas, -Determine the amount of financing that each country can receive from the IMF -Are the main determinant of countries' voting power in the IMF. -Broadly reflect members' relative size in the world economy The United States of America, the world's largest economy, contributes most to the IMF, 17.5 percent of total quotas
Members with Ten Largest Quotas
Taking a closer look…. Studying IMF’s policies in terms of positive and negative, direct and indirect effects
Positive effects…. The IMF offers financial assistance: Three implemented facilities: -> Stand-by Agreement -> EFF (Extended Fund Facility) -> PRGF (Poverty reduction and Growth Facility)
Positive effects  … continued The IMF offers technical assistance to transitional economies: The former Soviet Republics South Korea in the 1997 financial crisis
Negative effects: The structural adjustment is undemocratic and inhumane: 􀂃  Causing social problems 􀂃  Foreign corporations and investors take advantage of local cheap labor, but have no regard for the environment The gap between the rich and the poor is getting bigger? Example of Argentina The IMF has become a tool of the USA?
Tackling current challenges Emergency lending to emerging markets  Helping low-income countries fight the crisis  Advocating global fiscal stimulus  Reforming the international financial system

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International monetary fund

  • 1.  
  • 2. Presented By Bhakti Shah Charmi Mehta Dharmin Shah Vishesh Gada Yash Kothari Rajvi Dedhia
  • 3. International monetary fund The International Monetary Fund Created in 1944, at the Bretton Woods conference to prevent the kinds of chain reaction in the economic system that caused world currencies to collapse like in the Great Depression of the 1930s
  • 4. The IMF in short: * IMF is a forum of national economic policies, international monetary and financial systems, which involves active dialogue with each member country * Total quotas of $312 billion; outstanding loans of $71 billion to 82 countries (According to the report of August 31, 2005) * Five largest shareholders: United States, Japan, Germany, France, United Kingdom * China, Russia, and Saudi Arabia have their own seats on the Board. * 16 other Executive Directors are elected for two year terms by groups of countries , known as “ Constituencies”.
  • 5. Growth in IMF Membership, 1945 – 2003 In the beginning 29 member countries Today,184 member countries Staff of about 2680 persons Two-thirds are economists in 139 countries Headquarters in Washington, D.C.
  • 6. Purposes Promote international monetary cooperation, exchange stability, and orderly exchange arrangements Foster economic growth and high levels of employment Temporary financial assistance to countries to help the balance of payments adjustments
  • 7. Operations 􀂃 Monitoring economic and financial developments and policies, in member countries and at the global level, giving policy advice to its members based on its more than fifty years of experience. 􀂃 Lending to member countries with balance of payments problems, supporting adjustment and reform policies aimed at correcting the underlying problems. 􀂃 Providing the governments and central banks of its member countries with technical assistance and training in its areas of expertise.
  • 8. Operations ….. continued 􀂃 IMF looks at the performance of the economy as a whole (macroeconomic performance) 􀂃 Focuses also on the financial sector policies Ex: regulation and supervision of banks and other financial institutions. 􀂃 Pays attention to structural policies that affect macroeconomic performance. Ex: labor market policies (affect employment and wage behavior)
  • 9. Current Role 􀂃 Enormous economic challenges; in the early 1990s 􀂃 Purposes have remained the same 􀂃 But, operations have developed: Surveillance, Financial assistance, Technical assistance 􀂃 Its role has become more important because of the expansion of its membership. The number of member countries has more than quadrupled from the date it was formed.
  • 10. Current Role … continued In September 2000, the IMF’s then managing director Horst Köhler set out some major priorities for the work of the IMF: 􀂃 Promoting sustained non-inflationary economic growth 􀂃 Being in the center of competence 􀂃 Focusing on its core macroeconomic and financial areas of responsibility 􀂃 Working in a complementary fashion with other institutions established 􀂃 Being an open institution
  • 11. How the polices are determined : … in their headquarters in Washington: The Executive Board meets three times a week, maybe more. The Board has a voting system: - The larger the economy, the more voting power it has - But, most decisions are based on consensus
  • 12. Quotas: Imp's main resources: subscriptions (quotas) Countries pay 25 percent of their quota subscriptions in Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) or major currencies IMF can call on the remainder, payable in the member's own currency, to be made available for lending as needed Quotas, -Determine the amount of financing that each country can receive from the IMF -Are the main determinant of countries' voting power in the IMF. -Broadly reflect members' relative size in the world economy The United States of America, the world's largest economy, contributes most to the IMF, 17.5 percent of total quotas
  • 13. Members with Ten Largest Quotas
  • 14. Taking a closer look…. Studying IMF’s policies in terms of positive and negative, direct and indirect effects
  • 15. Positive effects…. The IMF offers financial assistance: Three implemented facilities: -> Stand-by Agreement -> EFF (Extended Fund Facility) -> PRGF (Poverty reduction and Growth Facility)
  • 16. Positive effects … continued The IMF offers technical assistance to transitional economies: The former Soviet Republics South Korea in the 1997 financial crisis
  • 17. Negative effects: The structural adjustment is undemocratic and inhumane: 􀂃 Causing social problems 􀂃 Foreign corporations and investors take advantage of local cheap labor, but have no regard for the environment The gap between the rich and the poor is getting bigger? Example of Argentina The IMF has become a tool of the USA?
  • 18. Tackling current challenges Emergency lending to emerging markets Helping low-income countries fight the crisis Advocating global fiscal stimulus Reforming the international financial system