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[[File:Atatürk Kemal.jpg|thumb|right|[[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]], the [[founding father]] of the [[Republic of Turkey]], serving as its first [[President of Turkey|president]] from 1923 until [[Death and state funeral of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|his death]] in 1938. He undertook sweeping progressive [[Western world|Western-style]] [[Atatürk's Reforms|reforms]], which modernized and developed Turkey into a [[Laïcité|secular]], [[Industrialisation|industrializing]] nation.<ref name="ÁgostonMasters2009">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Cuthell Jr. |first=David Cameron |year=2009 |editor1-last=Ágoston |editor1-first=Gábor |editor2-first=Bruce |editor2-last=Masters |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire |chapter=Atatürk, Kemal (Mustafa Kemal) |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC&pg=PA56 |location=[[New York City|New York]] |publisher=[[Facts On File]] |pages=56–60 |isbn=978-0-8160-6259-1 |lccn=2008020716 |access-date=23 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Atatürk, Kemal |date=2014 |url=https://archive.org/details/worldencyclopedi00oxfo |encyclopedia=World Encyclopedia |publisher=Philip's |language=en |doi=10.1093/acref/9780199546091.001.0001 |isbn=9780199546091 |access-date=9 June 2019 |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Books |first=Market House Books Market House |title=Atatürk, Kemal |date=2003 |url=https://archive.org/details/whoswhointwentie00brig |work=Who's Who in the Twentieth Century |editor-last=Books |editor-first=Market House |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en |doi=10.1093/acref/9780192800916.001.0001 |isbn=9780192800916 |access-date=9 June 2019}}</ref>]]
[[File:Atatürk Kemal.jpg|thumb|right|[[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]], the [[founding father]] of the [[Republic of Turkey]], serving as its first [[President of Turkey|president]] from 1923 until [[Death and state funeral of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|his death]] in 1938. He undertook sweeping [[Western world|Western-style]] [[Atatürk's Reforms|reforms]], which transformed Turkey into a [[Laïcité|secular]], [[Industrialisation|industrializing]] nation.<ref name="ÁgostonMasters2009">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Cuthell Jr. |first=David Cameron |year=2009 |editor1-last=Ágoston |editor1-first=Gábor |editor2-first=Bruce |editor2-last=Masters |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire |chapter=Atatürk, Kemal (Mustafa Kemal) |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC&pg=PA56 |location=[[New York City|New York]] |publisher=[[Facts On File]] |pages=56–60 |isbn=978-0-8160-6259-1 |lccn=2008020716 |access-date=23 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Atatürk, Kemal |date=2014 |url=https://archive.org/details/worldencyclopedi00oxfo |encyclopedia=World Encyclopedia |publisher=Philip's |language=en |doi=10.1093/acref/9780199546091.001.0001 |isbn=9780199546091 |access-date=9 June 2019 |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Books |first=Market House Books Market House |title=Atatürk, Kemal |date=2003 |url=https://archive.org/details/whoswhointwentie00brig |work=Who's Who in the Twentieth Century |editor-last=Books |editor-first=Market House |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en |doi=10.1093/acref/9780192800916.001.0001 |isbn=9780192800916 |access-date=9 June 2019}}</ref>]]


'''Irreligion in Turkey''' refers to the extent of the [[Irreligion|lack, rejection of, or indifference towards religion]] in the [[Republic of Turkey]]. Based on surveys, [[Islam]] is the [[Religion in Turkey|predominant religion]]<ref name="Girit 2018">{{cite news |last=Girit |first=Selin |date=10 May 2018 |title=Losing their religion: The young Turks rejecting Islam |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-43981745 |url-status=live |work=[[BBC News]] |location=[[London]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206105549/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-43981745 |archive-date=6 December 2021 |access-date=17 January 2022}}</ref> and irreligious people form a minority in Turkey, although precise estimates of the share of [[Deism|Deists]], [[Atheism in Turkey|atheists]], [[Agnosticism|agnostics]], and other unaffiliated people in the population vary, though in the survey averages they make up more percentages than [[Christianity in Turkey|Christians]] and [[Judaism in Turkey|Jews]] in the country.<ref name="Girit 2018"/><ref name="McKernan 2020">{{cite news |last=McKernan |first=Bethan |date=29 April 2020 |title=Turkish students increasingly resisting religion, study suggests |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/29/turkish-students-increasingly-resisting-religion-study-suggests |url-status=live |work=[[The Guardian]] |location=[[London]] |issn=1756-3224 |oclc=60623878 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122171105/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/29/turkish-students-increasingly-resisting-religion-study-suggests |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=17 January 2022}}</ref><ref name="Sarfati 2019">{{cite magazine |last=Sarfati |first=Yusuf |date=15 April 2019 |title=State Monopolization of Religion and Declining Piety in Turkey |url=https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/responses/state-monopolization-of-religion-and-declining-piety-in-turkey |url-status=live |magazine=Berkley Forum |location=[[Washington, D.C.]] |publisher=[[Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs]] ([[Georgetown University]]) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516220605/https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/responses/state-monopolization-of-religion-and-declining-piety-in-turkey |archive-date=16 May 2021 |access-date=17 January 2022}}</ref><ref name="Bekdil 2021">{{cite magazine |last=Bekdil |first=Burak |date=20 May 2021 |title=Turks May Be Rediscovering the Merits of the Secular Paradigm |url=https://besacenter.org/turks-may-be-rediscovering-the-merits-of-the-secular-paradigm/ |url-status=live |magazine=BESA Center Perspectives |publisher=[[Begin–Sadat Center for Strategic Studies]] ([[Bar-Ilan University]]) |location=[[Tel Aviv]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718121849/https://besacenter.org/turks-may-be-rediscovering-the-merits-of-the-secular-paradigm/ |archive-date=18 July 2021 |access-date=17 January 2022}}</ref><ref name="Akyol 2020">{{cite magazine |last=Akyol |first=Mustafa |date=12 June 2020 |title=How Islamists are Ruining Islam |url=https://www.hudson.org/research/16131-how-islamists-are-ruining-islam |url-status=live |magazine=Current Trends in Islamist Ideology |publisher=[[Hudson Institute]] |location=[[Washington, D.C.]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225174332/https://www.hudson.org/research/16131-how-islamists-are-ruining-islam |archive-date=25 December 2021 |access-date=17 January 2022}}</ref><ref name="MERIP 2018">{{cite magazine |last=Bilici |first=Mucahit |date=Fall 2018 |title=The Crisis of Religiosity in Turkish Islamism |url=https://merip.org/2018/12/the-crisis-of-religiosity-in-turkish-islamism/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[Middle East Report]] |publisher=[[Middle East Research and Information Project|MERIP]] |location=[[Tacoma, Washington]] |issue=288 |pages=43–45 |issn=0899-2851 |jstor=45198325 |oclc=615545050 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013021037/https://merip.org/2018/12/the-crisis-of-religiosity-in-turkish-islamism/ |archive-date=13 October 2021 |access-date=17 January 2022}}</ref><ref name="Külsoy 2018">{{cite news |last=Külsoy |first=Ahmet |date=6 May 2018 |title=What is pushing half of Turkey towards Deism? |url=https://ahvalnews.com/islam/what-pushing-half-turkey-towards-deism |url-status=live |work=[[Ahval News]] |location=[[Cyprus]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109042354/https://ahvalnews.com/islam/what-pushing-half-turkey-towards-deism |archive-date=9 November 2020 |access-date=17 January 2022}}</ref>
'''Irreligion in Turkey''' refers to the extent of the [[Irreligion|lack, rejection of, or indifference towards religion]] in the [[Republic of Turkey]]. Based on surveys, [[Islam]] is the [[Religion in Turkey|predominant religion]]<ref name="Girit 2018">{{cite news |last=Girit |first=Selin |date=10 May 2018 |title=Losing their religion: The young Turks rejecting Islam |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-43981745 |url-status=live |work=[[BBC News]] |location=[[London]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206105549/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-43981745 |archive-date=6 December 2021 |access-date=17 January 2022}}</ref> and irreligious people form a minority in Turkey, although precise estimates of the share of [[Deism|Deists]], [[Atheism in Turkey|atheists]], [[Agnosticism|agnostics]], and other unaffiliated people in the population vary, though in the survey averages they make up more percentages than [[Christianity in Turkey|Christians]] and [[Judaism in Turkey|Jews]] in the country.<ref name="Girit 2018"/><ref name="McKernan 2020">{{cite news |last=McKernan |first=Bethan |date=29 April 2020 |title=Turkish students increasingly resisting religion, study suggests |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/29/turkish-students-increasingly-resisting-religion-study-suggests |url-status=live |work=[[The Guardian]] |location=[[London]] |issn=1756-3224 |oclc=60623878 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122171105/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/29/turkish-students-increasingly-resisting-religion-study-suggests |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=17 January 2022}}</ref><ref name="Sarfati 2019">{{cite magazine |last=Sarfati |first=Yusuf |date=15 April 2019 |title=State Monopolization of Religion and Declining Piety in Turkey |url=https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/responses/state-monopolization-of-religion-and-declining-piety-in-turkey |url-status=live |magazine=Berkley Forum |location=[[Washington, D.C.]] |publisher=[[Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs]] ([[Georgetown University]]) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516220605/https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/responses/state-monopolization-of-religion-and-declining-piety-in-turkey |archive-date=16 May 2021 |access-date=17 January 2022}}</ref><ref name="Bekdil 2021">{{cite magazine |last=Bekdil |first=Burak |date=20 May 2021 |title=Turks May Be Rediscovering the Merits of the Secular Paradigm |url=https://besacenter.org/turks-may-be-rediscovering-the-merits-of-the-secular-paradigm/ |url-status=live |magazine=BESA Center Perspectives |publisher=[[Begin–Sadat Center for Strategic Studies]] ([[Bar-Ilan University]]) |location=[[Tel Aviv]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718121849/https://besacenter.org/turks-may-be-rediscovering-the-merits-of-the-secular-paradigm/ |archive-date=18 July 2021 |access-date=17 January 2022}}</ref><ref name="Akyol 2020">{{cite magazine |last=Akyol |first=Mustafa |date=12 June 2020 |title=How Islamists are Ruining Islam |url=https://www.hudson.org/research/16131-how-islamists-are-ruining-islam |url-status=live |magazine=Current Trends in Islamist Ideology |publisher=[[Hudson Institute]] |location=[[Washington, D.C.]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225174332/https://www.hudson.org/research/16131-how-islamists-are-ruining-islam |archive-date=25 December 2021 |access-date=17 January 2022}}</ref><ref name="MERIP 2018">{{cite magazine |last=Bilici |first=Mucahit |date=Fall 2018 |title=The Crisis of Religiosity in Turkish Islamism |url=https://merip.org/2018/12/the-crisis-of-religiosity-in-turkish-islamism/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[Middle East Report]] |publisher=[[Middle East Research and Information Project|MERIP]] |location=[[Tacoma, Washington]] |issue=288 |pages=43–45 |issn=0899-2851 |jstor=45198325 |oclc=615545050 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013021037/https://merip.org/2018/12/the-crisis-of-religiosity-in-turkish-islamism/ |archive-date=13 October 2021 |access-date=17 January 2022}}</ref><ref name="Külsoy 2018">{{cite news |last=Külsoy |first=Ahmet |date=6 May 2018 |title=What is pushing half of Turkey towards Deism? |url=https://ahvalnews.com/islam/what-pushing-half-turkey-towards-deism |url-status=live |work=[[Ahval News]] |location=[[Cyprus]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109042354/https://ahvalnews.com/islam/what-pushing-half-turkey-towards-deism |archive-date=9 November 2020 |access-date=17 January 2022}}</ref>

Revision as of 19:14, 11 November 2023

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the founding father of the Republic of Turkey, serving as its first president from 1923 until his death in 1938. He undertook sweeping Western-style reforms, which transformed Turkey into a secular, industrializing nation.[1][2][3]

Irreligion in Turkey refers to the extent of the lack, rejection of, or indifference towards religion in the Republic of Turkey. Based on surveys, Islam is the predominant religion[4] and irreligious people form a minority in Turkey, although precise estimates of the share of Deists, atheists, agnostics, and other unaffiliated people in the population vary, though in the survey averages they make up more percentages than Christians and Jews in the country.[4][5][6][7][8][9][10]

One study in Turkey reported that 95% believe in God while 75% identify as "religious".[11][12] Another study conducted by the French company Ipsos which interviewed 17,180 adults across 22 countries, stated that atheists accounted for 7% of those who were interviewed from Turkey, while agnostics accounted for 3%.[13]

Overview

It is difficult to quantify the number of Deists, atheists, and agnostics in Turkey, as they are not officially counted in the national census unlike Christians, Jews, and other religious groups. But religious information on both online and physical identity cards can either be blanked out or changed on the wish of the ID holder by requesting, with either a visit to the local municipal office or by an e-signature in the official government website or app.[14][15][16] Since irreligiousness is not counted as “religion”, atheism, agnosticism, and such are left as blanked out. Data also suggests that 85% of all irreligious people in Turkey are younger than 35.[17]

There is a great stigma attached to being an atheist in Turkey, and thus a lot of the Turkish atheist community, rather than forming individual groups, teams, organizations and communities in real life, actively communicate with each other actively via internet forms and channels across many sites. But specially today, such beliefs being expressed freely or discussed in the public is not uncommon at all, and rather quite common.[18][19][20][21]

According to a poll made by MAK (Mehmet Ali Kulat of Ankara) in 2017, 86% of the Turkish population declared they believe in God. 76% declared they believe Quran and other holy books came through revelation by God while 14% said no they don't believe that it did while 10% did not answer.[22] According to a survey by the pollster KONDA, the percentage of atheists in Turkey has tripled in 10 years and rose from 1% in 2008 to 3% in 2018, while the percentage of non-believers passed from 1% to 2%. Among those aged between 15 and 29 years old, these figures rise to respectively 4% and 4%.[23] According to another poll made in 2019 by OPTİMAR, which interviewed 3,500 people 89.5% of those interviewed declared they believe in Islam, while 4.5% identified as Deists, 2.7% identified as agnostics, and 1.6% as atheists.[24]

A survey conducted by MAK in 2020 found that among the Turkish people interviewed, more than 8,000 young adults between the ages of 18 and 29 (82.8%) of the Turkish young adults identified "as a person who has religious beliefs", while 7.7% reported they have no belief, 9.5% gave no reply, and 72.7% believed in the afterlife, while 11.7% did not believe in it and 15.6% gave no reply.[25][26] Another poll conducted by Gezici Araştırma in 2020 interviewed 1,062 people in 12 provinces and found that 28.5% of the Generation Z in Turkey identify as irreligious.[27][28]

An early April 2018 report of the Turkish Ministry of Education, titled The Youth is Sliding towards Deism, observed that an increasing number of pupils in İmam Hatip schools was repudiating Islam in favour of Deism (irreligious belief in a creator God).[4][5][6][7][8][9][10] The report's publication generated large-scale controversy in the Turkish press and society at large, as well as amongst conservative Islamic sects, Muslim clerics, and Islamist parties in Turkey.[4][5][6][7][8][9][10] The progressive Muslim theologian Mustafa Öztürk noted the Deistic trend among Turkish people a year earlier, arguing that the "very archaic, dogmatic notion of religion" held by the majority of those claiming to represent Islam was causing "the new generations [to get] indifferent, even distant, to the Islamic worldview". Despite lacking reliable statistical data, numerous anecdotes and independent surveys appear to point in this direction.[4][5][6][7][8][9][10] Although some commentators claim that the secularization of Turkey is merely a result of Western influence or even an alleged "conspiracy", other commentators, even some pro-government ones, have come to the conclusion that "the real reason for the loss of faith in Islam is not the West but Turkey itself".[29]

Statistics

Religion in Turkey (Optimar survey, 2019)[30][31][32][33]

  Islam (89.5%)
  Irreligion (Deism) (4.5%)
  Irreligion (Agnosticism) (2.7%)
  Irreligion (Atheism) (1.7%)
  Other Religions (Christianity, Baháʼí Faith, Judaism, Tengrism, Yazidism) (0.5%)
  Unanswered (1.1%)

Religiosity among Turks (KONDA survey, 2018)

  Fully devout (10%)
  Religious (51%)
  Not religious (34%)
  Non-believer (2%)
  Atheist (3%)

Belief in God and religious organizations among Turks, OPTİMAR Survey 2019:[30]

  • 89.5 % responded "I believe in God's existence and oneness." (Believer)
  • 4.5 % responded "I think there is a creator, but I don't believe in religions." (Deist)
  • 2.7 % responded "I'm not sure if there is a creator." (Agnostic)
  • 1.7 % responded "I don't think there is a creator." (Atheist)
  • 1.7 % responded no answer.

Religiosity of Turkish people, KONDA 2018:[34][35]

  • 51% defined themselves as "a religious person who strives to fulfill religious obligations" (Religious)
  • 34% defined themselves as "a believer who does not fulfill religious obligations" (Not religious).
  • 10% defined themselves as "a fully devout person fulfilling all religious obligations" (Fully devout).
  • 2% defined themselves as "someone who does not believe in religious obligations" (Non-believer).
  • 3% defined themselves as "someone with no religious conviction" (Atheist).

Among those aged between 15 and 29 years old:[36]

  • 43% defined themselves as "a religious person who strives to fulfill religious obligations" (Religious)
  • 45% defined themselves as "a believer who does not fulfill religious obligations" (Not religious).
  • 5% defined themselves as "a fully devout person fulfilling all religious obligations" (Fully devout).
  • 4% defined themselves as "someone who does not believe in religious obligations" (Non-believer).
  • 4% defined themselves as "someone with no religious conviction" (Atheist).

Among those aged between 15 and 20 old:[37]

  • 55.8% defined themselves as "a believer who does not fulfill religious obligations" (Not religious).
  • 28.5% defined themselves as "Irreligious" (Non-believer).
  • 15.7% defined themselves as "a religious person who fulfills religious obligations such as fasting and praying" (Religious).
Data from various surveys
Source Islam No religion Christianity Other religions and no reply
KONDA (2021)[38](rounded figures) 94% 5% 0.2% 0.8%
Gezici (2020, Generation Z only) 71.5% 28.5% N/A N/A
Optimar (2019) 89% 8.9% 0.3% 1.1%
World Values Survey (2017) 98.0% 1.2% N/A 0.8
MAK (2017) 86% 12.5% 0.5% 1%
Ipsos (2016) 82% 13% 2% 3%
Pew Research Center (2016) 98% 1.2% 0.4% 0.4%
KONDA (2008) 97% 2% 0.2% 0.8%
Sabancı University (2006) 98.3% 1.5% 0.2% N/A
Government official numbers 99.8% N/A 0.2% N/A

Irreligious organizations in Turkey

Association of Atheism (Ateizm Derneği), the first official atheist organization based in the Middle East and Caucasus, was founded in 2014.[39] In 2018, it was reported in some media outlets that the Ateizm Derneği would close down because of the pressure on its members and attacks by pro-government media, but the association itself issued a clarification that this was not the case and that it was still active.[40]

List of famous irreligious Turks

See also

References

  1. ^ Cuthell Jr., David Cameron (2009). "Atatürk, Kemal (Mustafa Kemal)". In Ágoston, Gábor; Masters, Bruce (eds.). Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. New York: Facts On File. pp. 56–60. ISBN 978-0-8160-6259-1. LCCN 2008020716. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
  2. ^ "Atatürk, Kemal", World Encyclopedia, Philip's, 2014, doi:10.1093/acref/9780199546091.001.0001, ISBN 9780199546091, retrieved 9 June 2019
  3. ^ Books, Market House Books Market House (2003), Books, Market House (ed.), "Atatürk, Kemal", Who's Who in the Twentieth Century, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780192800916.001.0001, ISBN 9780192800916, retrieved 9 June 2019
  4. ^ a b c d e Girit, Selin (10 May 2018). "Losing their religion: The young Turks rejecting Islam". BBC News. London. Archived from the original on 6 December 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
  5. ^ a b c d McKernan, Bethan (29 April 2020). "Turkish students increasingly resisting religion, study suggests". The Guardian. London. ISSN 1756-3224. OCLC 60623878. Archived from the original on 22 November 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
  6. ^ a b c d Sarfati, Yusuf (15 April 2019). "State Monopolization of Religion and Declining Piety in Turkey". Berkley Forum. Washington, D.C.: Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs (Georgetown University). Archived from the original on 16 May 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
  7. ^ a b c d Bekdil, Burak (20 May 2021). "Turks May Be Rediscovering the Merits of the Secular Paradigm". BESA Center Perspectives. Tel Aviv: Begin–Sadat Center for Strategic Studies (Bar-Ilan University). Archived from the original on 18 July 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
  8. ^ a b c d Akyol, Mustafa (12 June 2020). "How Islamists are Ruining Islam". Current Trends in Islamist Ideology. Washington, D.C.: Hudson Institute. Archived from the original on 25 December 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
  9. ^ a b c d Bilici, Mucahit (Fall 2018). "The Crisis of Religiosity in Turkish Islamism". Middle East Report. No. 288. Tacoma, Washington: MERIP. pp. 43–45. ISSN 0899-2851. JSTOR 45198325. OCLC 615545050. Archived from the original on 13 October 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
  10. ^ a b c d Külsoy, Ahmet (6 May 2018). "What is pushing half of Turkey towards Deism?". Ahval News. Cyprus. Archived from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
  11. ^ "Religious Trends". Archived from the original on 2017-09-05.
  12. ^ "Research:65 percent of Turkey believes in god, 54 percent is 'religious'(In Turkish)". Diken.com.tr. 6 May 2017.
  13. ^ "Fazil Say and Turkey's war on atheism". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on April 26, 2012. Retrieved 2015-11-12.
  14. ^ "Nüfus Kaydındaki Din Bilgisi Değişikliği Başvurusu". www.turkiye.gov.tr (in Turkish). Retrieved 2022-07-05.
  15. ^ "Nüfus Kaydındaki Din Hanesinin Değiştirilmesi/Silinmesi | Ateizm Derneği Resmi Sitesi". www.ateizmdernegi.org.tr (in Turkish). 2020-05-10. Retrieved 2022-07-05.
  16. ^ "nüfus cüzdanındaki din hanesini sildirmek". ekşi sözlük (in Turkish). Retrieved 2022-07-05.
  17. ^ "Atheists raising their voice in Turkey amid polarized reactions". Daily News. Retrieved 2015-11-12.
  18. ^ "Uneasy neighbors in Turkey: atheism and Islam". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 2015-11-12.
  19. ^ "Turkey's Atheists Face Hostilities, Death Threats". VOA. Retrieved 2015-11-12.
  20. ^ "Atheists, the "Ultimate Other" in Turkey | Inter Press Service". Ipsnews.net. 2014-06-24. Retrieved 2015-11-12.
  21. ^ Semih Idiz (2014-04-22). "Turkey's atheists get organized - Al-Monitor: the Pulse of the Middle East". Al-Monitor. Retrieved 2015-11-12.
  22. ^ "TÜRKİYE'DE TOPLUMUN DİNE VE DİNİ DEĞERLERE BAKIŞI" (PDF). www.makdanismanlik.org. Retrieved 2020-04-04.
  23. ^ Onedio.com. "Ateist Oranı Arttı, Dindar Oranı Azaldı: 21 Grafikle Konda'nın Son 10 Yıllık Toplumsal Değişim Raporu". Onedio (in Turkish). Retrieved 2020-08-11.
  24. ^ "Optimar'dan din-inanç anketi: Yüzde 89 Allah'ın varlığına ve birliğine inanıyor". T24.com.tr. Retrieved 2020-04-04.
  25. ^ "Mak Danişmanlik Gençli̇k Araştirmasi". 2 September 2020.
  26. ^ "Araştırma: Gençlerin yüzde 77'si torpilin yetenekten daha etkili olduğuna inanıyor". 2 September 2020.
  27. ^ "Gezici Araştırma Merkezi Başkanı Murat Gezici SÖZCÜ'ye açıkladı: Türkiye'nin kaderi Z kuşağının elinde". www.sozcu.com.tr.
  28. ^ "Gezici Araştırma Merkezi Başkanı Murat Gezici: Türkiye'nin kaderi Z kuşağının elinde". www.gercekgundem.com.
  29. ^ Akyol, Mustafa (16 April 2018). "Why so many Turks are losing faith in Islam". Al-Monitor. Washington, D.C. Archived from the original on 15 August 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
  30. ^ a b ÖZKÖK, Ertuğrul. "Türkiye artık yüzde 99'u müslüman olan ülke değil". www.hurriyet.com.tr.
  31. ^ "Faith survey from Optimar: 89% of population believes monotheism" (in Turkish). T24.com.tr. 15 May 2019.
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  45. ^ ...Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, founder of the secular Turkish Republic. He said: "I have no religion, and at times I wish all religions at the bottom of the sea..." The Antipodean Philosopher: Interviews on Philosophy in Australia and New Zealand, Graham Oppy, Lexington Books, 2011, ISBN 0739167936, p. 146.
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