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Coalition Avenir Québec

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Coalition Avenir Québec
AbbreviationCAQ
LeaderFrançois Legault
PresidentSarah Beaumier
FoundersFrançois Legault
Charles Sirois
Founded4 November 2011; 13 years ago (2011-11-04)[1]
Merger ofADQ
Split fromPQ, QLP
Headquarters1260 Rue Mill, Montreal, Quebec
H3K 2B4
Membership (2022)Increase 50,000[8]
Ideology
Political positionCentre-right[7]
Colours  Blue[9]
Seats in the National Assembly
86 / 125
Website
www.coalitionavenirquebec.org

The Coalition Avenir Québec (French: [kɔalisjɔ̃ avniʁ kebɛk], lit. 'Quebec Future Coalition' or 'Future Quebec Coalition'; CAQ) is a Quebec nationalist,[10] autonomist[11] and conservative[12][13] provincial political party in Quebec.

It was founded by former Parti Québécois (PQ) cabinet minister François Legault and businessman Charles Sirois; Legault also serves as the party leader. The party membership includes both Quebec nationalists and federalists. Legault has said it will never endorse a referendum on sovereignty; the party does not explicitly support Quebec independence, but will seek more autonomy within Canada if necessary.

Not long after its formation, the party gained nine sitting Members of the National Assembly of Quebec (MNAs) who had been elected as members of the PQ and of the Action démocratique du Québec (ADQ); the ADQ later merged with the CAQ in January 2012.[14] The party is registered with the Director-General of Elections in Quebec under the name Coalition avenir Québec – L'équipe François Legault.[1]

Members and supporters of the party are referred to as "caquistes", derived from the French pronunciation of the party's initials. However, the party has requested that the term "coalisés" be used instead.[15]

On 1 October 2018, the CAQ won a majority of seats in the National Assembly of Quebec, allowing it to form a government for the first time.[16] It increased its majority in the 2022 elections.

History

[edit]

Foundation and 2012 provincial election

[edit]

In February 2011, François Legault and Charles Sirois held a press conference to announce the formation of a movement called the Coalition pour l'avenir du Québec (lit. 'Coalition for the future of Quebec').[17]

Logo used before official party launch on 14 November 2011.

In September 2011, the CAQ began discussions with the ADQ on the possibility of a merger between the two groups.[18] The two parties were very similar ideologically.

On 14 November 2011, Legault held a press conference to launch the movement as a political party under the slightly modified name of Coalition Avenir Québec, unveiling a new logo at the same time.[19] The actual registration of the party with the Chief Electoral Officer of Quebec had already taken place on 4 November.[1]

On 13 December 2011, the CAQ and the ADQ announced an agreement in principle to merge, pending final approval with the ADQ membership.[20]

On 19 December 2011, two former PQ MNAs (Benoit Charette and Daniel Ratthé) and two former ADQ MNAs (Éric Caire and Marc Picard) who had earlier left their respective parties to sit as independents announced that they were joining the CAQ, becoming the new party's first sitting members.[21][22]

In January 2012, PQ MNA François Rebello switched party affiliation to the CAQ, becoming its fifth sitting member.[23]

On 21 January 2012, the results of the ADQ's mail-in vote were announced: of the 54% of members who voted, 70% approved the merger with the CAQ. The ADQ's four remaining MNAs—Sylvie Roy of Lotbinière, Janvier Grondin of Beauce-Nord, François Bonnardel of Shefford, and leader Gérard Deltell of Chauveau—joined the CAQ, boosting its caucus to nine.[24][25]

On 23 January 2012, the CAQ announced its first president, Dominique Anglade, who would also be a candidate for the party in the next election.[26] She left the party in 2015, cited objections to the CAQ's positions on ethnic identity and immigration and ran for the Quebec Liberal Party.[27]

On 5 August 2012, Jacques Duchesneau, the whistleblower behind Quebec's anti-corruption unit, announced his candidacy for the riding of Saint-Jérôme in the 2012 provincial election.[28] He won the MNA seat.

On 4 September 2012, the CAQ won 19 seats in the 2012 provincial election.[14]

2014 provincial election

[edit]
See also: Coalition Avenir Québec candidates in the 2014 Quebec provincial election
First party logo.

In the 2014 provincial election held on 7 April, the CAQ won 22 seats, a gain of three seats.[14] The TVA-sponsored second televised debate was noted as a turning point in the campaign and party leader François Legault's performance reflected positively on the CAQ's standing. [citation needed] Therefore, early voting results revealed a disastrous outcome for the party, while ballots cast on Election Day were much more favourable.[29]

Also, overall returns marked a significant geographic shift in the CAQ electoral base. In the Capitale-Nationale area, reputed for its conservative leanings and the influence of its talk-radio hosts, the Quebec Liberal Party won four of the six seats previously held by the CAQ. A strategic vote of the anti-PQ electorate,[30] as well as a pledge by Legault to spend no public money on projects dear to Mayor Régis Labeaume, such as the construction of a $97.5 million covered ice rink, the completion of the $60 million theatre Le Diamant, promoted by Robert Lepage, and the $20 million revitalization of the French colonial era new barracks,[31] are possible causes for the backlash.

The CAQ losses in the Capitale-Nationale area were largely compensated with a significant breakthrough in the "450 area" (Laurentides, Lanaudière and Montérégie), where it ended up with seven more seats.

Meanwhile, the CAQ support in Chaudière-Appalaches and Centre-du-Québec remained steady.

After 2014 provincial election

[edit]

On 15 August 2014, CAQ MNA for Lévis Christian Dubé resigned his seat to take a job at the Caisse de dépôt et placement.[32]

The subsequent 20 October 2014 by-election was won by CAQ candidate François Paradis with 47 per cent of the popular vote.[33]

Following much speculation, Gérard Deltell announced on 7 April 2015, that he would be running for the federal Conservative Party of Canada in the riding of Louis-Saint-Laurent in the upcoming 2015 federal election. His resignation as MNA for Chauveau took effect the same day.[34]

On 26 August 2015, CAQ MNA Sylvie Roy resigned to sit as an independent following personal issues with party leadership.[35]

On 2 October 2017, Geneviève Guilbault won a byelection in the riding of Louis-Hébert that had long been held by the Quebec Liberal Party, winning over 51 per cent of the vote.[36]

2018 Quebec provincial election and Legault government

[edit]

On 1 October 2018, the CAQ won 74 seats, a gain of 53 seats compared to their performance in 2014, propelling them from third place to a strong majority government. The CAQ won 37.4 percent of the vote, four percentage points fewer than what the Liberals tallied four years earlier, and the lowest vote share on record for a party winning an outright majority.[37] However, the CAQ dominated its traditional heartlands and also scored sweeps or near-sweeps in Mauricie, Estrie, Lanaudière, Montérégie, the Laurentides and northern Quebec. The first-past-the-post system awards power solely on the basis of seats won, making it possible for a party to run up its seat count if it has large concentrations of support in certain areas as opposed to a large number of votes. This is especially true of provincial elections in Quebec, which have historically seen large discrepancies between raw vote and seat count. In the CAQ's case, its support was concentrated enough in the regions it dominated that it was able to net a strong majority of 11 seats.

This marked the first time since the 1966 election, which was won by the now-defunct Union Nationale, that a party other than the Quebec Liberals or the Parti Québécois formed government in Quebec.[38] It was also the first time since then that a centre-right party had won government in the province.[39]

The CAQ picked up support from a number of former PQ supporters who had come to believe there was no realistic chance of becoming independent from Canada. For instance, Patrick Légaré, a longtime PQ supporter from the longstanding sovereigntist stronghold of Terrebonne, told The Guardian that he decided to vote for the CAQ because he believed "the dream of a separate Quebec is dead." His main concern was finding "someone who can beat the Liberals–and it isn't the PQ."[40] As it turned out, most of the CAQ's gains came at the expense of the PQ. The CAQ took dozens of ridings that had been in PQ hands for four decades or more, some falling by landslide margins. One such riding was Terrebonne, which is largely coextensive with its namesake city. It had been held by a Péquiste for all but one term since 1976, though the CAQ had narrowed the gap in the last two elections. In 2018, however, the CAQ took the seat by almost 14 points.

The CAQ then took the seat vacated by the resignation of former premier Philippe Couillard in a by-election held 10 December 2018, increasing its total to 75 seats.

In December 2019, the party won the by-election in Jean-Talon and in April 2022 won the by-election in Marie-Victorin, both of which had been Liberal and Parti Québécois strongholds, raising its seat total to 76.

The party won another majority government in the 2022 elections, raising their seat count to 90.

Ideology and policies

[edit]

The party has been described as right-wing populist[41] and conservative nationalist,[42] as well as anti-immigration and sceptical of multiculturalism.[43]

The party self-described itself as being neither of the left nor the right: it is not particularly economically conservative, with economic policies similar to the Quebec Liberal Party and social policies to their right.[44][45] However, its politics have been described in the press as centre-right and populist.[12][13][46][47][48][49][50][51][52] From the time the CAQ's merger with the ADQ until the Conservative Party of Quebec gained its first MNA in 2021, the CAQ was the most right-wing party in the National Assembly.

The party includes former federal Conservatives, former provincial Liberals and ex-péquistes.[53]

Education

[edit]

The party proposes government investment in education and partial decentralization of the healthcare system. They promise "to further develop the entrepreneurial culture in Québec" and provide government resources for the private sector. The party also supports austerity "to provide the government with the flexibility it needs to adapt to the ongoing changes in the economy"; one measure specifically mentioned is leaving 6,000 open Hydro-Québec employment positions unfilled.[54]

The party supports abolishing school boards and increasing the autonomy of principals and their governing boards.[55]

Immigration policy

[edit]

The Coalition Avenir Québec (CAQ) has adopted a notably restrictive stance on immigration, marking a significant shift in Quebec's traditionally welcoming approach to newcomers. The party's immigration policy emphasizes the reduction of immigration levels and the implementation of stricter controls across various migration categories. This policy shift was a central component of the CAQ's successful 2018 electoral campaign, which saw the party increase its parliamentary representation from 21 to 74 seats, securing an absolute majority in the National Assembly of Quebec. This victory was unprecedented since 1970, as it was the first time neither the Quebec Liberal Party nor the Parti Québécois had governed the province.

Under the leadership of François Legault, the CAQ has argued that "Quebec has exceeded its integration capacity," advocating for a decrease in the number of admitted immigrants. One of the most controversial proposals introduced by the CAQ is the requirement for immigrants to pass a French and culture examination after three years of residence in Quebec, with the potential consequence of expulsion for those who fail to meet the standards. This measure aims to reinforce the province's commitment to preserving its French language and cultural identity, aligning with the provincial motto, "Je me souviens," which underscores the importance of collective memory, history, and traditions in Quebec society.[56]

The CAQ's immigration policies have sparked significant debate within Quebec, particularly among the business community in Montreal. Critics argue that the reduction in immigration could adversely affect the province's economy, which relies heavily on foreign workers to fill approximately 100,000 vacant job positions. With an unemployment rate of 5.3% and an economic growth rate of 3%, the Montreal Chamber of Commerce has highlighted the potential negative impact of the CAQ's proposals on economic stability.[56]

The CAQ's stance on immigration is part of a broader global trend where political leaders, such as Matteo Salvini of Italy, Viktor Orbán of Hungary, and Donald Trump of the United States, have promoted anti-immigration rhetoric in regions previously less influenced by such discourse. This trend reflects emerging challenges in regions like Quebec, which have historically been open to immigration but are now grappling with concerns over cultural integration and economic demands.[56]

In contrast to Quebec's restrictive policies, the federal Canadian government has committed to a more expansive immigration strategy, aiming to welcome a record number of new immigrants—1.45 million by 2023—bringing the national population to approximately 39 million. While immigration has been a source of political division and the rise of extremism in various Western countries, Canada maintains a generally positive consensus on its value. Quebec stands out as an exception, where political discourse has increasingly capitalized on fears among Franco-Quebecer voters regarding the preservation of cultural identity.[57]

Family reunification crisis

[edit]

The CAQ's immigration policy extends to family reunification, where it has faced substantial criticism due to prolonged processing times. The government's approach has resulted in waiting periods approaching three years for family reunification applications, significantly exceeding the national Canadian average of approximately 13 months.[58] By the end of 2023, Quebec had nearly reached its maximum admissions quota for family reunification, with approximately 10,600 planned admissions against a backlog of nearly 37,000 pre-approved applications. This bottleneck has led to significant strain on the immigration system, resulting in numerous families being separated for extended periods. The human impact of these delays has been profound, with many families experiencing prolonged separation, leading to feelings of frustration and betrayal among Quebec residents awaiting reunification. This situation contradicts the CAQ's stated goals of promoting integration and social cohesion within the province. Additionally, the rigid quotas set by the provincial government are viewed as limiting the federal government's ability to expedite family reunification processes, thereby exacerbating the backlog.[58] Critics of the CAQ's family reunification policy argue that it represents a failure in both administrative efficiency and the party's capacity to uphold the fundamental values of Quebec society. There have been calls for urgent revisions to the province's immigration policies, emphasizing the need for better coordination with federal authorities and a more humane and responsive management of immigration applications. The CAQ's approach to family reunification is thus seen as detrimental not only to affected families but also to the broader societal goals of integration and community cohesion.[58] According to data reported by the Journal de Montréal in July 2023, approximately 37,000 family sponsorship applications were pending, in stark contrast to the annual admission target of around 10,600 individuals.[59]

Nationalism and separatism

[edit]

The CAQ contends that the near half-century debate over sovereignty has hampered Quebec's economic and political progress. While the party does not support independence, it does identify as nationalist; it believes Quebec can thrive in Canada if the federal government is willing to grant more powers to the province.[13][54] On 10 April 2014, Legault, previously a staunch sovereignist, stated that a CAQ government would never hold a referendum on leaving Canada: "[There] will never be a referendum for the life of the coalition even after 10 years, even after 20 years, so that's clear. And I was clear but people understood something else."[60] François Legault added, "Once it is clear that there will never be a referendum with the Coalition Avenir Québec, the anglophones and allophones, who don't want a referendum, have to understand that we offer an alternative to the Liberals."[61]

Cultural policy

[edit]

According to the party, Quebec is defined by "its historical heritage, the French language, its democratic ideals and the principles of the secularity of the State, and equality among men and women".[54] The Party supported the Quebec ban on face covering but also argue the ban is not extensive enough.[62] They propose to prohibit the wearing of religious symbols by personnel in a position of authority, including teachers.[63] The party supports interculturalism to "integrate newcomers". This includes limiting immigration and promoting the use of French without creating new barriers.[54] However, they want to exempt Quebec from the requirements of multiculturalism.[64] In 2018, it proposed cutting the number of immigrants by 20 per cent, to 40,000 annually.[65][39][66] However, it plans to bring back numbers up to 52,000 a year in 2022.[67]

Other

[edit]

Legault has stated "aggressive[ly]" that a CAQ government would not repeal Bill 101.[68] He has also stated that a CAQ government will demand greater power for Quebec.[53] The party is critical of the system of equalization payments in Canada and plans to remove Quebec from receiving such payments.[69] The party introduced an electoral reform bill in September 2019. It abandoned plans to hold a referendum on electoral reform in the 2022 general election[70] claiming there was not enough time.[71]

Electoral performance

[edit]
Election Leader Votes % Seats +/– Position Status
2012 François Legault 1,180,235 27.05
19 / 125
 Increase 12 Steady 3rd Third party
2014 975,607 23.05
22 / 125
 Increase 3 Steady 3rd Third party
2018 1,509,427 37.42
74 / 125
 Increase 53 Increase 1st Majority
2022 1,533,705 40.98
90 / 125
 Increase 14 Steady 1st Majority


House leaders

[edit]
MNA Years of service
Gérard Deltell 2011–2014
François Bonnardel 2014–2018
Simon Jolin-Barrette 2018–present

House whips

[edit]
MNA Years of service
Daniel Ratthé 2012–2013
François Bonnardel 2013–2014
Donald Martel 2014–2018
Eric Lefebvre 2018–2024
Mario Laframboise 2024–present

Party presidents

[edit]
President Years of service
Dominique Anglade 2012–2013
Maud Cohen 2013–2014
Stéphane Le Bouyonnec 2014–2018
Sarah Beaumier 2019–present

Campaign slogans

[edit]
  • 2012: C'est assez, faut que ça change ! (Enough, things have to change!)
  • 2014: On se donne Legault (Let's give ourselves Legault) (Play on words with "go ahead")
  • 2018: Maintenant. (Now.)[72]
  • 2022: Continuons. (Let's keep going.)[73]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c "Coalition avenir Québec". Directeur général des élections du Québec. Archived from the original on 11 August 2014. Retrieved 4 February 2012.
  2. ^ Dominique Auzias; Jean-Paul Labourdette; Collectif (2013). Québec 2013–2014 Petit Futé (avec cartes, photos + avis des lecteurs). Petit Futé. p. 35. ISBN 978-2-7469-6808-0.
  3. ^ Sirma Bilge (2014). "Reading the Racial Subtext of Quebecois Accommodation Controversy: An Analytics of Racialized Governmentability". In Amanda Gouws; Daiva Stasiulis (eds.). Gender and Multiculturalism: North-South Perspectives. Routledge. p. 283. ISBN 978-1-317-66753-7.
  4. ^ Kristin M. Bakke (2015). Decentralization and Intrastate Struggles: Chechnya, Punjab, and Québec. Cambridge University Press. p. 211. ISBN 978-1-316-30043-5.
  5. ^ Philippe Van Parijs; Yannick Vanderborght (2017). Basic Income: A Radical Proposal for a Free Society and a Sane Economy. Harvard University Press. p. 303. ISBN 978-0-674-05228-4.
  6. ^ "Is the Quebec Liberal Party Doomed?". 4 August 2022. because the CAQ has taken control of the political centre
  7. ^ [2][3][4][5][6]
  8. ^ "Les nouveaux partisans du Parti conservateur du Québec" (in Canadian French). 3 May 2022. Retrieved 9 August 2023.
  9. ^ Martin Croteau (5 April 2014). "Une "vague arc-en-ciel" lundi, avance Legault". La Presse. Retrieved 5 April 2014.
  10. ^ [1]. Le Soleil
  11. ^ "La CAQ change d'identité". Le Devoir (in French). 7 November 2015. Retrieved 24 January 2020.
  12. ^ a b Kirkey, Christopher (15 December 2017). "The Quebec Election of April 2014: Initial Impressions". London Journal of Canadian Studies. 32 (1): 87–97. doi:10.14324/111.444.ljcs.2017v32.007.
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  27. ^ Hicks, Ryan (25 September 2015). "Dominique Anglade abandons CAQ over identity, immigration views". CBC News.
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  30. ^ "La CAQ blâme le mouvement "anybody but Pauline"". lapresse.ca/le-soleil. Archived from the original on 9 April 2014. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
  31. ^ "La CAQ paie pour avoir refusé d'endosser les projets de Québec, dit Labeaume". lapresse.ca/le-soleil. Archived from the original on 10 April 2014. Retrieved 8 April 2014.
  32. ^ Authier, Philip (15 August 2014). "CAQ heavyweight Christian Dubé leaving politics". The Gazette. Archived from the original on 16 August 2014. Retrieved 16 August 2014.
  33. ^ Vendeville, Geoffrey (21 October 2014). "CAQ holds the fort in Lévis byelection". The Montreal Gazette. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
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  35. ^ "Sylvie Roy quits CAQ to sit as independent". CTV News. 26 August 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2015.
  36. ^ "Coalition for Quebec's Future captures Louis-Hebert riding in byelection". The Chronicle-Journal. 3 October 2017. Retrieved 21 January 2018.
  37. ^ Benjamin Shingler (1 October 2018). "Quebec elects CAQ majority government, Liberals see historic losses". CBC News.
  38. ^ "Francois Legault's CAQ wins majority in Quebec election, ends nearly 50 years of two-party rule". National Post. 2 October 2018. Retrieved 2 October 2018.
  39. ^ a b Keating, Cecilia (2 October 2018). "What just happened in Quebec? Seven things you need to know about François Legault's historic victory". National Observer. Retrieved 25 November 2019.
  40. ^ Martin Patriquin (30 September 2018). "Canada: holdout of Quebec separatism faces end of the dream". The Guardian.
  41. ^ Nathan Kerrigan; Philomena de Lima (2023). "Introduction". In Nathan Kerrigan; Philomena de Lima (eds.). The Rural-Migration Nexus: Global Problems, Rural Issues. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 11. ISBN 9783031180422.
  42. ^ Jonathan Montpetit (2024). "The Rise and Fall of Liberal Constitutionalism in Quebec". In Peter L. Biro (ed.). The Notwithstanding Clause and the Canadian Charter: Rights, Reforms, and Controversies. McGill-Queen’s University Press. p. 164. ISBN 9780228020226.
  43. ^ Djamila Mones; Frederick Guillaume DuFour (2024). "Right-Wing Populist Parties and Movements". In Alain G. Gagnon; Brian Tanguay (eds.). Canadian Parties in Transition, Fifth Edition. University of Toronto Press. p. 305. ISBN 978-1-4875-5858-1.
  44. ^ Jonathan Montpetit The Canadian Press (10 August 2012). "How right-wing is the Coalition Avenir Quebec?". Retrieved 30 July 2017.
  45. ^ "La CAQ se dit nationaliste mais pas a gauche ni a droite" (consulted March 2021)
  46. ^ "Francois Legault unveils Coalition for the Future". CTV Montreal. 21 February 2011. Retrieved 9 March 2011.
  47. ^ Ljunggren, David (14 November 2011). "New Quebec party could marginalize separatists". Reuters. Archived from the original on 7 June 2012. Retrieved 19 December 2011.
  48. ^ Ljunggren, David (14 June 2011). "The PQ falls on its separatist message". National Post. Retrieved 16 December 2017. [permanent dead link‍]
  49. ^ "Quebec unites its right". Winnipeg Sun. QMI Agency. 22 January 2012. Retrieved 4 August 2012.
  50. ^ "Legault's Coalition Avenir Quebec absorbs ADQ". CTV Montreal. 22 January 2012. Retrieved 4 August 2012.
  51. ^ "Jean Charest: Quebec Premier Eyeing 2013 Election". Huffingtonpost.ca. 9 January 2012. Retrieved 4 August 2012.
  52. ^ "CAQ not a tonic for economic conservatives". CBC. 10 August 2012.
  53. ^ a b Les Perraux (1 October 2018). "Coalition Avenir Québec wins historic majority as voters soundly reject old-line Liberals, PQ". The Globe and Mail.
  54. ^ a b c d "Taking Action for the Future — Action plan presented by the Coalition pour l'avenir du Québec" (PDF). 14 November 2011.
  55. ^ "La CAQ relance sa promesse d'abolir les commissions scolaires | Hugo Pilon-Larose | Politique québécoise". La Presse (in Canadian French). 17 January 2018. Retrieved 17 January 2018.
  56. ^ a b c "The essence of Quebec". El País (in Spanish). 3 October 2018. ISSN 1134-6582. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
  57. ^ Onishi, Norimitsu (17 December 2022). "How a Town Famous for Xenophobia Fell in Love With Immigrants". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
  58. ^ a b c Colpron, Suzanne (13 November 2023). "Regroupement familial: Les délais bondissent à presque trois ans" (in Canadian French). La Presse. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  59. ^ "Quebec Immigration Backlog". 22 September 2023. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  60. ^ "Francois Legault says CAQ would 'never' hold a referendum". ctvnews.ca. 11 April 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2016.
  61. ^ "'There will never be a referendum' with CAQ, Legault says". Archived from the original on 20 June 2014. Retrieved 4 October 2018.
  62. ^ "Quebec's ban on face-coverings risks inflaming inter-communal tensions". The Economist.
  63. ^ "What we've learned so far about the incoming CAQ government". Cbc.ca. Retrieved 9 October 2018.
  64. ^ "Un logo tout bleu pour le virage nationaliste de la CAQ". Radio-Canada.ca (in Canadian French). Retrieved 10 November 2019.
  65. ^ "Here are the priorities of Quebec's new CAQ government". CBC. Retrieved 2 October 2018.
  66. ^ "Legault Year One: How the CAQ has transformed Quebec so far". Retrieved 25 November 2019.
  67. ^ Sucar, Daniel (16 August 2019). "CAQ keeps its promise of reducing immigration: study". Montreal Gazette. Retrieved 11 November 2019.
  68. ^ "François Legault finds that Bill 101 and business don't (...) – Vigile.Québec". vigile.net. Retrieved 16 December 2017.
  69. ^ "Quebec without equalization? – Macleans.ca". Macleans.ca. 22 November 2017. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
  70. ^ "How would proportional representation have shaped this election's results?". ICI Radio-Canada.ca. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
  71. ^ "Le gouvernement Legault met en veilleuse son projet de réforme du mode de scrutin". Le Devoir (in French). 28 April 2021. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
  72. ^ Kestler-D'Amours, Jillian (22 August 2018). "What's in a slogan? Quebec's 4 main parties try to entice voters with one word or more". CBC News. Retrieved 31 August 2018.
  73. ^ "CAQ, Québec Solidaire unveil party slogans — and opposing messages". CBC News. 19 August 2022. Archived from the original on 12 October 2022.
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