Minoan language

Minoan
Minoan
	Linear A tablet
Region	Crete
Era	About 2100–1450 BC
Language family	unclassified ;
Writing system	Cretan hieroglyphs, Linear A
Language codes
ISO 639-3	Either:; omn – Minoan; lab – Linear A
Linguist List	omn Minoan
	lab Linear A
Glottolog	mino1236 Minoan

The Minoan language is the language (or languages) of the ancient Minoan civilization of Crete written in the Cretan hieroglyphs and later in the Linear A syllabary. As the Cretan hieroglyphs are undeciphered and Linear A only partly deciphered, the Minoan language is unknown and unclassified. With the existing evidence, it is even impossible to be certain that the two scripts record the same language.

The Eteocretan language, attested in a few alphabetic inscriptions from Crete 1,000 years later, is possibly a descendant of Minoan, but is also unclassified.

Tradition

Minoan is mainly known from the inscriptions in Linear A, which are fairly legible by comparison with Linear B. The Cretan hieroglyphs are dated from the first half of the 2nd millennium BC. The Linear A texts, mostly written in clay tablets, are spread all over Crete with more than 40 localities on the island.

The Egyptian texts

From the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt come four texts containing names and spells in the Keftiu language [de]. They are, as usual in non-Egyptian texts, written in Egyptian hieroglyphs, which has allowed the pronunciation of those names and spells to be reconstructed.

Magic Papyrus Harris (Latin: Papyrus magicus Harris XII, 1–5); Beg. 18th Dynasty: a spell in the Keftiu language ^[1]
Writing board (B.M. 5647); early 18th Dynasty: school blackboard with Keftiu names^[2]
London Medical Papyrus (B.M., 10059); end of the 18th Dynasty: Two Spells Against Disease (#32–33)
Aegean placard list [de]: some Cretan place names.

On the basis of these texts, the phonetic system of the Minoan language has been reconstructed as having the following consonants:^[3]^{[citation needed]}

Consonant phonemes
	Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Nasal	m		n
Stop	p b	t d	ts		k	q
Fricative	f		s	ʃ			h
Trill			r
Approximant				j	w

Classification

Minoan is an unclassified language, or perhaps multiple indeterminate languages written in the same script. It has been compared inconclusively to the Indo-European, Semitic and Tyrsenian language families and is a language isolate.^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]

Syntax

Brent Davis, a linguist and archaeologist at the University of Melbourne, has proposed that the basic word order of the language written in Linear A may be verb-subject-object (VSO), based on the properties of a common formulaic sequence found in Linear A.^[11]

Sample text

London Medical Papyrus

Incantation no.1 (for an Asiatic disease)

kꜣ-pw-pj-wꜣ-y-j-y-mꜥ-n-tj-rʾ-kꜣ-kꜣ-rʾ *This is to be spoken when eating fermented food/drink.

Incantation no.2 (for the Samuna disease)

sꜣ-tʾ-sꜣ-bw-j-ꜣ-y-ḏꜣ-ḥ-mꜥ-kꜣ-tw-r-pꜣ-ꜣ-j....j-mꜥ-jꜣ *This is to be spoken four times.

Footnotes

^ H. Lange: Der Magische Papyrus Harris; Kopenhagen (1927)
^ T. E. Peet: The Egyptian Writing-Board B.M. 5647 bearing Keftiu Names; Oxford 1927
^ Evangelos Kyriakidis: Indications on the Nature of the Language of the Keftiw from Egyptian Sources. In: Ägypten und Levante / Egypt and the Levant Band 12 (2002), pp. 211–219.
^ Stephanie Lynn Budin; John M. Weeks (2004). The Ancient Greeks: New Perspectives. ABC-CLIO. p. 26. ISBN 9781576078143. OCLC 249196051. Archived from the original on May 25, 2019. Retrieved May 25, 2019.
^ Facchetti, Giulio M.; Negri, Mario (2003). Creta Minoica: Sulle tracce delle più antiche scritture d'Europa (in Italian). Firenze: L.S. Olschki. ISBN 978-88-222-5291-3.
^ Yatsemirsky, Sergei A. (2011). Opyt sravnitel'nogo opisaniya minoyskogo, etrusskogo i rodstvennyh im yazykov [Tentative Comparative Description of Minoan, Etruscan and Related Languages] (in Russian). Moscow: Yazyki slavyanskoy kul'tury. ISBN 978-5-9551-0479-9.
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2014). Pre-Greek: Phonology, Morphology, Lexicon. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-27944-5.
^ Raymond A. Brown, Evidence for pre-Greek speech on Crete from Greek alphabetic sources. Adolf M. Hakkert, Amsterdam 1985, p. 289
^ Chadwick, John (1967). The Decipherment of Linear B. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-39830-5.
^ Kazansky, Nikolai (2012-01-01). "The Evidence for Lycian in the Linear A Syllabary". FS Gregory Nagy Online. Awol - the Ancient World Online. ISSN 2156-2253.
^ Brent Davis, 'Syntax in Linear A: The Word-Order of the ‘Libation Formula’ ' Kadmos 52(1), 2013, pp.35-52

References

Finkelberg, Margalit (2000). "The Language of Linear A: Greek, Semitic, or Anatolian?". Journal of Indo-European Studies Monograph Series (38).

External links

Duhoux, Yves. Pre-Hellenic languages of Crete

[1] H. Lange: Der Magische Papyrus Harris; Kopenhagen (1927)

[2] T. E. Peet: The Egyptian Writing-Board B.M. 5647 bearing Keftiu Names; Oxford 1927

[3] Evangelos Kyriakidis: Indications on the Nature of the Language of the Keftiw from Egyptian Sources. In: Ägypten und Levante / Egypt and the Levant Band 12 (2002), pp. 211–219.

[4] Stephanie Lynn Budin; John M. Weeks (2004). The Ancient Greeks: New Perspectives. ABC-CLIO. p. 26. ISBN 9781576078143. OCLC 249196051. Archived from the original on May 25, 2019. Retrieved May 25, 2019.

[5] Facchetti, Giulio M.; Negri, Mario (2003). Creta Minoica: Sulle tracce delle più antiche scritture d'Europa (in Italian). Firenze: L.S. Olschki. ISBN 978-88-222-5291-3.

[6] Yatsemirsky, Sergei A. (2011). Opyt sravnitel'nogo opisaniya minoyskogo, etrusskogo i rodstvennyh im yazykov [Tentative Comparative Description of Minoan, Etruscan and Related Languages] (in Russian). Moscow: Yazyki slavyanskoy kul'tury. ISBN 978-5-9551-0479-9.

[7] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2014). Pre-Greek: Phonology, Morphology, Lexicon. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-27944-5.

[8] Raymond A. Brown, Evidence for pre-Greek speech on Crete from Greek alphabetic sources. Adolf M. Hakkert, Amsterdam 1985, p. 289

[9] Chadwick, John (1967). The Decipherment of Linear B. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-39830-5.

[10] Kazansky, Nikolai (2012-01-01). "The Evidence for Lycian in the Linear A Syllabary". FS Gregory Nagy Online. Awol - the Ancient World Online. ISSN 2156-2253.

[11] Brent Davis, 'Syntax in Linear A: The Word-Order of the ‘Libation Formula’ ' Kadmos 52(1), 2013, pp.35-52

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