Supreme Court of Zimbabwe
| Supreme Court of Zimbabwe | |
|---|---|
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| 17°49′32″S 31°03′08″E / 17.8256°S 31.0523°E | |
| Established | 18 April 1980[1] |
| Location | Harare, Zimbabwe |
| Coordinates | 17°49′32″S 31°03′08″E / 17.8256°S 31.0523°E |
| Composition method | Presidential nomination with Judicial Service Commission confirmation |
| Authorised by | Constitution of Zimbabwe |
| Website | www |
| Chief Justice of Zimbabwe | |
| Currently | Vacant |
| Since | 15 May 2021 |
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The Supreme Court of Zimbabwe is the highest court and final court of appeal in Zimbabwe.
The judiciary is headed by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court who, like the other justices, is appointed by the President on the advice of the Judicial Service Commission. It has original jurisdiction over alleged violations of fundamental rights guaranteed in the constitution and appellate jurisdiction over other matters.
The Supreme Court is separate from the High Court of Zimbabwe.
Justices
[edit]The Chief Justice is Luke Malaba since 27 March 2017. The Chief Justice and the puisne justices, ranked in order of seniority are:
| Justice | Sworn in | Appointer | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Luke Malaba (Chief Justice) | 27 March 2017 | Robert Mugabe | |
| Elizabeth Gwaunza (Deputy Chief Justice) | 2002 | ||
| Antonia Guvava | November 2013 | ||
| Chinembiri Bhunu | 16 September 2015 | ||
| Susan Mavangira | 16 September 2015 | ||
| Tendai Uchena | 16 September 2015 | ||
| Lavender Makoni | 11 May 2018 | Emmerson Mnangagwa | [2] |
| Charles Hungwe | 30 June 2019 | [3] | |
| Nicholas Mathonsi | 30 June 2019 | [3] | |
| Felistus Chatukuta | 3 June 2021 | [4] | |
| Alfas Chitakunye | 3 June 2021 | [4] | |
| George Chiweshe | 3 June 2021 | [4] | |
| Samuel Kudya | 3 June 2021 | [4] | |
| Joseph Musakwa | 3 June 2021 | [4] | |
| Hlekani Mwayera | 3 June 2021 | [4] |
Notable cases
[edit]Devagi Rattigan and Others v. Chief Immigration Officer and Others (June 1994)
[edit]Devagi Rattigan and Others v. Chief Immigration Officer and Others was a case centered upon whether an immigration law that refused permanent residence to alien husbands of female Zimbabwean citizens violated those particular citizens' right to the freedom of movement in Zimbabwe's Constitution.[5] The three applicants were all female legal citizens of Zimbabwe, yet each of them were married to men who were not legal citizens of Zimbabwe.[6] The three husbands had previously been denied permanent residence in Zimbabwe due to the fact that they did not have any skills that the country was in need of.[6]
The reasoning of the Chief Immigration Officer was that although the marriages may have been genuine, government policy stated that the principal applicant for a permanent residence should be the husband, unless the wife was deemed a high qualified professional.[6] Further, a residence permit could only be given to foreign males if they possess a scarce skill and met the threshold for their finances.[6]
The applicants made the argument that the refusal of permanent residence violated the freedom of movement clause in Section 22(1) of the Zimbabwe Constitution.[5] This clause suggests that the freedom of movement includes: "The right to move freely throughout Zimbabwe, the right to reside in any part of Zimbabwe, the right to enter and leave Zimbabwe and immunity from expulsion from Zimbabwe."[6] The plaintiffs also argued that the law indirectly put restraints on gender, as denying their husband's permanent residence in Zimbabwe simultaneously denied a women's right to establish their residence.[5]
The Supreme Court of Zimbabwe made a groundbreaking decision in 1995 by ruling that a foreign husband should have identical rights of residence as a foreign wife.[7] As a direct result of this ruling, the Zimbabwean government added the 14th amendment to the constitution, which effectively got rid of all rights to citizenship based on marriage, as well as removing gender discrimination.[7] This decision has been cited and reinforced in many cases since, including Salem v. Chief Immigration Officer and Others.[5]
Veneria Magaya v. Nakayi Shonhiwa Magaya (May 1999)
[edit]Magaya v. Magaya is known to be one of the cases that has had the most far-reaching impacts on the rights of African women.[8] This case centered upon an African male dying intestate, and the question of which of his immediate children might gain inheritance.[8] Shonhiwa Magaya was survived by four children, only one of whom was female, as well as two polygamous wives.[9] A community court initially ruled in favor of the eldest female daughter, naming her heir to the estate.[10] Magaya's second son, Nakayi, challenged this ruling, and after another hearing, was proclaimed the heir to the estate on grounds of customary law, kicking his sister off the Harare property.[9] The daughter, Venia, quickly appealed to the Zimbabwean Supreme Court, challenging the appointment.[8][10]
Upon further appeal, the Supreme Court upheld the original decision, reasoning that under customary succession laws, males were the dominant heirs.[10] The court also had to address whether of not this discriminatory customary law principle should be deemed unconstitutional.[8] Section 23 of the Zimbabwean Constitution protects citizens from discrimination on grounds of "race, tribe, place of origin, political opinions, colour or creed," yet it does not make any mention of outlawing discrimination based on sex.[8] This particular section excludes protection from these respective matters: "adoption, marriage, divorce, burial, devolution of property on death or other matters of personal law."[8] Although the court did make a statement acknowledging the importance of gender advancement, it argued that fundamental customary laws are the cornerstone of African society and tradition, and are therefore hard to be thrown out.[10] Further, the court made the argument that issues in this subject area should be assigned to legislators, not the courts.[10]
Critics of this decision have said that it should be deemed invalid under both international law and Zimbabwe constitutional law.[11] Many critics of Zimbabwean cultural practices suggest that even if the Supreme Court had taken human rights into consideration, the same decision would most likely have been reached.[11] The law in Zimbabwe at this time so distinctly sanctions discrimination based on gender that the case was inevitably going to be decided the way it was.[11] This case still remains important and remains in question throughout Southern Africa, as it has become a mobilization stimulus among groups who say it has violated human rights as well as Zimbabwe's Constitution.[9][11]
Chavunduka v. Minister of Home Affairs (March 2000)
[edit]Chavunduka v. Minister of Home Affairs is a case that regarded the publishing of what was deemed by the defendant to be "false news."[12] This case initially came into the public realm when the senior journalist, Raymond Choto, and editor, Mark Chavunduka, of a Zimbabwean newspaper entitled The Standard were taken into custody and arrested for after they published an article that discussed a failed coup d'etat entitled "Senior Army Officers Arrested".[13] The general claim of this article was that the coup was caused by discontent with the government's mismanagement of the economy as well as anger over Zimbabwe's involvement in a war raging in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
When arrested, the two journalists from The Standard were charged with publishing a "false statement likely to cause fear, alarm or despondency" under section 50(2)(a) of the Law and Order Act.[13] After being released on bail by the Magistrates Court, the two men brought the case to the Supreme Court of Zimbabwe, claiming that their rights to the freedom of expression were being violated under section 18 of the 1980 Zimbabwean Constitution.[13] Ultimately, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of the plaintiffs, making the assertion that publishing "false news" was too broad and vague.[12] The court pointed out that: "Almost anything that is newsworthy is likely to cause, to some degree at least, in a section of the public or a single person, one or other of these subjective emotions."[12] Chief Justice Anthony Gubbay deliveredc the majority judgement of the full bench of justices.
This case remains important because of the somewhat binding precedent it set in the realm of protecting free speech.[13] Despite this ruling, the government of Zimbabwe would enact Section 80 of the AIPPA just two years later.[14] The regime of Robert Mugabe passed this law which prohibited journalists from publishing false information that is said to threaten the interests of the state.[14] Within a few months of this statue being enacted, it was used against many journalists, including Andrew Meldrum.[14]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Lawson, Gary; Seidman, Guy (2001). "When Did the Constitution Become Law?". Notre Dame Law Review. 77: 1–37.
- ^ "Mnangagwa Appoints Supreme Court Judges". Pindula News. 11 May 2018. Retrieved 16 May 2018.
- ^ a b Munyoro, Fidelis (27 June 2019). "Hungwe, Mathonsi land Supreme Court posts". The Herald. Retrieved 16 January 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f Mabika, Columbus (4 June 2021). "6 Supreme Court Judges Sworn in". The Herald. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
- ^ a b c d "Rattigan and Others v. Chief Immigration Officer and Others". United For Reproductive Rights.
- ^ a b c d e Coldham, Simon. "Right to Reside in Zimbabwe". Journal of African Law. 38.
- ^ a b Manby, Bronwen (2015). Citizenship and Statelessness in Africa: The Law and Politics of Belonging. Wolf Legal Publishers.
- ^ a b c d e f Coldham, Simon (1999). "The Status of Women in Zimbabwe: Veneria Magaya v. Nakayi Shonhiwa Magaya". Journal of African Law. 43: 4. doi:10.1017/S0021855300011384. S2CID 143626556.
- ^ a b c David, Bigge (2000). "Conflict in the Zimbabwean Courts: Women's Rights and Indigenous Self-Determination in Magaya v. Magaya". Harvard Human Rights Journal.
- ^ a b c d e Ndulo, Muna (2011). "African Customary Law, Customs, and Women's Rights". Indiana Journal of Legal Studies. 18: 87. doi:10.2979/indjglolegstu.18.1.87. S2CID 154081067.
- ^ a b c d Knobelsdorf, V. (2006). Zimbabwe's magaya decision revisited: Women's rights and land succession in the international context. Columbia Journal of Gender and Law, 15(3), 749–798.
- ^ a b c "Freedom of Expression: Litigating Cases of Limitations to the Exercise of Freedom of Speech and Opinion". Southern Africa Litigation Centre Manual Series.
- ^ a b c d "Chavunduka v. Minister of Home Affairs". Global Freedom of Expression – Columbia University.
- ^ a b c 19, Article. Zimbabwe: Human Rights in Crisis – Shadow Report African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights. Numerous African Human Rights Organizations, Zimbabwe: Human Rights in Crisis – Shadow Report African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights.
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