Haplogroup L2

Haplogroup L2a1a

Subclade L2a1a is defined by substitutions at 3918, 5285, 15244, and 15629. There are two L2a clusters that are well represented in southeastern Africans, L2a1a and L2a1b, both defined by transitions at quite stable HVS-I positions. Both of these appear to have an origin in West Africa or North West Africa (as indicated by the distribution of matching or neighboring types), and to have undergone dramatic expansion either in South East Africa or in a population ancestral to present-day Southeastern Africans.

The very recent starbursts in subclades L2a1a and L2a2 suggest a signature for the Bantu expansions, as also proposed by Pereira et al. (2001).

L2a1a is defined by a mutation at 16286. The L2a1a founder candidate dates to 2,700 (SE 1,200) years ago. (Pereira et al. 2001). However, L2a1a, as defined by a substitution at (np 16286) (Salas et al. 2002), is now supported by a coding-region marker (np 3918) (fig. 2A) and was found in four of six Yemeni L2a1 lineages. L2a1a occurs at its highest frequency in Southeastern Africa (Pereira et al. 2001; Salas et al. 2002). Both the frequent founder haplotype and derived lineages (with 16092 mutation) found among Yemenis have exact matches within Mozambique sequences (Pereira et al. 2001; Salas et al. 2002). L2a1a also occurs at a smaller frequency in North West Africa, among the Maure and Bambara of Mali and Mauritania.^[25] (Rando et al. 1998; Maca-Meyer et al. 2003)

L2a1a is present in the United States population.^[13]

Haplogroup L2a1b

L2a1b is defined by substitutions at 16189 and 10143. 16192 is also common in L2a1b and L2a1c; it appears in North Africa in Egypt, It also appears in Southeastern Africa and so it may also be a marker for the Bantu expansion.^[5] the South African variant is mostly attributed to L2a1b1 being a branch of the L2a1b, it is found in South Africa, Mozambique, Kenya, and Kuwait.^[13]

Haplogroup L2a1c

L2a1c often shares mutation 16189 with L2a1b, but has its own markers at 3010 and 6663. 16192 is also common in L2a1b and L2a1c; it appears in Southeastern Africa as well as East Africa.^[29] This suggests some diversification of this clade in situ.

Positions T16209C C16301T C16354T on top of L2a1 define a small sub-clade, dubbed L2a1c by Kivisild et al. (2004, Figure 3) (see also Figure 6 in Salas et al. 2002), which mainly appears in East Africa (e.g. Sudan, Nubia, Ethiopia), among the Turkana and West Africa (e.g. Kanuri).

In the Chad Basin, four different L2a1c types one or two mutational steps from the East and West African types were identified. (Kivisild et al.) 2004.^[29] (citation on page.9 or 443)^[11][30]

L2a1c has been shown to be present in Chad, Gabon, Spain, and the United States.^[13]

Haplogroup L2a1d

L2a1d is defined by the mutations T5196C, T9530C, T11386C, A12612G, and C13934T. It has been found in the United Arab Emirates^[32] and Kuwait Also L2a1d is found in Benin.^[13]

Haplogroup L2a1e

L2a1e is defined by the mutations C3495A, G8790A, and G12630A. It has been found in Brazil, Grenada, and among African Americans.^[13]

Haplogroup L2a1f

L2a1f is observed in Bakongo descendants living in the United States and the Dominican Republic, Khosian people in South Africa, Oman,^[39] Zambia and Madagascar it has also been found in Burkina and Oman as well as through the Americas.

Haplogroup L2a1g

L2a1g is defined by the mutations A8014G, C14281T, T16131C, C16225T, and C16234T. It is observed in southern Africa among Bantu speakers,^[2] including in Zambia, Madagascar, and South Africa.

Haplogroup L2a1h

L2a1h has been shown to be present in Israel and Kenya.^[13]

Haplogroup L2a1k

L2a1k is defined by markers G6722A and T12903C. Described as European-specific, it was previously called subclade L2a1a and has been detected in Czechs, Slovaks, Croatians, Serbs, and Bulgarians.^[40][41]

Haplogroup L2a1l

L2a1l is defined by the mutation C534T. It appears in Algeria, Sierra Leone (among Mende people), and The Gambia (among Wolof people) and was present in ancient Spain.^[42]

Haplogroup L2a1m

L2a1m is defined by the mutation A13884G. It has been found in Burkina Faso^[46] and Haiti as well as Oman, Yemen, Saudi Arabia and Israel.^[13]

Haplogroup L2a1n

L2a1n is observed among the Yoruba people of Nigeria and the Mossi people of Burkina Faso and has also been detected in Cameroon and Portugal on the Iberian Peninsula.^[13]

Haplogroup L2a1o

L2a1o is defined by the mutation T12438C. It has been detected in Syria and Burkina Faso.^[46]

Haplogroup L2a1p

L2a1p is defined by the mutations A9410G, T13818C, and C15626T. It is found in Nigeria, Kassena people in Burkina Faso, and Moroccan Jews. It is also present in the United States of America.^[13]