Qashan Principality

The Bulgar Ulus^[1] (also the Bulgar Land,^[2] the Bulgar Region,^[3] the Bulgar Oblast,^[4] the Bulgar Vilayat^[5]) was an administrative unit (ulus) of the Golden Horde on the territory of the former Volga Bulgaria with its center in the city of Bolgar, which existed in the first half of the 13th – early 15th centuries.^[2]

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The Bulgarian land was subjected to the ushkuiniks' raids several times, and also had conflicts with the Russian principalities. In 1376-1377, the united Moscow-Novgorod troops made a military campaign against the territory of the Bulgar ulus: the Bulgar army was driven inside Bolgar. The Novgorod raids ceased after the failure of the ushkuiniks' campaign to the Volga and Kama in 1409, when they were defeated and their leader was captured and taken to the Horde. By 1431, the Bulgarian land had finally turned into a "wild field" after the constant devastating raids of the troops of the temnik of the Golden Horde, Edigey^[6]

• Bulgarian epigraphic monuments