앰프넷

AMPRNet
무선 메쉬 네트워크의 일부인 유럽의 고속 아마추어 무선 멀티미디어 네트워크(HamNET)용 안테나

AMPRNet(AMPRNet) 또는 네트워크 44는 아마추어 무선 오퍼레이터에 의해 관리되는 컴퓨터 네트워크 간의 패킷 무선 및 디지털 통신에 사용됩니다.다른 아마추어 무선 주파수 할당과 마찬가지로, 1981년에 아마추어 무선 디지털 통신 (일반 용어)에 44.0.0/8의 IP 범위가 제공되었고, 무선 아마추어에 의해 자체 관리되었습니다.2001년 인터넷 망원경으로서 문서화되어 있지 않고 이중으로 44.0.0/8을 사용하기 [1]시작하여 2001년 7월에 코드 레드 II 웜의 확산을 기록했습니다.2019년 중반에 IPv4 주소 소진으로 인해 IPv4 범위의 일부가 일반 용도로 매각되었습니다.

아마추어 무선 디지털 통신 (모드)

1978년 5월 1일부터 캐나다 당국은 1.25m 대역(220MHz)의 라디오 아마추어에게 패킷 라디오를 사용할 수 있도록 허용했으며, 1978년에는 "아마추어 디지털 라디오 오퍼레이터 인증서"[2][3]를 발표했다.인터넷 프로토콜[4] 스위트와 44/8 IPv4 주소를 사용한 디지털 통신 아마추어 무선 모드에 대한 논의가 그 뒤를 이었다.

1988년까지, 1,000개의 주소 공간이 [5]할당되었습니다.2009년 12월 현재, 44/8 네트워크에 대한 착신 트래픽량의 약 1%는 계속 라우팅 가능한 합법적인 무선 아마추어 트래픽이었으며, 나머지 1일당 2µ100기가바이트의 인터넷 배경 노이즈는 [1]연구를 위해 캘리포니아 대학 샌디에이고(UCSD) 인터넷 망원경에 의해 전송 및 기록되었습니다.2016년까지 유럽에 기반을 둔 HAMNET(High-Speed Amera-Radio Multimedia NETwork)는 중앙 유럽을 [6]아우르는 4,000개의 노드를 갖춘 멀티 메가비트 인터넷 프로토콜 네트워크를 제공했습니다.

이력 및 설계

패킷 무선 네트워크를 사용하는 아마추어 무선에서의 TCP/IP 사용은 인터넷 역사 초기에 발생했으며 공중 인터넷이 등장하기 전에 존재했습니다.1,670만명 IP주소의 클래스 A44/8 netblock은 아마추어 무선 사용자들을 위한 전 세계들이 컴퓨터 네트워킹이 유아기에 앞서 인터넷 기의 날에 갈 때 ARPANETNetwork 제어 프로토콜(NCP는)은 전송 제어 프로토콜(TCP)에 의해 1983년 1월 1일 대체됬다 1981년 행크 Magnuski에 의해;[7][8]보장 받게 해 설정되어 있었다..[8]에서 존 포스텔이 사용한 초기 이름 RFC790은 '아마추어 무선 실험망'[7]이었습니다.

원래 패킷 무선은 경쟁하는 많은 상위 수준의 프로토콜들을 위한 낮은 수준의 프로토콜로 사용되었고, 구성의 복잡성 때문에 TCP/IP 사용자들은 본질적으로 소수였습니다.낮은 보레이트는 또한 IP 프로토콜이 프로토콜 오버헤드가 너무 높다고 생각했기 때문에 패킷 노드 사이트 소유자들을 자극했습니다.이러한 이유로 HF를 통해 작동하는 시스템은 거의 없었습니다.1,200/9,600-baud VHF 네트워크의 최적의 솔루션은 TCP/IP over ROSE(X.25 CCITT 표준에 근거한 RADIUS Amero Telecommunications Society "RATS" Open Systems Environment)로 나타났습니다.불과 몇 년 만에 공공 인터넷은 이러한 솔루션을 쓸모없게 만들었습니다.현재의 ROSE 시스템은 오픈 소스 FPAC Linux 프로젝트에 [9]의해 유지보수되고 있습니다.

AMPRNet은 무선 링크 및 인터넷터널에 의해 접속됩니다.무선 스펙트럼의 대역폭 제한으로 인해 VHF 및 UHF 링크는 일반적으로 1,200 보로 보통 최대 9,600 보로 제한됩니다.2.4GHz와 5GHz에서 대량 생산된 Wi-Fi 기기가 등장하면서 이 기술은 현재 인근 아마추어 주파수에서 훨씬 더 빠른 링크를 제공하기 위해 사용되고 있습니다.300 보는 보통 HF에서 사용됩니다.마이크로파 링크는 일반적으로 패킷무선을 사용하지 않고 상용 Wi-Fi 액세스포인트(High Speed Multimedia Radio(HSM; 고속 멀티미디어 무선) 또는 "h인터넷")를 사용합니다.AMPRNet은 TCP/IP를 완전히 지원하여 모든 네트워크 프로토콜을 지원합니다.

AMPRNet은 전 세계의 일련의 서브넷으로 구성되어 있습니다.네트워크의 일부에는 인접 노드에 대한 포인트 투 포인트 무선 링크가 있으며, 다른 일부에는 완전히 격리되어 있습니다.

지리적으로 분산된 무선 서브넷은 인터넷 접속이 가능한 사이트 간에 IP 터널을 사용하여 연결할 수 있습니다.이들 사이트의 대부분은 중앙 라우터에 대한 터널도 갖추고 있으며, 중앙 라우터는 자원봉사자에 의해 갱신된 스태틱라우팅 테이블을 사용하여 44개의 네트워크와 나머지 인터넷 사이를 라우팅합니다.

2011년 10월 현재 실험은 중앙에서 제어되는 스태틱솔루션을 넘어 n2n이나 ZeroTier 등의 Peer to Peer VPN 시스템에 의해 제공되는 동적 구성으로 이행하고 있습니다.

주소 관리

1986년 말에 합의된 할당 계획은 연방 통신 위원회([10]FCC) 규정에 따라 미국 내에서 사용하기 위해 44.0/9(약 800만 주소)를 의무화했으며,[10] FCC 규정 밖에서 나머지 국가 배치에 대해 44.128/9(약 800만 주소)를 의무화했다.

이 블록의 나머지 Internet Protocol(IP) 주소는 44.0.0/9 및 44.128.0.0/10 네트워크에 있으며, 이론적으로는 라이선스가 있는 아마추어 무선 [11]오퍼레이터가 사용할 수 있습니다.IP 주소 관리 및 주소 할당은 자원봉사 코디네이터가 "우리는 상업 조직과 동일한 수준의 대응을 제공하지 않습니다"라는 조건을 달고 수행합니다.이러한 주소는, 자원봉사 관리자와 완전하게 제휴하면, 인터넷을 개입시켜 라우팅 할 수 있습니다.AMPRNet 내의 IP 주소를 요구하는 무선 아마추어는 AMPRNet Portal에 [12]접속해야 합니다.

미러쉐이딩 라우터

San Diego Supercomputer Center, AMPRNet 인터넷 게이트웨이 호스트 및 CAIDA/UCSD 네트워크 망원경

1990년대 이후 44/8 범위의 대부분의 패킷은 IP 캡슐화를 사용하여 IP 터널을 통해 San [13]Diego California 대학에서 호스트되는 라우터와의 사이에서 전송되도록 배치되었습니다.이 전송 라우터의 이름은 원래mirrorshades.ucsd.edu[13] 그 후gw.ampr.org[14] 또는 "AmprGW[11][14][15][16] ".

1996년까지 고속 56k 모뎀은 일시적으로 "미러셰이드" 중앙 리플렉터 라우터를 통해 전송할 수 있는 것보다 더 큰 throughput을 얻었습니다.[17]활성 Domain Name System(DNS; 도메인네임 시스템) 엔트리가 있는 IP 주소만ampr.org패킷 필터에 의해서 전송 [11][18]됩니다.

1999년 8월 19일 현재 IP 트래픽의 일일 캡슐화 IP는 초당 약 100킬로비트이며 0.14메가비트/초에 [19]도달했습니다.2000년 중반에는 CERFnet에서 캘리포니아 대학 샌디에이고 접속으로 인식된 대부분의 고유 IP 주소는 44개의 프리픽스로 시작되었습니다.단,[20] IP 주소의 17%는 그렇지 않았습니다.2009년 중반에mirrorshades서버는 약 1,100일의 [21]가동시간 후에 업그레이드 및 교체되었습니다.2010년의 자금 조달 제안은, 「합법적인 트래픽도 잠재적인 연구 자원」[1]이라고 하는 가능성을 제기했다.

UCSD 네트워크 망원경

2월 2001,[1][22][23][24]에backscatter 조사를 거쳐 CAIDA/UCSD 네트워크 망원경 사업의 일환으로 시작된44/8 주소 block[25]전체가 경계 경로 프로토콜(경계 경로 프로토콜)을 통해 인터넷 주변 소음과 단파 collection,[24][26]은 센터에 기반으로 한 응용 인터넷 D을 위한 수동 honeypot으로 광고되고 있었던 것AtaAnalysis[노트 1]샌 다이에서.슈퍼컴퓨터 [29]센터로 가세요.2001년 7월 15일 44.0.0/8 트래픽의 네트워크모니터링에 의해 Code Red [30]II 웜의 확산이 기록되었습니다.2001년 7월 이전에는 44.0.0/8 내의 IP 주소 앞으로 비송신 TCP SYN 패킷을 로깅하고 있었습니다.또, 2001년 7월 19일 이후에는, 완전한 착신 IP 헤더 로깅이 [31]행해졌습니다.44/8 IP 주소 블록은 "연구할 가치가 높다"[32]고 명시되어 있습니다.

2001년 8월 데이터 압축을 사용하여 IP 헤더만 유지하는 데이터 캡처는 [33]시간당 0.5기가바이트였습니다.2002년에 블록은 모든 인터넷 IPv4 주소 [34]공간의 0.4%였습니다.2003년 9월까지 트래픽은 월 0.75테라바이트였으며 [35]대역폭 비용은 월 2,500달러였습니다.2004년 10월, Lightlight Networks는 CAIDA 네트워크 [35]망원경의 인터넷 전송 비용을 후원하기 시작했습니다.2009년 4월에는 업스트림환율제한이 폐지되어 네트워크 [36]망원경에 도달하는 패킷 수가 증가하였습니다.2012년 말에seaport.caida.org네트워크 망원경 데이터 캡처 서버입니다.thor.caida.org실시간에 가까운 데이터 [25][37][38]액세스에 사용됩니다.2016년 현재 44/8 네트워크는 각각 초당 최대 226 패킷(평균 피크 평균)[39]의 DoS(서비스 거부 공격)로부터 후방 산란을 수신하고 있습니다.월 [38]총 37테라바이트.

지원은 University Research Board(UBR; University Research Board)의 [31][40]보조금으로 시스코 시스템즈에 의해 제공되었습니다.이 사업은 고급 네트워킹 기반 시설과 연구에 의해(ANIR)과 컴퓨터와 국립 과학 재단(NSF)에서 네트워크 시스템(CNS)award[42]고 미국 국토 안보부의(DHS);[41]과 네트워크 모델링 및 award,[41], 국방의 시뮬레이션(내 스타일이 아냐)/차세대 인터넷 프로그램(엔지 아이)A자금을 지원하였다dvanced Research 프로젝트 에이전시(DARPA).[26][31]

  1. ^ 「인터넷 데이터 분석 협력회」(CAIDA)와 「응용 인터넷 데이터 분석 센터」(CAIDA)가 모두 학술 [27][28]교재에 게재되고 있다.
먹이다

2017년 5월,[16] Applied Internet Data Analysis 센터는 다른 건물에 AMPRNet 게이트웨이를 위한 새로운 서버를 제공하였습니다.2017년 중반 현재 패시브모니터링 설정이 사용되고 있으며, 여기에는 AMPRNet 게이트웨이에 의해 UCSD 네트워크 텔레스코프 캡처 [24]서버에 수신되는 착신 패킷을 복제하도록 포트 미러링이 설정된 네트워크 스위치가 포함되어 있습니다.STARDUST(Sustainable Tools for Analysis and Research on Darknet Unsolicited Traffic) 프로젝트 자금 지원 제안에서는 더 나은 타임스탬프를 제공하고 패킷 [24]손실을 방지하기 위해 패시브 옵티컬탭을 갖춘 10기가비트 이더넷으로의 업그레이드를 계획하고 있습니다.

2018년 7월까지 광 스플리터와 Endace 캡처 카드를 사용하는 대체 10기가비트 이더넷 인프라가 운영되었습니다.[43]

아카이브

2001/2008년의 간헐적 캡처 아카이브는 657기가바이트였습니다.[44]2008년부터 2012년까지 아카이브된 pcap 캡처는 192TB의 데이터를 [45]압축하지 않았습니다.2012년 1월, 최근 5주간의 데이터는 [45]압축되지 않은 5.5테라바이트였습니다.2012년 3월 22일부터, 2003~2012년의 시간당 압축된 원시 pcap 트레이스는 장기 저장 및 연구 데이터 [36]아카이브를 위해 국립 에너지 연구 과학 컴퓨팅 센터(NERSC)로 전송되었습니다.이 104.66 Tebibyte의 데이터 이행에는 에너지 과학 네트워크(ESNET)[36]를 통해 1.5기가비트/초의 지속적인 속도로 1주일이 걸렸습니다.

2012~2017년 동안 2.85페타바이트의 데이터가 수집되었습니다(1.3페타바이트 [25]압축).2017년 12월 31일 현재 UCSD Network Telescope가 수집한 전체 총량은 3.25페타바이트(비압축)이며, 129,552개의 시간당 [25]파일에 저장되어 있습니다.

2012년까지 수집된 데이터의 사용자는 "백스캐터 데이터셋 및 UCSD 네트워크 망원경은 Cisco Systems, Lightlight Networks, 미국 국토안보부,[46] National Science Foundation, DARPA, Digital Embission 및 CAIDA 회원으로부터 제공됨"에 동의해야 합니다.

블록 크기

아마추어 무선에 대한 최초의 클래스 A 네트워크 할당은 1970년대에 [47]이루어졌으며 1981년 [7]9월에 기록되었으며, 약 1,600만 개의 IP 주소로 구성되었습니다.2019년 7월 18일 현재, 44/8 블록의 하위 75%(~1200만 주소)가 아마추어 무선 사용을 위해 남아 있으며, 상위 25%(44.192/10, ~400만 IP 주소)가 [48][49]판매되었습니다.

IPv4 주소의 고갈로 인해, 2016년까지 44/8 블록의 가치는 1억 [8]달러가 넘었습니다.44/8 라우팅 프리픽스 집약이 2019년 [50]6월 4일에 애드버타이즈 되지 않게 되었습니다.American Registry for Internet Numbers의 CEO인 John Curran은 ARIN [51]정책에 따라 IP 주소의 이전 요청을 접수하고 검토했다고 밝혔다.

2019년 7월 18일 인터넷 번호 할당 기관이 기록한 지정이 "044/8 아마추어 무선 디지털 통신"[52]에서 "044/8 ARIN 관리"[53]로 변경되었으며, 2019년 7월 18일 아마존 테크놀로지스에 44.192.0/10 주소 공간을 매각하여 아마존이 웹 서비스를 가장 많이 [49]이용하였다.AMPRNet은 이후 44.0/9 및 44.128/[55]10으로 구성되었으며 더 이상 주소 [56]공간을 판매할 계획이 없습니다.

매각에 참여한 사람들이 밝힌 열망은 아마추어 무선 [57]발전을 위해 비영리 단체인 501(c)(3)가 자금을 보유하고 있다는 것이었다.그 판매로 5천만 [56]달러 이상의 자금이 조달되었다.이전에 팔려고 내놓다, 44.192/10 블록에 주소를 아마추어 무선 지역 바깥 space-amateur 라디오 위성 service,[58][59][60]에 Oceania,[58][59][60]Antarctica,[58][59][60]센트로 이탈리아노 Sperimentazione의 Arctic,[58][59][60]이탈리아 roaming,[60]에 Stuttgart/에 Attività Radiantistiche(CisarNet)[61][62]독일을 보고하였다도 할당되었다.Tübingen,[63]Eppstein,[63]을 더하Germany/pan-European Highspeed. 아마추어 무선 멀티미디어 네트워크 [de](HAMNET).[62][64][65]

응답

Paul Vixie는 IP 주소 공간 판매 후 "게임의 [66]현 단계에서 ampr.org는 IP 공간보다 돈을 더 잘 활용할 수 있다"고 말했다.

Internet Assigned Numbers Authority의 전 매니저인 Doug Barton은 다음과 같이 말했습니다.지금 우리가 보고 있는 반응은 100% 예측 가능합니다.그렇다고 해서 판매 자체가 합리적이고 합리적인 사람들에 의해 이루어졌으며 공간의 [67]좋은 관리인이라는 개념에 부합한다는 제 의견은 바뀌지 않습니다.

아마추어 무선 디지털 통신 (위원회)

아마추어 무선 디지털 통신 위원회는 1981년 회의 이후 미국 라디오 릴레이 리그(ARRL) 이사회에 디지털 표준에 대한 조언을 제공하기 위해 구성되었습니다.원래 명칭은 "디지털 통신에 관한 ARL 애드혹 위원회"로, 약칭은 "디지털 위원회"[68]였습니다.1980년대 중반, 위원회는 매년 두 차례 회의를 열었는데, 그 중 한 해 동안, 그리고 다시 연례 컴퓨터 네트워킹 [69]회의에서 회의를 열었습니다.

1987년 9월, 위원회는 북미에서 패킷 라디오와 디지털 [70]통신에 사용되는 주파수 목록을 추천했다.1988년 1월 위원회는 AX.25 버전 [71]3을 표준화하기 위해 회의를 열었다.1988년 3월,[72] 위원회는 "패킷 무선 주파수 권고"를 발행했다.

1993년 초 위원회와 ARL 이사회는 연방 통신 [73]위원회에 제안서를 제출하면서 반자동 디지털 방송국에 대한 지침을 마련하고 있었다.

아마추어 무선 디지털 통신 (비영리)

아마추어 무선 디지털 커뮤니케이션 주식회사
연도 US$, 연말 자산
2012년[a]
456파운드-842 자본)
2013년[b]
830파운드-1,584 자기자본)
2014년[c]
6,399엔 3,700엔)
2015년[d]
주식 6,567엔 3,558엔)
2016년[e][f]
6,717엔 3,708엔)
2017년[f]
2,621엔 1,731엔)
2018년[g]
13,829파운드 - 7,855 자기자본)
2019년[h]
109,130,548
2020년[i]
127,858,353

2011년 10월 6일 캘리포니아의 비영리 회사가 "아마추어 라디오 디지털 통신"이라는 이름으로 설립되었으며, 2011년 10월 11일 캘리포니아 주(州)에 의해 "5663 Balboa Avenue, Suite 432 - 캘리포니아 샌디에이고[74] - UPS 상점 주소"로 녹음되었습니다.2012년 [75]6월 22일, 2015년 [76]9월 29일, 2017년 [77]9월 18일에 회사 임원을 다음과 같이 기재한 신청서가 작성되었습니다.

브라이언 칸토르
사장[75]: 5 또는 최고[76][77] 경영자
에린 케널리
비서[75]: 5 [76][77]
킴벌리 클래피
재무담당자[75]: 5 또는 최고재무책임자[76][77]

2011년 미국 인터넷 번호 등록국은 44/8 네트워크 블록 전체를 개별 연락처에서 "아마추어 라디오 디지털 통신" 비영리 [78]회사로 변경해 달라는 요청을 승인했습니다.

활동은 "희소한 AMPRNet 인터넷 프로토콜 자원을 제공하고, 네트워크 사용자에게 이러한 자원을 전체 인터넷 커뮤니티에 대한 서비스로 효율적으로 활용하는 방법을 교육하는 것"이었다. 이는 2012년 하반기에 "American Registry for Internet Numbers(ARIN)와의 [75]: 3 통신을 통해".계획에는 "교육기관, 재단 및 기타 단체에 대한 보조금 및 기타 재정 지원의 발행이 포함되어 있습니다.[...]는 설립 이사 3명의 공동 노력을 통해 2013년에 개시될 예정입니다.[...][75]: 3

2017년 12월, 칸토르는 캘리포니아 대학 [14][79]샌디에이고로부터의 은퇴를 발표했습니다.2017년 12월 13일, "아마추어 라디오 디지털 커뮤니케이션" 비영리 단체의 정관 재작성(변경)이 체결되어 2017년 [80][80]12월 17일에 제출되었다.2019년 5월, 칸토르는 UCSD/CAIDA가 데이터 수집을 위해 Amprnet 주소를 사용하는 [81]것을 2023년 7월 31일까지 연장하는 계약에 서명했다.

브라이언 칸토르는 2019년 11월에 사망했다.2020년 2월/3월 샌디에이고 캘리포니아 대학 네트워크 시스템 센터(CNS)는 ARDC로부터 225,000달러를 받아 앨런 튜링과 브라이언 [82]칸토르를 기리는 학생 장학금의 재정 기부를 허용했다.

배포

2021년 ARDC 지원을 통해 MIT 그린빌딩의 Radome 절감

2021년 5월, ARDC는 매사추세츠 공과대학 아마추어 라디오 클럽 (W1MX)에 160만 달러의 일회성 보조금을 제공하여 MIT 그린 빌딩 (빌딩 54)[83] 위에 있는 라돔을 구하고 재건했습니다.

2021년 11월 ARDC는 국제우주정거장의 아마추어 라디오(ARISS-USA)[84]를 둘러싼 미국 기반 활동을 지원하기 위해 총 130만 달러의 5년 보조금을 지급했다.

2022년 1월, 인터넷 아카이브는 계획된 DLARC(Digital Library of Amerature Radio and Communications)[85]의 조립을 위해 $090만 보조금을 받았습니다.

「 」를 참조해 주세요.

레퍼런스

  1. ^ a b c d Center for Applied Internet Data Analysis (9 April 2010). A Real-time Lens into Dark Address Space of the Internet (Project Summary) (Report). pp. 1, 2, 6. operating the UCSD telescope since 2001 ... ensure active life of the UCSD Network telescope until at least the end of 2013. ... expand our telescope instrumentation to enable researchers to exploit this unique global data source ... uses a /8 mostly "dark" (unassigned) network prefix ... and has only a few assigned addresses. We separate the legitimate traffic destined to those few reachable IP addresses, and monitor only the traffic destined to the empty address space. ... the network's border router separates the legitimate traffic arriving at the telescope network (typically less than 1% of the total traffic volume) and forwards only non-legitimate traffic for monitoring and storage ... As of December 2009, the network telescope captures in the range of 2GB up to and exceeding 100GB of compressed trace data per day. ... The legitimate traffic is also a potential research resource, ... participates in DHS's Protected REpository for the Defense of Infrastructure against Cyber Threats (PREDICT) project, ... for annotating and indexing telescope data
  2. ^ Rouleau, Robert T. (December 1978). Green, Wayne (ed.). "The Packet Radio Revolution". 73 Amateur Radio Today. pp. 183, 184. the Canadian authorities announced the creation of a new "Amateur Digital Radio Operator's Certificate" ... On [1978-05-01], the Montreal Amateur Radio Club sent the first amateur packets. ... Canada is the only country which is permitting amateurs to experiment with packet.
  3. ^ Canadian Amateur Radio Federation (December 1978). Green, Wayne (ed.). "Doc publishes details of new "no-code" "digital" certificate". 73 Amateur Radio Today. p. 278. known up to now as the "experimenter's" certificate and "packet radio," were made public on [1978-09-14]. These changes came into effect [1978-09-30]. Holders of the new ticket, now called the "Amateur Digital Radio Operator's Certificate," will be permitted operation on two meters and above using various modes of operation. ... Packet radio will be permitted to all three classes in certain parts of the 220-MHz band.
  4. ^ Rinaldo, Paul L. (16 October 1981). Internet Standards (PDF). First international amateur radio computer networking conference. Amateur Packet Network Agenda. p. 1.2. If the internet is to work it must have agreed standards. ... For example, do we want to look for government seed money and configure the network so that it can handle government traffic in emergencies; e.g. use ARPA's Internet protocol?
  5. ^ Garbee, Bdale (1 October 1988). More and Faster Bits: A Look At Packet Radio's Future (PDF). 7th Computer Networking Conference. American Radio Relay League. One rough estimate is the number of Internet addresses that have been assigned from the "network 44" block for amateur packet radio: about 1,000 amateurs in several dozen countries.
  6. ^ Goodwins, Rupert (19 June 2016). "When everything else fails, amateur radio will still be there—and thriving". Ars Technica. Ham is now a full-fat fabric that can provide Internet access. Why aren't you using it? ... Take the European HAMNET, ... four-thousand-node high speed data network covering a large part of continental Europe and providing full IP connectivity at megabit speeds. It connects to the Internet—ham radio owns 16 million IPV4 addresses ...
  7. ^ a b c Postel, Jon; Network Working Group (September 1981). Assigned Numbers (Report). Request for Comments 790. pp. 1, 14. 044.rrr.rrr.rrr ... AMPRNET ... Amature Radio Experiment Net [HM] ... [HM] Hank Magnuski
  8. ^ a b c Fields, Bryan (13 October 2017). "IPv4 History" (PDF). IPv6 In Amateur Radio HamWAN Tampa Bay. p. 6. On [1983-01-01] Flag Day took place, NCP was shut off, IP turned on. ... Hams get 44/8 thanks to Hank Magnuski, KA6M – Circa 1981 ... Legacy assigned IP space commands a premium. 44/8 is one of these blocks ... 44/8 is worth >100M USD now! ... 2016
  9. ^ http://rose.fpac.free.fr/
  10. ^ a b Linstruth, Wally (12 November 1986). "IP addressing". Archived from the original on 2 September 2018. current IP address assignments which I have offered to coordinate. The proposed scheme has been reviewed by Phil Karn, Bdale Garbee and (verbally with) Mike Chepponis, all of whom have encouraged that it be used. ... Bit 8 to be 0 for USA stations and 1 for non-USA stations. ... meant to provide a very quick means for segregating FCC controlled participants from non-FCC stations. ... 8 million plus addresses ought to last the US amateur population for some time to come.{{cite web}}: CS1 유지보수: 부적합한 URL(링크)
  11. ^ a b c "AMPRNet FAQ". Retrieved 22 July 2019. Those hams who wish to join an existing radio subnet may receive one or more addresses from within the block allocated to the subnet they wish to join. ... AmprGW is a server run by Brian Kantor at UCSD as part of a long-running Internet research project. ... selective gateway between non-AMPRNet internet devices and the IPIP (mesh) AMPRNet. ... filters at the per-host(/32) level. ... If there is no DNS A record for a tunneled amprnet destination host, the traffic is not forwarded ... In mid-2019, we sold one quarter (abount 4 million) of those addresses (a /10) to obtain funds to support our philanthropic arm.
  12. ^ AMPRNet 포털
  13. ^ a b Sloman, Jeffrey (February 1994). Green, Wayne (ed.). "Packet & Computers" (PDF). 73 Amateur Radio Today. No. 401. p. 72. Amateur addresses always start with 44. This is the address for the domain AMPR.org; the name 'ampr.org' amps to the addresses that lie in the 44.x.x.x address space ... All amateur addresses assigned by IP coordinators are sent to a host at the University of California at San Diego called 'mirrorshades.ucsd.edu' ... acts as a router. This means that any time there is traffic anywhere on the Internet that starts with 44, it is sent to 'mirrorshades', which looks at the address and sends it on its way to the correct gateway.
  14. ^ a b c Kantor, Brian (16 December 2017). "retirement". Archived from the original on 16 December 2017. retiring from UCSD, after 47 years on campus. ... will continue to use the @ampr.org address for some AMPRNet and ARDC business. Amprgw (gw.ampr.org) will continue to operate ... as part of the CAIDA research group continuing measurement and analysis of dark networks project.{{cite web}}: CS1 유지보수: 부적합한 URL(링크)
  15. ^ Kantor, Brian (27 May 2017). "Amprgw". AMPRNet Wiki. Retrieved 26 July 2019. AMPRGW is amprgw.ucsd.edu, at IP address 169.228.34.84. It is the Internet-to-AMPRNet router.
  16. ^ a b Kantor, Brian (24 May 2017). Nugent, Jay (ed.). "Good News! and some changes coming". Archived from the original on 25 May 2017 – via DRG-users. Good News! Our friends in the CAIDA research group at UCSD have come up with a new machine for amprgw, [...] with faster CPU, more cores, and more memory. It also has RAIDed disk and dual power supplies, although unlike the current amprgw, it won't be on a UPS. ... new building ... the gateway will have a new address ... Instead of ... 'amprgw.sysnet.ucsd.edu' as the current one on address 169.228.66.251 ... will be 'amprgw.ucsd.edu' (no 'sysnet' in the name), [...] address 169.228.34.84.{{cite web}}: CS1 유지보수: 부적합한 URL(링크)
  17. ^ Stroh, Steve (1996). "One person's view of DCC '96". Packet Status Register. No. 64. Tucson Amateur Packet Radio Corporation. p. 24,26,27. the Vancouver group has found it necessary to obtain IP address assignments outside of the 44.x.x.x address space because the 44.x.x.x router (mirrorshades) simply doesn't have the throughput necessary to keep up with a 56K system. ... being around Phil Karn, KA9Q, who invented Amateur Radio TCP/IP (with a lot of help)
  18. ^ "Quickstart". AMPRNet Wiki. Note that the main tunnel router at UCSD will NOT pass traffic to an IP address unless that address is associated with a hostname in the ampr.org DNS domain.
  19. ^ Claffy, Kimberly; CAIDA; San Diego Supercomputer Center; University of California San Diego (October 1999). Workload char.: protocol. ACM Internet Measurement Conference. State of DeUnion. [1999-08-19], ucsd-cerfnet. ... Protocol Breakdown ‒ 1 day IPENCAP Min: 0.00 M; Avg: 0.01 M; 0.014 M. generated
  20. ^ Claffy, Kimberly; Gehrke, Lynnelle; University of California, San Diego (31 October 2000). For the period 01 July 2000 to 30 September 2000 (Recipient's progress status and management report). Predictability and Security of High Performance Networks (Report). For the period 01 July 2000 to 30 September 2000 ... Report #9 ... Contract N66001-98-2-8922 ... October 31, 2000 ... CERFnet link data is also of limited use in gathering raw IP addresses, mostly due to UCSD's hosting a packet radio service for which an entire class A address segment (44.0.0.0/8) is allocated, a total of 16M addresses. Many of those are assigned on a temporary (per session) basis. For example, the data from CERF link for the three weekend days between 23–25 June 2000 contained 1.47 million IPs. Of those, 1.17 million were not found in sources processed before [2000-06-23]. Nonetheless, only 162,669 (17%) of them begin with a number other than 44. ... Contract #: N66001-98-2-8922 ... Contract Period of Performance: [1998-07-16] to [2001-07-15]; Ceiling Value: $6,655,449
  21. ^ Koster, Ken (13 July 2009). "More openvpn discussion - was Re: FYI - 44 Net ..." Seattle Amateur Packet Radio mailing list (SeaTCP). Washington Experimenter's Tcp/ip NETwork (WetNET). Brian has the new gateway box up and running and the old one has been retired (after being up for something like 1100 days). ... new mirrorshades now supports additional protocols (ipudp) and Brian has shown an interest in perhaps using something like openvpn if there is enough interest.
  22. ^ Moore, David (21 May 2001). "UCSD Researchers Analyze Prevalence and Patterns of Worldwide Denial-of-Service Attacks on the Internet" (Press release). San Diego Supercomputer Center. new technique called "backscatter analysis" ... Brian Kantor and Jim Madden of UCSD provided access to key network resources and clarified the local network topology.
  23. ^ Voelker, Geoffrey M.; Moore, David; Savage, Stefan (17 October 2001). "Inferring Internet Denial-of-Service Activity". ACM Transactions on Computer Systems. University of Virginia. 24 (2): 11,12,27,28. doi:10.1145/1132026.1132027. S2CID 3985397. How can you monitor enough of the Internet to obtain a representative sample? ... Experimental Setup: Internet; Monitor (w/big disk) ... Quiescent /8 Network (224 addresses) ... three weeks of traces (February 2001) ... >12,000 attacks against >5,000 targets in a week ... Most <1,000 pps, but some over 600,000 pps ... In July [2001], David Moore used the same technique to track the Code Red Worm ... our /8 (our looking glass)
  24. ^ a b c d "Project Summary" (telescope.dvi). CI-SUSTAIN: Sustainable Tools for Analysis and Research on Darknet Unsolicited Traffic (STARDUST). 10 June 2017. In operation since 2001, the UCSD-NT ... In 2011 we enhanced the Telescope instrumentation to enable access to raw and live telescope traffic data ... over 100 publications – without UCSD co-authors ... At least six PhD theses have used UCSD-NT traffic data ... Figure 2 illustrates our current packet capture infrastructure. The UCSD-NT observes traffic reaching the unused portion of a /8 IPv4 address block (i.e., ≈16M IPv4 addresses) operated by a non-profit organization for experimental use. The telescope /8 address block is announced to the Internet through BGP by a UC San Diego router, which forwards all the traffic for the /8 to the non-profit organization's router (NP-router) through a 1 Gbit/s link. The upstream switch mirrors all traffic on this link to the UCSD-NT capture server, which filters away traffic to utilized addresses and then captures and compresses the remainder (i.e., traffic to all unassigned addresses in the /8 subnet) to files on disk. Every hour these files are transferred to a storage server that holds a sliding window of the last two months of raw pcap data, after which the files are transferred to an off-site tape archive. ... we will upgrade all connected device interfaces (NP-router, storage server) to 10 Gbit/s and we will install an optical splitter ... historical telescope data archive (currently approaching 1 Petabyte of compressed pcap, and increasing at ≈36TB per month) ... As of end of 2016
  25. ^ a b c d Claffy, K.; Fomenkov, Marina; University of California San Diego; Center for Applied Internet Data Analysis (CAIDA) (22 June 2018). Rose, Fraces A.; Matyjas, John D. (eds.). Final technical report. Supporting Research and Development of Security Technologies Through Network and Security Data Collection (Report). Air Force Research Laboratory Information Directorate. pp. iii, 2, 3, 7.
    Sep 2012년 ~ 2017년...허가 번호: FA8750-12-2-0326 ...는 UCSD Network Telescope(/8 IPv4 다크넷을 감시한다)로부터의 패킷레벨 데이터 수집에 관여하고 있습니다.사이버 보안 연구를 한층 더 진전시키기 위해, 델은 이 기밀 데이터에의 액세스를 제공했습니다.블랙홀 어드레스 공간으로 향하는 실시간 트래픽...UCSD Network Telescope 는, 글로벌하게 발표되는 대량의 IPv4 주소 공간(/8 세그먼트)으로 구성됩니다.이 주소 공간에는 정규 호스트가 거의 포함되어 있지 않기 때문에 존재하지 않는 머신에 대한 인바운드트래픽은 요구되지 않으며, 어떤 면에서는 이상적입니다.UCSD Network Telescope에서 pcap 파일(헤더 및 콘텐츠)을 수집했습니다.이 계측에서는 pcap 파일은 payload를 감시, 삭제 및 머신상의 최신 2개월간의 데이터 윈도우를 유지하면서 오래된 데이터를 외부 설비(NERSC)에 아카이브합니다.UCSD Telescope 데이터 처리 및 시각화를 위해 SDSC Gordon 슈퍼컴퓨터 플랫폼의 전용 컴퓨팅 노드 15개와 I/O 노드 1개에 액세스할 수 있었습니다. 이 노드는 페이로드를 제거한 후 PCAP 형식으로 1시간 분량의 파일에 저장했습니다.이러한 파일을 거의 실시간으로(1시간 지연) 이용할 수 있도록 했습니다.이러한 설비를 관리하는 데이터 처리 파이프라인을 관리해 온 경험이 있는 전임 시스템 관리자...파일 수 및 수집된 총 데이터 볼륨(2012-10-01]부터 [2017-12-31]까지) 및 누적 크기...Telescope: 파일 수: 129552, 크기: 2.85PB, 온디스크 크기(압축), [2017-12-31]: 1.30PB, 비압축 크기, [2017-12-31]: 3.25PB
  26. ^ a b Moore, David; CAIDA; Voelker, Geoffrey M.; Savage, Stefan (17 May 2001). "Inferring Internet Denial-of-Service Activity" (PDF). San Diego Supercomputer Center. p. 5,13. experimental backscatter collection platform. We monitor all traffic to our /8 network by passively monitoring data as it is forwarded through a shared hub. ... monitored the sole ingress link into a lightly utilized /8 network (comprising 224 distinct IP addresses, or 1/256 of the total Internet address space). ... configured to capture all Ethernet traffic ... grateful to Brian Kantor and Jim Madden of UCSD who provided access to key network resources ... kc claffy and Colleen Shannon at CAIDA provided support ... DARPA NGI Contract N66001-98-2-8922, NSF grant NCR-9711092
  27. ^ "Researchers focus on Net attacks with network telescope". Computer Weekly. 12 August 2002. Retrieved 22 July 2019. A "network telescope" operated by the Cooperative Association for Internet Data Analysis (CAIDA), in San Diego, has gathered statistics about DoS attacks and the 2001 Code Red and Code Red 2 worm attacks ... a large block of IP (Internet protocol) addresses at the University of California at San Diego, a block so big that it makes up some 0.4% of the world's addresses.
  28. ^ Brownlee, Nevil (31 March 2005). Dovrolis, Constantinos (ed.). Some Observations of Internet Stream Lifetimes. Passive and Active Network Measurement. Boston University: Springer. p. 277. ISBN 9783540319665. Support for this work is provided by DARPA NMS Contract darpa N66001-01-1-8909, NSF Award NCR-9711092 'CAIDA: Cooperative Association for Internet Data Analysis,' and the University of Auckland.
  29. ^ Fields, Bryan; Former ARDC Technical Advisory Committee (TAC) member (19 July 2019). "44/8". was a TAC committee member (I resigned in disgust just 15 min ago), and the board has failed to inform anyone ... private little thing ... with Brian and KC ... huge conflict of interest in KC being a board member of ARDC and Network Telescope getting a feed of 44/8 direct at no cost. ... 44/8 announcement and UCSD routing broke connectivity to directly connected BGP subnets for years. ... Brian retiring from UCSD ... being a board member ... can be a lucrative job. ... broken reverse DNS for all of 44/8. ... theft from the community it was meant to serve.
  30. ^ Moore, David; Shannon, Colleen (25 July 2001). "The Spread of the Code-Red Worm (CRv2)". Center for Applied Internet Data Analysis. Retrieved 22 July 2019. 10:00 UTC in the morning of [2001-07-19] ... Between midnight and 16:30 UTC, a passive network monitor recorded headers of all packets destined for the /8 research network. ... filter was put into place upstream ... unable to capture IP packet headers after 16:30 UTC. ... would like to thank Pat Wilson and Brian Kantor of UCSD for data ... Support ... provided by DARPA ITO NGI and NMS programs, NSF ANIR, and Caida members.
  31. ^ a b c Moore, David; Shannon, Colleen; Brown, Jeffery (November 2002). Code-Red: a case study on the spread and victims of an Internet worm (PDF). Internet Measurement Workshop. Support for this work is provided by Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency NMS Grant N66001-01-1-8909, NSF grant NCR-9711092, Cisco Systems URB Grant ... analysis of the Code-Red I worm covers the spread of the worm between [2001-07-04] and [2001-08-25]. Before Code-Red I began to spread, we were collecting data in the form of a packet header trace of hosts sending unsolicited TCP SYN packets into our /8 network. ... on the morning of [2001-07-19], ... midnight and 16:30 UTC on [2001-07-19], a passive network monitor recorded headers of all packets destined for the /8 research network ... we collected data through [2001-10] ... background level of unsolicited TCP SYN packets ... In our /8, this rate fluctuates between 100 and 600 hosts per two hour period, with diurnal and weekly variations. ... We would like to thank Pat Wilson and Brian Kantor of UCSD for data ... Vern Paxson ... Stefan Savage (UCSD) ... Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency ITO NGI and NMS programs, NSF ANIR, and CAIDA members. ... generous support of Cisco Systems.
  32. ^ Hohlfeld, Oliver [@ohohlfeld] (20 July 2019). "One additional aspect that is of relevance to the Internet measurement community: 44/8 is used by the @caidaorg internet telescope for long. The unused space in 44/8 is thus of high value to research" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  33. ^ Moore, David; Voelker, Geoffrey M.; Savage, Stefan (4 December 2002). "Quantitative Network Security Analysis" (PDF). Project Summary. p. 6,16,17. we were able to monitor the sole ingress link into a lightly utilized /8 network ... the local monitoring we employ can be used to accurately infer global large-scale activity. However, our infrastructure is unique and fixed ... Raw, unencoded trace data will be kept on CAIDA machines ... Due to their experience and trust by the community, CAIDA staff will manage the collection, storage and anonymization of data. ...during August 2001, collecting only packet header data for Code-Red probes to our network telescope resulted in 0.5GB of compressed raw data per hour.
  34. ^ "Researchers focus on Net attacks with network telescope". Computer Weekly. 12 August 2002. Retrieved 10 December 2019. CAIDA monitors traffic directed toward any one of a large block of IP (Internet protocol) addresses at the University of California at San Diego, a block so big that it makes up some 0.4% of the world's addresses.
  35. ^ a b Shannon, Colleen; Cooperative Association for Internet Data Analysis (22 November 2004). "The UCSD Network Telescope" (PDF). NSF CIED Site Visit: 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 23. Continuously collected/archived data: 15 months of trace data (Since [2004-08-12]); 16 months of flow data (Since [2003-07-11]); 0.75 TB/month (8 TB total) ... September 2004: Network Telescope is 1/3 of all inbound traffic to UCSD; Inbound traffic drives 95th percentile charges; Net cost to UCSD for bandwidth: ~$2500/month. October 2004: Limelight networks donates all inbound connectivity to the UCSD Network Telescope: ~$30,000/year ... Current Assets: /8 network (Fall 2001); /16 network (Winter 2004) ... Separate GigE interfaces ... (restricted access) Raw telescope traces ... Technical support of Network Telescope at UCSD: Brian Kantor, Jim Madden, and Pat Wilson; Support for this work was provided by: NSF, Cisco Systems, DHS, DARPA, and CAIDA members
  36. ^ a b c Polterock, Josh (4 April 2012). "Targeted Serendipity: the Search for Storage". According to the Best Available Data. Center for Applied Internet Data Analysis. 104.66 TiB would cost us approximately $40,000 per year to store. ... thank the San Diego Supercomputer Center for archiving the UCSD Network Telescope data since 2003. ... The IBM HPSS and more recently Sun SamQFS archival storage systems dutifully preserved and delivered the 100+ Terabytes of raw pcap traces we have archived over the last eight years. ... On [2012-03-22], we started the transfer via ESnet ... to the NERSC HPSS facilities. ... one week's time and sustained an average of 1.52 Gbps ... April 2009 ... removal of an upstream rate limit filter on incoming packets
  37. ^ Polterock, Josh (21 December 2012). CAIDA Data Hosting and Provisioning Infrastructure for PREDICT (PDF). Hosting Infrastructure Description (Report). Supporting Research and Development of Security Technologies through Network and Security Data Collection. p. 2,3. thor.caida.org ... acts both as the primary data server and the primary analysis machine for the UCSD Network Telescope data. ... 150 TB allocation of HPSS tape resources at the NERSC facility where we archive our historical UCSD Network Telescope (darknet) data. As of the end of 2012, we have used approximately 105TB of this allocation. ... Data Capture Server: Telescope Data: seaport.caida.org
  38. ^ a b Claffy, K. (7 December 2017). Data Collection Infrastructures (PDF). DHS IMPACT Project: CAIDA update (Report). SRI, Menlo Park, CA. p. 7. UCSD Network Telescope As of January 2017, captures more than 1-1.5 TB of compressed traffic trace data per day. ... 37 TB: last full month (Nov 2017) ... 1162 TB: total archived at NERSC ... New compute platform (Thor 2.0) 2x E5-2630 v4 CPUs (10 core each @ 2.2 GHz). 512GB of RAM. 12x 4TB HDDs (+2 OS drives)
  39. ^ Jonker, Mattijs; King, Alistair; Krupp, Johannes; Rossow, Christian; Sperotto, Anna; Dainotti, Alberto (1 November 2017). A Third of the Internet is Under Attack: a Macroscopic Characterization of the DoS Ecosystem (PDF). Internet Measurement Conference. p. 1,7. Denial-of-Service attacks ... backscatter packets reaching the UCSD Network Telescope, a largely-unused /8 network operated by the University of California San Diego. ... also called darknets, passively collect unsolicited traffic ... the mean (maximum per attack) rate observed at the telescope is 226 packets per second – corresponding to an estimate of almost 60k packets per second.
  40. ^ "The CAIDA Dataset on the Code-Red Worms". 31 October 2013. The CAIDA Dataset on the Code-Red Worms was sponsored by: Cisco Systems, Inc; The US Department of Homeland Security; The National Science Foundation; The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency; CAIDA Members. Special thanks to Brian Kantor, Jim Madden, and Pat Wilson at UCSD and Barry Greene at Cisco for support of the UCSD Network Telescope Project. Rapid coordination of all of these folks in the face of a network crisis, along with an equally rapid and incredibly generous equipment donation from Cisco, allowed the collection of this unique dataset.
  41. ^ a b Kantor, Brian; Department of Computer Science; University of California San Diego (July 2011). "A Brief Look at Internet Networking Over Amateur Radio" (PDF). Amateur Radio Digital Communications. p. 3. Retrieved 21 July 2019. ... provision to allow packets addressed to AMPRNet gateways to be forwarded one-way from the Internet, ... supports an academic cybersecurity research project (funded by the National Science Foundation and the Deparment [sic] of Homeland Security) which relies on routing to the AMPRNet address space through the forwarder.
  42. ^ "Award#1059439 - II-EN: A Real-Time Lens into Dark Space of the Internet". Award Search. National Science Foundation. 30 June 2011. Retrieved 22 July 2019. Award Number: 1059439; Start Date: [2011-07-01]; End Date: [2014-06-30] (Estimated); Awarded Amount to Date: $532,000.00; Investigator(s): Kimberly Claffy ... caida.org (Principal Investigator); Sponsor: University of California-San Diego ... CAIDA researchers are expanding their telescope instrumentation
  43. ^ King, Alistair; Dainotti, Alberto (16 April 2019). STARDUST: Sustainable Tools for Analysis and Research on Darknet UnSolicited Traffic (PDF). Workshop on Active Internet Measurements. Center for Applied Internet Data Analysis. Globally routed, lightly used /8 network (1/256 of the entire IPv4 address space); 24/7 full packet traces; Archive of pcap data back to 2003; ... ~2 PB currently, growing by ~30 TB per month ... Data from additional telescopes coming soon: Merit Networks; Politecnico di Torino, Italy; UFMG, Brazil ... Internet ... 10G ... X.0.0.0/8 Darknet ... Optical Splitter ... NP-Router ... DAG Capture Card ... Multicast VLAN
  44. ^ UCSD; Center for Applied Internet Data Analysis. "CAIDA UCSD Network Telescope Traffic Samples". North Carolina: IMPACT Cyber Trust. Collection Starting [2001-02-01]; Collection Ending [2008-11-19]. Samples of Internet Background Radiation traffic ... unidirectional, unsolicited traffic ... Size 656.6GB
  45. ^ a b Claffy, Kimberly C. (17 January 2012). Data collection - passive (PDF). DHS PREDICT project: CAIDA update (Report). p. 5. UCSD telescope: ... 30-days (really five weeks) "live" on disk ... typically 2.9 TiB compressed, 5.5 TiB uncompressed ... current: [2008-04-12] - [2012-01-12]: 102 TB (compressed), 192 TB (uncompressed)
  46. ^ Cooperative Association for Internet Data Analysis (12 July 2012). "CAIDA Backscatter Data Request Form". Users are encouraged, but not required, to include the following attribution in their acknowledgments section: ...
  47. ^ Lunduke, Bryan (29 September 2017). "Weird IP networks: Internet via birds and ham radios". Network World. Retrieved 20 July 2019. AMateur Packet Radio Network. ... in the 1970s, the entire "44" class A block ... was assigned specifically for use via amateur radio.
  48. ^ ARDC Board of Directors (18 July 2019). "AMPRNet Address Sale". Archived from the original on 19 July 2019. Retrieved 20 July 2019. The sale amounts to some millions of dollars, which will be used in the furtherance of ARDC's continuing public benefit purpose. ... The uppermost 1/4 of the former AMPRNet address space (44.192.0.0/10) has been ... sold to another owner ... over 12 million IPv4 addresses remain{{cite web}}: CS1 유지보수: 부적합한 URL(링크)
  49. ^ a b Kantor, Brian; Karn, Phil; Claffy, K. C.; Gilmore, John; Magnuski, Hank; Garbee, Bdale; Hansen, Skip; Horne, Bill; Ricketts, John; Traschewski, Jann; Vixie, Paul (20 July 2019). "AMPRNet". Amateur Radio Digital Communications. Retrieved 20 July 2019. in mid-2019, a block of approximately four million consecutive AMPRNet addresses denoted as 44.192.0.0/10 was ... sold to the highest qualified bidder at the then current fair market value ... leaves some twelve million addresses
  50. ^ "RIS First-Last-Seen (44.0.0.0/8)". Routing Information Service. Réseaux IP Européens Network Coordination Centre. Retrieved 20 July 2019. "44.0.0.0/8" ... last: ... time: 2019-06-04T16:00:00
  51. ^ Curran, John (19 July 2019). "44/8". NANOG mailing list. North American Network Operators' Group. ARIN did receive and process a request from the 44/8 registrant to transfer a portion of the block to another party. ... we review and confirm: ... source of the transfer is the legal entity which holds the rights ... recipient org has approval per policy to receive an address block of the appropriate size
  52. ^ "IANA IPv4 Address Space Registry". Internet Assigned Numbers Authority. 2 July 2019. Archived from the original on 7 July 2019. Retrieved 20 July 2019. Last Updated 2019-07-02 ... 044/8 Amateur Radio Digital Communications
  53. ^ "IANA IPv4 Address Space Registry". Internet Assigned Numbers Authority. 18 July 2019. Archived from the original on 20 July 2019. Retrieved 20 July 2019. Last Updated 2019-07-18 ... 044/8 Administered by ARIN
  54. ^ "Network: NET-44-192-0-0-1". ARIN Whois/Registration Data Access Protocol. American Registry for Internet Numbers. Retrieved 20 July 2019. Address: Amazon Web Services, Inc.
  55. ^ Abbas, Majdi S. (19 July 2019). "44/8". NANOG mailing list. North American Network Operators' Group. Retrieved 19 July 2019. CIDR: 44.192.0.0/10; NetName: AT-88-Z; Organization: Amazon Technologies Inc. (AT-88-Z); RegDate: 2019-07-18
  56. ^ a b Kantor, Brian (31 July 2019). Economos, Ron (ed.). "A civil discussion about the future of AMSAT-NA" – via QRZ.com Forums. The at least $50M number has been confirmed by one of the BOD of ARDC. ... Here's the e-mail. ... "NO plan to sell any more of the AMPRNet address space now or at any time in the future." ... we and the negotiators we employed were able to obtain the best sale price available. After months of negotiation, this all went surprisingly quickly from proposals to accomplished fact, in a matter of just a few days. With more than 50 million dollars that now must be spent on promoting amateur radio
  57. ^ Kantor, Brian; Karn, Phil (19 July 2019). "44.192.0.0/10 sale". NANOG mailing list. North American Network Operators' Group. worthy grant recipients ... to benefit amateur digital radio and related development. ... worldwide activity. ... grants to students who are hams; ... Development of *freely available* technology: hardware, software, protocols, ... good ideas from anyone who has them. ... didn't like the secrecy either, but it was necessary ... Everyone with any arguable legal property interest in 44/8 was fully informed and consented to give up that interest ... I didn't even think twice about it.
  58. ^ a b c d Kantor, Brian (8 September 1994). "AMPRNet IP address coordinators as of 8 September 1994". David Calder. Retrieved 21 July 2019. 44.193 Outer Space-AMSAT ... 44.194 Oceana ... 44.195 Antarctica ... 44.196 Arctic
  59. ^ a b c d Kantor, Brian (20 May 2002). AMPRNet IP address coordinators as of 20 May 2002 (Report). Mats Peterson. 44.193 Outer Space-AMSAT ... 44.194 Oceana ... 44.195 Antarctica ... 44.196 Arctic
  60. ^ a b c d e Kantor, Brian (20 November 2007). "AMPRNet IP address coordinators as of 20 Nov 2007". Antonio Dimasi. Retrieved 21 July 2019. 44.192/24 Roaming ... 44.193 Outer Space-AMSAT ... 44.194 Oceana ... 44.195 Antarctica ... 44.196 Arctic
  61. ^ "ampr.org delega CISAR per la gestione diretta su Internet della rete 44.208/16" [ampr.org delegates CISAR direct management on the Internet of network 44.208/16] (in Italian). Centro Italiano Sperimentazione ed Attività Radiantistiche (CISAR). 12 December 2012. Retrieved 26 July 2019. "License for Directly Routed (CIDR delegated) Subnet: ... address block 44.208.0.0/16 for a period of five years beginning [2012-12-12]
  62. ^ a b Kantor, Brian (9 April 2012). "AMPRNet IP address coordinators as of 9 Apr 2012". Archived from the original on 14 April 2012. Retrieved 21 July 2019. 44.192/24 Roaming ... 44.193 Outer Space-AMSAT ... 44.194 Oceana ... 44.195 Antarctica ... 44.196 Arctic ... 44.208/16 Italy CisarNet ... 44.224/15 Germany HAMNET (Highspeed AMateur-radio NETwork)
  63. ^ a b Kantor, Brian (11 December 1987). "HOSTS.TXT". hosts.net for all known AMPRNET addresses. Revised as of 11 December 1987 ... 44.192.0.0 Stuttgart-Tuebingen-subnet ... 44.198.0.0 Eppstein-subnet
  64. ^ "Country Networks". AMPRNet. Retrieved 21 July 2019. 44.224.0.0/15 독일.
  65. ^ Herzig, Gerrit [@DH8GHH] (20 July 2019). "Die ARDC hat einen "mostly unused" Block 44er IP-Adressen an Amazon verkauft, die bisher den Funkamateuren gehörten. Ich darf demnächst 262 Geräten im #HamNet eine neue IP geben, 75 Subnetze ändern und an 24 Standorten das Routing neu aufsetzen ohne mich dabei auszusperren..." [The ARDC has sold a "mostly unused" block of 44-IP addresses to Amazon, which previously belonged to the radio amateurs. In the near future must give a new IP address to 262 devices in #HamNet, change 75 subnets and re-establish the routing in 24 locations without locking myself out...] (Tweet) (in German) – via Twitter.
  66. ^ Vixie, Paul [@paulvixie] (20 July 2019). "i am ok with this. ampr.org can make better use of money than ip space in fulfilling its nonprofit mission, at this stage of the game" (Tweet). Retrieved 22 July 2019 – via Twitter.
  67. ^ Barton, Doug (27 July 2019). "44/8" (email). NANOG mailing list. North American Network Operators' Group. I was GM of the IANA in the early 2000s, I held a tech license from 1994 through 2004 ... if any of my friends had asked me how I thought news of this sale should have been handled, I would have told them that this reaction that we're seeing now is 100% predictable, and while it could never be eliminated entirely it could be limited in scope and ferocity by getting ahead of the message. At minimum when the transfer occurred. But that doesn't change anything about my opinion that the sale itself was totally reasonable, done by reasonable people, and in keeping with the concept of being good stewards of the space."
  68. ^ Ward, Jeffrey W., ed. (11 September 1984). "ARRL Digital Communications Committee". Gateway: The ARRL Packet-Radio Newsletter. Vol. 1, no. 3. pp. 1–2 – via Archive.org. At a meeting in 1981 the ARRL Board of Directors asked the then-ARRL President Harry Dannals to form "an ad hoc committee to recommend standards for digital communications in the Amateur Radio Service." President Dannals and the next ARRL President, Vic Clark, soon completed the formation of the ARRL Ad Hoc Committee on Digital Communication. The "Digital Committee" advises the ARRL Board of Directors on matters concerning digtial communications ... Committee members: Paul Rinaldo, W4RI (Chairman); Dennis Connors KD2S; Terry Fox, WB4JFI; Doug Lockhart, VE7APU; Wally Linstruth, WA6JPR; Dr. Henry S. Magnuski, KA6M; Paul Newland, AD7I; Eric Scace, K3NA.
  69. ^ Price, Harold E. (October 1986). Green, Wayne (ed.). "ARRL Digital Committee" (PDF). Packet. 73 Amateur Radio Today. No. 313. p. 62. ISSN 0745-080X – via American Radio History. I said the ARRL was doing good things for packet. One is sponsoring and publishing the proceedings of the yearly amateur Networking Conferences, and a second is sponsoring the Digital Committee. This group meets at least twice a year (and has just had its June [1986] meeting) to discuss technical issues and to handle various sociopolitical problems ... Officially, the committee is an advisory group to the ARRL board to help the ARRL make decisions on what it wants to do in packet matters. It also has become the semiofficial AX.25 standards committee. Anyone may attend these meetings: one of them each year is held at the Networking Conference.
  70. ^ "Packet Radio Frequency Recommendations of the Ad Hoc Committee on Amateur Radio Digital Communication" (PDF). QST. American Radio Relay League. September 1987. p. 54. ISSN 0033-4812. Archived from the original on 9 May 2000.{{cite news}}: CS1 유지보수: 부적합한 URL(링크)
  71. ^ Williamson, Paul (December 1987). "Tidbits from the current events file" (PDF). Scope. Vol. 12, no. 12. p. 14. A subcommittee of the ARRL Digital Committee will be meeting in January [1988] in Washington, D.C. to consider proposals for Version 3 of the AX.25 Level 2 protocol standard.
  72. ^ "Packet Radio Frequency Recommendations of the Committee on Amateur Radio Digital Communication" (PDF). QST. American Radio Relay League. March 1988. p. 51. ISSN 0033-4812. Archived from the original on 8 May 2000.{{cite news}}: CS1 유지보수: 부적합한 URL(링크)
  73. ^ ARRL Committee on Amateur Radio Digital Communications (28 March 1993). Preliminary Report to the ARRL Board of Directors (PDF) (Report). Federal Communications Commission. pp. 2, 7, 8. supplemental comments by The American Digital Radio Society ... a preliminary report to the ARRL's Board of Directors was issued by the ARRL committee on amateur radio digital communications. ... At the January 1993 meeting the ARRL Board of Directors directed this Committee ... ARRL develop, through the Digital Committee and the digital community, guidelines and standards for semi-automatic digital stations
  74. ^ Anonymous. Articles of Incorporation. Business Entities (Report). Retrieved 21 July 2019. The name of this corporation is: Amateur Radio Digital Communications ... Article 2 ... specific purposes ... to support, maintain, preserve and enhance the mission of the Amateur Packet Radio Network. ... shared vision of expanding the Amateur Radio Digital Communications network. ... initial agent for service of process is: 001 Northwest Registered Agent, Inc. #C3184722
  75. ^ a b c d e f Kantor, Brian (22 June 2012). 321515 ... Amateur Radio Digital Communications (2011 Form 3500) (Report). Exemption Application. pp. 3, 5. Brian Kantor: President; Kimberly Claffy: Treasurer; Erin Kenneally: Secretary
  76. ^ a b c d Kantor, Brian (25 September 2015). Amateur Radio Digital Communications (Report). Statement of Information. California Secretary of State. Retrieved 21 July 2019. California Corporate Number: C3421515 ... Chief Executive Officer: Brian Kantor ... Secretary: Erin Kenneally ... Chief Financial Officer: Kimberly Claffy
  77. ^ a b c d Kantor, Brian (18 September 2017). Padilla, Alex (ed.). Amateur Radio Digital Communications (Report). Statement of Information. California Secretary of State. Retrieved 21 July 2019. Filed [2017-09-22] ... California Corporate Number: C3421515 ... Chief Executive Officer: Brian Kantor ... Secretary: Erin Kenneally ... Chief Financial Officer: Kimberly Claffy
  78. ^ Curran, John (22 July 2019). "44/8". NANOG mailing list. North American Network Operators' Group. In the case of AMRPNET, in 2011 ARIN did approve update of the registration to a public benefit not-for-profit at the request of the registered contact.
  79. ^ Kantor, Brian (7 September 2017). "Goodbye" (email). alt.sysadmin.recovery. retiring from UCSD, after 46 years on campus ... I'm CEO of a small non-profit, Amateur Radio Digital Communications
  80. ^ a b Kantor, Brian; Kenneally, Erin (18 December 2017). Padilla, Alex (ed.). "Restated Articles of Incorporation of Amateur Radio Digital Communications" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 July 2019. Retrieved 20 July 2019. Filed [2017-12-18] ... corporation is a nonprofit public benefit corporation ... Article II ... purposes for which this corporation is formed are exclusively charitable, scientific, and educational ... declare under penalty of perjury under the laws of the State of California Alt URL
  81. ^ Kantor, Brian; Meyer, Marianna (17 May 2019). Non-binding Memorandum of Understanding between the Regents of the University of California, San Diego and Amateur Radio Digital Communications (contract). pp. 1‒4. ...for mutually beneficial programs, projects, data products and activities. ... It is now the address space 44.0.0.0 through 44.191.255.255 ... ARDC is the owner of the AMPRNet. UCSD has no ownership or right of control over this address space. ... a "Dark Net" to observe specific types of Internet traffic. Since the mid-1980's, UCSD has provided colocation services for the AMPRNet for ARDC, so that in a continuing manner, UCSD's CAIDA Research group may observe, collect, and analyze the AMPRNet traffic. ... cause AMPRNet traffic from the global Internet to be routed to UCSD for study. ... UCSD shall: Operate network hardware and software to provide colocation services for the AMPRNet TCP/IP networks for Amateur Radio on UCSD infrastructure. ... Collaborator shall: Agree to allow UCSD to collect, filter and curate data destined for the AMPRNet network for the purposes of network research and responsible data sharing with the network and security research communities. ... effective through [July 31, 2023] at which time it will expire unless extended.
  82. ^ "Amateur Radio Digital Communications Completes Turing Scholarship Endowment". News. Center for Networked Systems. University of California, San Diego. 31 March 2020. Retrieved 22 May 2020. following a $225,533 donation from the Amateur Radio Digital Communications (ARDC) association, the Alan Turing Memorial Scholarship is now fully endowed. ... gift honors former UC San Diego Department of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE) employee and ARDC founder Brian Kantor, who died unexpectedly in November 2019.
  83. ^ Hooper, Milo (7 May 2021). "Update on Radome Project". Capital Campaign. W1MX. Retrieved 7 November 2021. extremely generous donation of $1.6M by Amateur Radio Digital Communications (ARDC) as well as donations and support from you - our alumni, members of the MIT community, and friends of amateur radio.
  84. ^ "ARISS Receives Generous ARDC Grant for ARISS STEREO Education Project". ARRL News. American Radio Relay League. 3 November 2021. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
  85. ^ "Amateur Radio Digital Communications Grants Continue". News. American Radio Relay League. 27 January 2022. Retrieved 2 February 2022. a nearly $900,000 award that will permit the Internet Archive to build the Digital Library of Amateur Radio and Communications (DLARC)

금융의

  1. ^ Statement of Financial Position 2012 (PDF) (Report). Amateur Radio Digital Communications, Inc. 2 January 2013. p. 1.
  2. ^ Statement of Financial Position 2013 (PDF) (Report). Amateur Radio Digital Communications, Inc. 2 April 2014. p. 1.
  3. ^ Statement of Financial Position 2014 (PDF) (Report). Amateur Radio Digital Communications, Inc. 2 June 2015. p. 1.
  4. ^ Statement of Financial Position 2015 (PDF) (Report). Amateur Radio Digital Communications, Inc. 31 March 2016. p. 1.
  5. ^ Statement of Financial Income and Expense 2016 (PDF) (Report). Amateur Radio Digital Communications, Inc. 10 March 2017. p. 1.
  6. ^ a b Statement of Financial Position 2017 (PDF) (Report). Amateur Radio Digital Communications, Inc. 1 April 2018. p. 2.
  7. ^ Statement of Financial Position 2018 (PDF) (Report). Amateur Radio Digital Communications, Inc. 8 January 2019. p. 2.
  8. ^ Financial Statements (Report). Amateur Radio Digital Communications, Inc. 4 September 2020. pp. 4, 11 – via California Register of Charities. Total Assets: $109,130,548 ... block of 16,777,216 internet protocol (IPv4) addresses ... acquired in 1981 at no charge ... At the time of receipt, there was no discernible market value for the IPv4 addresses and, accordingly, they are carried at no value on ARDC's statement of financial position. ... In 2019, ARDC elected to sell, on a one-time basis, one quarter of its IPv4 addresses to a large internet company, yielding $109,051,904 of proceeds ... net of a broker commission of $545,260. ... ARDC intends to use the proceeds of the sale for grant making and other activity to support the fields of amateur radio and digital communications ... designated the proceeds of the sale as a board designated endowment.
  9. ^ Statements of Financial Position (PDF) (Report). Amateur Radio Digital Communications, Inc. 6 October 2021. pp. 4, 5. Retrieved 26 October 2021. Net Assets Without Donor Restrictions: Beginning of year [2020]: $109,130,548 End of year [2020]: $127,858,353 … Effective, [2021-01-01], ARDC operates as a private foundation subject to an texcise tax on net investment income

추가 정보

1980년대

1990년대

2000년대

2010년대

2019

  • Claburn, Thomas (5 April 2019). "Hams try to re-carve the amateur radio spectrum in fight over open or encoded transmissions". The Register. San Francisco. might make it harder for innovative services like New Packet Radio to emerge.
  • American Radio Relay League (25 July 2019). "Millions of AMPRNet Internet Addresses Sold to Fund Grants and Scholarships". News & Features.
  • Takagi, Gene; Neo Law Group (30 July 2019). "Courtesy Notice of Sale of Assets - Amateur Radio Digital Communications". California: Registry of Charitable Trusts. pp. 1, 3. Archived from the original on 17 July 2020. sale of significant assets ... to Amazon Technologies, Inc. ... one-quarter of ARDC's IP Addresses and is therefore not a sale of substantially all of ARDC's assets ... will be accurately recorded in ARDC's 2019 Form 990, which will be timely submitted to the Registry along with the 2019 Form RRF-1. ... In February 2019, ARDC engaged a ... Internet Address Broker Alt URL
  • Prause, Nils (30 July 2019). "Änderungen der HAMNET-IP-Adressen angekündigt" [Changes to HAMNET IP addresses announced]. Interessengemeinschaft Amateurfunk Osnabrück. Leider ist der vom HAMNET in Deutschland genutzte IP-Adressbereich von der Verkleinerung betroffen, ... jedes einzelne Gerät wird eine neue Adresse bekommen müssen.
  • "HAMNET-Umstellung" [HAMNet conversion] (in German). Arbeitsgemeinschaft Amateurfunkfernsehen (AGAF). 14 August 2019. Retrieved 16 August 2019. Die eingenommenen "some millions of dollars" sollen einer gemeinnützigen ... Im verkauften Bereich ist unter anderem das deutsche HAMNET beheimatet. In unmittelbarer Konsequenz funktioniert die Reverse-DNS-Auflösung über öffentliche DNS-Server nicht mehr. In absehbarer Zeit müssen sämtliche betroffenen Linkstrecken, Router, Dienste und Endgeräte zu anderen Adressen migriert werden. Die deutsche HAMNET-Koordination arbeitet bereits intensiv an der Planung dieser großen Umzugsmaßnahme. Auf der diesjährigen HAMNET-Tagung in Passau soll ein Konzept vorgestellt werden.
  • Estévez, Daniel (20–22 September 2019). IPV6 for Amateur Radio (PDF). 38th ARRL and TAPR Digital Communications Conference. Detroit, Michigan (published 30 January 2020). AMPRNet hands off large sub-blocks to countries, which in turn split their sub-blocks into projects or individuals. All this management is a time consuming process and is prone to disputes. ... IPv4 addresses are by now a very scarce resource, and this large block represents a huge commercial interest.
  • Traschewski, Jann; Zimmermann, Egbert; Osterried, Thomas (2 November 2019). "HAMNET IP-Umstellung kann beginnen" [HAMNET IP-changeover can begin]. News. DB0RES (in German). Retrieved 21 February 2020. Umzug von IP-Adressen aus dem Bereich 44.224.0.0/15 in das Netz 44.148.0.0/15

2020년대

  • American Radio Relay League (13 October 2020). ARRL Foundation Presents the 2020 Scholarship Recipients (PDF) (Report). pp. 1‒3. Retrieved 12 April 2021 – via ARDC, Inc. Additionally, the non-profit Amateur Radio Digital Communications (ARDC) has generously awarded The Amateur Radio Digital Communications' Brian H. Kantor, WB6CYT, Memorial Scholarship grant to the ARRL Foundation to match each scholarship on a dollar-for-dollar basis, making the grand total of scholarships awarded $287,300.
  • Wolfe, Rosy (6 February 2021). 2020 Annual Report (PDF) (Report). Amateur Radio Digital Communications, Inc. pp. 1‒18. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 February 2021. Retrieved 12 April 2021.

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