시나족

Shina people
시나족
카르길의 시나족
총인구
c. 코히스타니, 시나[1][2] 등 117만8400명
인구가 많은 지역
파키스탄1,146,000 (2018)[1][2]
인디아32,247 (2011)[3]
언어들
시나
우르두어는 제2언어로서 널리 이해되고 있는 언어 프랑카로서 역할을 하고 있습니다.[4][5]
종교
주로:이슬람교[6]
관련 민족
기타 인도아리아인

시나족(Shina, ṣ어: ݜݨیاٗ어: ṇ)은 파키스탄의 길기트발티스탄과 인더스코히스탄, 그리고 잠무와 카슈미르 북부 지역의 드라스 계곡과 키생강가 계곡(구레즈)에 주로 거주하는 인도-아리아 민족 언어 집단입니다.그들은 시나라고 불리는 인도-아리아 언어를 사용하고 그들의 지리적 우세 지역은 셰나키라고 불립니다.

지리학

파키스탄에서는 길기트발티스탄(Gilgitis)이라고도 불리는 시나족이 길기트발티스탄(Gilgit-Baltistan)의 주요 민족이며, 시나어는 길기트발티스탄(Gilgit-Baltistan)과 코히스탄(Kohistan)에 주로 거주하는 약 60만 명의 사람들이 사용합니다.[9][10][11]인도 라다크 카르길 지역의 북쪽 끝에 있는 드라스뿐만 아니라 파키스탄의 닐룸 계곡 상류에도 시나 커뮤니티 사람들이 거주하고 있습니다.[10]브록스캣 화자와 같은 시나의 이상치는 치트랄의 라다크, 팔룰라와 사위어 화자, 스와트 계곡의 우쇼조어 화자, 디르의 칼코티어 화자에서 발견됩니다.[10]많은 시나인들이 취업, 사업, 교육 목적으로 카라치와 이슬라마바드로 이주해 왔고, 그들 중 많은 사람들이 이 도시들에 영구적으로 정착했습니다.[12]

역사

시나 씨족은 9세기에서 10세기경 사이 인더스강의 코히스탄 지역인 신카리에서 길기트 지역으로 확장되었습니다.[13]곧 시나족이 치트랄, 나가르 계곡의 일부, 발티스탄과 카르길에까지 정착하기 시작했습니다.[14]

시나족은 역사적으로 불교뿐만 아니라 [15][16][7][6]힌두교도 행해졌습니다.[6][15][17]그러나 힌두교와 불교는 대중 사이에서 더 많은 성공을 거두었지만, 힌두교와 불교 모두 지배층과 상류층의 종교로 규제되었습니다.[18]그들의 가장 큰 특징은, 그들이 그 소를 혐오하는 마음을 품어서 부정하다고 여겼다는 것입니다.[19][20]대부분의 민족이 이슬람교로 개종한 후에도 정통적인 신들은 쇠고기를 먹지도, 젖소의 우유를 마시지도, 그것이 들어있는 그릇을 만지지도 않을 것입니다. 왜냐하면 죽은 소나 젖을 빨고 있는 송아지는 특히 부정하다고 여겨지기 때문에 옷이 닿더라도 정화가 필요하기 때문입니다.[21]길깃, 훈자, 나가르에서 힌두 신족은 이전에 사티를 행하였는데, 사티는 서기 1740년 [22]이전에 중단되었고, 그 지역에서 1877년은 신족들이 힌두교의 화장 의식을 받은 마지막 해를 기념합니다.[22]

시나족은 12세기경 이슬람교에 노출되었습니다.개종의 물결은 14세기, 16세기, 17세기에 일어났습니다.19세기 후반까지 대부분의 시나는 이슬람교를 신봉했습니다.[18]19세기에 아크사 î타 카스트와 같은 시나족의 많은 카스트들이 이슬람교로 개종했고, 이 신앙은 현재 대다수의 민족들에 의해 지켜지고 있습니다.소수의 관련 민족 집단, 주로 브록파 공동체가 불교와 힌두교를 계속 수행하고 있지만, 그들 중 대다수는 이슬람교를 고수하고 있습니다.[6][17]

유전학

Mah Noor et al. (2019)은 Shina 샘플의 89%(8/9)에서 서유라시아 mtDNA를 발견하였는데, 이는 다음과 같은 하플로그룹인 H14a, T1a, H2a, T2, U7, U5b 및 HV2의 11.1%(각 1개)를 포함했습니다.또한 표본의 11.1%(1/9)가 남아시아 기원의 하플로그룹 M54에 속했습니다.시나의 mtDNA 염기서열을 주변 파키스탄 북서부 인구집단과 비교했습니다.하플로그룹 빈도, 계통발생수 및 네트워크 분석을 통해 시나 그룹의 서유라시아 조상 기원과 카슈미르 개체군과의 가까운 모계 조상 관계를 확인했습니다.그러나 근처에 거주하는 코족 집단과 시나의 밀접한 유전적 관계는 묘사되지 않았습니다.[24]

페스티발

Chili의 Shina 축제는 Lohri와 Makar Sakranti를 포함한 인도 아대륙의 다른 축제들과 마찬가지로 밀 파종의 시작을 나타냅니다.칠리는 이전에 삼나무 숭배와도 관련이 있었습니다.[25]삼나무 숭배는 힌두 쿠시 지역에서 히마찰과 우타라칸드에 이르는 히말라야의 역사적인 공동체들 사이에서 널리 퍼져 있습니다.데오다르(Deodar)라고 알려져 있는데, 데오다르는 산스크리트어로 "신들의 나무"라는 뜻의 데바다루(Deadar)에서 유래한 것으로 데오다르(Deodar)라는 단어와 다루(Darru, 나무, 어원)라는 단어의 합성어입니다.나무).시더는 카피리스탄에서도 신성한 존재입니다.[26]

주목할 만한 사람들

참고 항목

참고문헌

  1. ^ a b "Shina". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 6 June 2019. Retrieved 25 June 2019.
  2. ^ a b "Shina, Kohistani". Ethnologue. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
  3. ^ "Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011" (PDF).
  4. ^ "The Impact of Dominant Languages on Regional Languages: A Case Study of English, Urdu and Shina" (PDF). September 2020. The researchers have observed that like every living language, Shina is rapidly changing due to its contact with Urdu and English. In schools and colleges of Gilgit-Baltistan, the medium of instruction is either Urdu or English from primary level to the higher level in universities, so the students have to learn both English and Urdu from the beginning. Moreover, Urdu is used as a lingua franca in the entire region as people from different linguistic backgrounds like Balti, Khowar, Wakhi and Brushashki communicate with each other in Urdu. Urdu is also used for trade purposes and by tourists from other parts of the country.
  5. ^ Buddruss, Georg; Zia, Mohammad Amin; Degener, Almuth (2012). The Meeting Place: Radio Features in the Shina Language of Gilgit by Mohammad Amin Zia : Text, Interlinear Analysis and English Translation with a Glossary. Harrassowitz. ISBN 978-3-447-06673-0. Shina is an Indo-Aryan language of the Dardic group which is spoken in several dialect groups in Northern Pakistan. The variety spoken in the fertile valley of the Gilgit River is known as Gilgiti Shina, as the greatest number of speakers live in and around Gilgit town. While Gilgit is a multicultural and multilingual place, Shina is the language used in the homes of the majority of the inhabitants. Most speakers use Shina as a spoken language, especially for private purposes, while Urdu is the first choice as a medium for writing and as a lingua franca current throughout Pakistan.
  6. ^ a b c d "Religion Data of Census 2011: XXXIII JK-HP-ST — Scheduled Tribes of northwest India: Jammu & Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh". Centre for Policy Studies. 24 December 2016. Retrieved 22 February 2020. Notwithstanding the roots of these tribes in the Hindu antiquity and persistence of that memory in their language and ritual, they have been all converted to Islam perhaps a few centuries ago. Of 48.4 thousand Brokpa, etc., counted in 2011, 45.1 thousand are Muslim. Of the rest, 3,144 are Buddhist and 133 Hindu.
  7. ^ a b Hastings, James; Selbie, John Alexander (1917). Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics: Mundas-Phrygians. C. Scribner's Sons. p. 606. But the Shins have the characteristic Hindu aversion to eating the flesh of milk (or even ghī made from the milk) of the cow, and eschew fowls and fish. The former language of the people was Sanskrit, and the dialect now in use is called Shina. The basic element in the people is thus probably Indo-Aryan, and their festivals preserve many traces of Hindu beliefs.
  8. ^ Jain, Danesh; Cardona, George (26 July 2007). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Routledge. p. 1018. ISBN 978-1-135-79710-2.
  9. ^ Minahan, James (30 May 2002). Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups Around the World A-Z [4 Volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 243. ISBN 978-0-313-07696-1. The Shins (Shina), or Gilgitis, are the largest of several distinct ethnic groups in Gilgit.
  10. ^ a b c Saxena, Anju; Borin, Lars (22 August 2008). Lesser-Known Languages of South Asia: Status and Policies, Case Studies and Applications of Information Technology. Walter de Gruyter. p. 137. ISBN 978-3-11-019778-5. Shina is an Indo-Aryan language of the Dardic group, spoken in the Karakorams and the western Himalayas: Gilgit, Hunza, the Astor Valley, the Tangir-Darel valleys, Chilas and Indus Kohistan, as well as in the upper Neelam Valley and Dras. Outliers of Shina are found in Ladakh (Brokskat), Chitral (Palula and Sawi), Swat (Ushojo; Bashir 2003: 878) and Dir (Kalkoti).
  11. ^ "Shina". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 6 June 2019. Retrieved 25 June 2019.
  12. ^ "The Impact of Dominant Languages on Regional Languages: A Case Study of English, Urdu and Shina" (PDF). September 2020.
  13. ^ Nicolaus, Peter (2015). "Residues of Ancient Beliefs among the Shin in the Gilgit-Division and Western Ladakh". Iran & the Caucasus. 19 (3): 201–264. doi:10.1163/1573384X-20150302. ISSN 1609-8498. JSTOR 43899199. It seems quite evident that the Shin expanded to the north from Shinkari, the Land of the Shin, which has been identified as the Kohistan region on the Indus River. However, the homeland of the Shin (the old Shinkari region) must have covered also parts of the present Gilgit Division, in particular the district of Diamer. As of yet, the period during which this conquest took place has not been de-termined. However, an educated guess would place it somewhere within the 9th and 10th century.
  14. ^ Nicolaus, Peter (2015). "Residues of Ancient Beliefs among the Shin in the Gilgit-Division and Western Ladakh". Iran & the Caucasus. 19 (3): 201–264. doi:10.1163/1573384X-20150302. ISSN 1609-8498. JSTOR 43899199. From their new stronghold, in Gilgit and the adjacent valleys, the Shin continued pushing further to the west (areas in Chitral), the north (Lower Hunza Valley) and the southeast. The furthest southeastern expansion reached the Ganoks River in Baltistan and the Purig region in Ladakh.
  15. ^ a b John Biddulph (1880). Tribes of the Hindoo Koosh. Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing. pp. 39, 115. In Nager there is a caste called Shoto, which exists nowhere else; they work in leather, and rank below the Doms, who take daughters from them without giving in return ... like the Shins they have come from the south to settle in these valleys. The names of many of the rules and of a number of places, not only in the Indus and Gilgit Valleys, but also in the Chitral Valley, point to a Hindu origin. Amongst the names of places may be mentioned Seo (Siva, or Mahadeo), Shogram (Siva's village), Shogoor (Siva's priest), and Swami ... some form of Hinduism was introduced by the Shins into the Gilgit Valley, and, to a greater or less degree, wherever their rule extended. In valleys in which they were outnumbered by the former inhabitants, the result was, doubtless, a mixture of Buddhism and Hindooism, grafted on a form of demon-worship existing in the country.
  16. ^ O'Leary, Clare F.; Rensch, Calvin Ross; Decker, Sandra J. (1992). Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan: Languages of Chitral. National Institute of Pakistan Studies at Quaid-i-Azam University. Phalura had previously been Hindus like the Shin. He referred to the area around Chilas, south of Gilgit, as Dangaristan and discussed how the term Dangarik has been applied to the Shina-speaking people.
  17. ^ a b Hattaway, Paul (2004). Peoples of the Buddhist World. William Carey Library. p. 46. ISBN 9780878083619.
  18. ^ a b Nicolaus, Peter (2015). "Residues of Ancient Beliefs among the Shin in the Gilgit-Division and Western Ladakh". Iran & the Caucasus. 19 (3): 201–264. doi:10.1163/1573384X-20150302. ISSN 1609-8498. JSTOR 43899199.
  19. ^ Military Report and Gazetteer of the Gilgit Agency and the Independent Territories of Tangir and Darel. Government Monotype Press. 1909. p. 16. Their chief peculiarity is their feeling towards the cow, which is esteemed by them unclean. They will never eat beef, drink cow's milk nor touch any vessel containing it.
  20. ^ Bakshi, S. R. (1997). Kashmir Through Ages (5 Vol). Sarup & Sons. p. 131. ISBN 978-81-85431-71-0. Drew notices that they hold the cow in abhorrence. They will not drink cow's milk, nor will they burn cow-dung, the universal fuel of the East, and in a pure Shin village no one will eat fowls or touch them.
  21. ^ A Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North-West Frontier Province: L.-Z. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. 1997. p. 406. ISBN 978-81-85297-70-5. The most remarkable characteristic of the Shins is their feeling with regard to the cow, a point to which Drew first called attention. In spite to their conversion to Islam this feeling is still maintained in Nagar, Gilgit, Astor, and the Indus valley above Bunji. In that valley below Astor the feeling has died out, but in the places mentioned orthodox Shins will not eat beef, drink milk or touch a vessel containing it. A sucking calf, or any portion of a dead animal, is especially unclean, so that purification is necessary if even the garments chance to touch it.
  22. ^ a b John Biddulph (1880). Tribes of the Hindoo Koosh. Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing. p. 114. Women's urns are readily distinguished by a number of wooden spindle whorls, mixed with the bones. ... in Gilgit, Gor, Hunza, and Nager, that suttee was formerly practiced. The dead man, with his finest clothes and his weapons girded on him was placed on the pyre, and as the fire burnt up, the woman arrayed in her jewellery and her richest clothes, leaped into the flames. The burning of the dead ceased to be practised more than sixty years ago. ... in 1877, a very old man in Darel scandalised his neighbours by calling his sons to him on his death bed, and after having his arms and valuables brought to him, desiring to be burnt with them when dead ... He and a man of Gor, who died twenty years ago, are known to have always refused to be circumcised, or to call themselves Mahommedans. They were probably the very last Hindus in Dangaristan.
  23. ^ Schmidt, Ruth Laila; Kohistani, Razwal (2008). A Grammar of the Shina Language of Indus Kohistan. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 11. ISBN 9783447056762. The Açar'îta themselves told Strand that they have been living in Ashret for "for these approximately eight of nine hundred years as the Shina tribe... We are still making our lives in this homeland, and our language is Shina. We are one people from Chilas; originally, we are from Chilas." ... Biddulph mentions that many Muslims Shins had the surname "Sing". It is also a ruling class name, and the earlier form siṃha is a frequent element in the colophons of the Gilgit Manuscripts (dateable to probably not later than the 9th century C.E.). Bota/bôTâ appears to be a cognate with Bóṭi. The conversion to Islam among the Açar'îta appears to have taken place, according to Strand, between 1820-1840 C.E.
  24. ^ Mumtaz, Mah Noor; Ihsan, Haleema; Aziz, Shahid; Hizbullah; Afridi, Sahib Gul; Shams, Sulaiman; Khan, Asifullah (2019). "The genetic composition of Shina population from Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan based on mtDNA analyses". Mitochondrial DNA Part B. 4 (2): 3802–3808. doi:10.1080/23802359.2019.1682474. PMC 7710323. PMID 33366198.
  25. ^ 길깃에서 5년간의 경험과 모험을 그린 Algernon George Arnold Durand 210페이지
  26. ^ 길깃에서 5년간의 경험과 모험을 그린 Algernon George Arnold Durand 209페이지