差利卓別靈
差利·卓別靈,又譯查理·卓別林,英國藝伶也。西元一八八九年四月十六日生,一九七七年十二月二十五日歿。多演於喜劇電影,亦嘗自制之。差利從業七十五年餘,自維多利亞之治,至一九七六年,垂髫黃髮,久經臧否。差利生時,電影多默聲,而差利名噪於世,尤以流兒一角名(流兒者,電影城市之光主角也。),從電影之業途者,多以有首要之化導,遺澤後世。
生平
[纂]差利父老查爾斯卓別靈,母漢娜卓別靈。查爾斯父乃屠戶,[一]漢娜父乃補鞋者。[二]差利自以倫敦沃爾沃斯東街市生,然無憑書。[三]查爾斯、漢娜婚四年,而有差利。漢娜有私生子悉尼,時查爾斯方承之。[四]差利生時,查爾斯、漢娜皆於樂堂為伶。漢娜亦嘗以麗莉哈利名為藝伶,[五]唯未克彰。查爾斯為歌伶,頗有名[六]。一八九一年,查爾斯、漢娜始分居[七]。是年,漢娜生惠勒。惠勒者,樂堂伶人萊奧子也,六歲時,為萊奧攜去,三十載後,復與差利會。[八]
差利幼貧賤。大衛羅賓遜氏為差利撰傳,嘗云「差利公發跡事,誠活戲哉。」[九] 差利幼時,與母漢娜,兄悉尼居倫敦肯寧頓。時漢娜無固生計,或事營護、製裙裳以為業,查爾斯亦不恤養。[一〇]差利七歲時,時日愈艱,漢娜遂遣差利之蘭貝斯濟貧院。司院會寘差利於中倫敦救貧塾。差利後憶曰:「救貧塾之景況,使人斷望。」[一一]差利在救貧塾十有八月,復與母團圞。一八九八年七月,差利與母兄合入濟貧院,差利兄弟為置於西諾伍德諸校,皆亦置貧兒處也。[一二]
一八九八年四月,漢娜身不足補、復染梅毒,終患思覺失調,遞至坎山癲院。[一三]差利與悉尼為引至查爾斯處。查爾斯酗於飲酒,惡待差利兄弟,以至見巡於英國全國遏止虐童公會。[一四]越二年,查爾斯患肝僵,歿。[一五]漢娜雖稍愈,至一九〇三年五月,復劇。[一四]時差利年十四,攜母漢娜至醫館,至,漢娜復為遣至坎山。[一六]差利孤居數日,風餐露宿。時悉尼已從水師二載,至此時歸,方解差利之困。越八月,漢娜為癲院釋。[一七]惟越二載,至一九〇五年三月,漢娜病癁,而久未見愈。差利後書云:「母命數誠奇哉!余等無能為也,惟能同承之。」漢娜終身受護,至一九二八年歿。
早年演途
[纂]差利在濟貧院時,已始演矣。差利自云其年五歲初登演臺於奧爾德肖特,以代其母,惟此殊事耳。年九歲,始生致味於演,其母亦常勗勉之。差利後書云:「母使我自覺或有賦性焉。」[一八]後差利以其父之交誼入蘭開斯特八子屐舞社,一八八九年至一八九〇年,嘗巡演於歐洲諸劇院。[一九]差利勉力舞蹈,觀者愛之,惟差利不樂舞蹈,志在喜劇。[二〇]差利巡演之際,漢娜恆使之就學。至差利十三歲,自輟之,[二一][二二]事多工以自養,以遂其從喜劇之志。[二三]年十四,值母病復作,差利注名於西區戲伶中介。司者以差利有賦秉,使演於哈利亞瑟塞恩斯伯里氏影戲《吉姆樂土羅曼史》,飾一報童。斯影自一九〇三年七月始映,惟未甚濟,映二週而止。[二四]而差利之技,獨為評者所譽。[二五]後查爾斯弗羅曼氏製臺戲《歇洛克福爾摩斯》,塞恩斯伯里氏薦以差利,使飾一花童,隨劇班演全國三巡。[二六]差利之演技,大爲觀者所愛,劇班遂遣差利之倫敦,使與威廉吉列特(時飾歇洛克福爾摩斯)駢演。差利後憶云:「此訊幾如自天而來。」[二七]一九〇五年,差利自十月至十二月,復演是戲於約克國公劇院。(約克國公劇院,在倫敦西城。)[二八]一九〇六年初,(時差利飾此戲已二載有半)復演而去班[二九]。復投兄班,飾小品喜劇《繕記》之角。[三〇]五月,飾少年劇《凱西氏馬戲班》[三一] ,自作謔倣之技,竟成是戲要伶。至七月,是戲止巡,差利喜劇之技已精熟矣。[三二]唯劇班既散,差利遂無生計,嘗獨演喜劇而不濟。時悉尼演於弗雷德卡諾氏之班,自一九〇六年至一九〇八年,已爲要伶也。[三三]一九〇八年二月,悉尼薦差利於班,求於班主,使試演二週。弗雷德初頗患之,以差利「槁顏猥形,悒悒寡歡兒也」「言行怯赧,無能演爲」。[三四]而差利初至,演於科利瑟姆劇院,觀者皆大異之,遂遽立約。[三五]差利所故演皆小角,至翌年始飾要角。[三六]一九一〇年四月,飾小品喜劇《無畏吉米》主角,大得其濟,差利遂見於報端。[三七]弗雷德擇之,使隨班謳蹈雜技喜劇部巡演北美。(斯坦勞瑞爾亦在此部。)[三八]差利雖年少,已爲領率,大感觀者。或云:「見此之默劇伶人,其居至佳者一也。」[三九]差利之飾《酩酊紈絝子》醉者,尤爲濟勝,觀者至許之。[四〇]演二十一月,歸英格蘭,時一九一二年六月也。[四一]差利後自憶云:「歸後自覺悶然不樂,以厭平日鬱鬱無事故也。」至十月復巡,方覺樂焉。[四二]
始涉影劇
[纂]差利再巡於北美六月,紐約行圖公司邀之入麾。時公司拱心石工房,有伶曰弗雷德梅斯氏去,職遂闕。有莊客嘗觀差利演,遂延之。[四三]差利見拱心石所製之喜劇,以為「蠻行噪言之拙雜也」。唯差利慕演於影戲,遂自解云:「餘皆不計,此或大新吾生。」[四四]一九一三年七月,差利至公司,定薪酬週百五十美元。[四五]十二月初之洛杉磯,[四六]一九一四年一月五日始演焉。[四七]時東主馬克塞內特氏以差利年少不解事(時差利年二十二歲)[四八],差利亦不服影戲之攝,至一月自習製影,方悟。[四九]差利首演影戲於獨輪影戲《竭力求生》,是戲映於二月二日。差利惡之甚,而或評差利曰「此角如赤金和璧,於喜劇絕佳。」[五〇]後差利再演於《梅布爾奇窘記》,自擇戲服。差利後自傳云:「吾時所擇,以牴觸爲要:肥衣而緊袴,狹冠而曳履⋯⋯飾矯髭於面,以若老大而不妨舉止耳。初飾時,不解所演。後著此服、加妝飾,方始悟。至步台始演,已了悟耳。所演之人,今乃誕生。」[五一]差利所飾,即流兒也。逾數日,演於影戲《威尼斯諸童賽禦》,後攝而早映,映於二月七日。此觀者之初見流兒一角也。[五二]差利每演於影劇,多以此角自許。演時,多立議於戲,而導演皆不從。[五三]後差利攝影戲十一,其十一曰《梅布爾乘車記》。攝時,與導演梅布爾諾曼德氏生大爭釁,立約幾去,唯映影者多求差利所演者,塞內特竟未逐之。[五四]差利後質美元千五百,以防所導失濟,許之導演。[五五]差利初導之作曰《遇雨》,一九一四年五月四日佈,大濟。[五六]後於拱心石幾所演咸導[五七],以一週畢攝一戲[五八]。差利後憶之,以爲演途至奮。[五九]差利所導,大異拱心石昔所製之囂劇,所異在緩。[五二]觀者愛之,擁躉雲眾。[六〇]十一月,初演於長卷影戲曰《蒂莉妄情記》(塞內特氏導之,瑪麗杜絲勒氏主演),飾襯角。是戲觀眾利豐,差利遂愈名。[六一]期年,差利契約待續,要以周薪美金千金,塞內特不予之。[六二]時芝加哥埃森內工房許以周薪美金千二百五十,加以定約美金萬金。一九一四年十二月末,差利赴焉。[六三]至,始召輪演班,所召皆常演者,曰萊奧懷特氏,曰巴德賈米森氏,曰帕迪梅瓜伊爾氏,曰比利阿姆斯特朗氏諸伶。未幾,募女主角曰埃德娜普文斯氏。普文斯時侍席於咖啡舖,以美形貌見募。普文斯隨差利演途八載,計影劇三十五。[六四]後與差利相私,至於一九一七年。[六五]差利潛心製影,所製多爲己制。[六六]至差利製影二《漫漫長夜》,中止一月,而製影三《魁首》[六七]。自差利製影七,至差利去埃森內,皆有此歇。[六八]差利始易流兒一角,亦於此時。昔於拱心石,觀者或以「忌刻野蠻」非之。[六九]
注
[纂]據
[纂]出典
[纂]- Balio, Tino. .. title .. Journal of the University Film Association (University of Illinois Press). 1979, 31 (1): 11–21.
- Bloom·Claire Limelight and After ; London:Weidenfeld & Nicolson,一千九百八十二年; ISBN 0-297-78051-4
- Brownlow·Kevin The Search for Charlie Chaplin ; London:UKA Press,二千一十年; ISBN 978-1-905796-24-3
- Cardullo·Bert Vittorio De Sica: Actor, Director, Auteur ; Cambridge:Cambridge Scholars Publishing,二千有九年; ISBN 1-4438-1531-4
- Canemaker·John Felix: The Twisted Tale of the World's Most Famous Cat ; Cambridge, MA:Da Capo Press,一千九百九十六年; ISBN 0-306-80731-9
- Chaplin·Charles My Autobiography ; London:Penguin Classics,二千有三年; ISBN 0-14-101147-5
- 、Wife of the Life of the Party ; Lanham, MD:Scarecrow Press; ISBN 0-8108-3432-4
- Cousins·Mark The Story of Film: An Odyssey ; London:Pavilion Books,二千有四年; ISBN 978-1-86205-574-2
- Dale·Alan S. Comedy is a Man in Trouble: Slapstick in American Movies ; Minneapolis, MN:University of Minnesota Press,二千年; ISBN 0-8166-3658-3
- Epstein·Jerry Remembering Charlie ; London:Bloomsbury,一千九百八十八年; ISBN 0-7475-0266-8
- Friedrich·Otto City of Nets: A Portrait of Hollywood in the 1940's ; Berkeley, CA:University of California Press,一千九百八十六年; ISBN 978-0-520-20949-7
- Frost, Jennifer. .. title .. Australasian Journal of American Studies (Australia and New Zealand American Studies Association). 2007, 26 (2): 74–88.
- Gehring·Wes D. Chaplin's War Trilogy: An Evolving Lens in Three Dark Comedies, 1918–1947 ; Jefferson, NC:McFarland,二千一十四年; ISBN 978-0-7864-7465-3
- Gunning, Tom. .. title .. Film Quarterly (University of California Press). 1990, 43 (3): 41–43. JSTOR 1212638. doi:10.2307/1212638.
- Hansmeyer·Christian Charlie Chaplin's Techniques for the Creation of Comic Effect in his Films ; Portsmouth:University of Portsmouth,一千九百九十九年; ISBN 978-3-638-78719-2
- Jackson, Kathy Merlock. .. title .. The Journal of American Culture. 2003, 26 (1): 439–444. doi:10.1111/1542-734X.00104.
- Kamin·Dan The Comedy of Charlie Chaplin: Artistry in Motion ; Lanham, MD:Scarecrow Press,二千一十一年; ISBN 978-0-8108-7780-1
- Cinema: The Whole Story ; London:Thames & Hudson,二千一十一年; ISBN 978-0-500-28947-1
- Kuriyama, Constance B. .. title .. Film Quarterly (University of California Press). 1992, 45 (3): 26–38. JSTOR 1213221. doi:10.2307/1213221.
- Larcher·Jérôme Masters of Cinema: Charlie Chaplin ; London:Cahiers du Cinéma,二千一十一年; ISBN 978-2-86642-606-4
- Louvish·Simon Chaplin: The Tramp's Odyssey ; London:Faber and Faber,二千一十年; ISBN 978-0-571-23769-2
- Lynn·Kenneth S. Charlie Chaplin and His Times ; New York, NY:Simon & Schuster,一千九百九十七年; ISBN 0-684-80851-X
- Maland·Charles J. Chaplin and American Culture ; Princeton, NJ:Princeton University Press,一千九百八十九年; ISBN 0-691-02860-5
- Maland·Charles J. City Lights ; London:British Film Institute,二千有七年; ISBN 978-1-84457-175-8
- Marriot·A. J. Chaplin: Stage by Stage ; Hitchin, Herts:Marriot Publishing,二千有五年; ISBN 978-0-9521308-1-9
- Mast·Gerald A Short History of the Movies: Third Edition ; Oxford:Oxford University Press,一千九百八十五年; ISBN 0-19-281462-1
- Focus on Chaplin ; Englewood Cliffs, NJ:Prentice Hall,一千九百七十一年; ISBN 0-13-128207-7
- Neibaur, James L. .. title .. Film Quarterly (University of California Press). 2000, 54 (1): 23–25. JSTOR 1213798. doi:10.2307/1213798.
- Oxford History of World Cinema ; Oxford:Oxford University Press,一千九百九十七年; ISBN 978-0-19-874242-5
- Raksin, David; Berg, Charles M. .. title .. Journal of the University Film Association (University of Illinois Press). 1979, 31 (1): 47–50.
- Robinson·David Chaplin: His Life and Art ; London:Paladin,一千九百八十六年; ISBN 0-586-08544-0
- Sarris·Andrew You Ain't Heard Nothin' Yet: The American Talking Film – History and Memory, 1927–1949 ; New York City, NY:Oxford University Press,一千九百九十八年; ISBN 978-0-19-503883-5
- Sbardellati·John J. Edgar Hoover Goes to the Movies: The FBI and the Origins of Hollywood's Cold War ; Ithaca, NY:Cornell University Press,二千一十二年; ISBN 978-0-8014-5008-2
- Sbardellati, John; Shaw, Tony. .. title .. (PDF). Pacific Historical Review (University of California Press). 2003, 72 (4): 495–530. doi:10.1525/phr.2003.72.4.495.
- [[Richard Schickel|]]The Essential Chaplin – Perspectives on the Life and Art of the Great Comedian ; Chicago, Illinois:Ivan R. Dee,二千有六年; ISBN 1-56663-682-5
- Schmadel·Lutz D. Dictionary of Minor Planet Names ; 第表式有誤:無以辨詞「th」。表式有誤:無以辨詞「th」。表式有誤:無以辨詞「th」。表式有誤:無以辨詞「th」。表式有誤:無以辨詞「th」。表式有誤:無以辨詞「th」。表式有誤:無以辨詞「th」。表式有誤:無以辨詞「th」。表式有誤:無以辨詞「th」。表式有誤:無以辨詞「th」。表式有誤:無以辨詞「th」。版:第三百有五頁; New York City, NY:Springer Verlag,二千有三年; ISBN 978-3-540-00238-3
- 1001 Movies You Must See Before You Die ; London:Quintessence,二千有九年; ISBN 978-1-84403-680-6
- Silverberg·Miriam Erotic Grotesque Nonsense: The Mass Culture of Japanese Modern Times ; Berkeley, Los Angeles and London:University of California Press,二千有六年; ISBN 978-0-520-26008-5
- Sheaffer·Louis O'Neill: Son and Artist ; Boston and Toronto:Little, Brown & Company,一千九百七十三年; ISBN 0-316-78336-6
- Simmons, Sherwin. .. title .. New German Critique (Duke University Press). 2001, (84): 3–34. JSTOR 827796. doi:10.2307/827796.
- Sklar·Robert Film: An International History of the Medium (Second edition) ; Upper Saddle River, NJ:Prentice Hall,二千有一年; ISBN 978-0-13-034049-8
- Slowik·Michael After the Silents: Hollywood Film Music in the Early Era, 1926-1934 ; New York:Columbia Univ. Press,二千一十四年; ISBN 978-0231165839
- Thompson, Kristin. .. title .. Film History (Indiana University Press). 2001, 13 (4): 390–408. doi:10.2979/FIL.2001.13.4.390.
- Vance, Jeffrey. .. title .. Film History (Indiana University Press). 1996, 8 (2): 186–208. JSTOR 3815334.
- Making Music with Charlie Chaplin ; Lanham, MD:Scarecrow Press,二千年; ISBN 0-8108-3741-2
- Chaplin: Genius of the Cinema ; New York:Harry N. Abrams; ISBN 0-8109-4532-0
- Weissman, Stephen M. .. title .. Film History (Indiana University Press). 1999, 8 (4): 439–445.
- Weissman·Stephen M. Chaplin: A Life ; London:JR Books,二千有九年; ISBN 978-1-906779-50-4
- Williams·Gregory Paul The Story of Hollywood: An Illustrated History ; Los Angeles, CA:B L Press,二千有六年; ISBN 978-0-9776299-0-9
- Robinson·David Chaplin: His Life and Art ; London:Paladin,一千九百八十六年; ISBN 0-586-08544-0
- ↑ Weissman 2009, p. 10.
- ↑ Robinson, p. 3.
- ↑ Robinson, p. 10.
- ↑ Robinson, pp. 3–4, 19.
- ↑ Robinson, pp. 5–7.
- ↑ Robinson, pp. 9–10, 12.
- ↑ Robinson, p. 13.
- ↑ Robinson, p. 15.
- ↑ Robinson, p. xv.
- ↑ Robinson, p. 16.
- ↑ Chaplin, p. 29.
- ↑ Robinson, pp. 24–26.
- ↑ Weissman 2009, pp. 49–50.
- ↑ 一四點〇 一四點一 Robinson, p. 27.
- ↑ Robinson, p. 36.
- ↑ Robinson, p. 40.
- ↑ Robinson, p. 41.
- ↑ Chaplin, p. 41.
- ↑ Marriot, p. 213.
- ↑ Chaplin, p. 44.
- ↑ Louvish, p. 19.
- ↑ Robinson, p. 39.
- ↑ Chaplin, p. 76.
- ↑ Robinson, pp. 44–46.
- ↑ Marriot, pp. 42–44; Robinson, pp. 46–47; Louvish, p. 26.
- ↑ Robinson, pp. 45, 49–51, 53, 58.
- ↑ Chaplin, p. 89.
- ↑ Marriot, p. 217.
- ↑ Robinson, p. 63.
- ↑ Robinson, pp. 63–64.
- ↑ Marriot, p. 71.
- ↑ Robinson, pp. 64–68; Chaplin, p. 94.
- ↑ Robinson, p. 71; Kamin, p. 12; Marriot, p. 85.
- ↑ Robinson, p. 76.
- ↑ Robinson, pp. 76–77.
- ↑ Marriot, pp. 103, 109.
- ↑ Marriot, pp. 126–128; Robinson, pp. 84–85.
- ↑ Robinson, p. 88.
- ↑ Robinson, pp. 91–92.
- ↑ Robinson, p. 82; Brownlow, p. 98.
- ↑ Robinson, p. 95.
- ↑ Chaplin, pp. 133–134; Robinson, p. 96.
- ↑ Robinson, p. 102.
- ↑ Chaplin, pp. 138–139.
- ↑ Robinson, p. 103; Chaplin, p. 139.
- ↑ Robinson, p. 107.
- ↑ Bengtson, John. .. title .. {{ilh|lang={{langname|Lobster Films}}|lang-code=Lobster Films|1=fr|2=fr|d=|nocat=}}. 2010.
- ↑ Chaplin, p. 141.
- ↑ Robinson, p. 108.
- ↑ Robinson, p. 110.
- ↑ Chaplin, p. 145.
- ↑ 五二點〇 五二點一 Robinson, p. 113.
- ↑ Robinson, p. 120.
- ↑ Chaplin, C. (1964). My Autobiography. New York: Simon and Schuster.
- ↑ Robinson, p. 121.
- ↑ Robinson, p. 123.
- ↑ Maland 1989, p. 5.
- ↑ Kamin, p. xi.
- ↑ Chaplin, p. 153.
- ↑ Robinson, p. 125; Maland 1989, pp. 8–9.
- ↑ Robinson, pp. 127–128.
- ↑ Robinson, p. 131.
- ↑ Robinson, p. 135.
- ↑ Robinson, pp. 138–139.
- ↑ Robinson, pp. 141, 219.
- ↑ Neibaur, p. 23; Chaplin, p. 165; Robinson, pp. 140, 143.
- ↑ Robinson, p. 143.
- ↑ Maland 1989, p. 20.
- ↑ Maland 1989, pp. 6, 14–18.