Gô-lô-su Chiàⁿ-jī-hoat ê kái-kek

Tsit phian bûn-tsiunn pau-kuat kok-tsè im-piau (IPA) lāi-té ê gú-im tsuân-siá im-piau. Iú-kuan IPA hû-hō ê kài-siāu-sìng tsí-lâm, tshiánn tsham-ua̽t Pang-tsān: [ ], / / hām ⟨ ⟩ tsi-kan ê khu-piat, tshiánn tsham-ua̽t IPA § kuà-hō hām tsuân-lio̽k hun-keh-hû.

Gô-lô-su tsiànn-jī-huat ê kái-kik, (ing-gú: Reforms of Russian orthography), teh Gô-gú ê li̍k-sú tsìn-tîng tang-tiong, thong-kuè kái-piàn Gô-gú jī-bú; tsìng-sik hām hui tsìng-sik teh kái-kik Gô-gú tsìng-siá-huat [en]. Tī 18-20 sè-kí kî-kan huat-sing kuí-ā-kiānn tiōng-iàu ê kái-kik.

Tsá-kî piàn-huà

Liōng-kî-iok á tī 10 sè-kí, kāng hit ê sî-kan kā Tang-hong Ki-tok-kàu ín-ji̍p kàu Tang slave jîn khiā-tshù ê líng-thóo, mā teh hit-tang-tsūn kū Tang-slave gú tshái-iōng Kiril jī-bú. Kháu-gú hām gî-sik gú-giân tsi-kan sī bû siánn-mih khu-pia̍t, sui-bóng gî-sik gú-giân khiā-tī Lâm slave gú m̄ sī khiā-tī Tang slave gú ê tíng-kuân. tuè-tio̍h gú-giân ê huat-tián, kui-ê jī-bú, iû-kî-sī yuses (Ѫ, Ѭ, Ѧ, Ѩ) teh suà--lo̍h-lâi ê kui-ê sè-kí tang-tiong ta̍uh-ta̍uh-á koh bû hē-thóng-sìng uì sè-sio̍k ê sú-iōng hām kàu-huē gî-sik ê sú-iōng tang-tiong tàn-hìnn-sak bû koh sú-iōng.

Tī 15 sè-kí hām 16 sè-kí Gô-lô-su tiong-iong tsi̍p-kuân kok-ka ê tshut-hiān, suà--lo̍h-lâi ê kok-ka kuan-liâu ki-kòo ê hing-khí í-ki̍p kiōng-tông king-tsè, tsìng-tī hām bûn-huà khong-kan ê huat-tián, ē-sái-tit hîng-tsìng hām huat-lu̍t huat-lu̍t sū-būtang-tiong sú-iōng ê gú-giân pit-su piau-tsún-huà. Tio̍h-sī in-uī tsit-ē guân-in. siōng-tāi-sing teh sóo-uī ê Moscow tāi-huat-kuann gú-giân ê ki-tshóo siōng tsìn-hîng piau-tsún-huà Gô-gú ê siōng-tsá siông-tshì, bô-lūn sī teh sû-luī hong-bīn iah-sī teh tsìng-jī-huat hong-bīn. Uì hit-tang-tsūn khai-sí, Gô-lô-su gú-giân kái-kik ê ki-pún lô-tsi̍p tsú-iàu huán-ìng tuì kui-huān hām tsing-kán gú-giân kui-huān hām kui-tsik ê khó-lū, í khak-pó gú-giân tsò tsit-tsióng si̍t-iōng ê kau-liû hām kuán-lí kang-kū ê tsok-iōng.^[1]

Pian-bé

IETF gú-giân piau-tshiam [en] í-king tsù-tsheh:^[2]

ru-petr1708 uì 1708-nî Peter kái-kik káu 1917-18 nî kái-kik ê bûn-pún.
ru-luna1918 tī 1917-18 nî kái-kik liáu-āu ê bûn-pún.

Tsù-kái

↑ Kadochnikov, Denis (2016). Languages, Regional Conflicts and Economic Development: Russia. In: Ginsburgh, V., Weber, S. (Eds.). The Palgrave Handbook of Economics and Language. London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 538–580. goân-loē-iông tī 7 March 2020 hőng khó͘-pih. 11 February 2019 khòaⁿ--ê. (Eng-gí)
↑ "IETF Language Subtag Registry". IANA (ēng Eng-gí). 2021-08-06. goân-loē-iông tī 12 November 2017 hőng khó͘-pih. 7 October 2021 khòaⁿ--ê. (Eng-gí)

Tsham-ua̍t

IETF gú-giân piau-tshiam [en]

Guā-pōo liân-kiat

Criticism of 1917 reform (Gô-gú)
CyrAcademisator Bi-directional online transliteration for ALA-LC (diacritics), scientific, ISO/R 9, ISO 9, GOST 7.79B and others. Supports pre-reform characters k (Eng-gí)
The Writing on the Wall: The Russian Orthographic Reform of 1917 (Eng-gí)

[1] Kadochnikov, Denis (2016). Languages, Regional Conflicts and Economic Development: Russia. In: Ginsburgh, V., Weber, S. (Eds.). The Palgrave Handbook of Economics and Language. London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 538–580. goân-loē-iông tī 7 March 2020 hőng khó͘-pih. 11 February 2019 khòaⁿ--ê. (Eng-gí)

[IANA-2] "IETF Language Subtag Registry". IANA (ēng Eng-gí). 2021-08-06. goân-loē-iông tī 12 November 2017 hőng khó͘-pih. 7 October 2021 khòaⁿ--ê. (Eng-gí)

[1]

[2]