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用户:19/沙盒/1774年至1775年教宗选举秘密会议

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1774年至1775年
教宗选举秘密会议
日期与地点
1774年10月5日-1775年2月15日
教宗国宗座宫
枢机团主要人员
枢机团团长若望·方济各·阿尔巴尼英语Gian Francesco Albani
枢机团副团长亨利·本笃·斯图亚特
总务枢机嘉禄·雷佐尼科英语Carlo Rezzonico (cardinal)
首席司铎若瑟·波佐邦内利英语Giuseppe Pozzobonelli
首席助祭亚历山大·阿尔巴尼英语Alessandro Albani
选举情况
被禁止出任教宗若望·嘉禄·博斯基英语Giovanni Carlo Boschi
当选者
若望-安杰洛·布拉斯基伯爵
(取名号为庇护六世
1799-1800 →

1774年至1775年教宗选举秘密会议是教宗克勉十四世离世后枢机团于1774年10月5日至1775年2月15日举行的选举秘密会议。这次教宗选举秘密会议共有44位枢机参加。各枢机最后选出圣奥诺夫廖堂区英语Sant'Onofrio, Rome枢机若望-安杰洛·布拉斯基为克勉十四世的继任人,他取“庇护六世”为教宗名号英语Papal name

背景

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教宗克勉十四世在1774年9月22日突然逝世,终年68岁。克勉十四世任教宗期间受波旁王朝葡萄牙王国(即布拉干萨王朝)统治下的多个王室敦促打压耶稣会;教宗在初期尝试保护耶稣会并拖延时间,但最终仍然在各王室影响下在1773年发出教宗通谕英语Papal brief吾主救世主英语Dominus ac Redemptor》宣布取缔耶稣会,并将时任耶稣会总会长英语Superior General of the Society of Jesus洛伦佐·里奇英语Lorenzo Ricci神父囚禁于位于罗马圣天使城堡,但实际上罗马教廷枢机团中仍有不少耶稣会的信徒。对待耶稣会的态度故此成为了选举秘密会议挑选下任教宗的主要条件之一。[1]

打压耶稣会的前任教宗克莱孟十四世

教宗逝世为罗马人民提供了发泄反教廷思想的机会,通常是透过讽刺已故教宗或枢机的讽刺或淫亵作品。1774年,罗马总督以侵犯了“枢机团以及其他人的尊严、礼节与代表权”为由禁止了一出名为《枢机团》的戏剧。[2]

枢机选举人

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在克勉十四世逝世时枢机团共有55位枢机,但在教座出缺期间两位枢机若望·方济各·斯托帕尼意大利语Giovanni Francesco Stoppani费尔南多·玛利亚·德·罗西意大利语Ferdinando Maria de' Rossi逝世,其余有9名枢机则因各种原因没有出席这次秘密会议,最终共有44名枢机出席并参与这次选举。[3]

当中13人由克勉十四世册封为枢机,20人由克勉十三世擢升。亚历山大·阿尔巴尼英语Alessandro Albani则由诺森十三世委任为枢机,是44人中担任枢机最长时间者;余下10人均由本笃十四世册封为枢机。

姓名 级别 于罗马的领衔职务 册封枢机日期 册封者 备注
若望·方济各·阿尔巴尼英语Gian Francesco Albani 主教级枢机 波多-圣鲁菲纳
罗马城郊教区
主教
1747年4月10日[4] 本笃十四世 枢机团团长典礼部英语Congregation of Ceremonies部长、波兰王国代言枢机
亨利·本笃·斯图亚特 弗拉斯卡蒂罗马城郊教区主教 1747年7月3日[5] 枢机团副团长、达玛稣的圣老楞佐执事区代理领衔执事、罗马天主教会副秘书长英语Apostolic Chancery圣伯多禄大殿总铎
法布里斯·塞尔贝洛尼英语Fabrizio Serbelloni[6] 奥斯蒂亚及韦莱特里
罗马城郊教区
英语Cardinal-bishop of Ostia
主教
1753年11月26日[7]
嘉禄·雷佐尼科英语Carlo Rezzonico (cardinal) 萨比娜罗马城郊教区主教 1758年9月11日[8] 克勉十三世 圣马尔谷执事区代理领衔执事、总务枢机
方济各-若亚敬·
德·伯多禄·德·贝尔尼斯
英语François-Joachim de Pierre de Bernis
阿尔巴诺罗马城郊教区主教 1758年10月2日[9] 法兰西王国圣座大使、阿尔比总教区总主教[10]
嘉禄·维克多·
阿玛迪斯·德拉·兰泽
英语Carlo Vittorio Amedeo delle Lanze
司铎级枢机 圣巴西德堂区司铎 1747年4月10日[11] 本笃十四世
云先·马尔韦齐意大利语Vincenzo Malvezzi Bonfioli 圣玛策林及圣伯多禄堂区司铎 1753年11月26日[12] 博洛尼亚总教区总主教、宗座审计院英语Apostolic Dataria副院长
安多尼·塞尔萨莱意大利语Antonino Sersale 圣普正珍堂区司铎 1754年4月22日[13] 拿坡里总教区总主教[14]
方济各·德·
索利斯·福尔克·德·卡多纳
意大利语Francisco de Solís Folch de Cardona
十二宗徒堂区司铎 1756年4月5日[15] 西维尔总教区总主教、西班牙王国代言枢机
保禄·迪亚尔伯·德·吕讷英语Paul d'Albert de Luynes 帕里奥内圣多默堂区司铎 桑斯总教区总主教
叶理诺·斯皮诺拉意大利语Girolamo Spinola 圣女巴比诺堂区司铎 1759年9月24日[16] 克勉十三世
若瑟·玛利亚·卡斯泰利意大利语Giuseppe Maria Castelli 圣波尼法爵及圣亚肋塞堂区司铎 传信部部长
加埃塔诺·凡图齐意大利语Gaetano Fantuzzi 圣伯多禄锁链堂区司铎 教会豁免部部长[17]
马尔谷-安多尼·科隆纳英语Marcantonio Colonna (18th-century cardinal) 圣母平安堂区英语Santa Maria della Pace司铎 罗马教区代理主教、主教官邸部部长、立柏大殿总铎
安德肋·科西尼英语Andrea Corsini (cardinal) 梅鲁拉纳圣玛窦堂区英语San Matteo in Merulana司铎 宗座圣玺正义最高法院院长
基多福·安多尼·冯·
米加齐·冯·瓦尔·索嫩图尔恩
英语Christoph Anton Migazzi
1761年11月23日[18] 维也纳总教区总主教、瓦茨教区署理[19]
西满·博纳科尔西意大利语Simone Buonaccorsi 拉丁门前圣若望堂区司铎 1763年7月18日[20]
若望·屋大维·布法利尼意大利语Giovanni Ottavio Bufalini 天使与殉教者圣母堂区司铎 1766年7月21日[21] 安科纳总教区总主教
若望·嘉禄·博斯基英语Giovanni Carlo Boschi 圣若望及保禄堂区司铎 宗座圣赦院英语Apostolic Penitentiary院长、东方教会礼仪书修正部部长[22]
卢多维科·卡利尼意大利语Lodovico Calini 圣斯德望圆形堂区司铎 1766年9月26日[23] 大赦及圣髑部部长[24]枢机团财务总管英语List of Camerlengos of the Sacred College of Cardinals
安多尼·科隆纳·布兰奇福尔泰意大利语Antonio Colonna Branciforte 大道圣母堂区司铎 波隆那大使
拉匝禄·奥皮齐奥·帕拉维奇尼意大利语Lazzaro Opizio Pallavicini 圣聂勒和圣亚基略堂区司铎 国务枢机卿
维达·博尔罗梅奥意大利语Vitaliano Borromeo (cardinale) 天坛圣母堂区司铎 罗马涅意大利语Romagna大使
伯多禄·科隆纳·潘菲利意大利语Pietro Colonna Pamphili 越台伯河的圣母堂区司铎
乌尔巴诺·帕拉奇安尼·鲁蒂利意大利语Urbano Paracciani Rutili 圣嘉礼堂区司铎 费尔莫总教区总主教
马里奥·孔帕诺尼·马雷福斯基意大利语Mario Compagnoni Marefoschi 圣奥斯定堂区司铎 1770年1月29日[25] 克莱孟十四世 礼仪部英语Sacred Congregation of Rites部长、拉特朗圣若望大殿总铎
希皮奥内·波格赛意大利语Scipione Borghese (1734-1782) 神庙遗址圣母堂区司铎 1770年9月10日[26] 费拉拉大使、德国代言枢机
安多尼·尤真尼奥·维斯孔蒂英语Antonio Eugenio Visconti 1771年6月17日
贝纳迪诺·吉罗英语Bernardino Giraud 山上天主圣三堂区司铎 费尔莫总教区总主教
因诺琴佐·孔蒂英语Innocenzo Conti 1771年9月23日
杰纳罗·安多尼·德·西满意大利语Gennaro Antonio de Simone 浴场圣伯尔纳堂区司铎 1773年3月15日
方济各·卡拉法·德·特雷托英语Francesco Carafa di Traetto 拉特朗圣克勉堂区司铎 1773年4月19日
方济各·沙勿略·德·泽拉达英语Francesco Saverio de Zelada 山上圣玛尔定堂区司铎
若望-安杰洛·布拉斯基 圣奥诺夫廖堂区英语Sant'Onofrio, Rome司铎 1773年4月26日 苏比亚科代理修道院院长英语Commendatory abbot
亚历山大·阿尔巴尼英语Alessandro Albani 执事级枢机 拉塔路圣母执事区执事 1721年7月16日[27] 诺森十三世 枢机团首席助祭英语Protodeacon希腊圣母堂代理领衔执事、神圣罗马教会图书馆馆长、奥地利王朝撒丁王国代言枢机[28]
道明·奥尔西尼·迪·阿拉贡意大利语Domenico Orsini d'Aragona 圣母与诸殉道者执事区意大利语Santa Maria ad Martyres (diaconia)执事 1743年9月9日[29] 本笃十四世 那不勒斯王国代言枢机
类斯·玛利亚·托尔雷贾尼英语Luigi Maria Torregiani 苏博拉圣亚加塔执事区英语Sant'Agata dei Goti执事 1753年11月26日[30]
若望·君斯当休·卡拉乔洛意大利语Giovanni Costanzo Caracciolo 圣欧大邱执事区执事 1759年9月24日[31] 克勉十三世 宗座圣玺圣宠法院院长[32]
安德肋·内格罗尼英语Andrea Negroni 圣维图斯、莫德斯托和
克雷谢齐亚执事区
英语Santi Vito, Modesto e Crescenzia
执事
1763年7月18日[33] 宗座简函院秘书[34]
本笃·韦泰兰尼意大利语Benedetto Veterani 圣葛斯默和达弥盎执事区执事 1766年9月26日[35] 索引部部长[36]
若望·巴蒂斯塔·雷佐尼科英语Giovanni Battista Rezzonico 圣尼各老监狱执事区执事 1770年9月10日 克莱孟十四世
安多尼·卡萨利意大利语Antonio Casali 维拉布洛圣乔治执事区执事 1770年12月12日 善治部意大利语Sacra Congregazione del Buon Governo部长
帕斯夸莱·阿夸维瓦·迪·阿拉贡意大利语Pasquale Acquaviva d'Aragona 阿奎罗圣母执事区英语Santa Maria in Aquiro执事 乌比诺副领主
方济各·迪·埃尔奇意大利语Francesco D'Elci 鱼市场的圣安杰洛执事区英语Sant'Angelo in Pescheria执事 1773年4月26日

Absentees

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Nine cardinals were absent:[3]

Benedict XIV, Clement XIII and Clement XIV created three of them each.

Died during sede vacante

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Two cardinals, including one created by Benedict XIV and one created by Clement XIII:[3]

Divisions in the Sacred College

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The College of Cardinals was generally divided into two blocs: curial, pro-Jesuit (zelanti) and political, anti-Jesuit. The first one was formed by the Italian curial cardinals who opposed the secular influences on the Church. The second one included crown-cardinals of the Catholic courts. These two blocs were in no way homogenous. Zelanti were divided into moderate and radical factions. The anti-Jesuit bloc was divided into several national groups with different interests.

The leader of Zelanti was Cardinal Marcantonio Colonna. The other representatives of this faction were Giovanni Battista Rezzonico, his relative Carlo Rezzonico, who occupied the important office of the camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church, Gian Francesco Albani, dean of the College of Cardinals, and Alessandro Albani, archdeacon of the College. The Rezzonichi represented the radical wing of this faction, while the Albanis and Colonna represented the moderate wing. Among the anti-Jesuit cardinals the main leader was Cardinal de Bernis, ambassador of Louis XVI of France. The interests of Charles III of Spain were represented by Cardona, interests of Ferdinand III of Sicily/Ferdinand IV of Naples by Orsini, while those of Maria Theresa of Austria and her son Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor were under the care of Migazzi and Corsini. Also very influential was Cardinal Giraud, former nuncio in France. Several cardinals were not counted among the members of these factions.[37]

There was no main favourite of the conclave. About thirty cardinals were considered papabile.[1]

Conclave

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The conclave began on October 5, 1774. Initially there were only 28 participants. By the middle of December their number reached only 39, but by the end of the conclave five more cardinals arrived.[38]

Cardinal Marcantonio Colonna, taking advantage of the small number of electors, mostly curial cardinals belonging to his zelanti faction, tried to release Father Ricci from prison. This initiative obtained support of camerlengo Carlo Rezzonico and of Cardinal of York, but the anti-Jesuit faction was strong enough to frustrate it.[1]

Every day at least one ballot took place, but no candidates with serious chances for the election were proposed at the beginning, because the number of electors was relatively small and they were obliged to await the arrival of the rest, particularly of those representatives of the courts who did not reside in Rome. Zelanti voted mainly for their leader Colonna, who received the greatest number of votes in these initial ballots, but certainly had no chances to secure the required majority of two thirds.[39] Some other candidates were also put forward by the Zelanti, but they were all rejected by crown-cardinals as too pro-Jesuit.[1] Against the candidature of Giovanni Carlo Boschi the Bourbon courts even pronounced the official papal veto.[2]

Although the court factions cooperated by blocking of Zelanti candidates, they were unable to agree upon one of their own. Spain supported Pallavicino, while Austria favoured Visconti, a former nuncio at Vienna. Towards the end of 1774, the name of young Cardinal Giovanni Angelo Braschi was raised for the first time. Braschi belonged to the moderate wing of the Zelanti faction. He was advanced by Cardinal Giraud, and obtained a significant number of votes. The crown-cardinals rejected Braschi as pro-Jesuit,[40] although Cardinal de Bernis in his report for the French court found him moderate man and did not exclude the support for him in the future, if no better candidate would be found. No consensus had been achieved before the end of 1774.[41]

In January 1775 cardinals Migazzi, Borromeo, Caracciolo, Pallavicino and Visconti were proposed by the political factions, but without any significant success, because Zelanti rejected all candidates recommended by the monarchs.[42] Cardinal Zelada tried to mediate between factions, proposing to reduce the number of candidates to six, of whom each of the two blocs had to advance three, and to elect the one who would be the most acceptable for all. But this initiative had also failed.[43]

Coat of arms of Pius VI.

Gradually French Cardinals de Bernis and Luynes came to the conclusion that it was impossible to find any better candidate with chances for election than the initially rejected Cardinal Braschi. This was the turning point of the conclave. Braschi's candidacy gained important and influential allies. But Spain and Portugal still opposed him as too favorable toward the Jesuits. Braschi also had some opponents in the radical wing of his own party. To secure the required majority, Cardinal de Bernis aligned himself with Cardinal Zelada, who acted as mediator: de Bernis had to convince the political factions, while Zelada had to overcome the opposition among the radical Zelanti.[44] Also Cardinal Albani was engaged in the promotion of Braschi.[1]

Cardinal Zelada secured the support of Zelanti without serious problems. Spain's candidate, Pallavicino, openly declared that he would not accept the tiara and supported Braschi.[45] The other political factions agreed when Braschi promised the ratification of the suppression of the Jesuits, his friendship to the House of Bourbon and to the House of Habsburg, and agreed to be guided by the allies in the distribution of State offices.[1]

Election of Pius VI

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On February 15, 1775, after 134 days of deliberation, on the 265th ballot,[46] Cardinal Giovanni Angelo Braschi was elected to the papacy receiving all votes except his own,[44] which, according to custom, he gave to Gian Francesco Albani, dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals. He took the name of Pius VI, in honour of St. Pius V.[38]

On February 22, 1775 the Pope-elect was consecrated bishop of Rome by Cardinal Dean Gian Francesco Albani, bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina, assisted by Sub-dean Henry Benedict Stuart, bishop of Frascati, and Camerlengo Carlo Rezzonico, bishop of Sabina. On the same day he was also solemnly crowned by Cardinal Alessandro Albani, protodeacon of S. Maria in Via Lata.[47]

Notes

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  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 The Triple Crown
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Pattenden, Miles. Electing the Pope in Early Modern Italy, 1450-1700, Oxford University Press, 2017, ISBN 9780192517999
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 S. Miranda Conclave of 1774–75
  4. ^ 萨尔瓦多·米兰达英语Salvador Miranda (historian). Consistory of April 10, 1747 (II) - Celebrated in Rome. 佛罗里达国际大学佛罗里达国际大学. [2018-01-27]. (原始内容存档于2018-01-27) (英语). 
  5. ^ Miranda, Salvador. Consistory of July 3, 1747 (II) - Celebrated in Rome. 佛罗里达国际大学佛罗里达国际大学. [2018-01-27]. (原始内容存档于2018-01-27) (英语). 
  6. ^ Salvador Miranda in his list of participants of this conclave erroneously indicate that Fabrizio Serbelloni, bishop of Ostia e Velletri, was dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals. Although the see of Ostia e Velletri was customary assigned to the dean of the Sacred College, the dean at that time was Cardinal Gian Francesco Albani, bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina. (Gaetano Moroni, Dizionario di erudizione storico-ecclesiastica da S. Pietro sino ai nostri giorni, Tipografia Emiliana, Venice 1840–1861, vol. LXIV, p. 173)
  7. ^ Miranda, Salvador. Consistory of November 26, 1753 (IV). 佛罗里达国际大学佛罗里达国际大学. [2018-02-01]. (原始内容存档于2018-02-01) (英语). 
  8. ^ Miranda, Salvador. Consistory of September 11, 1758 (I). 佛罗里达国际大学. [2018-02-01]. (原始内容存档于2018-02-01) (英语). 
  9. ^ Miranda, Salvador. Consistory of October 2, 1758 (II). 佛罗里达国际大学. [2018-02-01]. (原始内容存档于2018-02-01) (英语). 
  10. ^ Miranda, Salvador. Consistory of October 2, 1758 (II). 佛罗里达国际大学. [2018-02-01]. (原始内容存档于2018-02-01) (英语). 
  11. ^ Miranda, Salvador. Consistory of April 10, 1747 (II) - Celebrated in Rome. 佛罗里达国际大学. [2018-01-27]. (原始内容存档于2018-01-27) (英语). 
  12. ^ Miranda, Salvador. Consistory of November 26, 1753 (IV). 佛罗里达国际大学. [2018-02-01]. (原始内容存档于2018-02-01) (英语). 
  13. ^ Miranda, Salvador. Consistory of April 22, 1754 (V). 佛罗里达国际大学. [2018-02-01]. (原始内容存档于2018-02-01) (英语). 
  14. ^ Miranda, Salvador. Consistory of April 22, 1754 (V). 佛罗里达国际大学. [2018-02-01]. (原始内容存档于2018-02-01) (英语). 
  15. ^ Miranda, Salvador. Consistory of April 5, 1756 (VII) - Celebrated in Rome. 佛罗里达国际大学. [2018-02-01]. (原始内容存档于2018-02-01) (英语). 
  16. ^ Miranda, Salvador. Consistory of September 24, 1759 (III). 佛罗里达国际大学. [2018-01-28]. (原始内容存档于2018-01-28) (英语). 
  17. ^ Miranda, Salvador. Consistory of September 24, 1759 (III). 佛罗里达国际大学. [2018-01-28]. (原始内容存档于2018-01-28) (英语). 
  18. ^ Miranda, Salvador. Consistory of November 23, 1761 (IV). 佛罗里达国际大学. [2018-02-01]. (原始内容存档于2018-02-01) (英语). 
  19. ^ Miranda, Salvador. Consistory of November 23, 1761 (IV). 佛罗里达国际大学. [2018-02-01]. (原始内容存档于2018-02-01) (英语). 
  20. ^ Miranda, Salvador. Consistory of July 18, 1763 (V). 佛罗里达国际大学. [2018-02-01]. (原始内容存档于2018-02-01) (英语). 
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  25. ^ 萨尔瓦多·米兰达. Consistory of January 29, 1770 (II) - Celebrated in Rome. 佛罗里达国际大学. [2018-02-01]. (原始内容存档于2018-02-01) (英语). 
  26. ^ 萨尔瓦多·米兰达. Consistory of September 10, 1770 (IV) - Celebrated in Rome. 佛罗里达国际大学. [2018-02-01]. (原始内容存档于2018-02-01) (英语). 
  27. ^ Miranda, Salvador. Consistory of July 16, 1721 (II) - Celebrated in Rome. Florida International University. [2018-02-01]. (原始内容存档于2018-02-01) (英语). 
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  29. ^ Miranda, Salvador. Consistory of September 9, 1743 (I) - Celebrated in Rome. Florida International University. [2018-01-27]. (原始内容存档于2018-01-27) (英语). 
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  31. ^ Miranda, Salvador. Consistory of September 24, 1759 (III). Florida International University. [2018-01-28]. (原始内容存档于2018-01-28) (英语). 
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  37. ^ Bourgoing, p. 5–7
  38. ^ 38.0 38.1 Damian Hungs: Pius VI 互联网档案馆存档,存档日期2007-09-28.
  39. ^ Bourgoing, p. 14–15
  40. ^ Ott, Michael. "Pope Pius VI." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 30 May 2018
  41. ^ Bourgoing, p. 17–18
  42. ^ Bourgoing, p. 19
  43. ^ Bourgoing, p. 20; Damian Hungs: Pius VI 互联网档案馆存档,存档日期2007-09-28.
  44. ^ 44.0 44.1 Bourgoing, p. 23
  45. ^ Bourgoing, p. 22
  46. ^ K. Dopierała, p. 370
  47. ^ S. Miranda: Cardinal Giovanni Angelo Braschi (Pope Pius VI)

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