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{{Infotaula ésser viu
{{Infotaula ésser viu
| periode = [[Oligocè]] – recent<ref name="FishBase">[http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/FamilySummary.cfm?ID=184 FishBase] {{en}}</ref><ref>Berg, L.S., [[1958]]. System der rezenten und fossilen Fischartigen und Fische. VEB Verlag der Wissenschaften, [[Berlín]].</ref>
| periode = [[Oligocè]] – recent<ref name=FishBase>[http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/FamilySummary.cfm?ID=184 FishBase] {{en}}</ref><ref>Berg, L.S., [[1958]]. System der rezenten und fossilen Fischartigen und Fische. VEB Verlag der Wissenschaften, [[Berlín]].</ref>
| imatge2 = Macruronus novaezelandiae.jpg
| peu2 = [[Hoki]] (''[[Macruronus novaezelandiae]]'') -il·lustració de l'any [[1896]]-
| categoria_subdivisio = [[Gènere (biologia)|Gèneres]] i [[espècies]]
| subdivisio = Llegiu-ne el text.
}}
}}
[[Fitxer:Merluccius productus.jpg|miniatura|''[[Merluccius productus]]'' (il·lustració del [[1906]])]]
[[Fitxer:Merluccius productus.jpg|miniatura|''[[Merluccius productus]]'' (il·lustració del [[1906]])]]
Línia 12: Línia 8:
[[Fitxer:Merluccius productus1.jpg|miniatura|''[[Merluccius productus]]'']]
[[Fitxer:Merluccius productus1.jpg|miniatura|''[[Merluccius productus]]'']]
[[Fitxer:Korea-Seoraksan-dried fish.jpg|miniatura|Merlúccids assecant-se a Corea]]
[[Fitxer:Korea-Seoraksan-dried fish.jpg|miniatura|Merlúccids assecant-se a Corea]]
[[Fitxer:Merluccius merluccius.001 - Aquarium Finisterrae.JPG|miniatura|[[Lluç europeu|Lluços europeus]] (''[[Merluccius merluccius]]'')]]
[[Fitxer:Steindachneria argentea.jpg|miniatura|Il·lustració de ''[[Steindachneria argentea]]'' publicada el [[1896]].]]
Els '''merlúccids''' (Merlucciidae) constitueixen una [[família (biologia)|família]] de [[peixos]] [[osteïctis]] i marins pertanyent a l'[[ordre]] dels [[gadiformes]],<ref>[http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/TaxonTree.aspx?id=44364&tree=0.1 The Taxonomicon] {{en}}</ref> la qual inclou els [[lluç]]os.
Els '''merlúccids''' (Merlucciidae) constitueixen una [[família (biologia)|família]] de [[peixos]] [[osteïctis]] i marins pertanyent a l'[[ordre]] dels [[gadiformes]],<ref>[http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/TaxonTree.aspx?id=44364&tree=0.1 The Taxonomicon] {{en}}</ref> la qual inclou els [[lluç]]os.


== Etimologia ==
== Etimologia ==
Del [[llatí]] ''mare, maris'' (mar) + ''lucius'' ([[lluç de riu]]).<ref>Romero, P., 2002. An etymological dictionary of taxonomy. [[Madrid]]. </ref>
Del [[llatí]] ''mare, maris'' (mar) + ''lucius'' ([[lluç de riu]]).<ref>Romero, P., 2002. An etymological dictionary of taxonomy. [[Madrid]].</ref>


== Morfologia ==
== Morfologia ==
Línia 27: Línia 21:
* Entre els [[ulls]] apareix una fosseta triangular.
* Entre els [[ulls]] apareix una fosseta triangular.
* La [[boca]], grossa i en posició terminal, disposa d'unes [[dents]] punxegudes.
* La [[boca]], grossa i en posició terminal, disposa d'unes [[dents]] punxegudes.
* Les [[escata|escates]] són petites.<ref>Mas Ferrà, Xavier i Canyelles Ferrà, Xavier: ''Peixos de les Illes Balears''. [[Editorial Moll]], [[Palma]], [[maig]] del [[2000]]. Manuals d'Introducció a la Naturalesa, 13. {{ISBN|84-273-6013-4}}. Plana 97.</ref><ref name="FishBase"/><ref name="Marine Species Identification Portal">[http://species-identification.org/species.php?species_group=fnam&id=399&menuentry=groepen Marine Species Identification Portal] {{en}}</ref>
* Les [[escata|escates]] són petites.<ref>Mas Ferrà, Xavier i Canyelles Ferrà, Xavier: ''Peixos de les Illes Balears''. [[Editorial Moll]], [[Palma]], [[maig]] del 2000. Manuals d'Introducció a la Naturalesa, 13. {{ISBN|84-273-6013-4}}. Plana 97.</ref><ref name=FishBase/><ref name="Marine Species Identification Portal">[http://species-identification.org/species.php?species_group=fnam&id=399&menuentry=groepen Marine Species Identification Portal] {{en}}</ref>


== Reproducció ==
== Reproducció ==
Línia 33: Línia 27:


== Alimentació ==
== Alimentació ==
Els exemplars adults mengen altres peixos i els juvenils [[krill]].<ref name="Marine Species Identification Portal"/>
Els exemplars adults mengen altres peixos i els joves [[krill]].<ref name="Marine Species Identification Portal"/>


== Hàbitat ==
== Hàbitat ==
Són peixos batipelàgics i demersals que viuen a [[alta mar]] i a les aigües de la [[plataforma continental]] i a les capes superiors del [[talús continental]] des dels 50 fins als 1.000 m de fondària.<ref name="FishBase"/><ref name="Marine Species Identification Portal"/>
Són peixos batipelàgics i demersals que viuen a [[alta mar]] i a les aigües de la [[plataforma continental]] i a les capes superiors del [[talús continental]] des dels 50 fins als 1.000 m de fondària.<ref name=FishBase/><ref name="Marine Species Identification Portal"/>


== Distribució geogràfica ==
== Distribució geogràfica ==
Viuen a les regions [[tròpics|tropicals]], [[clima subtropical|subtropicals]] i [[clima temperat|temperades]] dels oceans [[Pacífic]] oriental, [[Oceà Atlàntic|Atlàntic]] i a les costes de [[Tasmània]] i [[Nova Zelanda]].<ref name="FishBase"/><ref name="Marine Species Identification Portal"/>
Viuen a les regions [[tròpics|tropicals]], [[clima subtropical|subtropicals]] i [[clima temperat|temperades]] dels oceans [[Pacífic]] oriental, [[Oceà Atlàntic|Atlàntic]] i a les costes de [[Tasmània]] i [[Nova Zelanda]].<ref name=FishBase/><ref name="Marine Species Identification Portal"/>


== Costums ==
== Costums ==
Són [[Gregarisme|gregaris]], formen moles grans i denses, realitzen migracions i els juvenils tendeixen a trobar-se més a prop de la costa que els adults.<ref name="Marine Species Identification Portal"/>
Són [[Gregarisme|gregaris]], formen moles grans i denses, realitzen migracions i els joves tendeixen a trobar-se més a prop de la costa que els adults.<ref name="Marine Species Identification Portal"/>


== Importància pesquera ==
== Importància pesquera ==
Algunes [[espècies]] d'aquesta [[família (biologia)|família]] són pescades a nivell comercial (principalment, a l'[[Oceà Atlàntic|Atlàntic]]), com ara el [[hoki]] (''[[Macruronus novaezelandiae]]''), el [[lluç europeu]] (''[[Merluccius merluccius]]''), etc.<ref name="Marine Species Identification Portal"/>
Algunes [[espècies]] d'aquesta [[família (biologia)|família]] són pescades a nivell comercial (principalment, a l'[[Oceà Atlàntic|Atlàntic]]), com ara el [[hoki]] (''[[Macruronus novaezelandiae]]''), el [[lluç europeu]] (''[[Merluccius merluccius]]''), etc.<ref name="Marine Species Identification Portal"/>


== Gèneres i Espècies ==
== Gèneres i espècies ==
* [[Gènere (biologia)|Gènere]] ''[[Lyconodes]]'' {{mida|85%|(Gilchrist, [[1922]])}}<ref>Gilchrist J. D. F. [[1922]]. Deep-sea fishes procured by the S.S. "Pickle" (Part I). Rep. Fish. Mar. Biol. Surv. Union So. Afr. Rep. 2 (art. 3). 41-79.</ref>
* [[Gènere (biologia)|Gènere]] ''[[Lyconodes]]'' {{mida|85%|(Gilchrist, [[1922]])}}<ref>Gilchrist J. D. F. [[1922]]. Deep-sea fishes procured by the S.S. "Pickle" (Part I). Rep. Fish. Mar. Biol. Surv. Union So. Afr. Rep. 2 (art. 3). 41-79.</ref>
** ''[[Lyconodes argenteus]]'' {{mida|1=([[George Brown Goode|Goode]] & [[Tarleton Hoffman Bean|Bean]], [[1896]])}}.
** ''[[Lyconodes argenteus]]'' {{mida|1=([[George Brown Goode|Goode]] i [[Tarleton Hoffman Bean|Bean]], [[1896]])}}.
* [[Gènere (biologia)|Gènere]] ''[[Lyconus]]'' {{mida|85%|([[Albert Günther|Günther]], [[1887]])}}<ref>[[Albert Günther|Günther A.]], [[1887]]. Report on the deep-sea fishes collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the years [[1873]]-[[1876]]. Rep. Sci. Res. Voy. H.M.S. Challenger v. 22 (pt 57). i-lxv + 1-268.</ref>
* [[Gènere (biologia)|Gènere]] ''[[Lyconus]]'' {{mida|85%|([[Albert Günther|Günther]], [[1887]])}}<ref>[[Albert Günther|Günther A.]], [[1887]]. Report on the deep-sea fishes collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the years [[1873]]-[[1876]]. Rep. Sci. Res. Voy. H.M.S. Challenger v. 22 (pt 57). i-lxv + 1-268.</ref>
** ''[[Lyconus brachycolus]]'' {{mida|1=(Holt & Byrne, [[1906]])}}<ref>Holt, E. W. L. & L. W. Byrne. [[1906]]. On a new species of ''[[Lyconus]]'' from the north-east Atlantic. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 7) v. 18 (núm. 108): 423-426.</ref>
** ''[[Lyconus brachycolus]]'' {{mida|1=(Holt & Byrne, [[1906]])}}<ref>Holt, E. W. L. & L. W. Byrne. [[1906]]. On a new species of ''[[Lyconus]]'' from the north-east Atlantic. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 7) v. 18 (núm. 108): 423-426.</ref>
** ''[[Lyconus pinnatus]]'' {{mida|1=([[Albert Günther|Günther]], [[1887]])}}<ref>{{Catalogue of life|6232503}} {{en}}</ref>
** ''[[Lyconus pinnatus]]'' {{mida|1=([[Albert Günther|Günther]], [[1887]])}}<ref>{{Catalogue of life|6232503}}</ref>
* [[Gènere (biologia)|Gènere]] ''[[Macruronus]]'' {{mida|85%|([[Albert Günther|Günther]], [[1873]])}}<ref>[[Albert Günther|Günther A.]], [[1873]]. Pisces. Zool. Rec. for 1871. 89-112.</ref><ref>Davies, D. H., [[1950]]. A new species of *''[[Macruronus]]''* from South Africa. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (Ser. 12) v. 3 (núm. 30), p. 512-515</ref><ref>Howes, G. J., [[1991]]. Anatomy, phylogeny and taxonomy of the gadoid fish genus ''[[Macruronus]]'' [[Albert Günther|Günther]], [[1873]], with a revised hypothesis of gadoid phylogeny. Bull. Br. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Zool. v. 57 (núm. 1), p. 77-110</ref>
* [[Gènere (biologia)|Gènere]] ''[[Macruronus]]'' {{mida|85%|([[Albert Günther|Günther]], [[1873]])}}<ref>[[Albert Günther|Günther A.]], [[1873]]. Pisces. Zool. Rec. for 1871. 89-112.</ref><ref>Davies, D. H., [[1950]]. A new species of * ''[[Macruronus]]''* from South Africa. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (Ser. 12) v. 3 (núm. 30), p. 512-515</ref><ref>Howes, G. J., 1991. Anatomy, phylogeny and taxonomy of the gadoid fish genus ''[[Macruronus]]'' [[Albert Günther|Günther]], [[1873]], with a revised hypothesis of gadoid phylogeny. Bull. Br. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Zool. v. 57 (núm. 1), p. 77-110</ref>
** ''[[Macruronus capensis]]'' {{mida|1=(Davies, [[1950]])}}<ref>[http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/classification/Macruronus_capensis.html Animal Diversity Web] {{en}}</ref>
** ''[[Macruronus capensis]]'' {{mida|1=(Davies, [[1950]])}}<ref>[http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/classification/Macruronus_capensis.html Animal Diversity Web] {{en}}</ref>
** ''[[Macruronus maderensis]]'' {{mida|1=(Maul, [[1951]])}}<ref>Maul, G. E. [[1951]]. Monografia dos peixes do Museu Municipal do Funchal. Famílias ''[[Macrouridae]]'' e ''Merlucciidae''. Boletim do Museu Municipal do Funchal Núm. 5 (art. 12): 5-55.</ref>
** ''[[Macruronus maderensis]]'' {{mida|1=(Maul, [[1951]])}}<ref>Maul, G. E. [[1951]]. Monografia dos peixes do Museu Municipal do Funchal. Famílias ''[[Macrouridae]]'' e ''Merlucciidae''. Boletim do Museu Municipal do Funchal Núm. 5 (art. 12): 5-55.</ref>
** ''[[Macruronus magellanicus]]'' {{mida|1=(Lönnberg, [[1907]])}}<ref>Aguayo, M.H., [[1974]]. Estudio de la edad y el crecimiento de la merluza de cola (''[[Macruronus magellanicus]]'', Lonnberg, 1907). Bol. Cien. Inst. Fom. Pesq. ([[Xile]]) 19:1-17.</ref><ref>Chesheva, Z.A., [[1996]]. The determination of the age and the estimation of the growth rate for the Magellan hake ''[[Macruronus magellanicus]]'' of the South-West Atlantic. J. Ichthyol. 36(1):51-55.</ref>
** ''[[Macruronus magellanicus]]'' {{mida|1=(Lönnberg, [[1907]])}}<ref>Aguayo, M.H., [[1974]]. Estudio de la edad y el crecimiento de la merluza de cola (''[[Macruronus magellanicus]]'', Lonnberg, 1907). Bol. Cien. Inst. Fom. Pesq. ([[Xile]]) 19:1-17.</ref><ref>Chesheva, Z.A., 1996. The determination of the age and the estimation of the growth rate for the Magellan hake ''[[Macruronus magellanicus]]'' of the South-West Atlantic. J. Ichthyol. 36(1):51-55.</ref>
** ''[[Macruronus novaezelandiae]]'' {{mida|1=(Hector, [[1871]])}}<ref>Bruce, B.D., [[1988]]. Larval development of blue grenadier, ''[[Macruronus novaezelandiae]]'' (Hector), in Tasmanian waters. Fish. Bull. 86:119-128.</ref>
** ''[[Macruronus novaezelandiae]]'' {{mida|1=(Hector, [[1871]])}}<ref>Bruce, B.D., [[1988]]. Larval development of blue grenadier, ''[[Macruronus novaezelandiae]]'' (Hector), in Tasmanian waters. Fish. Bull. 86:119-128.</ref><ref>Bulman, C.M. i S.J.M. Blaber, [[1986]]. Feeding ecology of ''[[Macruronus novaezelandiae]]'' (Hector) (''[[Teleostei]]'': ''Merlucciidae'') in south-eastern Australia. Aust. J. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 37:621-639.</ref><ref>Gunn, J.S., B.D. Bruce, D.M. Furlani, R.E. Thresher i S.J.M. Blaber, [[1989]]. Timing and location of spawning of blue grenadier, ''[[Macruronus novaezelandiae]]'' (''[[Teleostei]]'': ''Merlucciidae''), in Australian coastal waters. Aust. J. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 40(1):97-112.</ref><ref>Horn, P.L i K.J. Sullivan, [[1996]]. Validated aging methodology using otoliths, and growth parameters for hoki (''[[Macruronus novaezelandiae]]'') in New Zealand waters. N.Z. J. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 30:161-174.</ref><ref>Kenchington, T.J. i O. Augustine, [[1987]]. Age and growth of blue grenadier, ''[[Macruronus novaezelandiae]]'' (Hector), in south-eastern Australian waters. Aust. J. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 38(5):625-646.</ref><ref>Kuo, C.-L. i S. Tanaka, [[1984]]. Time of ring formation of otolith and growth curve of hoki ''[[Macruronus novaezelandiae]]'' (Hector) in waters around New Zealand. Bull. Japan. Soc. Sci. Fish. 50(10):1627-1633.</ref><ref>Milton, D.A. i J.B. Shaklee, [[1987]]. Biochemical genetics and population structure of blue grenadier, ''[[Macruronus novaezelandiae]]'' (Hector) (''[[Peix|Pisces]]'': ''Merluciidae''), from Australian waters. Aust. J. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 38(6):727-742.</ref><ref>Murdoch, R.C., [[1990]]. Diet of hoki larvae (''[[Macruronus novaezelandiae]]'') off Westland, New Zealand. N.Z. J. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 24(4):519-527.</ref><ref>Smith, A.D.M., [[1994]]. Blue grenadier, ''[[Macruronus novaezelandiae]]''. p. 137-148. A R.D.J. Tilzey (ed.) The South East Fishery: a scientific review with particular reference to quota management. Bureau of Resource Sciences, Australian Government Print Service, [[Canberra]], [[Austràlia]]. 360 p.</ref><ref>Thresher, R.E., B.D. Bruce, D.M. Furlani i J.S. Gunn, [[1988]]. Distribution, advection and growth of larvae of the southern temperate gadoid, ''[[Macruronus novaezelandiae]]'' (''[[Teleostei]]'': ''Merlucciidae''), in Australian coastal waters. Fish. Bull. 87:29-48.</ref><ref>Punt, A. E., Smith, D. C. i R. B. Thomson, M. Haddon, X. He, i J. M. Lyle, 2001. Stock assessment of the blue grenadier *''[[Macruronus novaezelandiae]]''* resource off south-eastern Australia. Mar. Freshwater Res. v. 52 (núm. 4), p. 701-717.</ref>
* [[Gènere (biologia)|Gènere]] ''[[Merluccius]]'' {{mida|85%|({{Versaleta|[[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque|Rafinesque]]}}, [[1810]])}}<ref>[[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque|Rafinesque C. S.]], [[1810]]. Caratteri di alcuni nuovi generi e nuove specie di animali e piante della sicilia, con varie osservazioni sopra i medisimi. (Part 1 involves fishes, pp. [i-iv] 3-69 [70 blank], Part 2 with slightly different title, pp. ia-iva + 71-105 -106 blank-). Caratteri.</ref>
* [[Gènere (biologia)|Gènere]] ''[[Merluccius]]'' {{mida|85%|({{Versaleta|[[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque|Rafinesque]]}}, [[1810]])}}<ref>[[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque|Rafinesque C. S.]], [[1810]]. Caratteri di alcuni nuovi generi e nuove specie di animali e piante della sicilia, con varie osservazioni sopra i medisimi. (Part 1 involves fishes, pp. [i-iv] 3-69 [70 blank], Part 2 with slightly different title, pp. ia-iva + 71-105 -106 blank-). Caratteri.</ref>
** [[Lluç argentat d'altura]] (''[[Merluccius albidus]]'') {{mida|1=([[Samuel Latham Mitchill|Mitchill]], [[1818]])}}<ref>Rohr, B.A. i Gutherz, E.J., [[1977]]. Biology of offshore hake, ''[[Merluccius albidus]]'', in the gulf of Mexico. Fish. Bull. 75(1):147-158.</ref>
** [[Lluç argentat d'altura]] (''[[Merluccius albidus]]'') {{mida|1=([[Samuel Latham Mitchill|Mitchill]], [[1818]])}}<ref>Rohr, B.A. i Gutherz, E.J., [[1977]]. Biology of offshore hake, ''[[Merluccius albidus]]'', in the gulf of Mexico. Fish. Bull. 75(1):147-158.</ref>
** ''[[Merluccius angustimanus]]'' {{mida|1=([[Samuel Garman|Garman]], [[1899]])}}<ref>Mathews, C.P., [[1975]]. Some observations on the ecology and population dynamics of ''[[Merluccius angustimanus]]'' in the south Gulf of California. J. Fish Biol. 7:83-94.</ref>
** ''[[Merluccius angustimanus]]'' {{mida|1=([[Samuel Garman|Garman]], [[1899]])}}<ref>Mathews, C.P., [[1975]]. Some observations on the ecology and population dynamics of ''[[Merluccius angustimanus]]'' in the south Gulf of California. J. Fish Biol. 7:83-94.</ref>
** [[Lluç austral]] (''[[Merluccius australis]]'') {{mida|1=(Hutton, [[1872]])}}<ref>Colman, J.A. i M. Vignaux, [[1992]]. Assessment of New Zealand hake (''[[Merluccius australis]]'') stocks for the 1992-93 fishing year. Draft N.Z. Fish. Assess. Res. Doc.</ref>
** [[Lluç austral]] (''[[Merluccius australis]]'') {{mida|1=(Hutton, [[1872]])}}<ref>Colman, J.A. i M. Vignaux, [[1992]]. Assessment of New Zealand hake (''[[Merluccius australis]]'') stocks for the 1992-93 fishing year. Draft N.Z. Fish. Assess. Res. Doc.</ref><ref>Colman, J.A., M. Stocker i E. Pikitch, [[1991]]. Assessment of hake (''[[Merluccius australis]]'') stocks for the 1991-92 fishing year. N.Z. Fish. Assess. Res. Doc. 91/14. 29 p.</ref><ref>Dunn, A., [[2004]]. Stock assessment of hake (''[[Merluccius australis]]'') for the [[2003]]-[[2004]] fishing year. New Zealand Fish. Assess. Rep. 2004/34, 62 p.</ref><ref>Dunn, A., P.L. Horn, P.L. Cordue i T.H. Kendrick, [[2000]]. Stock assessment of hake (''[[Merluccius australis]]'') for the [[1999]]-[[2000]] fishing year. New Zealand Fish. Assess. Rep. 2000/50, 50 p.</ref><ref>Horn, P., 1997. An ageing methodology, growth parameters and estimates of mortality for hake (''[[Merluccius australis]]'') from around South Island, New Zealand. Mar. Fresh. Res. 48:201-209.</ref><ref>Horn, P.L., [[1998]]. The stock affinity of hake (''[[Merluccius australis]]'') from Puysegur Bank, and catch-at-age data and revised productivity parameters for hake stocks HAK 1, 4, and 7. New Zealand Fish. Assess. Res. Doc. 98/34. 18 p. (Unpubl. Rep., NIWA Library, Wellington).</ref><ref>Payá, I., [[1992]]. The diet of Patagonian hake ''[[Merluccius australis polylepis]]'' and its daily ration of Patagonian grenadier ''[[Macrouronus magellanicus]]''. p. 753-760. A A.I.L. Payne, K.H. Brink, K.H. Mann i R. Hilborn (editors) Benguela trophic functioning. S. Afr. J. Mar. Sci. 12.</ref>
** [[Lluç platejat]] (''[[Merluccius bilinearis]]'') {{mida|1=([[Samuel Latham Mitchill|Mitchill]], [[1814]])}}<ref>Bowman, R.E., [[1984]]. Food of silver hake, ''[[Merluccius bilinearis]]''. Fish. Bull. 82(1):21-35.</ref><ref>Mari, A. i R. Domínguez, [[1979]]. Distribución, edad y crecimiento de la merluza plateada (''[[Merluccius bilinearis]]'') en la plataforma de Nueva Escocia. Rev. Cub. Inv. Pesq. 4:78-106.</ref><ref>Morse, W.W., D.L. Johnson, P.L. Berrien i S.J. Wilk, [[1999]]. Silver hake, ''[[Merluccius bilinearis]]'', life history and habitat characteristics. NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-NE-135, 42 p.</ref>
** [[Lluç platejat]] (''[[Merluccius bilinearis]]'') {{mida|1=([[Samuel Latham Mitchill|Mitchill]], [[1814]])}}<ref>Bowman, R.E., [[1984]]. Food of silver hake, ''[[Merluccius bilinearis]]''. Fish. Bull. 82(1):21-35.</ref>
** ''[[Merluccius capensis]]'' {{mida|1=(Davies, [[1950]])}}<ref>Botha, L., 1971 Growth i otolith morphology of the cape hake ''[[Merluccius capensis]]'' Cast. and ''[[Merluccius paradoxus]]'' Franca. Invest. Rep. Div. Fish. Invest. Rep. (97):32 p.</ref>
** ''[[Merluccius capensis]]'' {{mida|1=(Davies, [[1950]])}}<ref>Botha, L., 1971 Growth i otolith morphology of the cape hake ''[[Merluccius capensis]]'' Cast. and ''[[Merluccius paradoxus]]'' Franca. Invest. Rep. Div. Fish. Invest. Rep. (97):32 p.</ref><ref>Botha, L., [[1970]]. The growth of the cape hake ''[[Merluccius capensis]]''. Invest. Rep. Div. Sea Fish. S. Afr. 82:1-9.</ref><ref>Grant, W.S., I.I. Becker i R.W. Leslie, [[1988]]. Evolutionary divergence between sympatric species of Southern African hakes, ''[[Merluccius capensis]]'' and ''[[Merluccius paradoxus]]''. I. Electrophoretic analysis of proteins. Heredity 61:13-20.</ref><ref>Kono, H., [[1980]]. Age and growth of the Cape hakes, ''[[Merluccius capensis]]'' and ''[[Merluccius productus]]'' on the Agulhas Bank and adjacent slopes. Colln. Scient. Pap. Int. Commn. SE Atl. Fish. (Part II) 7:175-209.</ref><ref>Lleonart, J. i B. Morales, [[1985]] Revisión de los datos de edad y crecimiento de ''[[Merluccius capensis]]'' en la división 1.5 de ICSEAF. p. 1081-1098. A Simp. Int. Afl. O Afr., Inst. Inv. Pesq., [[Barcelona]], [[1985]], V. II.</ref><ref>Lleonart, J., B.Y.O. Morales-Nin i P. Sánchez, [[1981]]. Crecimiento de ''[[Merluccius capensis]]'' (División 1.5) de [[1977]] a [[1980]]: comparación de distintos métodos de estimación de parámetros. Coll scient. Pap. int. Commn SE. Atl. Fish. 8(2): 131-139.</ref><ref>Macpherson, E., [[1975]]. Algunos datos biológicos sobre ''[[Merluccius capensis]]''. Colln. Sci. Pap. int. Commn. SE Atl. Fish. 2:77-85.</ref><ref>Morales-Nin, B.Y.O., [[1991]]. Growth of cape hake ''[[Merluccius capensis]]'' off Namibia determined by means of length frequency analysis and age/length data. S. Afr. J. Mar. Sci. 10:53-60.</ref><ref>Pillar, S.C. i I.S. Wilkinson, [[1995]]. The diet of cape hake ''[[Merluccius capensis]]'' on the south coast of South Africa. S. Afr. J. Mar. Sci. 15:225-239.</ref><ref>Prenski, L., [[1978]]. Studies on hake, ''[[Merluccius capensis]]'', in ICSEAF Divisions 1.4 and 1.5 in 1977. Colln scient. Pap. int. Commn SE. Atl. Fish. 12(2): 143-148.</ref><ref>Sánchez, P. i P. Martin, [[1985]]. Determinación del crecimiento de ''[[Merluccius capensis]]'' y ''[[Genypterus capensis]]'' aplicando un método basado en la composición por tallas. Colln scient. Pap. int. Commn SE. Atl. Fish. 12(2):143-148.</ref>
** ''[[Merluccius gayi]]'' {{mida|1=(Guichenot, 1848)}}<ref>{{Catalogue of life|6248382}}</ref>
** ''[[Merluccius gayi]]'' {{mida|1=(Guichenot, 1848)}}<ref>{{Catalogue of life|6248382}} {{en}}</ref><ref>Aguayo, M., [[1971]]. Determinación de la edad en la merluza (''[[Merluccius gayi]]'' Guichenot 1848) mediante la lectura de otolitos. Inst. Fom. Pesq. Bol. Cientif. (16):1-49.</ref><ref>Misu, H. i S. Hamasaki, [[1971]]. Age and growth of Peruvian hake, ''[[Merluccius gayi]]'' (Guichenot). Bull. Sehai. Reg. Fish. Res. Lab. (41):93-105.</ref><ref>Saetersdal, G. i L. Villegas, [[1968]]. Estudio del tamaño, crecimiento y madurez de la merluza (''[[Merluccius gayi]]'') en aquas chilenas. Publ. Inst. Fom. Pesq. (34):52 p.</ref>
*** [[Lluç xilè]] (''[[Merluccius gayi gayi]]'') {{mida|1=(Guichenot, 1848)}}<ref>Balbontin, F. i W. Fischer, [[1981]]. Ciclo sexual y fecundidad de la merluza, ''[[Merluccius gayi gayi]]'', en la costa de Chile. Rev. Biol. Mar. 17:285-334.</ref>
*** [[Lluç xilè]] (''[[Merluccius gayi gayi]]'') {{mida|1=(Guichenot, 1848)}}<ref>Balbontin, F. i W. Fischer, [[1981]]. Ciclo sexual y fecundidad de la merluza, ''[[Merluccius gayi gayi]]'', en la costa de Chile. Rev. Biol. Mar. 17:285-334.</ref>
*** ''[[Merluccius gayi peruanus]]'' {{mida|1=(Ginsburg, [[1954]])}}<ref>Ballón, M., [[2005]]. Comparative analysis of the community structure and trophic relations of the Peruvian hake ''[[Merluccius gayi peruanus]]'' and its by-catch of the years [[1985]] and 2001. MSc Thesis in International Studies in Aquatic Tropical Ecology. [[Universitat de Bremen]], [[Alemanya]].</ref><ref>Dioses, T., [[1984]]. Edad y crecimiento de la merluza ''[[Merluccius gayi peruanus]]''. Anales I Congreso Nacional de Biología Pesquera. Trujillo - [[Perú]].</ref><ref>Fuentes, H., E. Antonietti i P. Muck, [[1989]]. Alimentación de la merluza (''[[Merluccius gayi peruanus]]'') de la zona de Paita. Memorias del Simposio Internacional de los Recursos Vivos y las Pesquerías en el Pacífico Sudeste Viña del Mar, 9-13 Mayo 1988. Comisión Permanente del Pacífico Sur (CPPS), Rev. Pacífico Sur (Número Especial).</ref><ref>Garcia, A.C.V., [[1974]]. Contenido estomacal de la Merluza ''[[Merluccius gayi peruanus]]'' Ginsburg [[1954]], de la zona Isla Lobos de Tierra - Pacasmayo (06°30, - 07° 30, L. S.), Invierno - Primavera, [[1973]]. Universidad Nacional de Trujillo, Programa de Ciencias Biólogicas, 28 p.</ref>
*** ''[[Merluccius gayi peruanus]]'' {{mida|1=(Ginsburg, [[1954]])}}<ref>Ballón, M., [[2005]]. Comparative analysis of the community structure and trophic relations of the Peruvian hake ''[[Merluccius gayi peruanus]]'' and its by-catch of the years 1985 and 2001. MSc Thesis in International Studies in Aquatic Tropical Ecology. [[Universitat de Bremen]], [[Alemanya]].</ref>
** ''[[Merluccius hernandezi]]'' {{mida|1=(Mathews, [[1985]])}}<ref>[http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=272454 World Register of Marine Species] {{en}}</ref>
** ''[[Merluccius hernandezi]]'' {{mida|1=(Mathews, 1985)}}<ref>[http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=272454 World Register of Marine Species] {{en}}</ref>
** [[Lluç argentí]] (''[[Merluccius hubbsi]]'') {{mida|1=(Marini, [[1933]])}}<ref>Bezzi, S., G. Canete, M. Perez, M. Renzi i H. Lassen, [[1994]]. Report of the INIDEP working group on assessment of hake (''[[Merluccius hubbsi]]'') north of 48° S (Southwest Atlantic Ocean). INIDEP Documento Científico 3.</ref><ref>Ehrlich, M.D., [[1998]]. The early life history of the hake ''[[Merluccius hubbsi]]'' Marini, [[1933]] in the Argentine Sea for understanding its recruitment and population structure. [[Universidad de Buenos Aires]], [[Argentina]]. 318 p. Ph.D. dissertation.</ref><ref>Rojo, A. i J. Silvosa, [[1969]]. Estudio biológico de la merluza (''[[Merluccius hubbsi]]'') del sector patagonico. FAO Argentino-Proyecto de Desarrollo Pesquero Publicación (18):40 p.</ref>
** [[Lluç argentí]] (''[[Merluccius hubbsi]]'') {{mida|1=(Marini, [[1933]])}}<ref>Bezzi, S., G. Canete, M. Perez, M. Renzi i H. Lassen, [[1994]]. Report of the INIDEP working group on assessment of hake (''[[Merluccius hubbsi]]'') north of 48° S (Southwest Atlantic Ocean). INIDEP Documento Científico 3.</ref>
** [[Lluç europeu]] (''[[Merluccius merluccius]]'') {{mida|1=({{Versaleta|[[Carl von Linné|Linnaeus]]}}, 1758)}}<ref>[[Linnaeus]], C. 1758. Systema Naturae, Ed. X. (Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata.) Holmiae. Systema Nat. ed. 10 v. 1: i-ii + 1-824.</ref>
** [[Lluç europeu]] (''[[Merluccius merluccius]]'') {{mida|1=({{Versaleta|[[Carl von Linné|Linnaeus]]}}, [[1758]])}}<ref>[[Linnaeus]], C. [[1758]]. Systema Naturae, Ed. X. (Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata.) Holmiae. Systema Nat. ed. 10 v. 1: i-ii + 1-824.</ref><ref>Alegría-Hernández, V. i S. Juki, [[1988]]. Stock-recruitment relationship for the hake ''[[Merluccius merluccius]]'' from the Open Middle Adriat-Jabuka Pit. FAO Fish. Rep. 394:137-141.</ref><ref>Andaloro, F., P. Arena i S.G. Prestipino, [[1985]]. Contribution to the knowledge of the age, growth and feeding of hake ''[[Merluccius merluccius]]'' (L., 1758) in the Sicilian Channel. [[FAO]] Fish. Rep. 336:93-97.</ref><ref>Bouaziz, A., [[1992]]. Le merlu (''[[Merluccius merluccius mediterraneus]], Cadenat, [[1950]]) de la baie de Bou-Ismail: biologie et écologie. ISMAL ([[Alger]]). 85 p. Thèse de Magister en océanographie biologique.</ref><ref>Bouhlel, M., [[1975]]. Contribution à l'étude biologique et dynamique du merlu ''[[Merluccius merluccius mediterraneus]]'' (L. 1758) du golfe de Tunis. Thèse 3ème cycle de biologie marine, Université de Tunis, Faculté des sciences, 177 p.</ref><ref>Carpentiere, P., F. Colloca, P. Gentiloni, A. Bellusciio i G.D. Ardizzone, [[2000]]. Trophic ecology of ''[[Merluccius merluccius]]'' ([[Linnaeus]], [[1758]]) in the Central Tyrrhenian sea. Biol. Mar. Mediterr. 7(1):798-801.</ref><ref>Carpentieri, P., F. Colloca, M. Cardinale, A. Belluscio i G.D. Ardizzone, [[2005]]. Feeding habits of European hake (''[[Merluccius merluccius]]'') in the central Mediterranean Sea. Fish. Bull. 103:411-416.</ref><ref>Cartes, J.E., J. rey, D. Lloris i L. Gil de Sola, [[2004]]. Influence of environmental variables on the feeding and diet of European hake (''[[Merluccius merluccius]]'') on the Mediterranean Iberian coasts. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K. 84(4):831-835.</ref><ref>Casey, J. i J. Periero, [[1995]]. European hake (''[[Merluccius merluccius]]'') in the north-east Atlantic. p. 125-147. A J. Alheit i T. J. Pitcher (editors) Hake: Biology, fisheries and markets. Chapaman & Hall, [[Londres]]. 478 p.</ref><ref>Du Buit, M.H., [[1996]]. Diet of hake (''[[Merluccius merluccius]]'') in the Celtic Sea. Fish. Res. 28:381-394.</ref><ref>Figueras, A., [[1967]]. Age and growth of hake (''[[Merluccius merluccius]]'' L.) from the Western Mediterranean ([[Costa Brava]], north of Spain). Proc. Gen. Fish. Counc. Médit. 8:161-171.</ref><ref>Ghirardelli, E., [[1959]]. Contribution à la connaissance de la biologie du merlu (''[[Merluccius merluccius]]'' L.) en Moyenne Adriatique. Proc. Gen. Fish. counc. Médit. 5(69):489-494.</ref><ref>Guichet, R., [[1995]]. The diet of European hake (''[[Merluccius merluccius]]'') in the northen part of the bay of Biscay. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 52:21-31.</ref><ref>Oliver, P., M. Gaza i A. Morillas, [[1990]]. Crecimiento de ''[[Merluccius merluccius]]'' L. de las Islas Baleares mediante analisis de la progresión modal. II Jornades del Medi Ambient de les Balears:175-176.</ref><ref>Papaconstantinou, C. i E. Caragitsou, [[1987]]. The food of hake (''[[Merluccius merluccius]]'') in Greek Seas. Vie Milieu 37(2): 77-83.</ref><ref>Papaconstantinou, C. i K.I. Stergiou, [[1995]]. Biology and fisheries of eastern Mediterranean hake (''[[Merluccius merluccius]]''). p. 149-180. A J. Alheit i T. J. Pitcher (editors) Hake: Biology, fisheries and markets. Chapman & Hall, [[Londres]], 478 p.</ref><ref>Papaconstantinou, C. i K.I. Stergiou, [[1995]]. Biology and fisheries of hake, ''[[Merluccius merluccius]]'' L. [[1758]], in the eastern Mediterranean. p. 149-180. A J. Alheit i T.J. Pitcher (editors) Hake, fisheries products and markets. Fish and Fisheries Series 15. Chapman and Hall, [[Londres]].</ref><ref>Papaconstantinou, C., E. Caragitsou i T. Panos, [[1985]] Preliminary utilization of trawl survey data for the hake (''[[Merluccius merluccius]]'') population dynamics from the Western Greek waters. FAO Fish. Rep. (345):87-92.</ref><ref>Perez, N. i F.J. Pereiro, [[1985]]. First data on sexual maturation and sex-ratio of hake (''[[Merluccius merluccius]] ''L.) from ICES divisions VIIIc and IXa. ICES C.M. 1981/G:37.</ref><ref>Zupanovic, S., [[1968]]. Study of the hake (''[[Merluccius merluccius]]'' L.) biology and population dynamics in the central Adriatic. Cons. Gen. Pêches Médit. Stud. Rev. (32):24 p.</ref>
** ''[[Merluccius paradoxus]]'' {{mida|1=(Franca, [[1960]])}}<ref>Botha, L., [[1980]] The biology of the cape hakes ''[[Merluccius capensis]]'' Cast. and ''[[Merluccius paradoxus]]'' Franca in the Cape of Good Hope area. Thesis presented for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, University of Stellenbosch, [[Ciutat del Cap]], [[Sud-àfrica]]. 56 p.</ref><ref>Dias, M.L. i M.F. Morais da Cunha, [[1986]]. The Portuguese fishery in the Southeast Atlantic ([[1982]]-[[1983]]) and biological studies on hakes ''[[Merluccius capensis]]'' and ''[[Merluccius paradoxus]]''. Collect. Sci. Pap. ICSEAF/Recl. Doc. Sci. CIPASE/colecc. Doc. Cient. CIPASO 37-87.</ref><ref>Punt, A.E., R.W. Leslie i S.E. du Plessis, [[1992]]. Estimation of the annual consumption of food by Cape hake ''[[Merluccius capensis]]'' and ''[[Merluccius paradoxus]]'' off the South African west coast. S. Afr. J. Mar. Sci. 12:611-634.</ref>
** ''[[Merluccius paradoxus]]'' {{mida|1=(Franca, [[1960]])}}<ref>Botha, L., [[1980]] The biology of the cape hakes ''[[Merluccius capensis]]'' Cast. and ''[[Merluccius paradoxus]]'' Franca in the Cape of Good Hope area. Thesis presented for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, University of Stellenbosch, [[Ciutat del Cap]], [[Sud-àfrica]]. 56 p.</ref>
** ''[[Merluccius patagonicus]]'' {{mida|1=(Lloris & Matallanas, [[2003]])}}<ref>Lloris, D. & J. Matallanas. [[2003]]. Description of a new species of hake: ''[[Merluccius patagonicus]]'' sp. nov. (''[[Gadiformes]]'': ''Merlucciidae'') from the waters of [[Argentina]]. Scientia Marina v. 67 (núm. 3): 323-326.</ref><ref>Lloris, D. i J. Matallanas, [[2003]]. Description of a new species of hake: ''[[Merluccius patagonicus]]'' sp. Nov. (''[[Gadiformes]]'': ''Merlucciidae'') from the waters of [[Argentina]]. Sci. Mar. 67(3):323-326.</ref>
** ''[[Merluccius patagonicus]]'' {{mida|1=(Lloris & Matallanas, [[2003]])}}<ref>Lloris, D. & J. Matallanas. [[2003]]. Description of a new species of hake: ''[[Merluccius patagonicus]]'' sp. nov. (''[[Gadiformes]]'': ''Merlucciidae'') from the waters of [[Argentina]]. Scientia Marina v. 67 (núm. 3): 323-326.</ref>
** ''[[Merluccius polli]]'' {{mida|1=(Cadenat, [[1950]])}}<ref>{{Catalogue of life|6225617}}</ref>
** ''[[Merluccius polli]]'' {{mida|1=(Cadenat, [[1950]])}}<ref>{{Catalogue of life|6225617}} {{en}}</ref>
** ''[[Merluccius productus]]'' {{mida|1=([[William Orville Ayres|Ayres]], [[1855]])}}<ref>Bailey, K.M., [[1982]]. The early life history of the Pacific hake, ''[[Merluccius productus]]''. Fish. Bull. 80:589-598.</ref>
** ''[[Merluccius productus]]'' {{mida|1=([[William Orville Ayres|Ayres]], [[1855]])}}<ref>Bailey, K.M., [[1982]]. The early life history of the Pacific hake, ''[[Merluccius productus]]''. Fish. Bull. 80:589-598.</ref><ref>Dark, T., [[1975]]. Age and growth of Pacific hake, ''[[Merluccius productus]]''. Fish. Bull. 73(2):336-355.</ref><ref>Ehrich, S., F. Mombeck i G. Speiser, [[1980]]. Investigations on the Pacific hake stock (''[[Merluccius productus]]'') in the Northeast Pacific. Arch. Fischereiwiss. 30:17-38.</ref><ref>Ermakov, Y.K., [[1982]]. Populations of Pacific hake, ''[[Merluccius productus]]'' (''Merluccidae''), and the boundaries of distribution. J. Ichthyol. 22(5):153-156.</ref><ref>Livingston, P.A. i M.S. Alton, [[1982]]. Stomach contents of Pacific whiting, ''[[Merluccius productus]]'', off Washington and [[Oregon]], April-July [[1967]]. NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS F/NWC 32:29 p.</ref><ref>MacGregor, J.S., [[1966]]. Fecundity of the Pacific hake, ''[[Merluccius productus]]'' (Ayres). Calif. Fish Game 52(2):111-116.</ref><ref>McFarlane, G.A. i R.J. Beamish, [[1986]]. Biology and fishery of Pacific hake (''[[Merluccius productus]]'') in the Strait of Georgia. Mar. Fish. Rev. 47:23-34.</ref><ref>Rexstad, E.A. i E.K. Pikitch, [[1986]]. Stomach contents and food consumption estimates of Pacific hake, ''[[Merluccius productus]]''. Fish. Bull. 84(4):947-956.</ref>
** ''[[Merluccius senegalensis]]'' {{mida|1=(Cadenat, [[1950]])}}<ref>Martos, A.R. i L.F. Peralta, [[1995]]. Biology and fisheries of north-west African hakes (''[[Merluccius merluccius]]'', ''[[Merluccius senegalensis]]'' and ''[[Merluccius polli]]''). p. 89-124. A J. Alheit i T.J. Pitcher (editors) Hake: Biology, fisheries and markets. Chapman & Hall, [[Londres]] ([[Regne Unit]]). 478 p.</ref><ref>[http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=550665&print_version=PRT&source=to_print ITIS] {{en}}</ref>
** ''[[Merluccius senegalensis]]'' {{mida|1=(Cadenat, [[1950]])}}<ref>Martos, A.R. i L.F. Peralta, [[1995]]. Biology and fisheries of north-west African hakes (''[[Merluccius merluccius]]'', ''[[Merluccius senegalensis]]'' and ''[[Merluccius polli]]''). p. 89-124. A J. Alheit i T.J. Pitcher (editors) Hake: Biology, fisheries and markets. Chapman & Hall, [[Londres]] ([[Regne Unit]]). 478 p.</ref><ref>[http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=550665&print_version=PRT&source=to_print ITIS] {{en}}</ref>
** ''[[Merluccius tasmanicus]]'' {{mida|85%|(Matallanas & Lloris, [[2006]])}}<ref>Matallanas, J. & D. Lloris. [[2006]]. Description of ''[[Merluccius tasmanicus]]'' sp nov. and redescription of ''[[Merluccius australis]]'' (''[[Peix|Pisces]]'': ''Merluciidae''). J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U. K. v. 86: 193-199.</ref><ref>Matallanas, J. i D. Lloris, [[2006]]. Description of ''[[Merluccius tasmanicus]]'' sp nov. and redescription of ''[[Merluccius australis]]'' (''[[Peix|Pisces]]'': ''Merluciidae''). J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U. K., 86:193-199.</ref>
** ''[[Merluccius tasmanicus]]'' {{mida|85%|(Matallanas & Lloris, [[2006]])}}<ref>Matallanas, J. & D. Lloris. [[2006]]. Description of ''[[Merluccius tasmanicus]]'' sp nov. and redescription of ''[[Merluccius australis]]'' (''[[Peix|Pisces]]'': ''Merluciidae''). J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U. K. v. 86: 193-199.</ref>
* [[Gènere (biologia)|Gènere]] ''[[Steindachneria]]'' {{mida|85%|([[George Brown Goode|Goode]] & Bean, [[1888]])}}<ref>Agassiz A. [[1888]]. Three cruises of the United States coast and geodetic survey steamer "Blake." (Chapter xv. Sketches of the characteristic deep-sea types.--Fishes, pp. 21-36, figs. 195-224 is by [[George Brown Goode|Goode]] & Bean). Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. v. 15 (in 2 vols.). i-xxii + 1-314 and 1-220.</ref><ref>[http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=164801&print_version=PRT&source=to_print ITIS] {{en}}</ref>
* [[Gènere (biologia)|Gènere]] ''[[Steindachneria]]'' {{mida|85%|([[George Brown Goode|Goode]] & Bean, [[1888]])}}<ref>Agassiz A. [[1888]]. Three cruises of the United States coast and geodetic survey steamer "Blake." (Chapter xv. Sketches of the characteristic deep-sea types.--Fishes, pp. 21-36, figs. 195-224 is by [[George Brown Goode|Goode]] & Bean). Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. v. 15 (in 2 vols.). i-xxii + 1-314 and 1-220.</ref><ref>[http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=164801&print_version=PRT&source=to_print ITIS] {{en}}</ref>
** ''[[Steindachneria argentea]]'' {{mida|1=([[George Brown Goode|Goode]] & [[Tarleton Hoffman Bean|Bean]], [[1896]])}}<ref>[[George Brown Goode|Goode, G. B.]] & T. H. Bean. [[1896]]. Oceanic ichthyology, a treatise on the deep-sea and pelagic fishes of the world, based chiefly upon the collections made by the steamers Blake, Albatross, and Fish Hawk in the northwestern Atlantic, with an atlas containing 417 figures. Spec. Bull. U. S. Natl. Museum Núm. 2: Text: i-xxxv + 1-26 + 1-553, Atlas: i-xxiii, 1-26, 123 pls.</ref><ref>[http://www.unep-wcmc-apps.org/isdb/Taxonomy/tax-family-result.cfm?displaylanguage=%23displaylanguage%23&Family=1116&Country= UNEP-WCMC Species Database] {{en}}</ref><ref>[http://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id15885/ BioLib] {{en}}</ref>
** ''[[Steindachneria argentea]]'' {{mida|1=([[George Brown Goode|Goode]] i [[Tarleton Hoffman Bean|Bean]], [[1896]])}}<ref>[[George Brown Goode|Goode, G. B.]] & T. H. Bean. [[1896]]. Oceanic ichthyology, a treatise on the deep-sea and pelagic fishes of the world, based chiefly upon the collections made by the steamers Blake, Albatross, and Fish Hawk in the northwestern Atlantic, with an atlas containing 417 figures. Spec. Bull. U. S. Natl. Museum Núm. 2: Text: i-xxxv + 1-26 + 1-553, Atlas: i-xxiii, 1-26, 123 pls.</ref><ref>[http://www.unep-wcmc-apps.org/isdb/Taxonomy/tax-family-result.cfm?displaylanguage=%23displaylanguage%23&Family=1116&Country= UNEP-WCMC Species Database]{{Enllaç no actiu|bot=InternetArchiveBot |data=2021}} {{en}}</ref><ref>[http://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id15885/ BioLib] {{en}}</ref>


== Referències ==
== Referències ==
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== Bibliografia ==
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* {{ref-llibre | cognom = Eschmeyer | nom = W. N | títol = Genera of Recent Fishes | data = 1990 | editorial = Acadèmia de les Ciències de Califòrnia | volum = iii + 697 | llengua = anglès | isbn = 0-940228-23-8}}
* {{ref-llibre|cognom=Eschmeyer|nom=W. N|enllaçautor=William Neil Eschmeyer|títol=Catalog of Fishes|data=1998|editorial=Acadèmia de les Ciències de Califòrnia|isbn=978-0-940228-47-4|llengua=anglès}}
* Helfman, G., B. Collette i D. Facey: ''The diversity of fishes''. Blackwell Science, Malden, Massachusetts (Estats Units), 1997.
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* Lloris, D.; Matallanas, J. i Oliver, P.: ''Hakes of the world (Family Merlucciidae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of hake species known to date.'' [[FAO]] Catalogue for Fishery Purposes. Núm. 2. FAO, [[Roma]], [[2005]].
* Maul, G. E., [[1951]]. Monografia dos peixes do Museu Municipal do Funchal. Famílias ''[[Macrouridae]]'' e ''Merlucciidae''. Bol. Mus. Munic. Funchal Núm. 5 (art. 12), p. 5-55.
* Maurin, C., [[1990]]. ''Merlucciidae''. p. 532-539. A J.C. Quero, J.C. Hureau, C. Karrer, A. Post i L. Saldanha (editors) Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic (CLOFETA). JNICT, [[Lisboa]]; SEI, [[París]]; i [[UNESCO]], [[París]]. Vol. 2.
* {{FishesMoyleCech}} (2000).
* Nelson, J.S. [[2006]]: Fishes of the world. Quarta edició. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, [[Nova Jersey]], [[Estats Units]]. 601 p. ([http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/w5263e/w5263e00.htm PDF]).
* Svetovidov, A.N., [[1979]]. ''Merlucciidae''. p. 300-302. A J.C. Hureau i Th. Monod (editors) Check-list of the fishes of the north-eastern Atlantic and of the Mediterranean (CLOFNAM). [[UNESCO]], [[París]]. Vol. 1.
* Svetovidov, A.N., [[1986]]. ''Merlucciidae''. p. 677-679. A P.J.P. Whitehead, M.-L. Bauchot, J.-C. Hureau, J. Nielsen i E. Tortonese (editors) Fishes of the north-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. [[UNESCO]], [[París]]. Vol. 2.
* Trunov, I. A., 2001. New data on the fishes of the families ''Merlucciidae'' and ''[[Macrouridae]]'' from the southeastern Atlantic Ocean. Voprosy Ikhtiol. v. 41 (núm. 1), p. 23-29.
* {{World Encyclopedia of Fishes}}

== Enllaços externs ==
{{Projectes germans}}
{{Projectes germans}}
* [http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/classification/Merlucciidae.html Animal Diversity Web] {{en}}
* [http://www.boldsystems.org/views/taxbrowser.php?taxid=24199 Barcodes of Life] {{en}}

{{Bases de dades taxonòmiques}}
{{Bases de dades taxonòmiques}}


{{ORDENA:Merluccid}} <!--ORDENA generat per bot-->
{{ORDENA:Merluccids}}
[[Categoria:Merlúccids| ]]
[[Categoria:Merlúccids| ]]

Revisió de 19:09, 10 maig 2024

Infotaula d'ésser viuMerlúccids
Merlucciidae Modifica el valor a Wikidata

lluç platejat Modifica el valor a Wikidata
Període
Oligocè – recent[1][2]
Taxonomia
SuperregneHolozoa
RegneAnimalia
FílumChordata
OrdreGadiformes
FamíliaMerlucciidae Modifica el valor a Wikidata
Gill, 1884
Merluccius productus (il·lustració del 1906)
Lluç europeu (Merluccius merluccius)
Steindachneria argentea del golf de Mèxic
Merluccius hubbsi
Merluccius productus
Merlúccids assecant-se a Corea

Els merlúccids (Merlucciidae) constitueixen una família de peixos osteïctis i marins pertanyent a l'ordre dels gadiformes,[3] la qual inclou els lluços.

Etimologia

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Del llatí mare, maris (mar) + lucius (lluç de riu).[4]

Morfologia

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  • Presenten el cos allargat i comprimit a la regió caudal.
  • Tenen dues aletes dorsals (la primera curta i triangular, la segona allargada i lleugerament escotada), llevat del gènere Lyconodes que només en té una.
  • Una sola aleta anal també llarga i escotada.
  • Totes les aletes presenten radis tous.
  • Aleta pelviana amb 7-10 radis.
  • Entre els ulls apareix una fosseta triangular.
  • La boca, grossa i en posició terminal, disposa d'unes dents punxegudes.
  • Les escates són petites.[5][1][6]

Reproducció

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Té lloc durant tot l'any i els ous són pelàgics.[6]

Alimentació

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Els exemplars adults mengen altres peixos i els joves krill.[6]

Hàbitat

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Són peixos batipelàgics i demersals que viuen a alta mar i a les aigües de la plataforma continental i a les capes superiors del talús continental des dels 50 fins als 1.000 m de fondària.[1][6]

Distribució geogràfica

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Viuen a les regions tropicals, subtropicals i temperades dels oceans Pacífic oriental, Atlàntic i a les costes de Tasmània i Nova Zelanda.[1][6]

Costums

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Són gregaris, formen moles grans i denses, realitzen migracions i els joves tendeixen a trobar-se més a prop de la costa que els adults.[6]

Importància pesquera

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Algunes espècies d'aquesta família són pescades a nivell comercial (principalment, a l'Atlàntic), com ara el hoki (Macruronus novaezelandiae), el lluç europeu (Merluccius merluccius), etc.[6]

Gèneres i espècies

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Referències

[modifica]
  1. 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 FishBase (anglès)
  2. Berg, L.S., 1958. System der rezenten und fossilen Fischartigen und Fische. VEB Verlag der Wissenschaften, Berlín.
  3. The Taxonomicon (anglès)
  4. Romero, P., 2002. An etymological dictionary of taxonomy. Madrid.
  5. Mas Ferrà, Xavier i Canyelles Ferrà, Xavier: Peixos de les Illes Balears. Editorial Moll, Palma, maig del 2000. Manuals d'Introducció a la Naturalesa, 13. ISBN 84-273-6013-4. Plana 97.
  6. 6,0 6,1 6,2 6,3 6,4 6,5 6,6 Marine Species Identification Portal (anglès)
  7. Gilchrist J. D. F. 1922. Deep-sea fishes procured by the S.S. "Pickle" (Part I). Rep. Fish. Mar. Biol. Surv. Union So. Afr. Rep. 2 (art. 3). 41-79.
  8. Günther A., 1887. Report on the deep-sea fishes collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873-1876. Rep. Sci. Res. Voy. H.M.S. Challenger v. 22 (pt 57). i-lxv + 1-268.
  9. Holt, E. W. L. & L. W. Byrne. 1906. On a new species of Lyconus from the north-east Atlantic. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 7) v. 18 (núm. 108): 423-426.
  10. «Merlúccids». Catalogue of Life. (anglès)
  11. Günther A., 1873. Pisces. Zool. Rec. for 1871. 89-112.
  12. Davies, D. H., 1950. A new species of * Macruronus* from South Africa. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (Ser. 12) v. 3 (núm. 30), p. 512-515
  13. Howes, G. J., 1991. Anatomy, phylogeny and taxonomy of the gadoid fish genus Macruronus Günther, 1873, with a revised hypothesis of gadoid phylogeny. Bull. Br. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Zool. v. 57 (núm. 1), p. 77-110
  14. Animal Diversity Web (anglès)
  15. Maul, G. E. 1951. Monografia dos peixes do Museu Municipal do Funchal. Famílias Macrouridae e Merlucciidae. Boletim do Museu Municipal do Funchal Núm. 5 (art. 12): 5-55.
  16. Aguayo, M.H., 1974. Estudio de la edad y el crecimiento de la merluza de cola (Macruronus magellanicus, Lonnberg, 1907). Bol. Cien. Inst. Fom. Pesq. (Xile) 19:1-17.
  17. Chesheva, Z.A., 1996. The determination of the age and the estimation of the growth rate for the Magellan hake Macruronus magellanicus of the South-West Atlantic. J. Ichthyol. 36(1):51-55.
  18. Bruce, B.D., 1988. Larval development of blue grenadier, Macruronus novaezelandiae (Hector), in Tasmanian waters. Fish. Bull. 86:119-128.
  19. Rafinesque C. S., 1810. Caratteri di alcuni nuovi generi e nuove specie di animali e piante della sicilia, con varie osservazioni sopra i medisimi. (Part 1 involves fishes, pp. [i-iv] 3-69 [70 blank], Part 2 with slightly different title, pp. ia-iva + 71-105 -106 blank-). Caratteri.
  20. Rohr, B.A. i Gutherz, E.J., 1977. Biology of offshore hake, Merluccius albidus, in the gulf of Mexico. Fish. Bull. 75(1):147-158.
  21. Mathews, C.P., 1975. Some observations on the ecology and population dynamics of Merluccius angustimanus in the south Gulf of California. J. Fish Biol. 7:83-94.
  22. Colman, J.A. i M. Vignaux, 1992. Assessment of New Zealand hake (Merluccius australis) stocks for the 1992-93 fishing year. Draft N.Z. Fish. Assess. Res. Doc.
  23. Bowman, R.E., 1984. Food of silver hake, Merluccius bilinearis. Fish. Bull. 82(1):21-35.
  24. Botha, L., 1971 Growth i otolith morphology of the cape hake Merluccius capensis Cast. and Merluccius paradoxus Franca. Invest. Rep. Div. Fish. Invest. Rep. (97):32 p.
  25. «Merlúccids». Catalogue of Life. (anglès)
  26. Balbontin, F. i W. Fischer, 1981. Ciclo sexual y fecundidad de la merluza, Merluccius gayi gayi, en la costa de Chile. Rev. Biol. Mar. 17:285-334.
  27. Ballón, M., 2005. Comparative analysis of the community structure and trophic relations of the Peruvian hake Merluccius gayi peruanus and its by-catch of the years 1985 and 2001. MSc Thesis in International Studies in Aquatic Tropical Ecology. Universitat de Bremen, Alemanya.
  28. World Register of Marine Species (anglès)
  29. Bezzi, S., G. Canete, M. Perez, M. Renzi i H. Lassen, 1994. Report of the INIDEP working group on assessment of hake (Merluccius hubbsi) north of 48° S (Southwest Atlantic Ocean). INIDEP Documento Científico 3.
  30. Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae, Ed. X. (Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata.) Holmiae. Systema Nat. ed. 10 v. 1: i-ii + 1-824.
  31. Botha, L., 1980 The biology of the cape hakes Merluccius capensis Cast. and Merluccius paradoxus Franca in the Cape of Good Hope area. Thesis presented for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, University of Stellenbosch, Ciutat del Cap, Sud-àfrica. 56 p.
  32. Lloris, D. & J. Matallanas. 2003. Description of a new species of hake: Merluccius patagonicus sp. nov. (Gadiformes: Merlucciidae) from the waters of Argentina. Scientia Marina v. 67 (núm. 3): 323-326.
  33. «Merlúccids». Catalogue of Life. (anglès)
  34. Bailey, K.M., 1982. The early life history of the Pacific hake, Merluccius productus. Fish. Bull. 80:589-598.
  35. Martos, A.R. i L.F. Peralta, 1995. Biology and fisheries of north-west African hakes (Merluccius merluccius, Merluccius senegalensis and Merluccius polli). p. 89-124. A J. Alheit i T.J. Pitcher (editors) Hake: Biology, fisheries and markets. Chapman & Hall, Londres (Regne Unit). 478 p.
  36. ITIS (anglès)
  37. Matallanas, J. & D. Lloris. 2006. Description of Merluccius tasmanicus sp nov. and redescription of Merluccius australis (Pisces: Merluciidae). J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U. K. v. 86: 193-199.
  38. Agassiz A. 1888. Three cruises of the United States coast and geodetic survey steamer "Blake." (Chapter xv. Sketches of the characteristic deep-sea types.--Fishes, pp. 21-36, figs. 195-224 is by Goode & Bean). Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. v. 15 (in 2 vols.). i-xxii + 1-314 and 1-220.
  39. ITIS (anglès)
  40. Goode, G. B. & T. H. Bean. 1896. Oceanic ichthyology, a treatise on the deep-sea and pelagic fishes of the world, based chiefly upon the collections made by the steamers Blake, Albatross, and Fish Hawk in the northwestern Atlantic, with an atlas containing 417 figures. Spec. Bull. U. S. Natl. Museum Núm. 2: Text: i-xxxv + 1-26 + 1-553, Atlas: i-xxiii, 1-26, 123 pls.
  41. UNEP-WCMC Species Database[Enllaç no actiu] (anglès)
  42. BioLib (anglès)