Jump to content

COVID-19 pandemic: Difference between revisions

Edit links
Page extended-protected
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
No edit summary
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit Advanced mobile edit
No edit summary
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit Advanced mobile edit
Line 79: Line 79:
| source = Possibly [[bat|bats]] or [[pangolin]]s<ref>{{cite journal |title=Identifying SARS-CoV-2 related coronaviruses in Malayan pangolins |journal=Nature |date=26 March 2020 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2169-0_reference.pdf |accessdate=27 March 2020}}</ref>
| source = Possibly [[bat|bats]] or [[pangolin]]s<ref>{{cite journal |title=Identifying SARS-CoV-2 related coronaviruses in Malayan pangolins |journal=Nature |date=26 March 2020 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2169-0_reference.pdf |accessdate=27 March 2020}}</ref>
| arrival_date =
| arrival_date =
| confirmed_cases = <!-- USE BROAD FIGURES -->594,000+<!-- ROUNDED DOWN TO NEAREST 1,000 --><ref name="JHU CSSE" /><ref name="WOM" /><ref group="lower-alpha" name="ccc" /><!-- Ref name "ccc" is located in Template:2019–20 coronavirus pandemic data -->
| confirmed_cases = <!-- USE BROAD FIGURES -->595,000+<!-- ROUNDED DOWN TO NEAREST 1,000 --><ref name="JHU CSSE" /><ref name="WOM" /><ref group="lower-alpha" name="ccc" /><!-- Ref name "ccc" is located in Template:2019–20 coronavirus pandemic data -->
| recovery_cases = <!-- USE BROAD FIGURES -->133,000+<!-- ROUNDED DOWN TO NEAREST 1,000 --><ref name="JHU CSSE" /><ref name="WOM" />
| recovery_cases = <!-- USE BROAD FIGURES -->133,000+<!-- ROUNDED DOWN TO NEAREST 1,000 --><ref name="JHU CSSE" /><ref name="WOM" />
| deaths = <!-- USE BROAD FIGURES -->27,200+<!-- ROUNDED DOWN TO NEAREST 100 --><ref name="JHU CSSE" /><ref name="WOM" />
| deaths = <!-- USE BROAD FIGURES -->27,300+<!-- ROUNDED DOWN TO NEAREST 100 --><ref name="JHU CSSE" /><ref name="WOM" />
| territories = <!-- USE BROAD FIGURES -->190+<!-- ROUNDED DOWN TO NEAREST 10 --><ref name="JHU CSSE" /><ref name="WOM" />
| territories = <!-- USE BROAD FIGURES -->190+<!-- ROUNDED DOWN TO NEAREST 10 --><ref name="JHU CSSE" /><ref name="WOM" />
| suspected_cases =
| suspected_cases =
Line 98: Line 98:
-->
-->


The '''2019–2020 coronavirus pandemic''' is an ongoing [[pandemic]] of [[coronavirus disease 2019]] (COVID-19), caused by<!-- NO DEFINITE ARTICLE ("THE") AS PER VIRUS'S ARTICLE --> [[severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2]] (SARS-CoV-2).<ref name="zU2Bk" /> The outbreak was first identified in [[Wuhan]], Hubei, [[China]], in December 2019, and was recognized as a pandemic by the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) on 11 March.<ref name="WHOpandemic2" /> {{As of|2020|3|28}}, more than 594,000 cases of COVID-19 have been reported in over 190<!-- USE BROAD FIGURES, ROUNDED DOWN TO NEAREST 10 --> countries and territories, resulting in approximately 27,200 deaths. More than 133,000 people have since recovered.<ref name="JHU CSSE" /><ref name="WOM" />
The '''2019–2020 coronavirus pandemic''' is an ongoing [[pandemic]] of [[coronavirus disease 2019]] (COVID-19), caused by<!-- NO DEFINITE ARTICLE ("THE") AS PER VIRUS'S ARTICLE --> [[severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2]] (SARS-CoV-2).<ref name="zU2Bk" /> The outbreak was first identified in [[Wuhan]], Hubei, [[China]], in December 2019, and was recognized as a pandemic by the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) on 11 March.<ref name="WHOpandemic2" /> {{As of|2020|3|28}}, more than 595,000 cases of COVID-19 have been reported in over 190<!-- USE BROAD FIGURES, ROUNDED DOWN TO NEAREST 10 --> countries and territories, resulting in approximately 27,300 deaths. More than 133,000 people have since recovered.<ref name="JHU CSSE" /><ref name="WOM" />


The virus is mainly [[Transmission (medicine)|spread]] during close contact and via [[respiratory droplets]] discharged when people cough or sneeze.<ref name="WHO2020QA" /><!-- Quote=The main way the disease spreads is through respiratory droplets expelled by someone who is coughing. --><ref name=ECDCQA/><ref name="CDCTrans" /><!-- The virus is thought to spread mainly from person-to-person ... Between people who are in close contact with one another ... Via respiratory droplets produced when an infected person coughs or sneezes. --> Respiratory droplets may be produced during breathing but the virus is not considered [[airborne disease|airborne]].<ref name="ECDCQA" /><ref name="WHO2020QA" /><!-- when a person with COVID-19 coughs or exhales ... Studies to date suggest that the virus that causes COVID-19 is mainly transmitted through contact with respiratory droplets rather than through the air. --> People may also catch COVID-19 by touching a contaminated surface and then their face.<ref name="WHO2020QA" /><!-- These droplets land on objects and surfaces around the person. Other people then catch COVID-19 by touching these objects or surfaces, then touching their eyes, nose or mouth. --><ref name="CDCTrans" /><!-- The virus is thought to spread mainly from person-to-person ... Between people who are in close contact with one another --> It is most contagious when people are symptomatic, although spread may be possible before symptoms appear.<ref name="CDCTrans" /><!-- Quote = People are thought to be most contagious when they are most symptomatic (the sickest)&nbsp;... Some spread might be possible before people show symptoms --> The [[Incubation period|time between exposure and symptom onset]] is typically around five days, but may range from 2 to 14 days.<ref name="CDC2020Over222" /><!-- Quote=These symptoms may appear 2-14 days after exposure --><ref name="pathogenesis" /> Common symptoms include fever, cough, and [[shortness of breath]].<ref name="CDC2020Over222" /> Complications may include [[pneumonia]] and [[acute respiratory distress syndrome]].<ref name="WxJWu" /> There is no known [[vaccine]] or specific [[antiviral treatment]].<ref name="WHO2020QA" /><!-- Quote=To date, there is no vaccine and no specific antiviral medicine to prevent or treat COVID-2019 --> Primary treatment is [[Symptomatic treatment|symptomatic]] and [[supportive therapy]].<ref name="APVG0" /><!-- Quote=People with COVID-19 should receive supportive care to help relieve symptoms. For severe cases, treatment should include care to support vital organ functions. --> Recommended preventive measures include hand washing, covering one's mouth when coughing, [[physical distancing|maintaining distance from other people]], and monitoring and [[self-isolation]] for people who suspect they are infected.<ref name="WHO2020QA" /><ref name=":0" />
The virus is mainly [[Transmission (medicine)|spread]] during close contact and via [[respiratory droplets]] discharged when people cough or sneeze.<ref name="WHO2020QA" /><!-- Quote=The main way the disease spreads is through respiratory droplets expelled by someone who is coughing. --><ref name=ECDCQA/><ref name="CDCTrans" /><!-- The virus is thought to spread mainly from person-to-person ... Between people who are in close contact with one another ... Via respiratory droplets produced when an infected person coughs or sneezes. --> Respiratory droplets may be produced during breathing but the virus is not considered [[airborne disease|airborne]].<ref name="ECDCQA" /><ref name="WHO2020QA" /><!-- when a person with COVID-19 coughs or exhales ... Studies to date suggest that the virus that causes COVID-19 is mainly transmitted through contact with respiratory droplets rather than through the air. --> People may also catch COVID-19 by touching a contaminated surface and then their face.<ref name="WHO2020QA" /><!-- These droplets land on objects and surfaces around the person. Other people then catch COVID-19 by touching these objects or surfaces, then touching their eyes, nose or mouth. --><ref name="CDCTrans" /><!-- The virus is thought to spread mainly from person-to-person ... Between people who are in close contact with one another --> It is most contagious when people are symptomatic, although spread may be possible before symptoms appear.<ref name="CDCTrans" /><!-- Quote = People are thought to be most contagious when they are most symptomatic (the sickest)&nbsp;... Some spread might be possible before people show symptoms --> The [[Incubation period|time between exposure and symptom onset]] is typically around five days, but may range from 2 to 14 days.<ref name="CDC2020Over222" /><!-- Quote=These symptoms may appear 2-14 days after exposure --><ref name="pathogenesis" /> Common symptoms include fever, cough, and [[shortness of breath]].<ref name="CDC2020Over222" /> Complications may include [[pneumonia]] and [[acute respiratory distress syndrome]].<ref name="WxJWu" /> There is no known [[vaccine]] or specific [[antiviral treatment]].<ref name="WHO2020QA" /><!-- Quote=To date, there is no vaccine and no specific antiviral medicine to prevent or treat COVID-2019 --> Primary treatment is [[Symptomatic treatment|symptomatic]] and [[supportive therapy]].<ref name="APVG0" /><!-- Quote=People with COVID-19 should receive supportive care to help relieve symptoms. For severe cases, treatment should include care to support vital organ functions. --> Recommended preventive measures include hand washing, covering one's mouth when coughing, [[physical distancing|maintaining distance from other people]], and monitoring and [[self-isolation]] for people who suspect they are infected.<ref name="WHO2020QA" /><ref name=":0" />

Revision as of 00:51, 28 March 2020

"Coronavirus outbreak" redirects here. For other outbreaks of coronaviruses, see Coronavirus § Outbreaks.

2019–20 coronavirus pandemic
Map of confirmed cases per capita as of 27 March 2020
  1,000+ confirmed cases per million
  100–1,000 confirmed cases per million
  10–100 confirmed cases per million
  1–10 confirmed cases per million
  >0–1 confirmed cases per million
  No confirmed cases or no data
Total confirmed cases map
Map of total confirmed cases as of 27 March 2020
  100,000+ confirmed cases
  10,000-99,999 confirmed cases
  1,000–9,999 confirmed cases
  100–999 confirmed cases
  10–99 confirmed cases
  1–9 confirmed cases
  No confirmed cases or no data
Deaths per capita map
Map of deaths per capita as of 27 March 2020
  100+ deaths per million
  10–100 deaths per million
  1–10 deaths per million
  0.1–1 deaths per million
  0.01–0.1 deaths per million
  >0–0.01 deaths per million
  No deaths or no data
Confirmed cases per capita interactive timeline
Timeline map of confirmed cases per capita
(drag circle to adjust; may not work on mobile)
See larger version
  1000+ cases per million
  100 cases per million
  10 cases per million
  >0 cases per million
  No cases or no data
Coronavirus patients on ventilators at the Imam Khomeini Hospital in Tehran
Taiwanese 33rd Chemical Corps spraying disinfectant on a street in Taipei
Passengers at Linate Airport in Milan have their temperatures taken
Almost empty supermarket aisle in Melbourne, Australia
(clockwise from top)
DiseaseCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)
Virus strainSevere acute respiratory syndrome
coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)
SourcePossibly bats or pangolins[1]
LocationWorldwide (list of locations)
First outbreakHuanan Seafood Wholesale Market
Index caseWuhan, Hubei, China
30°37′11″N 114°15′28″E / 30.61972°N 114.25778°E / 30.61972; 114.25778
Date1 December 2019 – ongoing
(4 years, 11 months and 2 weeks)
Confirmed cases595,000+[2][3][a]
Recovered133,000+[2][3]
Deaths
27,300+[2][3]
Territories
190+[2][3]

The 2019–2020 coronavirus pandemic is an ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).[4] The outbreak was first identified in Wuhan, Hubei, China, in December 2019, and was recognized as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on 11 March.[5] As of 28 March 2020, more than 595,000 cases of COVID-19 have been reported in over 190 countries and territories, resulting in approximately 27,300 deaths. More than 133,000 people have since recovered.[2][3]

The virus is mainly spread during close contact and via respiratory droplets discharged when people cough or sneeze.[6][7][8] Respiratory droplets may be produced during breathing but the virus is not considered airborne.[7][6] People may also catch COVID-19 by touching a contaminated surface and then their face.[6][8] It is most contagious when people are symptomatic, although spread may be possible before symptoms appear.[8] The time between exposure and symptom onset is typically around five days, but may range from 2 to 14 days.[9][10] Common symptoms include fever, cough, and shortness of breath.[9] Complications may include pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome.[11] There is no known vaccine or specific antiviral treatment.[6] Primary treatment is symptomatic and supportive therapy.[12] Recommended preventive measures include hand washing, covering one's mouth when coughing, maintaining distance from other people, and monitoring and self-isolation for people who suspect they are infected.[6][13]

Efforts to prevent the virus spreading include travel restrictions, quarantines, curfews, workplace hazard controls, event postponements and cancellations, and facility closures. These include the first (arguably successful)[14] quarantine of Hubei, national or regional quarantines elsewhere in the world, curfew measures in China and South Korea,[15][16][17] various border closures or incoming passenger restrictions,[18][19] screening at airports and train stations,[20] and outgoing passenger travel bans.[21][22][23][24] Schools and universities have closed either on a nationwide or local basis in more than 124 countries, affecting more than 1.2 billion students.[25]

The pandemic has led to severe global socioeconomic disruption,[26] the postponement or cancellation of sporting, religious, and cultural events,[27] and widespread fears of supply shortages which have spurred panic buying.[28][29] Misinformation and conspiracy theories about the virus have spread online,[30][31] and there have been incidents of xenophobia and racism against Chinese and other East and Southeast Asian people.[32]

Epidemiology

Main articles: 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic by country and territory, 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic cases/WHO situation reports, and 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic deaths/WHO situation reports
Updated November 10, 2024.
COVID-19 pandemic by location[33]
Location Cases Deaths
World[b] 776,753,553 7,073,453
European Union European Union[c] 186,262,640 1,265,282
United States United States 103,436,829 1,206,141
China China[d] 99,381,078 122,367
India India 45,044,196 533,653
France France 39,024,965 168,091
Germany Germany 38,437,756 174,979
Brazil Brazil 37,511,921 702,116
South Korea South Korea 34,571,873 35,934
Japan Japan 33,803,572 74,694
Italy Italy 26,826,486 197,542
United Kingdom United Kingdom 25,010,212 232,112
Russia Russia 24,572,846 403,557
Turkey Turkey 17,004,729 101,419
Spain Spain 13,980,340 121,852
Australia Australia 11,861,161 25,236
Vietnam Vietnam 11,624,000 43,206
Argentina Argentina 10,106,404 130,697
Taiwan Taiwan 9,970,937 17,672
Netherlands Netherlands 8,644,647 22,986
Iran Iran 7,627,863 146,837
Mexico Mexico 7,622,283 334,783
Indonesia Indonesia 6,829,704 162,059
Poland Poland 6,758,426 120,897
Colombia Colombia 6,394,361 142,727
Austria Austria 6,082,860 22,534
Greece Greece 5,727,906 39,639
Portugal Portugal 5,669,567 29,027
Ukraine Ukraine 5,541,305 109,923
Chile Chile 5,403,559 64,482
Malaysia Malaysia 5,318,418 37,351
Belgium Belgium 4,889,242 34,339
Israel Israel 4,841,558 12,707
Canada Canada 4,819,055 55,282
Czech Republic Czech Republic 4,811,887 43,687
Thailand Thailand 4,803,632 34,734
Peru Peru 4,526,977 220,975
Switzerland Switzerland 4,468,044 14,170
Philippines Philippines 4,173,631 66,864
South Africa South Africa 4,072,813 102,595
Romania Romania 3,566,594 68,899
Denmark Denmark 3,442,484 9,919
Singapore Singapore 3,006,155 2,024
Hong Kong Hong Kong 2,876,106 13,466
Sweden Sweden 2,765,204 28,006
New Zealand New Zealand 2,652,096 4,442
Serbia Serbia 2,583,470 18,057
Iraq Iraq 2,465,545 25,375
Hungary Hungary 2,236,219 49,092
Bangladesh Bangladesh 2,051,463 29,499
Slovakia Slovakia 1,883,895 21,249
Georgia (country) Georgia 1,864,383 17,151
Republic of Ireland Republic of Ireland 1,750,138 9,900
Jordan Jordan 1,746,997 14,122
Pakistan Pakistan 1,580,631 30,656
Norway Norway 1,524,523 5,732
Kazakhstan Kazakhstan 1,504,370 19,072
Finland Finland 1,499,712 11,466
Lithuania Lithuania 1,400,088 9,848
Slovenia Slovenia 1,359,884 9,914
Croatia Croatia 1,348,642 18,775
Bulgaria Bulgaria 1,337,733 38,751
Morocco Morocco 1,279,115 16,305
Puerto Rico Puerto Rico 1,252,713 5,938
Guatemala Guatemala 1,250,392 20,203
Lebanon Lebanon 1,239,904 10,947
Costa Rica Costa Rica 1,235,724 9,374
Bolivia Bolivia 1,212,149 22,387
Tunisia Tunisia 1,153,361 29,423
Cuba Cuba 1,113,662 8,530
Ecuador Ecuador 1,078,795 36,055
United Arab Emirates United Arab Emirates 1,067,030 2,349
Panama Panama 1,044,987 8,756
Uruguay Uruguay 1,041,682 7,686
Mongolia Mongolia 1,011,489 2,136
Nepal Nepal 1,003,450 12,031
Belarus Belarus 994,038 7,118
Latvia Latvia 977,765 7,475
Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia 841,469 9,646
Azerbaijan Azerbaijan 836,474 10,353
Paraguay Paraguay 735,759 19,880
Cyprus Cyprus 708,580 1,492
State of Palestine Palestine 703,228 5,708
Bahrain Bahrain 696,614 1,536
Sri Lanka Sri Lanka 672,809 16,907
Kuwait Kuwait 667,290 2,570
Dominican Republic Dominican Republic 661,103 4,384
Moldova Moldova 650,609 12,281
Myanmar Myanmar 643,215 19,494
Estonia Estonia 612,467 2,998
Venezuela Venezuela 552,695 5,856
Egypt Egypt 516,023 24,830
Qatar Qatar 514,524 690
Libya Libya 507,269 6,437
Ethiopia Ethiopia 501,239 7,574
Réunion Réunion 494,595 921
Honduras Honduras 472,909 11,114
Armenia Armenia 453,016 8,778
Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina 403,960 16,402
Oman Oman 399,449 4,628
Luxembourg Luxembourg 396,017 1,000
North Macedonia North Macedonia 352,043 9,990
Zambia Zambia 349,892 4,078
Brunei Brunei 349,279 181
Kenya Kenya 344,109 5,689
Albania Albania 337,195 3,608
Botswana Botswana 330,696 2,801
Mauritius Mauritius 329,121 1,074
Kosovo Kosovo 274,279 3,212
Algeria Algeria 272,173 6,881
Nigeria Nigeria 267,189 3,155
Zimbabwe Zimbabwe 266,396 5,740
Montenegro Montenegro 251,280 2,654
Afghanistan Afghanistan 235,214 7,998
Mozambique Mozambique 233,845 2,252
Martinique Martinique 230,354 1,104
Laos Laos 219,060 671
Iceland Iceland 210,675 186
Guadeloupe Guadeloupe 203,235 1,021
El Salvador El Salvador 201,960 4,230
Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad and Tobago 191,496 4,390
Maldives Maldives 186,694 316
Uzbekistan Uzbekistan 175,081 1,016
Namibia Namibia 172,556 4,110
Ghana Ghana 172,210 1,462
Uganda Uganda 172,159 3,632
Jamaica Jamaica 157,326 3,618
Cambodia Cambodia 139,325 3,056
Rwanda Rwanda 133,266 1,468
Cameroon Cameroon 125,279 1,974
Malta Malta 123,136 925
Barbados Barbados 108,835 593
Angola Angola 107,482 1,937
Democratic Republic of the Congo Democratic Republic of the Congo 100,976 1,474
French Guiana French Guiana 98,041 413
Senegal Senegal 89,312 1,972
Malawi Malawi 89,168 2,686
Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan 88,953 1,024
Ivory Coast Ivory Coast 88,448 835
Suriname Suriname 82,503 1,406
New Caledonia New Caledonia 80,203 314
French Polynesia French Polynesia 79,451 650
Eswatini Eswatini 75,356 1,427
Guyana Guyana 74,491 1,302
Belize Belize 71,430 688
Fiji Fiji 69,047 885
Madagascar Madagascar 68,575 1,428
Jersey Jersey 66,391 161
Cape Verde Cabo Verde 64,474 417
Sudan Sudan 63,993 5,046
Mauritania Mauritania 63,876 997
Bhutan Bhutan 62,697 21
Syria Syria 57,423 3,163
Burundi Burundi 54,569 15
Guam Guam 52,287 419
Seychelles Seychelles 51,892 172
Gabon Gabon 49,056 307
Andorra Andorra 48,015 159
Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea 46,864 670
Curaçao Curaçao 45,883 305
Aruba Aruba 44,224 292
Tanzania Tanzania 43,263 846
Mayotte Mayotte 42,027 187
Togo Togo 39,533 290
The Bahamas Bahamas 39,127 849
Guinea Guinea 38,582 468
Isle of Man Isle of Man 38,008 116
Lesotho Lesotho 36,138 709
Guernsey Guernsey 35,326 67
Faroe Islands Faroe Islands 34,658 28
Haiti Haiti 34,556 860
Mali Mali 33,171 743
Federated States of Micronesia Federated States of Micronesia 31,765 65
Cayman Islands Cayman Islands 31,472 37
Saint Lucia Saint Lucia 30,288 410
Benin Benin 28,036 163
Somalia Somalia 27,334 1,361
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands 25,954 199
United States Virgin Islands United States Virgin Islands 25,389 132
San Marino San Marino 25,292 126
Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo 25,234 389
East Timor Timor-Leste 23,460 138
Burkina Faso Burkina Faso 22,146 400
Liechtenstein Liechtenstein 21,605 89
Gibraltar Gibraltar 20,550 113
Grenada Grenada 19,693 238
Bermuda Bermuda 18,860 165
South Sudan South Sudan 18,847 147
Tajikistan Tajikistan 17,786 125
Monaco Monaco 17,181 67
Equatorial Guinea Equatorial Guinea 17,130 183
Samoa Samoa 17,057 31
Tonga Tonga 16,992 13
Marshall Islands Marshall Islands 16,297 17
Nicaragua Nicaragua 16,194 245
Dominica Dominica 16,047 74
Djibouti Djibouti 15,690 189
Central African Republic Central African Republic 15,443 113
Northern Mariana Islands Northern Mariana Islands 14,985 41
The Gambia Gambia 12,627 372
Collectivity of Saint Martin Collectivity of Saint Martin 12,324 46
Vanuatu Vanuatu 12,019 14
Greenland Greenland 11,971 21
Yemen Yemen 11,945 2,159
Caribbean Netherlands Caribbean Netherlands 11,922 41
Sint Maarten Sint Maarten 11,051 92
Eritrea Eritrea 10,189 103
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 9,674 124
Guinea-Bissau Guinea-Bissau 9,614 177
Niger Niger 9,528 315
Comoros Comoros 9,109 160
Antigua and Barbuda Antigua and Barbuda 9,106 146
American Samoa American Samoa 8,359 34
Liberia Liberia 8,090 294
Sierra Leone Sierra Leone 7,985 126
Chad Chad 7,702 194
British Virgin Islands British Virgin Islands 7,628 64
Cook Islands Cook Islands 7,375 2
Turks and Caicos Islands Turks and Caicos Islands 6,824 40
São Tomé and Príncipe Sao Tome and Principe 6,771 80
Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Kitts and Nevis 6,607 46
Palau Palau 6,372 10
Saint Barthélemy Saint Barthélemy 5,507 5
Nauru Nauru 5,393 1
Kiribati Kiribati 5,085 24
Anguilla Anguilla 3,904 12
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna 3,760 9
Macau Macau 3,514 121
Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saint Pierre and Miquelon 3,426 2
Tuvalu Tuvalu 2,943 1
Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 2,166 0
Falkland Islands Falkland Islands 1,923 0
Montserrat Montserrat 1,403 8
Niue Niue 1,092 0
Tokelau Tokelau 80 0
Vatican City Vatican City 26 0
Pitcairn Islands Pitcairn Islands 4 0
Turkmenistan Turkmenistan 0 0
North Korea North Korea 0 0
  1. ^ Cite error: The named reference ccc was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  2. ^ Countries which do not report data for a column are not included in that column's world total.
  3. ^ Data on member states of the European Union are individually listed, but are also summed here for convenience. They are not double-counted in world totals.
  4. ^ Does not include special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau) or Taiwan.

Health authorities in Wuhan, the capital of Hubei province, China, reported a cluster of pneumonia cases of unknown cause on 31 December 2019,[34] and an investigation was launched in early January 2020.[35] The cases mostly had links to the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market and so the virus is thought to have a zoonotic origin.[36] The virus that caused the outbreak is known as SARS-CoV-2, a newly discovered virus closely related to bat coronaviruses,[37] pangolin coronaviruses[38] and SARS-CoV.[39]

The earliest known person with symptoms was later traced back to 1 December 2019, someone who did not have visible connections with the later wet market's cluster.[40][41] Of the early cluster of cases reported in December 2019, two-thirds were found to have a link with the market.[42][43][44] On 13 March 2020, an unverified report from South China Morning Post suggested that a 55-year-old from Hubei province may have been the first case identified on 17 November 2019.[45][46]

On 26 February 2020, the WHO reported that, as new cases reportedly dropped in China but suddenly increased in Italy, Iran, and South Korea, the number of new cases outside China had exceeded the number of new cases in China for the first time.[47] There may be substantial underreporting of cases, particularly those with milder symptoms,[48][49] Some governments have had an official policy of not testing those with only mild symptoms, including Switzerland[50] and Italy.[51] By 26 February, relatively few cases have been reported among youth, with those 19 and under making up 2.4% of cases worldwide.[10][52]

Government sources in Germany and the UK estimate that 60–70% of the population will need to become infected before effective herd immunity can be achieved.[53][54][55]

Deaths

The time from development of symptoms to death has been between 6 and 41 days, with the most common being 14 days.[10] By 27 March, more than 26,300 deaths had been attributed to COVID-19.[2][3] In China, about 80% of deaths were in those over 60, and 75% had pre-existing health conditions including cardiovascular diseases and diabetes.[56]

The first confirmed death was on 9 January 2020 in Wuhan.[57] The first death outside China occurred on 1 February in the Philippines,[58][59] and the first death outside Asia was in France on 14 February.[60] By 28 February, outside mainland China, more than a dozen deaths each were recorded in Iran, South Korea, and Italy.[61][62][63] By 13 March, more than forty countries and territories had reported deaths, on every continent except Antarctica.[64]

A number of measures of mortality are being tracked. The WHO estimated the global crude mortality rate (cumulative deaths divided by cumulative reported infections) to be 3% to 4% as of 6 March 2020.[65] The case-fatality rate (CFR) is the proportion of persons diagnosed with a particular condition (cases) who subsequently die from that condition,[66] having been adjusted for the time lapse between infection and death;[67][68] estimates of the CFR vary from 1.4% to 2.3%.[69][70] The infection mortality rate (IFR), which tries to adjustment for undiagnosed infections, has been estimated at 0.29% as of 22 March 2020 by Oxford's Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine.[71]

Over time, estimates for the CFR in China decreased from 17.3% (for those with symptom onset 1–10 January 2020) to 0.7% (for those with symptom onset after 1 February 2020).[52]

Diagrams

  • Total confirmed cases of COVID-19 per million people, 25 March 2020[72]
    Total confirmed cases of COVID-19 per million people, 25 March 2020[72]
  • Total confirmed deaths due to COVID-19 per million people, 25 March 2020[73]
    Total confirmed deaths due to COVID-19 per million people, 25 March 2020[73]
  • Epidemic curve of COVID-19 by date of report
    Epidemic curve of COVID-19 by date of report
  • Cumulative incidence of confirmed cases (blue) and deaths (red) worldwide (solid lines) and outside China (dotted) on a semi-log plot.
    Cumulative incidence of confirmed cases (blue) and deaths (red) worldwide (solid lines) and outside China (dotted) on a semi-log plot.
  • Semi-log plot of daily new confirmed cases by region: Hubei Province, mainland China excluding Hubei, the rest of the world (ROW), and the world total[74][75]
    Semi-log plot of daily new confirmed cases by region: Hubei Province, mainland China excluding Hubei, the rest of the world (ROW), and the world total[74][75]
  • Semi-log plot of coronavirus daily deaths by region: Hubei Province, mainland China excluding Hubei, the rest of the world (ROW), and the world total[74][75]
    Semi-log plot of coronavirus daily deaths by region: Hubei Province, mainland China excluding Hubei, the rest of the world (ROW), and the world total[74][75]
  • Semi-log plot of cases in some countries with high growth rates (post-China) with doubling times and three-day projections based on the exponential growth rates
    Semi-log plot of cases in some countries with high growth rates (post-China) with doubling times and three-day projections based on the exponential growth rates
  • Semi-log graph showing the change in total (cumulative) count from the first reported date for the ten most affected countries[76]
    Semi-log graph showing the change in total (cumulative) count from the first reported date for the ten most affected countries[76]
  • Case fatality rate COVID-19 by country and confirmed cases
    Case fatality rate COVID-19 by country and confirmed cases
  • Ongoing case fatality rate of COVID-19 by country
    Ongoing case fatality rate of COVID-19 by country

Duration

The WHO asserts that this pandemic can be controlled.[5] Predicting the peak and ultimate duration of the outbreak is uncertain and may differ in different places. Maciej Boni of Penn State University stated, "Left unchecked, infectious outbreaks typically plateau and then start to decline when the disease runs out of available hosts. But it's almost impossible to make any sensible projection right now about when that will be".[77] However, with intervention, the Chinese government's senior medical adviser Zhong Nanshan argued that "it could be over by June" if all countries can be mobilized to follow WHO's advice on measures on stopping the spread of the virus.[77] Adam Kucharski of London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine stated that SARS-CoV-2 "is going to be circulating, potentially for a year or two".[78] According to the Imperial College study led by Neil Ferguson, physical distancing and other measures would be required "until a vaccine becomes available (potentially 18 months or more)".[79] William Schaffner of Vanderbilt University stated, "I think it's unlikely that this coronavirus — because it's so readily transmissible — will disappear completely" and it "might turn into a seasonal disease, making a comeback every year". The virulence of the comeback would depend on herd immunity and the extent of mutation.[80]

Signs and symptoms

Main article: Coronavirus disease 2019
Symptom[81] Percentage
Fever 87.9%
Dry cough 67.7%
Fatigue 38.1%
Sputum production 33.4%
Anosmia (loss of smell)[82] 30–66%
Shortness of breath 18.6%
Muscle pain or joint pain 14.8%
Sore throat 13.9%
Headache 13.6%
Chills 11.4%
Nausea or vomiting 05.0%
Nasal congestion 04.8%
Diarrhoea 03.7–31%[83]
Haemoptysis 00.9%
Conjunctival congestion 00.8%

Symptoms of COVID-19 are non-specific and those infected may either be asymptomatic or develop flu-like symptoms such as fever, cough, fatigue, shortness of breath, or muscle pain. The typical signs and symptoms and their prevalence are shown in the corresponding table.[81] The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) lists emergency symptoms including difficulty breathing, persistent chest pain or pressure, sudden confusion, difficulty waking, and bluish face or lips; immediate medical attention is advised if these symptoms are present.[84]

Further development of the disease can lead to severe pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, sepsis, septic shock and death. Some of those infected may be asymptomatic, returning test results that confirm infection but show no clinical symptoms, so researchers have issued advice that those with close contact to confirmed infected people should be closely monitored and examined to rule out infection.[42][85][86][87] Chinese estimates of the asymptomatic ratio range from few to 44%.[88]

The usual incubation period (the time between infection and symptom onset) ranges from one to 14 days; it is most commonly five days.[89][90] In one case, it may have had an incubation period of 27 days.[91]

Cause

Transmission

Cough/Sneeze droplets visualized in dark background using Tyndall scattering
Respiratory droplets, produced when a man is sneezing.
A video discussing the basic reproduction number and case fatality rate in the context of the pandemic.

Details about how the disease is spread are still being determined.[7][8] As of 27 March the World Health Organization and Center for Disease Control state it is primarily spread during close contact and via respiratory droplets produced when people cough or sneeze;[8][6] with close contact being within 1 to 2 meters (3 to 6 feet).[6] It may also spread when one touches a contaminated surface and then their eyes, nose, or mouth.[6] While there are concerns it may spread via feces this risk is believed to be low.[6][8]

Respiratory droplets may also be produced during breathing out, including when talking, and it’s generally viewed that such droplets are not airborne for more than 6 feet most of the time.[6] One study found that small droplets with Coronavirus could stay airborne for an entire three hours.[92] WHO responded that this study did not realistically model coughing. In fact, WHO stated that aerosolizing saliva, nasal mucus, and respiratory secretions during medical procedures was already well known. WHO recommended saving limited N95, FFP2, and FFP3 masks for such procedures.[93] Concern has been expressed that public health authorities sometimes use “airborne” in the more technical sense which might be missed by the intelligent lay person.[94]

It is most contagious when people are symptomatic, although spread may be possible before symptoms appear this risk is very low.[8][6] The virus seems to be spreading easily and sustainably in the community in some areas.[8] The EDCD, as of March 27rd, states that while it is not entirely clear how easily the disease spreads, one person generally infects two to three others.[7]

The virus can remain infectious for hours to days on surfaces.[7][95] Specifically the virus was infectious for up to three days on plastic and stainless steel, for one day on cardboard, and for up to four hours on copper.[96] This however varies based on the humidity and temperature.[97] Surfaces may be decontaminated with a number of solutions (within one minute for a stainless steel surface), including 62–71% ethanol, 50–100% isopropanol, 0.1% sodium hypochlorite, 0.5% hydrogen peroxide, and 0.2–7.5% povidone-iodine. Other solutions such as benzalkonium chloride and chlorhexidine gluconate are less effective.[98]

Virology

Main article: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
Illustration of SARSr-CoV virion

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, first isolated from three people with pneumonia connected to the cluster of acute respiratory illness cases in Wuhan.[39] All features of the novel SARS-CoV-2 virus occur in related coronaviruses in nature.[99]

Outside the human body, the virus is killed by soap, which bursts its protective bubble.[13]

SARS-CoV-2 is closely related to the original SARS-CoV.[100] It is thought to have a zoonotic origin. Genetic analysis has revealed that the coronavirus genetically clusters with the genus Betacoronavirus, in subgenus Sarbecovirus (lineage B) together with two bat-derived strains. It is 96% identical at the whole genome level to other bat coronavirus samples (BatCov RaTG13).[81][101] In February 2020, Chinese researchers found that there is only one amino acid difference in certain parts of the genome sequences between the viruses from pangolins and those from humans, however, whole-genome comparison to date found at most 92% of genetic material shared between pangolin coronavirus and SARS-CoV-2, which is insufficient to prove pangolins to be the intermediate host.[102]

Diagnosis

Main article: COVID-19 testing

Infection by the virus can be provisionally diagnosed on the basis of symptoms, though confirmation is ultimately by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) of infected secretions (71% sensitivity) or CT imaging (98% sensitivity).[103][104]

Viral testing

The WHO has published several RNA testing protocols for SARS-CoV-2, with the first issued on 17 January.[105][106][107] Testing uses real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR).[108] The test can be done on respiratory or blood samples.[109] Results are generally available within a few hours to days.[110][111]

A person is considered at risk if they have travelled to an area with ongoing community transmission within the previous 14 days, or have had close contact with an infected person. Common key indicators include fever, coughing and shortness of breath. Other possible indicators include fatigue, myalgia, anorexia, sputum production and sore throat.[112]

Imaging

Characteristic imaging features on radiographs and computed tomography (CT) of symptomatic patients include asymmetric peripheral ground glass opacities and absent pleural effusions.[113] The Italian Radiological Society is compiling an international online database of imaging findings for confirmed cases.[114] Due to overlap with other infections such as adenovirus, imaging without confirmation by PCR is of limited specificity in identifying COVID-19.[113] However, a large study in China compared chest CT results to PCR and demonstrated that though imaging is less specific for the infection, it is faster and more sensitive, suggesting its consideration as a screening tool in epidemic areas.[115] Artificial intelligence based convolutional neural networks have been developed to detect imaging features of the virus with both radiographs[116] and CT.[117]

Prevention

Infographic by the United States CDC, describing how to stop the spread of germs.
Eight do's and don'ts during the COVID-19 pandemic
See also: Workplace hazard controls for COVID-19

Strategies for preventing transmission of the disease include overall good personal hygiene, hand washing, avoiding touching the eyes, nose or mouth with unwashed hands, coughing/sneezing into a tissue and putting the tissue directly into a dustbin. Those who may already have the infection have been advised to wear a surgical mask in public.[118][119][120] Physical distancing measures are also recommended to prevent transmission.[121][122]

Many governments have restricted or advised against all non-essential travel to and from countries and areas affected by the outbreak.[123] However, the virus has reached the stage of community spread in large parts of the world. This means that the virus is spreading within communities whose members have not travelled to areas with widespread transmission.[citation needed]

Health care providers taking care of someone who may be infected are recommended to use standard precautions, contact precautions and eye protection.[124]

Contact tracing is an important method for health authorities to determine the source of an infection and to prevent further transmission.[125] Misconceptions are circulating about how to prevent infection, for example: rinsing the nose and gargling with mouthwash are not effective.[126] As of 23 March 2020, there is no COVID-19 vaccine, though a number of organizations are working to develop one.[127]

Hand washing

Main article: Hand washing

Hand washing is recommended to prevent the spread of the disease. The CDC recommends that people wash hands often with soap and water for at least 20 seconds, especially after going to the toilet or when hands are visibly dirty; before eating; and after blowing one's nose, coughing, or sneezing. It further recommended using an alcohol-based hand sanitizer with at least 60% alcohol by volume when soap and water are not readily available.[118] However, in some other countries, like Lebanon, they recommended a hand wash for at least 30 seconds while avoiding using alcohol-based hand sanitizer.[128] The WHO advises people to avoid touching the eyes, nose, or mouth with unwashed hands.[119][129]

Respiratory hygiene

Health organizations recommended that people cover their mouth and nose with a bent elbow or a tissue when coughing or sneezing (the tissue should then be disposed of immediately).[119][130] Surgical masks are recommended for those who may be infected,[131][132][133] as wearing a mask can limit the volume and travel distance of expiratory droplets dispersed when talking, sneezing and coughing.[134] The WHO has issued instructions on when and how to use masks.[135]

Masks have also been recommended for use by those taking care of someone who may have the disease.[133] WHO has recommended the wearing of masks by healthy people only if they are at high risk, such as those who are caring for a person with COVID-19, although masks may help people avoid touching their face.[133]

China has specifically recommended the use of disposable medical masks by healthy members of the public.[136][74] Hong Kong recommends wearing a surgical mask when taking public transport or staying in crowded places.[137] Thailand's health officials are encouraging people to make face masks at home out of cloth and wash them daily.[138] The Czech Republic banned going out in public without wearing a mask or covering one's nose and mouth.[139] Face masks have also been widely used by healthy people in Taiwan,[140][141] Japan,[142] South Korea,[143] Malaysia,[144] Singapore,[145][146] and Hong Kong.[147]

Physical distancing

Main article: Physical distancing
Regulatory action whilst 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic in shops (gap of at least 1,5m between people)

Physical distancing (also commonly referred to as social distancing) includes infection control actions intended to slow the spread of disease by minimizing close contact between individuals. Methods include quarantines; travel restrictions; and the closing of schools, workplaces, stadiums, theatres, or shopping centres. Individuals may apply physical distancing methods by staying at home, limiting travel, avoiding crowded areas, using no-contact greetings, and physically distancing themselves from others.[148][149] Many governments are now mandating or recommending physical distancing in regions affected by the outbreak.[150][151] Allowed gathering size was swiftly reducing from 250 people (if there was no known COVID-19 spread in a region) to 50 people, and later to 10 people.[152] On 22 March 2020, Germany banned public gatherings of more than two people.[153]

Older adults and those with underlying medical conditions such as diabetes, heart disease, respiratory disease, hypertension, and compromised immune systems face increased risk of serious illness and complications and have been advised by the US CDC to stay home as much as possible in areas of community outbreak.[154][155]

In late March 2020, the WHO and other health bodies began to replace the use of the term "social distancing" with "physical distancing", to clarify that the aim is to reduce physical contact while maintaining social connections, either virtually or at a distance. The use of the term "social distancing" had led to implications that people should engage in complete social isolation, rather than encouraging them to stay in contact with others via alternative means.[156][157][158]

  • Physical distancing at a London pharmacy on 23 March 2020
    Physical distancing at a London pharmacy on 23 March 2020
  • Taiwanese president Tsai Ing-wen demonstrates physical distancing by using the traditional fist-and-palm salute instead of shaking hands in response to the pandemic.
    Taiwanese president Tsai Ing-wen demonstrates physical distancing by using the traditional fist-and-palm salute instead of shaking hands in response to the pandemic.
  • Why Social Distancing Matters? A look at the Math behind Social Distancing amid Coronavirus.
    Why Social Distancing Matters? A look at the Math behind Social Distancing amid Coronavirus.

Self-isolation

Transmission of COVID depends on many factors, and the basic reproduction number can be lowered by engaging in outbreak prevention measures such as physical distancing and self-isolation upon experiencing symptoms.

Self-isolation at home has been recommended for those diagnosed with COVID-19 and those who suspect they have been infected. Health agencies have issued detailed instructions for proper self-isolation.[159][160]

Additionally, many governments have mandated or recommended self-quarantine for entire populations living in affected areas.[161][162] The strongest self-quarantine instructions have been issued to those in high risk groups. Those who may have been exposed to someone with COVID-19 and those who have recently travelled to a country with widespread transmission have been advised to self-quarantine for 14 days from the time of last possible exposure.[6][9][163]

Management

See also: Coronavirus disease 2019 § Management, and Pandemic § Management

Treatment

There are no specific antiviral medications approved for COVID-19, but development efforts are underway, including testing of existing medications. Attempts to relieve the symptoms may include taking regular (over-the-counter) cold medications,[164] drinking fluids, and resting.[118] Depending on the severity, oxygen therapy, intravenous fluids and breathing support may be required.[165] The use of steroids may worsen outcomes.[166] Several compounds, which were previously approved for treatment of other viral diseases, are being investigated.[167]

Containment and mitigation

The goal of community mitigation, (1) delay outbreak peak (2) decompress peak burden on healthcare, known as flattening the curve (3) diminish overall cases and health impact.[168][169]

There are a number of strategies in the control of an outbreak: containment or suppression, and mitigation. Containment is undertaken in the early stages of the outbreak and aims to trace and isolate those infected as well as other measures of infection control and vaccinations to stop the disease from spreading to the rest of the population. When it is no longer possible to contain the spread of the disease, efforts then move to the mitigation stage, when measures are taken to slow the spread and mitigate its effects on the health care system and society. A combination of both containment and mitigation measures may be undertaken at the same time.[170] Suppression requires more extreme measures so as to reverse the pandemic by reducing the basic reproduction number to less than 1.[171]

Part of managing an infectious disease outbreak is trying to decrease the epidemic peak, known as flattening the epidemic curve.[168] This decreases the risk of health services being overwhelmed and provides more time for vaccines and treatments to be developed.[168] Non-pharmaceutical interventions that may manage the outbreak include personal preventive measures, such as hand hygiene, wearing face-masks and self-quarantine; community measures aimed at physical distancing such as closing schools and cancelling mass gathering events; community engagement to encourage acceptance and participation in such interventions; as well as environmental measures such surface cleaning.[172]

Suppression

More drastic actions aim at suppressing the outbreak were taken in China once the severity of the outbreak became apparent, such as quarantining entire cities affecting 60 million individuals in Hubei, and strict travel bans.[173] Other countries adopted a variety of measures aimed at limiting the spread of the virus. For example, South Korea introduced mass screening, localized quarantines, and issuing alerts on the movements of affected individuals. Singapore provided financial support for those infected who quarantine themselves and imposed large fines for those who failed to do so. Taiwan increased face-mask production and penalized hoarding of medical supplies.[174]

Simulations for Great Britain and the US show that mitigation (slowing but not stopping epidemic spread), as well as suppression (reversing epidemic growth), has major challenges. Optimal mitigation policies might reduce peak healthcare demand by 2/3 and deaths by half, still resulting in hundreds of thousands of deaths and health systems being overwhelmed. Suppression can be preferred but need to be maintained for as long as the virus is circulating in the human population [or until a vaccine becomes available, if that comes first], as transmission otherwise quickly rebounds when relaxed; while long-term intervention causes social and economic costs.[171]

Health care capacity

Increasing capacity and adapting healthcare for the needs of COVID-19 patients is described by the World Health Organization as a fundamental outbreak response measure in face of the coronavirus disease pandemic.[175] The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control and the European regional office of the WHO have issued guidelines for hospitals and primary healthcare services for shifting of resources at multiple levels, including focusing laboratory services towards COVID-19 testing, cancellation of elective procedures (whenever possible), separating and isolating COVID-19 positive patients, and increasing intensive care capabilities by training personnel and increasing the number of available respirators and beds.[175][176]

History

Main article: Timeline of the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic
Cases by country plotted on a logarithmic scale

There have been various theories as to where the first-ever case, or patient zero, may have originated.[177] The first known case of the novel coronavirus was traced back to 1 December 2019 in Wuhan, Hubei, China.[40] A later unconfirmed claim, citing Chinese government documents, suggests that the first victim was a 55-year-old man who fell ill on 17 November 2019.[178] Within the next month, the number of coronavirus cases in Hubei gradually increased to a couple of hundred, before rapidly increasing in January 2020. On 31 December 2019, the virus had caused enough cases of unknown pneumonia to be reported to health authorities in Wuhan, the capital of Hubei province,[34] to trigger an investigation.[35] These were mostly linked to the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market, which also sold live animals; thus the virus is thought to have a zoonotic origin.[36]

During the early stages, the number of cases doubled approximately every seven and a half days.[179] In early and mid-January 2020, the virus spread to other Chinese provinces, helped by the Chinese New Year migration, with Wuhan being a transport hub and major rail interchange, and infections quickly spread throughout the country.[81] On 20 January, China reported nearly 140 new cases in one day, including two people in Beijing and one in Shenzhen.[180] Later official data shows that 6,174 people had already developed symptoms by 20 January 2020.[181]

On 10 January, based on reports from Chinese authorities, the WHO issued a travel advisory asking travellers to "be prudent to reduce the general risk of acute respiratory infections while travelling in or from affected areas (currently Wuhan City)".[182] While noting that the mode of transmission of the virus was unclear, it advised "against the application of any travel or trade restrictions on China". On 12 January, based on additional information from the Chinese National Health Commission, WHO stated that "at this stage, there is no infection among healthcare workers, and no clear evidence of human to human transmission."[183] On 24 January, WHO updated its travel advisory by recommending entry and exit screenings while continuing to advise "against the application of any restrictions of international traffic".[184]

On 30 January, the WHO declared the outbreak to be a Public Health Emergency of International Concern.[185] On 24 February, WHO director Tedros Adhanom warned that the virus could become a global pandemic because of the increasing number of cases outside China.[186]

On 11 March, the WHO officially declared the coronavirus outbreak to be a pandemic, following a period of sustained community-level transmission in multiple regions of the world.[5] On 13 March, the WHO declared Europe to be the new centre of the pandemic after the rate of new European cases surpassed that of regions of the world apart from China.[187] By 16 March 2020, the total number of cases reported around the world outside China had exceeded that of mainland China.[188] On 19 March 2020, China reported no new domestic cases (excluding cases re-imported from abroad) for the first time since the outbreak, while the total number of reported deaths in Italy surpassed that of China.[189]

As of 27 March 2020, more than 588,000 cases have been reported worldwide; more than 26,900 people have died and more than 132,000 have recovered, with the US having overtaken China and Italy to have the highest number of confirmed cases in the world.[2][3][190][191]On 27 March 2020, Chinese scientists reported that as many as 10% of COVID-19 patients who have recovered, and tested negative, were again infected, and tested positive.[192]

Domestic responses

Main articles: 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic by country and territory and National responses to the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic
See also: Criticism of response to the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic
Map of national and subnational lockdowns as of 25 March 2020 (table; more details)
  National lockdown
  Subnational lockdown
  No lockdown

More than 170 territories have had at least one case.[193] Due to the pandemic in Europe, multiple countries in the Schengen Area have restricted free movement and set up border controls.[194] National reactions have included containment measures such as quarantines (known as stay-at-home order, shelter-in-place order or lockdown) and curfews.[195]

As of 24 March, more than 158 million people are in lockdown in the United States,[196] and 1.3 billion people are in lockdown in India.[197]

China

Main article: 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic in mainland China
"Aerial photography of roads after motor vehicles are banned in central urban areas of Wuhan: few vehicle traces" – Video news from China News Service

The first confirmed case of coronavirus disease 2019 has been traced back to 1 December 2019 in Wuhan;[40] one unconfirmed report suggests the earliest case was on 17 November.[45] Doctor Zhang Jixian observed a pneumonia-cluster of unknown cause on 26 December, upon which her hospital informed Wuhan Jianghan CDC on 27 December.[198] A public notice was released by Wuhan Municipal Health Commission on 31 December.[199] WHO was informed on the same day.[34] As these notifications occured, doctors in Wuhan were simultaneously threatened by police for sharing information about the outbreak.[200] The Chinese National Health Commission initially claimed that there was no "clear evidence" of human-to-human transmission.[201]

A temporary hospital for treating mild cases of COVID-19 in Wuhan, one of more than 10 such hospitals in the city.[202]

The Chinese Communist Party launched a radical campaign later described by the Party general secretary Xi Jinping as a "people's war" to contain the spread of the virus.[203] In what has been described as "the largest quarantine in human history",[204] a quarantine was announced on 23 January stopping travel in and out of Wuhan,[205] which was extended to a total of 15 cities in Hubei, affecting a total of about 57 million people.[206] Private vehicle use was banned in the city.[207] Chinese New Year (25 January) celebrations were cancelled in many places.[208] The authorities also announced the construction of a temporary hospital, Huoshenshan Hospital, which was completed in 10 days, and 14 temporary hospitals were constructed in China in total.[209]

On 26 January, the Communist Party and the government instituted further measures to contain the COVID-19 outbreak, including health declarations for travellers,[210] and extending the Spring Festival holiday.[211] Universities and schools around the country were also closed.[212][213][214] The regions of Hong Kong and Macau instituted several measures, particularly in regard to schools and universities.[215] Remote working measures were instituted in several Chinese regions.[216] Travel restrictions were enacted.[216][217] Other provinces and cities outside Hubei imposed travel restrictions. Public transport was modified,[218][216] and museums throughout China were temporarily closed.[219][220] Control of movement of people was applied in many cities, and it has been estimated that about 760 million people (more than half the population) faced some form of outdoor restriction.[221]

After the outbreak entered its global phase in March, Chinese authorities took strict measures to prevent the virus from "importing" from other countries. For example, Beijing has imposed a 14-day mandatory quarantine for all international travellers entering the city.[222]

Early responses by Wuhan authorities were criticized as prioritizing control of information that might be unfavourable for local officials over public safety, and the Chinese government was criticized for cover-ups and downplaying the discovery and severity of the outbreak.[223] In early January 2020, Wuhan police summoned and "admonished" several doctors—including Li Wenliang, an ophthalmologist at Wuhan Central Hospital—for "spreading rumours" likening the disease to SARS.[224] Li later died because of the virus.[225] Observers have blamed institutional censorship which left the citizens and senior officials with incomplete information on the outbreak and "contributed to a prolonged period of inaction that allowed the virus to spread".[226] Experts have questioned the accuracy of the number of cases reported by the Chinese government,[227][228] and the Chinese government has been accused of rejecting help from the US CDC and the WHO.[229]

Later criticisms has targeted China's aggressive response aimed at controlling the outbreak,[230] though some foreign leaders such as US President Donald Trump, and Russian president Vladimir Putin have praised them.[231][232] Trump later reversed this, stating that he "wish[ed] they could have told us earlier about what was going on inside," and that China "was very secretive, and that's unfortunate".[233] The director of WHO Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus congratulated the Chinese government "for the extraordinary measures it has taken to contain the outbreak",[234] and a later WHO report described China's response as "perhaps the most ambitious, agile and aggressive disease containment effort in history".[235] Given the subsequent spread of the virus worldwide, it is difficult to know how successful this "agile" effort was.[236][neutrality is disputed] Damage to the global economy was felt in China as well: according to a media report on 16 March, the economy in China was very hard hit in the first two months of 2020 due to the measures taken by the government to curtail virus spread, and retail sales plunged 20.5%.[237]

On 23 March mainland China had gone five days with only one case transmitted domestically, in this instance via a traveller returning to Guangzhou from Istanbul.[238][239] On 24 March 2020, Chinese Premier Li Keqiang reported that the spread of domestically transmitted cases has been basically blocked and the outbreak has been controlled in China.[240] The same day travel restrictions were eased in Hubei, apart from Wuhan, two months after the lockdown was imposed.[241]

The Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs announced on 26 March 2020 to change it's entry policies for foreigners. The entry for visa or residence permit holders will be suspended from 28 March on wards.There were no specific details when this policy will end. Those wishing to enter China will have to apply for visas in Chinese embassy's or consulates.[242][243]

South Korea

Main article: 2020 coronavirus pandemic in South Korea
Coronavirus infection prevention tips banner in Seoul

COVID-19 was confirmed to have spread to South Korea on 20 January 2020 from China. There was a large increase in cases on 20 February,[244] potentially attributable to a gathering in Daegu of a new religious movement known as the Shincheonji Church of Jesus.[244][245] Shincheonji devotees visiting Daegu from Wuhan were suspected to be the origin of the outbreak.[246][247] As of 22 February, among 9,336 followers of the church, 1,261 or about 13% reported symptoms.[248]

South Korea declared the highest level of alert on 23 February 2020.[249] On 28 February, more than 2,000 confirmed cases were reported in Korea,[250] rising to 3,150 on 29 February.[251] All South Korean military bases were on quarantine after tests confirmed that three soldiers were positive for the virus.[246] Airline schedules were also affected and therefore they were changed.[252][253]

South Korea introduced what was considered the largest and best-organised program in the world to screen the population for the virus, and isolate any infected people as well as tracing and quarantining those who contacted them.[254][255] Screening methods included a drive-thru testing for the virus with the results available the next day.[256] It is considered to be a success in controlling the outbreak despite not quarantining entire cities.[254][257]

The South Korean society was initially polarized with President Moon Jae-in's response to the crisis. Many Koreans signed petitions either calling for the impeachment of Moon over what they claimed is the government's mishandling of the outbreak, or praising his response.[258] On 23 March, it was reported that South Korea had the lowest one-day case total in four weeks. South Korea's approach to the outbreak includes having 20,000 people tested every day for coronavirus.[259]

Iran

Main article: 2020 coronavirus pandemic in Iran
Disinfection of Tehran Metro trains against coronavirus

Iran reported its first confirmed cases of SARS-CoV-2 infections on 19 February in Qom, where, according to the Ministry of Health and Medical Education, two people had died later that day.[260][261] Early measures announced by the government included the cancellation of concerts and other cultural events,[262] sporting events,[263] and Friday prayers,[264] universities, higher education institutions and schools.[265] Iran allocated five trillion rials to combat the virus.[266] President Hassan Rouhani said on 26 February 2020 that there were no plans to quarantine areas affected by the outbreak, and only individuals would be quarantined.[267] Plans to limit travel between cities were announced in March,[268] although heavy traffic between cities ahead of the Persian New Year Nowruz continued.[269] Shia shrines in Qom remained open to pilgrims until 16 March 2020.[270][271]

Iran became a centre of the spread of the virus after China.[272][273] Amidst claims of a cover-up of the extent of the outbreak in the country,[274] more than ten countries had traced their cases back to Iran by 28 February, indicating that the extent of the outbreak may be more severe than the 388 cases reported by the Iranian government by that date.[273][275] The Iranian Parliament was shut down, with 23 of its 290 members reported to have had tested positive for the virus on 3 March.[276] On 12 March, the Human Rights Watch urged the Iranian prison authorities to unconditionally release the human rights defenders detained for peaceful dissent, and to also temporarily release all the eligible prisoners. It stated that there is a greater risk of the virus to spread in closed institutions like the detention centers, which also lack adequate medical care.[277] On 15 March, the Iranian government reported 100 deaths in a single day, the most recorded since the outbreak began.[278] At least 12 sitting or former Iranian politicians and government officials had died from the disease by 17 March 2020.[279] Per media reports on 23 March Iran has 50 new cases every hour and one new death every ten minutes due to coronavirus. Even so, some sources like Radio Farda, which is US-backed, says Iran may be underreporting.[280]

Europe

Map of confirmed cases in Europe per million inhabitants. Date see map
Main article: 2020 coronavirus pandemic in Europe

As of 18 March, more than 250 million people are in lockdown in Europe.[281]

Italy

Main article: 2020 coronavirus pandemic in Italy
Civil Protection volunteers carrying out health checks at the Guglielmo Marconi Airport in Bologna

The outbreak was confirmed to have spread to Italy on 31 January, when two Chinese tourists tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 in Rome.[282] Cases began to rise sharply, which prompted the Italian government to suspend all flights to and from China and declare a state of emergency.[283] An unassociated cluster of COVID-19 cases was later further detected starting with 16 confirmed cases in Lombardy on 21 February.[284]

On 22 February, the Council of Ministers announced a new decree-law to contain the outbreak, including quarantining more than 50,000 people from 11 different municipalities in northern Italy.[285] Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte said, "In the outbreak areas, entry and exit will not be provided. Suspension of work activities and sports events has already been ordered in those areas."[286][287]

On 4 March, the Italian government ordered the full closure of all schools and universities nationwide as Italy reached 100 deaths. All major sporting events, including Serie A football matches, will be held behind closed doors until April.[288] On 9 March, all sport was suspended completely for at least one month.[289] On 11 March, Prime Minister Conte ordered stoppage of nearly all commercial activity except supermarkets and pharmacies.[290][291]

On 6 March, the Italian College of Anaesthesia, Analgesia, Resuscitation and Intensive Care (SIAARTI) published medical ethics recommendations regarding triage protocols that might be employed.[292][293][294] On 19 March, Italy overtook China as the country with the most coronavirus-related deaths in the world after reporting 3,405 fatalities from the pandemic.[295][296] On 22 March, it was reported that Russia had sent nine military planes with medical equipment to Italy.[297] As of 27 March 2020, there were 86,498 confirmed cases, 9,134 deaths and 10,950 recoveries in Italy, with the majority of those cases occurring in the Lombardy region.[298][299][300]

Spain

Main article: 2020 coronavirus pandemic in Spain
People maintain social distancing in Valencia, Spain

The 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic was confirmed to have spread to Spain on 31 January 2020, when a German tourist tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 in La Gomera, Canary Islands.[301]

On 24 February, following a COVID-19 outbreak in Italy, Spain confirmed multiple cases related to the Italian clusters, originating from a medical doctor from Lombardy, Italy, who was on holiday in Tenerife.[302]

By 3 March, Madrid had become the major focus of the pandemic, with a major outbreak linked to evangelical churches in eastern Madrid.[303] A state of alarm and national lockdown was imposed on 14 March 2020.[304] The daily deathtoll surpassed 700 on 23 March with 738 people dying in a single day.[305][306][307]

By 27 March, at least 4,858 people had died, 3,166 people were hospitalized in intensive care (1150 in the Community of Madrid) and more than 350,000 tests for COVID-19 had been conducted.[308][309]

United Kingdom

Main article: 2020 coronavirus pandemic in the United Kingdom
People in London buying canned foods and toilet paper on 18 March 2020

The UK response to the virus first emerged as one of the most relaxed of the affected countries, and until 18 March 2020, the British government did not impose any form of social distancing or mass quarantine measures on its citizens.[310][311] As a result, the government received criticism for the perceived lack of pace and intensity in its response to concerns faced by the public.[312][313][314]

On 16 March, Prime Minister Boris Johnson made an announcement advising against all non-essential travel and social contact, to include working from home where possible and avoiding venues such as pubs, restaurants, and theatres.[315][316] On 20 March, the government announced that all leisure establishments (pubs, gyms, etc.) were to close as soon as possible,[317] and promised to pay up to 80% of workers' wages, to a limit of £2,500 per month, to prevent unemployment in the crisis.[318]

On 23 March, the Prime Minister announced tougher social distancing measures, banning gatherings of more than two people and restricting travel and outdoor activity to that deemed strictly necessary. Unlike previous measures, these restrictions were enforceable by police through the issuing of fines and the dispersal of gatherings. Most businesses were ordered to close, with "essential" exceptions including supermarkets, pharmacies, banks, hardware shops, petrol stations, and garages.[319]

On 27 March, Prime Minister Boris Johnson as well as Health Secretary Matt Hancock tested positive for COVID-19.[320] They are in isolation but Johnson said he will continue to lead the government's response via video-conference.[321]

France

Main article: 2020 coronavirus pandemic in France

The virus was confirmed to have spread to France on 24 January 2020, when the first COVID-19 case in Europe and France was confirmed in Bordeaux. It involved a 48-year-old French citizen who arrived in France from China. Two more cases were confirmed by the end of the day; all of the individuals recently returned from China.[322] A Chinese tourist was admitted to a hospital in Paris on 28 January and died on 14 February, marking the first death from COVID-19 in Europe and France. It was also the first death outside of Asia.[323][additional citation(s) needed] A national lockdown was put in place on 17 March.[324] As of 26 March 2020, there have been 29,155 confirmed cases, 1,696 deaths and at least 3,900 recoveries in France.[325][326]

Germany

Main article: 2020 coronavirus pandemic in Germany

The virus was confirmed to have been transmitted to Germany on 27 January 2020, when the first COVID-19 case was confirmed in Bavaria. The majority of the COVID-19 cases in January and early February originated from the headquarters of a car parts manufacturer in Bavaria. Later, new clusters were introduced by travellers from Italy, China, and Iran. As of 27 March 2020, Germany has reported 47,457 cases, 296 deaths and 6,658 recoveries.[327][328]

United States

Main article: 2020 coronavirus pandemic in the United States
Confirmed cases of COVID-19 per million inhabitants by state

The first known case in the United States of COVID-19 was confirmed in the Pacific Northwest state of Washington on 20 January 2020, in a man who had returned from Wuhan on 15 January.[329] The White House Coronavirus Task Force was established on 29 January.[330] On 31 January, the Trump administration declared a public health emergency,[331] and placed travel restrictions on entry for travellers from China.[332]

President Trump signs the Coronavirus Preparedness and Response Supplemental Appropriations Act into law on 6 March 2020

After the first death in the United States was reported in Washington state on 29 February,[333] its governor, Jay Inslee, declared a state of emergency,[334] an action that was followed by other states.[335][336][337] Schools in the Seattle area cancelled classes on 3 March,[338] and by mid-March, schools across the country were closing and most of the country's students were out of school.[339]

On 6 March, President Donald Trump signed the Coronavirus Preparedness and Response Supplemental Appropriations Act, which provided $8.3 billion in emergency funding for federal agencies to respond to the outbreak.[340] Corporations imposed employee travel restrictions, cancelled conferences,[341] and encouraged employees to work from home.[342] Sports events and seasons were cancelled.[27][343]

On 11 March, Trump announced travel restrictions for most of Europe (excluding the United Kingdom) for 30 days, effective 13 March,[344] and on 14 March, he expanded the restrictions to include the United Kingdom and Ireland.[345] On 13 March, he declared a national emergency, which made federal funds available to respond to the crisis.[346] Beginning on 15 March, many businesses closed or reduced hours throughout the US as a method to try to combat the virus.[347]

On 23 March, it was reported that New York City had 10,700 cases of the coronavirus, an amount that is greater than the country of South Korea.[348] As of 26 March, New York has had 285 deaths from Coronavirus. However, the governor says social distancing seems to be working as estimates of case doubling slowed from 2.0 days to 4.7 days.[349] Also, on 26 March, the United States was reported to have more confirmed coronavirus infection cases than any other country in the world, including China.[190][191]

As of 27 March 2020, the epidemic was present in all 50 states, plus the District of Columbia, with the number of confirmed cases currently at 101,854 with 1,589 deaths.[350][2][3]

The White House has been criticized for downplaying the threat and controlling the messaging by directing health officials and scientists to coordinate public statements and publications related to the virus with the office of Vice-President Mike Pence.[351][352][353] Overall approval of Trump's management of the crisis has been polarized along partisan lines.[354]

International responses

See also: December 2019 – January 2020, February 2020, March 2020, and Criticism of response to the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic

An analysis of air travel patterns was used to map out and predict patterns of spread and was published in The Journal of Travel Medicine in mid-January 2020. Based on information from the International Air Transport Association (2018), Bangkok, Hong Kong, Tokyo and Taipei had the largest volume of travellers from Wuhan. Dubai, Sydney and Melbourne were also reported as popular destinations for people travelling from Wuhan. Bali was reported as least able in terms of preparedness, while cities in Australia were considered most able.[355][356]

Australia released its Emergency Response Plan for Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) on 7 February. It states that much is yet to be discovered about COVID-19, and that Australia will emphasise border control and communication in its response to the pandemic.[357] On 21 March 2020, a human biosecurity emergency was declared.[358]

File:구급차 소독 20200227코로나바이러스감염증-19 소방 동원령 1호 발령에 따른 횡성소방서 안흥119지역대 구급차 구급이송지원 photo 2.jpg
A worker disinfects an ambulance in Daegu, South Korea
Announcement on a television screen at Delft University of Technology in the Netherlands, advising students not to travel to China (19 February 2020)

Travel restrictions

Main article: Travel restrictions related to the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic
Countries that have implemented a global travel ban in response to the COVID-19 pandemic (red)

As a result of the outbreak, many countries and regions have imposed quarantines or entry bans for citizens or visitors of the most affected areas of the pandemic.[citation needed]

The European Union rejected the idea of suspending the Schengen free travel zone and introducing border controls with Italy,[359][360][361] which has been criticized by some European politicians.[362][363] After some EU member states announced complete closure of their national borders to foreign nationals,[364] the European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen said that "Certain controls may be justified, but general travel bans are not seen as being the most effective by the World Health Organization."[365] The United States suspended travel from the Schengen Area and later the Common Travel Area.[366]

Evacuation of foreign citizens

See also: Evacuations related to the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic
Ukraine evacuates Ukrainian and foreign citizens from Wuhan

Owing to the effective quarantine of public transport in Wuhan and Hubei, several countries have planned to evacuate their citizens and diplomatic staff from the area, primarily through chartered flights of the home nation, with Chinese authorities providing clearance. Canada, the United States, Japan, India, France, Australia, Sri Lanka, Germany and Thailand were among the first to plan the evacuation of their citizens.[367] Pakistan has said that it will not be evacuating any citizens from China.[368] On 7 February, Brazil evacuated 34 Brazilians or family members in addition to four Poles, a Chinese person and an Indian citizen. The citizens of Poland, China and India deplaned in Poland, where the Brazilian plane made a stopover before following its route to Brazil. Brazilian citizens who went to Wuhan were quarantined at a military base near Brasília.[369][370][371] On the same day, 215 Canadians (176 from the first plane, and 39 from a second plane chartered by the US government) were evacuated from Wuhan to CFB Trenton to be quarantined for two weeks. [citation needed]

On 11 February, another plane of 185 Canadians from Wuhan landed at CFB Trenton. Australian authorities evacuated 277 citizens on 3 and 4 February to the Christmas Island Detention Centre, which had been repurposed as a quarantine facility, where they remained for 14 days.[372][373][374] A New Zealand evacuation flight arrived in Auckland on 5 February; its passengers (including some from Australia and the Pacific) were quarantined at a naval base in Whangaparoa, north of Auckland.[375] The United States announced that it would evacuate Americans aboard the cruise ship Diamond Princess.[376] On 21 February, a plane carrying 129 Canadian passengers who had been evacuated from Diamond Princess landed in Trenton, Ontario.[377] The Indian government has scheduled its air force to evacuate its citizens from Iran.[378]

On 14 March a South African Airways aircraft chartered by the South African Government repatriated 114 South African citizens. Medical screening was performed prior to departure, four South Africans who were showing signs of coronavirus were left behind to mitigate risk. Only South Africans who tested negative were repatriated. Test results cleared all the South Africans, including the flight crew, pilots, hotel staff, police and soldiers involved in the humanitarian mission who, as a precautionary measure, all remained under observation and in quarantine for the 21 day period at The Ranch Resort.[379][380][381][382][383][384][excessive citations]

International aid

File:Digital billboard in Shibuya expressing support against coronavirus.jpg
Digital billboard conveying support with the words "Be Strong China" in various languages at Shibuya in Tokyo on 10 February

On 5 February, the Chinese foreign ministry stated that 21 countries (including Belarus, Pakistan, Trinidad and Tobago, Egypt and Iran) had sent aid to China.[385] Some Chinese students at American universities joined together to help send aid to virus-stricken parts of China, with a joint group in the greater Chicago area reportedly managing to send 50,000 N95 masks to hospitals in the Hubei province on 30 January.[386]

The humanitarian aid organization Direct Relief, in coordination with FedEx, sent 200,000 face masks along with other personal protective equipment, including gloves and gowns, by emergency airlift to the Wuhan Union Hospital by 30 January.[387] On 5 February, Bill and Melinda Gates announced a US$100 million donation to the WHO to fund vaccine research and treatment efforts along with protecting "at-risk populations in Africa and South Asia".[388]

File:Azadi Tower lights in support of China against coronavirus 2.jpg
Tehran's Azadi Tower lights in the colours of the Flag of China to show support

Japan donated one million face masks to Wuhan.[389] Other countries have also announced aid efforts. Turkey dispatched medical equipment,[390] Russia sent more than 13 tonnes of medical supplies to Wuhan,[391] Malaysia announced a donation of 18 million medical gloves to China,[392] and Germany delivered various medical supplies including 10,000 Hazmat suits.[393] On 19 February, the Singapore Red Cross announced that it would send $2.26 million worth of aid to China.[394]

In March 2020, China, Cuba and Russia sent medical supplies and experts to help Italy deal with its coronavirus outbreak.[395][396] Businessman Jack Ma sent 1.1 million testing kits, 6 million face masks and 60,000 protective suits to Addis Ababa for distribution by the African Union.[397] He later sent 5,000 testing kits, 100,000 facemasks and 5 ventilators to Panama.[398]

WHO response measures

The WHO has commended the efforts of Chinese authorities in managing and containing the epidemic.[399] The WHO noted the contrast between the 2003 epidemic, where Chinese authorities were accused of secrecy that impeded prevention and containment efforts, and the current crisis where the central government "has provided regular updates to avoid panic ahead of Lunar New Year holidays".[400]

WHO Director-General Tedros Adhanom

On 23 January, in reaction to the central authorities' decision to implement a transportation ban in Wuhan, WHO representative Gauden Galea remarked that while it was "certainly not a recommendation the WHO has made", it was also "a very important indication of the commitment to contain the epidemic in the place where it is most concentrated" and called it "unprecedented in public health history".[400]

On 30 January, following confirmation of human-to-human transmission outside China and the increase in the number of cases in other countries, the WHO declared the outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC), the sixth PHEIC since the measure was first invoked during the 2009 swine flu pandemic. WHO Director-General Tedros Adhanom said that the PHEIC was due to "the risk of global spread, especially to low- and middle-income countries without robust health systems.[185][401] In response to the implementations of travel restrictions, Tedros stated that "there is no reason for measures that unnecessarily interfere with international travel and trade" and that "WHO doesn't recommend limiting trade and movement."[402]

On 5 February, the WHO appealed to the global community for a $675 million contribution to fund strategic preparedness in low-income countries, citing the urgency to support those countries which "do not have the systems in place to detect people who have contracted the virus, even if it were to emerge". Tedros further made statements declaring that "We are only as strong as our weakest link" and urged the international community to "invest today or pay more later".[403][404]

On 11 February, the WHO in a press conference established COVID-19 as the name of the disease. On the same day, Tedros stated that UN Secretary-General António Guterres had agreed to provide the "power of the entire UN system in the response". A UN Crisis Management Team was activated as a result, allowing coordination of the entire United Nations response, which the WHO states will allow them to "focus on the health response while the other agencies can bring their expertise to bear on the wider social, economic and developmental implications of the outbreak".[405]

WHO representatives holding joint meeting with Tehran administrators

On 14 February, a WHO-led Joint Mission Team with China was activated to provide international and WHO experts to touch ground in China to assist in the domestic management and evaluate "the severity and the transmissibility of the disease" by hosting workshops and meetings with key national-level institutions to conduct field visits to assess the "impact of response activities at provincial and county levels, including urban and rural settings".[406]

On 25 February, the WHO declared that "the world should do more to prepare for a possible coronavirus pandemic," stating that while it was still too early to call it a pandemic, countries should nonetheless be "in a phase of preparedness".[407] In response to a developing outbreak in Iran, the WHO sent a Joint Mission Team there on the same day to assess the situation.[408]

On 28 February, WHO officials said that the coronavirus threat assessment at the global level would be raised from "high" to "very high", its highest level of alert and risk assessment. Mike Ryan, executive director of WHO's health emergencies program, warned in a statement that "This is a reality check for every government on the planet: Wake up. Get ready. This virus may be on its way and you need to be ready," urging that the right response measures could help the world avoid "the worst of it". Ryan further stated that the current data did not warrant public health officials to declare a global pandemic, saying that such a declaration would mean "we're essentially accepting that every human on the planet will be exposed to that virus."[409]

On 11 March, the WHO declared the coronavirus outbreak an official pandemic.[410] The Director-General said that WHO was "deeply concerned both by the alarming levels of spread and severity, and by the alarming levels of inaction".[411]

Ease of sanctions

With a rapid increase observed in the number of active COVID-19 cases, the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, Michelle Bachelet, demanded economic sanctions to be eased for nations most affected by the pandemic. The ease is demanded to provide the countries a chance to counter the disease and limit its global impact.[412] Iran is one of the nations named in the appeal, which has over 27,000 COVID-19 cases, with more than 2,000 deaths.[413]

Impacts

Politics

Main article: Impact of the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic on politics
Chinese Communist Party general secretary Xi Jinping (left) and State Council Premier Li Keqiang (right), who is in charge of prevention and control of the epidemic.

A number of provincial-level administrators of the Communist Party of China (CPC) were dismissed over their handling of the quarantine efforts in Central China, a sign of discontent with the political establishment's response to the outbreak in those regions. Some experts believe this is likely in a move to protect Communist Party general secretary Xi Jinping from people's anger over the coronavirus outbreak.[414]

In early March, the Italian government criticized the European Union's lack of solidarity with coronavirus-affected Italy.[415][416] On 22 March 2020, after a phone call with Italian Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte, Russian president Vladimir Putin arranged the Russian army to send military medics, special disinfection vehicles and other medical equipment to Italy.[417]

The planned NATO "Defender 2020" military exercise in Germany, Poland, and the Baltic states,[418] the largest NATO war manoeuvres since the end of the Cold War, will be held on a reduced scale.[419]

The Iranian government has been heavily affected by the virus.[420][421] Iran's President Hassan Rouhani wrote a public letter to world leaders asking for help on 14 March 2020, saying that his country doesn't have access to international markets due to the United States sanctions against Iran.[422]

The outbreak has prompted calls for the United States to adopt social policies common in other wealthy countries, including universal health care, universal child care, paid family leave, and higher levels of funding for public health.[423] Political analysts anticipated it may negatively affect Donald Trump's chances of re-election in the 2020 presidential election.[424]

Diplomatic relations between Japan and South Korea worsened due to the pandemic.[425] South Korea criticized Japan's "ambiguous and passive quarantine efforts", after Japan announced anybody coming from South Korea will be placed in two weeks' quarantine at government-designated sites.[426]

Education

Main article: Impact of the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic on education
Learners affected by school closures caused by COVID-19
  Country-wide school closures
  Localized school closures
  No school closures

As of 20 March, more than 960 million children and other students were affected by temporary or indefinite government-mandated school closures.[25][427][428] Of these, 105 countries shut schools nationwide, affecting students who would normally attend pre-primary to upper-secondary classes, and 15 countries implemented localized closures, affecting an additional 640 million school children and other students.[429]

On 23 March 2020, Cambridge International Examinations (CIE) released a statement announcing the cancellation of Cambridge IGCSE, Cambridge O Level, Cambridge International AS & A Level, Cambridge AICE Diploma and Cambridge Pre-U examinations for the May/June 2020 series across all countries.[430]

Even when school closures were temporary, the measures carried high social and economic costs, affecting people across communities, but their impact was more severe for disadvantaged children and their families, causing interrupted learning, compromised nutrition, childcare problems and consequent economic cost to families who could not work.[25][431]

In response to school closures, UNESCO recommended the use of distance learning programs, open educational applications and platforms that schools and teachers can use to reach learners remotely and limit the disruption of education.[429]

Socioeconomics

Main article: Socio-economic impact of the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic
See also: Coronavirus recession
See also: Impact of the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic on aviation, on science and technology, and on financial markets
See also: Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war and 2020 stock market crash
Coronavirus fears have led to panic buying of essentials in Singapore and elsewhere, including toilet paper, dried and/or instant noodles, bread, rice, vegetables, disinfectant and rubbing alcohol

The coronavirus outbreak has been attributed to several instances of supply shortages, stemming from: globally increased usage of equipment to fight the outbreaks, panic buying and disruption to factory and logistic operations. The United States Food and Drug Administration has issued warnings about shortages to drugs and medical equipment due to increased consumer demand and supplier disruption.[432] Several localities,[433][434][435] also witnessed panic buying that led to shelves being cleared of grocery essentials such as food, toilet paper and bottled water, inducing supply shortages.[436] The technology industry in particular has been warning about delays to shipments of electronic goods.[437] According to WHO director-general Tedros Adhanom, the demand for personal protection equipment has risen 100-fold and this demand has led to the increase in prices of up to twenty times the normal price and also induced delays on the supply of medical items for four to six months.[438][439] This has also caused a shortage of personal protective equipment worldwide, with the WHO warning that this will endanger health workers.[440]

In Australia, the pandemic has provided a new opportunity for daigou shoppers to sell Australian product into China.[441] This activity has left locals without essential supplies.[442]

As mainland China is a major economy and a manufacturing hub, the viral outbreak has been seen to pose a major destabilizing threat to the global economy. Agathe Demarais of the Economist Intelligence Unit has forecast that markets will remain volatile until a clearer image emerges on potential outcomes. In January 2020, some analysts estimated that the economic fallout of the epidemic on global growth could surpass that of the SARS outbreak.[443] One estimate from an expert at Washington University in St. Louis gave a $300+ billion impact on the world's supply chain that could last up to two years.[444] Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries reportedly "scrambled" after a steep decline in oil prices due to lower demand from China.[445] Global stock markets fell on 24 February due to a significant rise in the number of COVID-19 cases outside mainland China.[446][447] On 27 February, due to mounting worries about the coronavirus outbreak, various US stock indexes including the NASDAQ-100, the S&P 500 Index and the Dow Jones Industrial Average, posted their sharpest falls since 2008, with the Dow falling 1,191 points, the largest one-day drop since the financial crisis of 2007–08.[448] All three indexes ended the week down more than 10%.[449] On 28 February, Scope Ratings GmbH affirmed China's sovereign credit rating, but maintained a Negative Outlook.[450] Stocks plunged again based on coronavirus fears, the largest fall being on 16 March 2020.[451] Many consider an economic recession to be likely.[452][453][454]

The near-empty arrival hall of Seoul–Incheon International Airport in South Korea on 6 March

Tourism is one of the worst affected sectors due to travel bans, closing of public places including travel attractions, and advise of governments against any travel all over the world. As a consequence, numerous airlines have cancelled flights due to lower demand, including British Airways, China Eastern and Qantas, while British regional airline Flybe collapsed.[455] Several train stations and ferry ports have also been closed.[456] The epidemic coincided with the Chunyun, a major travel season associated with the Chinese New Year holiday. A number of events involving large crowds were cancelled by national and regional governments, including annual New Year festivals, with private companies also independently closing their shops and tourist attractions such as Hong Kong Disneyland and Shanghai Disneyland.[457][458] Many Lunar New Year events and tourist attractions have been closed to prevent mass gatherings, including the Forbidden City in Beijing and traditional temple fairs.[459] In 24 of China's 31 provinces, municipalities and regions, authorities extended the New Year's holiday to 10 February, instructing most workplaces not to re-open until that date.[460][461] These regions represented 80% of the country's GDP and 90% of exports.[461] Hong Kong raised its infectious disease response level to the highest and declared an emergency, closing schools until March and cancelling its New Year celebrations.[462][463]

Retail sector has been impacted globally, with store hours reductions or temporary closures.[464] This resulted in 30% drop in daily footfall by 18 March, with additional restrictions, such as closure of all 150+ shopping centres nationally by Simon Property Group, by mall operators around the world.[465]

Despite the high prevalence of COVID-19 cases in Northern Italy and the Wuhan region, and the ensuing high demand for food products, both areas have been spared from acute food shortages. Effective measures by China and Italy against the hoarding and illicit trade of critical products have been carried out with success, avoiding acute food shortages that were anticipated in Europe as well as in North America. Northern Italy with its significant agricultural production has not seen a large reduction, but prices may increase according to industry representatives. Empty food shelves were only encountered temporarily, even in Wuhan city, while Chinese government officials released pork reserves to assure sufficient nourishment of the population. Similar laws exist in Italy, that require food producers to keep reserves for such emergencies.[466][467]

Environment and climate

Empty A1 motorway in Slovenia

Due to the coronavirus outbreak's impact on travel and industry, many regions experienced a drop in air pollution. The Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air reported that methods to contain the spread of coronavirus, such as quarantines and travel bans, resulted in a 25% reduction of carbon emission in China.[468][469] In the first month of lockdowns, China produced approximately 200 million fewer metric tons of carbon dioxide than the same period in 2019, due to the reduction in air traffic, oil refining, and coal consumption.[469] One expert estimated that this reduction may have saved at least 77,000 lives.[469] Between 1 January and 11 March 2020, the European Space Agency observed a marked decline in nitrous oxide emissions from cars, power plants and factories in the Po Valley region in northern Italy, coinciding with lockdowns in the region.[470] In Venice, the water in the canals cleared up and experienced an increased presence of fish and waterfowl; the Venice mayor's office clarified that the increase in water clarity was due to the settling of sediment that is disturbed by boat traffic and mentioned the decrease in air pollution along the waterways.[471]

Despite a temporary decline in global carbon emissions, the International Energy Agency warned that the economic turmoil caused by the coronavirus outbreak may prevent or delay companies from investing in green energy.[472][473][474][475] However, extended quarantine periods have boosted adoption of remote work policies.[476][477] As a consequence of the unprecedented use of disposable face masks, significant numbers are entering the natural environment, adding to the worldwide burden of plastic waste.[478]

The European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) announced that a worldwide reduction in aircraft flights due to the pandemic could impact the accuracy of weather forecasts, citing commercial airlines' use of Aircraft Meteorological Data Relay (AMDAR) as an integral contribution to weather forecast accuracy. The ECMWF predicted that AMDAR coverage would decrease by 65% or more due to the drop in commercial flights.[479]

Culture

Main article: List of events affected by the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic
See also: Impact of the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic on religion, on cinema, on television, on sports, and on video games
The closed entrance to the Shah Abdol-Azim Shrine in Ray, Iran. Cultural sites and other public spaces throughout the world were closed to slow the spread of the pandemic.

Another recent and rapidly accelerating fallout of the disease is the cancellation of religious services, major events in sports, the film industry, and other social events, such as music festivals and concerts, technology conferences, fashion shows and sports.[480][481]

The Vatican announced that Holy Week observances in Rome, which occur during the last week of the Christian penitential season of Lent, have been cancelled.[480] Many dioceses have recommended older Christians to stay at home rather than attending Mass on Sundays; some churches have made church services available via radio, online livestreaming or television while others are offering drive-in worship.[482][483][480] With the Roman Catholic Diocese of Rome closing its churches and chapels and St. Peter's Square is emptied of Christian pilgrims,[480] other religious bodies also cancelled services and limiting public gatherings in churches, mosques, synagogues and gurdwaras.[480] Iran's Health Ministry announced the cancellation of Friday prayers in areas affected by the outbreak and shrines were later closed,[484][271] while Saudi Arabia banned the entry of foreign pilgrims as well as its residents to the holy sites in Mecca and Medina.[485][486]

The pandemic has caused the most significant disruption to the worldwide sporting calendar since the Second World War. Most major sporting events have been either cancelled or postponed, including the 2019–20 UEFA Champions League,[487] 2019–20 Premier League,[488] UEFA Euro 2020, 2019–20 NBA season,[489] and 2019–20 NHL season.[490] The outbreak disrupted plans for the 2020 Summer Olympics (originally scheduled to start at the end of July); the International Olympic Committee announced on 24 March that the event will be "rescheduled to a date beyond 2020 but not later than summer 2021".[491][492]

Casinos and other gaming venues worldwide have closed and live poker tournaments have been either postponed or cancelled. This has led many gamblers to move online, with many online gambling sites reporting doubling of their rate of new sign-ups.[493]

The entertainment industry has also been affected, with various music groups suspending or cancelling concert tours.[494][495] Many large theatres such as those on Broadway also suspended all performances.[496] Some artists have explored ways to continue to produce and share work over the internet as an alternative to traditional live performance, such as live streaming concerts[497] or creating web-based "festivals" for artists to perform, distribute and publicize their work.[498]

Potential long-term impacts

See also: Globalization and disease

The political, cultural, and socio-economic impacts of the pandemic may together cause major changes in human society.[499] Commentators have suggested this could include an increase in remote work,[500] localization of global supply chains,[501][502] and increased political polarization.[499]

Xenophobia and racism

Main article: List of incidents of xenophobia and racism related to the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic
Houston Chinatown experienced a reduction in business early during the outbreak, when there were still few cases.[503]

Since the outbreak of COVID-19, heightened prejudice, xenophobia and racism have been noted toward people of European, Chinese and other East Asian descent, as incidents of fear, suspicion and hostility have been observed in many countries, particularly in Europe, East Asia, North America and the Asia-Pacific region.[504][505][506] Some countries in Africa have seen rising anti-Chinese sentiment.[507][508] Many residents of Wuhan and Hubei have reported discrimination based on their regional origin.[509][510][511] There has been support for the Chinese, both on and offline, and towards those in virus-stricken areas.[512][513][514][515] Following the progression of the outbreak to new hot-spot countries, people from Italy, the early epicentre of Europe's coronavirus pandemic, could also be subjected to suspicion and xenophobia.[516][517]

Citizens in countries including Malaysia, New Zealand, Singapore, and South Korea, initially signed petitions lobbying to ban Chinese people from entering their countries in an effort to stop the disease.[518][519][520][521] In Japan, the hashtag #ChineseDontComeToJapan trended on Twitter.[522] Chinese people in the United Kingdom claimed increasing levels of racist abuse, with cases of assaults reported.[523][524] In the United States widespread incidents of xenophobia and racism were reported against Chinese Americans and other Asian Americans.[32][525][526][527][528] U.S. president Donald Trump has faced criticism for referring to the coronavirus as the "Chinese Virus", a term considered by detractors to be Sinophobic.[529][530] In response, Trump tweeted: "It is very important that we totally protect our Asian American community in the United States, and all around the world."[530] Protesters in Ukraine attacked buses carrying Ukrainian and foreign evacuees from Wuhan to Novi Sanzhary.[531] Students from Northeast India, which shares a border with China, who study in major Indian cities have reportedly experienced harassment related to the coronavirus outbreak.[532] The Bharatiya Janata Party's State unit president in West Bengal Dilip Ghosh stated that the Chinese had destroyed nature and "that's why the God took revenge against them." The remarks were later condemned by the Chinese consulate in Kolkata, calling it "erroneous".[533]

Islamists have exploited the disease to foster anti-Western sentiment.[534] In Hong Kong, anti-Western sentiment has risen as expats are accused of introducing a 'second wave' of the disease.[535] Anti-Caucasian sentiment has also risen in Thailand, where Westerners are accused of spreading the disease.[536]

There were rumours in India that some Muslims who returned from Dubai refused to undergo coronavirus testing for religious reasons. The news was then amplified by bloggers and some social media channels, but it was later debunked and confirmed to be false.[537] Local authorities in Bolivia quarantined Japanese nationals despite them having no coronavirus-related symptoms.[538] In the Russian cities of Moscow and Yekaterinburg, Chinese nationals were targeted by quarantine enforcing campaigns, as well as police raids, which were condemned by human rights advocates as racial profiling.[539] The Chinese Embassy in Germany has acknowledged a rise in hostile cases against its citizens since the outbreak.[540] Children of Asian descent were ostracized and mocked over their origins in middle schools near Paris.[541][542] Many French-Vietnamese report also being subject to harassment since the coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan.[543]

As the pandemic has progressed, there have also been isolated instances of prejudice against Westerners, particularly Western tourists accused of importing the disease. Most notably, a post to the Twitter account of the Thai Health Minister, Anutin Charnvirakul, urged Thais to be "more careful of Westerners than Asians".[544] It claimed many Western tourists refused to wear masks and "dressed dirtily and never shower".[544] The post attracted negative feedback in Thailand[545] and the UK[546] and was quickly removed. Mr. Charnvirakulk claimed he was not responsible for it.[547]

On 30 January, the WHO's Emergency Committee issued a statement advising all countries to be mindful of the "principles of Article 3 of the IHR (the International Health Regulations)", which the WHO says is a caution against "actions that promote stigma or discrimination" when conducting national response measures to the outbreak.[185]

Information dissemination

Many newspapers with paywalls have lowered them for some or all of their coronavirus coverage.[548] Many scientific publishers made scientific papers related to the outbreak available with open access.[549] Some scientists chose to share their results quickly on preprint servers such as bioRxiv.[550]

Misinformation

Main article: Misinformation related to the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic
See also: 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic on social media

After the initial outbreak, conspiracy theories and misinformation[551] spread online regarding the origin and scale of the COVID-19 coronavirus.[552] Various social media posts claimed the virus was a bio-weapon, a population control scheme, or the result of a spy operation.[553][554][555] Facebook, Google and Twitter announced that they would take stringent measures against possible misinformation.[556] In a blog post, Facebook stated they would remove content flagged by leading global health organizations and local authorities that violates its content policy on misinformation leading to "physical harm".[557]

On 2 February, the WHO declared there was a "massive infodemic" accompanying the outbreak and response, citing an overabundance of reported information, accurate and false, about the virus that "makes it hard for people to find trustworthy sources and reliable guidance when they need it". The WHO stated that the high demand for timely and trustworthy information has incentivized the creation of a direct WHO 24/7 myth-busting hotline where its communication and social media teams have been monitoring and responding to misinformation through its website and social media pages.[558][559] The WHO has specifically debunked as false some claims that have circulated on social media, including that a person can tell if they have the virus or not simply by holding their breath; that drinking lots of water will protect against the virus; and that gargling salt water will prevent infection.[560]

Taiwanese authorities accused the 50 Cent Party's internet trolls of spreading disinformation online to sow fear and panic among Taiwanese.[561][562] Conspiracy theories about COVID-19 being the CIA's creation to keep China down spread across the Chinese internet.[563][564] Possibly prompted by a press conference on 27 February where Zhong Nanshan, a prominent expert, said that "the coronavirus first appeared in China but may not have originated in China", individual officials have echoed Xinhua's claim that "The WHO has said many times that COVID-19 is a global phenomenon with its source still undetermined."[565][566] Zhao Lijian, a spokesman from China's Ministry of Foreign Affairs, tweeted in March 2020 that the disease may have been introduced by members of the American Army who visited Wuhan in October 2019.[567] In a move which third party commentators consider state propaganda to deflect blame for poor handling of the epidemic, some officials, including a foreign ministry spokesman, as reported by the state news agency Xinhua, have protested at alleged "politicisation" of the outbreak by countries.[568] Commentators also consider the state propaganda in China is promoting a narrative that China's authoritarian system is uniquely capable of curbing the coronavirus and contrasts that with the chaotic response of the Western democracies.[569][570][571]

US President Donald Trump's top economic adviser Larry Kudlow and some members of the United States Congress have been accused of giving misinformation about the coronavirus.[572][573][574] Some Indian politicians claimed that drinking cow urine and applying cow dung on the body can cure coronavirus.[575][576] On 22 February, US officials said that they have discovered Russia-linked social media accounts deliberately promoting anti-American conspiracy theories, such as "waging economic war" on China,[577][578] which was denied by Russia.[579]

Iranian cleric Seyyed Mohammad Saeedi accused US President Donald Trump of targeting Qom with coronavirus to fulfill his previous promise of retaliation against Iranian cultural sites.[580] Iran's Press TV asserted that "Zionist elements developed a deadlier strain of coronavirus against Iran",[581] while Iran's Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei said that the US created "a special version" of the virus that was affecting the country.[582] According to the Middle East Media Research Institute, numerous writers in the Arabic media have promoted the conspiracy theory that COVID-19 was deliberately created and spread by the United States, as "part of an economic and psychological war waged by the US against China with the aim of weakening it and presenting it as a backward country and a source of diseases".[583]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Identifying SARS-CoV-2 related coronaviruses in Malayan pangolins" (PDF). Nature. 26 March 2020. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h "Coronavirus COVID-19 Global Cases". Johns Hopkins University. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h "Coronavirus Update (Live): 307,627 Cases and 13,050 Deaths from COVID-19 Virus Outbreak – Worldometer". worldometers.info.
  4. ^ "Coronavirus disease 2019". World Health Organization. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
  5. ^ a b c "WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 – 11 March 2020". World Health Organization. 11 March 2020. Retrieved 11 March 2020.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Q&A on coronaviruses". World Health Organization. 11 February 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
  7. ^ a b c d e "Q & A on COVID-19". European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h "Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) – Transmission". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 17 March 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
  9. ^ a b c "Symptoms of Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV)". US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 10 February 2020. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
  10. ^ a b c Rothan, H. A.; Byrareddy, S. N. (February 2020). "The epidemiology and pathogenesis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak". Journal of Autoimmunity: 102433. doi:10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102433. PMID 32113704.
  11. ^ "Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 11 February 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
  12. ^ "Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 11 February 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
  13. ^ a b "Unite against COVID-19". New Zealand Government - Unite against COVID-19.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  14. ^ Shao, Peng (17 March 2020). "Impact of city and residential unit lockdowns on prevention and control of COVID-19". MedRxiv: 2020.03.13.20035253. doi:10.1101/2020.03.13.20035253.
  15. ^ "Coronavirus: Shanghai neighbour Zhejiang imposes draconian quarantine". South China Morning Post. 6 February 2020. Archived from the original on 6 February 2020. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
  16. ^ Marsh, Sarah (23 February 2020). "Four cruise ship passengers test positive in UK – as it happened". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 23 February 2020.
  17. ^ 新型肺炎流行の中国、７億８０００万人に「移動制限」 [China's new pneumonia epidemic 'restricted movement' to 780 million people]. CNN Japan (in Japanese).
  18. ^ Nikel, David. "Denmark Closes Border To All International Tourists For One Month". Forbes. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
  19. ^ "Coronavirus: Poland to close borders to foreigners, quarantine returnees". Reuters. 14 March 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2020 – via The Straits Times.
  20. ^ "Coronavirus Update: Masks And Temperature Checks In Hong Kong". Nevada Public Radio. Retrieved 26 January 2020.
  21. ^ "Coronavirus Disease 2019 Information for Travel". US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 3 February 2020. Archived from the original on 30 January 2020. Retrieved 6 February 2020.
  22. ^ Deerwester, Jayme; Gilbertson, Dawn. "Coronavirus: US says 'do not travel' to Wuhan, China, as airlines issue waivers, add safeguards". USA Today. Archived from the original on 27 January 2020. Retrieved 26 January 2020.
  23. ^ "Coronavirus Live Updates: Europe Prepares for Pandemic as Illness Spreads From Italy". The New York Times. 26 February 2020. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
  24. ^ "Coronavirus (COVID-19): latest information and advice". Government of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
  25. ^ a b c "COVID-19 Educational Disruption and Response". UNESCO. 20 March 2020. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
  26. ^ "Here Comes the Coronavirus Pandemic: Now, after many fire drills, the world may be facing a real fire". Editorial. The New York Times. 29 February 2020. Retrieved 1 March 2020.
  27. ^ a b "Coronavirus Cancellations: An Updating List". The New York Times. 16 March 2020.
  28. ^ Scipioni, Jade (18 March 2020). "Why there will soon be tons of toilet paper, and what food may be scarce, according to supply chain experts". CNBC. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
  29. ^ "The Coronavirus Outbreak Could Disrupt the U.S. Drug Supply". Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
  30. ^ Perper, Rosie (5 March 2020). "As the coronavirus spreads, one study predicts that even the best-case scenario is 15 million dead and a $2.4 trillion hit to global GDP". Business Insider – via Yahoo! News.
  31. ^ Clamp, Rachel (5 March 2020). "Coronavirus and the Black Death: spread of misinformation and xenophobia shows we haven't learned from our past". The Conversation. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
  32. ^ a b Tavernise, Sabrina; Oppel Jr, Richard A. (23 March 2020). "Spit On, Yelled At, Attacked: Chinese-Americans Fear for Their Safety". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
  33. ^ Mathieu, Edouard; Ritchie, Hannah; Rodés-Guirao, Lucas; Appel, Cameron; Giattino, Charlie; Hasell, Joe; Macdonald, Bobbie; Dattani, Saloni; Beltekian, Diana; Ortiz-Ospina, Esteban; Roser, Max (2020–2024). "Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19)". Our World in Data. Retrieved 10 November 2024.
  34. ^ a b c "Novel Coronavirus". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 6 February 2020.
  35. ^ a b "Mystery pneumonia virus probed in China". BBC News. 3 January 2020. Archived from the original on 5 January 2020. Retrieved 29 January 2020.
  36. ^ a b Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Emergency Response Epidemiology Team (February 2020). "[The epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) in China]". Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi=Zhonghua Liuxingbingxue Zazhi (in Chinese). 41 (2): 145–151. doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.0254-6450.2020.02.003. PMID 32064853.
  37. ^ Perlman, S. (February 2020). "Another Decade, Another Coronavirus". The New England Journal of Medicine. 382 (8): 760–762. doi:10.1056/NEJMe2001126. PMID 31978944.
  38. ^ Wong, M. C.; Cregeen, S. J.; Ajami, N. J.; Petrosino, J. F. (February 2020). "Evidence of recombination in coronaviruses implicating pangolin origins of nCoV-2019". bioRxiv (preprint). doi:10.1101/2020.02.07.939207.
  39. ^ a b "Outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): increased transmission beyond China – fourth update" (PDF). Europa (web portal). 14 February 2020. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
  40. ^ a b c Cohen, Jon (January 2020). "Wuhan seafood market may not be source of novel virus spreading globally". Science. doi:10.1126/science.abb0611.
  41. ^ Wang, C.; Horby, P. W.; Hayden, F. G.; Gao, G. F. (February 2020). "A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern". Lancet. 395 (10223): 470–473. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30185-9. PMID 31986257. Free access icon
  42. ^ a b Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. (February 2020). "Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China". Lancet. 395 (10223): 497–506. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5. PMID 31986264. Free access icon
  43. ^ Joseph, Andrew (24 January 2020). "New coronavirus can cause infections with no symptoms and sicken otherwise healthy people, studies show". Stat. Archived from the original on 24 January 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
  44. ^ Chan JF, Yuan S, Kok KH, To KK, Chu H, Yang J, et al. (February 2020). "A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: A study of a family cluster". Lancet. 395 (10223): 514–523. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30154-9. PMID 31986261. Free access icon
  45. ^ a b "China's first confirmed Covid-19 case traced back to November 17". South China Morning Post. 13 March 2020. Archived from the original on 19 March 2020. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; 13 March 2020 suggested (help)
  46. ^ Davidson, Helen (13 March 2020). "First Covid-19 case happened in November, China government records show – report". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
  47. ^ "WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the mission briefing on COVID-19 – 26 February 2020". World Health Organization. 26 February 2020.
  48. ^ Li, Ruiyun; Pei, Sen; Chen, Bin; Song, Yimeng; Zhang, Tao; Yang, Wan; Shaman, Jeffrey (2020). "Substantial undocumented infection facilitates the rapid dissemination of novel coronavirus (COVID-19)". MedRxiv (Preprint): 2020.02.14.20023127. doi:10.1101/2020.02.14.20023127.
  49. ^ Sun, Haoyang; Dickens, Borame Lee; Chen, Mark; Cook, Alex Richard; Clapham, Hannah Eleanor (2020). "Estimating number of global importations of COVID-19 from Wuhan, risk of transmission outside mainland China and COVID-19 introduction index between countries outside mainland China". MedRxiv (Preprint): 2020.02.17.20024075. doi:10.1101/2020.02.17.20024075.
  50. ^ Brotschi, Markus (6 March 2020). "Bund sucht nicht mehr alle Corona-Infizierten". Der Bund.
  51. ^ Parodi, Emilio; Jewkes, Stephen; Cha, Sangmi; Park, Ju-min (12 March 2020). "Special Report: Italy and South Korea virus outbreaks reveal disparity in deaths and tactics". Reuters.
  52. ^ a b "Report of the WHO-China Joint Mission on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) (Report). World Health Organization. 2020" (PDF).
  53. ^ "Interview with Christian Drosten: "We Have To Bring Down the Number of Cases Now. Otherwise We Won't Be Able To Handle It"". Die Zeit. 21 March 2020.
  54. ^ "60% of UK population need to get coronavirus so country can build 'herd immunity', chief scientist says". The Independent. 13 March 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
  55. ^ "Up to 70% of Germany could contract virus – Merkel". BBC News. 11 March 2020.
  56. ^ "Coronavirus: Window of opportunity to act, World Health Organization says". BBC News. 5 February 2020. Archived from the original on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
  57. ^ "Coronavirus Death Toll Climbs in China, and a Lockdown Widens". The New York Times. 23 January 2020. Archived from the original on 6 February 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
  58. ^ Ramzy, Austin; May, Tiffany (2 February 2020). "Philippines Reports First Coronavirus Death Outside China". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
  59. ^ Holm, Phil; Moritsugu, Ken. "Where the virus has spread". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 30 January 2020. Retrieved 29 January 2020.
  60. ^ "Coronavirus Live Updates: First Death Outside Asia Reported in France". The New York Times. 15 February 2020. Retrieved 15 February 2020.
  61. ^ "Legislator from Iran's Qom alleges virus coverup". Al Jazeera. 24 February 2020. Archived from the original on 24 February 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
  62. ^ "코로나바이러스감염증-19 국내 발생 현황(일일집계통계, 9시 기준)" [Corona Virus Infection-19 Domestic Occurrence (Daily Statistics, 9:00)] (in Korean). 24 February 2020.
  63. ^ "Coronavirus, sette morti in Italia, 229 contagi. Le vittime di oggi hanno tutte più di 80 anni" [Coronavirus, seven dead in Italy, 229 infections. Today's victims are all over 80 years old]. La Repubblica (in Italian). 24 February 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
  64. ^ Gumbrecht, Jamie (n.d.). "Pandemic: The World Health Organization says coronavirus is a "never before seen" outbreak". CNN. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
  65. ^ "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Report – 46" (PDF). WHO. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
  66. ^ "Principles of Epidemiology | Lesson 3 – Section 3". www.cdc.gov. 18 February 2019. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
  67. ^ "Why are COVID-19 death rates so hard to calculate? Experts weigh in". Medical News Today. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
  68. ^ Battegay, Manuel; Kuehl, Richard; Tschudin-Sutter, Sarah; Hirsch, Hans H.; Widmer, Andreas F.; Neher, Richard A. (7 February 2020). "2019-novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): estimating the case fatality rate – a word of caution". Swiss Medical Weekly. 150 (506): w20203. doi:10.4414/smw.2020.20203. PMID 32031234.
  69. ^ Wu, Zunyou; McGoogan, Jennifer M. (24 February 2020). "Characteristics of and Important Lessons From the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in China: Summary of a Report of 72 314 Cases From the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention". JAMA. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.2648. PMID 32091533.
  70. ^ Wu, Joseph T.; Leung, Kathy; Bushman, Mary; Kishore, Nishant; Niehus, Rene; de Salazar, Pablo M.; Cowling, Benjamin J.; Lipsitch, Marc; Leung, Gabriel M. (19 March 2020). "Estimating clinical severity of COVID-19 from the transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China". Nature Medicine: 1–5. doi:10.1038/s41591-020-0822-7. ISSN 1546-170X.
  71. ^ Oke, Jason; Heneghan, Carl (17 March 2020). "Global Covid-19 Case Fatality Rates". The Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine. Oxford University. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
  72. ^ "Total confirmed cases of COVID-19 per million people". Our World in Data. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
  73. ^ "Total confirmed deaths due to COVID-19 per million people". Our World in Data. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
  74. ^ a b c 疫情通报 [Outbreak notification]. NHC.gov.cn (in Chinese). National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China. Archived from the original on 26 January 2020. Retrieved 9 February 2020.
  75. ^ a b "Tracking coronavirus: Map, data and timeline". BNO News. 18 February 2020. Retrieved 20 February 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  76. ^ "Novel Coronavirus 2019 – Situation Updates". WHO. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
  77. ^ a b "Modelers Struggle to Predict the Future of the COVID-19 Pandemic". The Scientist Magazine. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
  78. ^ Resnick, Brian (17 March 2020). "Scientists warn we may need to live with social distancing for a year or more". Vox. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
  79. ^ Ferguson, Neil M (n.d.). "Impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to reduce COVID19 mortality and healthcare demand" (PDF). Retrieved 21 March 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  80. ^ Saplakoglu, Yasemin (February 2020). "How will the coronavirus outbreak end?". livescience.com. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
  81. ^ a b c d WHO–China Joint Mission (16–24 February 2020). "Report of the WHO-China Joint Mission on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)" (PDF). World Health Organization. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
  82. ^ "Loss of sense of smell as marker of COVID-19 infection". n.d.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  83. ^ Wei, Xiao-Shan; Wang, Xuan; Niu, Yi-Ran; Ye, Lin-Lin; Peng, Wen-Bei; Wang, Zi-Hao; Yang, Wei-Bing; Yang, Bo-Han; Zhang, Jian-Chu; Ma, Wan-Li; Wang, Xiao-Rong (26 February 2020). Clinical Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 Infected Pneumonia with Diarrhea. Rochester, NY. SSRN 3546120.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  84. ^ "Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) – Symptoms". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 20 March 2020. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
  85. ^ Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, Liang WH, Ou CQ, He JX, et al. (February 2020). "Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China". The New England Journal of Medicine. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2002032. PMID 32109013.
  86. ^ Pan, X.; Chen, D.; Xia, Y.; Wu, X.; Li, T.; Ou, X.; et al. (February 2020). "Asymptomatic cases in a family cluster with SARS-CoV-2 infection". The Lancet: Infectious Diseases. 0 (4): 410–411. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30114-6. PMID 32087116.
  87. ^ "2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV)". US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 11 February 2020. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
  88. ^ Ma, Josephine; Lew, Linda; and Jeong-ho, Lee, "A third of coronavirus cases may be 'silent carriers', classified Chinese data suggests", South China Morning Post, 22 March 2020.
  89. ^ "WHO COVID-19 situation report 29" (PDF). World Health Organization. 19 February 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  90. ^ "Q&A on coronaviruses (COVID-19): How long is the incubation period for COVID-19?". World Health Organization. Retrieved 26 February 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  91. ^ "Coronavirus incubation could be as long as 27 days, Chinese provincial government says". Reuters. 22 February 2020.
  92. ^ van Doremalen, Neeltje; Bushmaker, Trenton; Morris, Dylan H.; et al. (17 March 2020). "Aerosol and Surface Stability of SARS-CoV-2 as Compared with SARS-CoV-1". New England Journal of Medicine. doi:10.1056/NEJMc2004973. PMID 32182409.
  93. ^ Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Report—66, WHO, March 26, 2020.
  94. ^ They Say Coronavirus Isn't Airborne—but It's Definitely Borne By Air, Wired, Roxanne Khamsi, 14 March 2020.
  95. ^ "Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) – Environmental Cleaning and Disinfection Recommendations". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 11 February 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
  96. ^ "New coronavirus stable for hours on surfaces". National Institutes of Health (NIH). 17 March 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
  97. ^ Moriyama, M; Hugentobler, WJ; Iwasaki, A (20 March 2020). "Seasonality of Respiratory Viral Infections". Annual Review of Virology. 7. doi:10.1146/annurev-virology-012420-022445. PMID 32196426.
  98. ^ Kampf, G.; Todt, D.; Pfaender, S.; Steinmann, E. (March 2020). "Persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and their inactivation with biocidal agents". The Journal of Hospital Infection. 104 (3): 246–251. doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2020.01.022. PMID 32035997. Free access icon
  99. ^ Andersen, Kristian G.; Rambaut, Andrew; Lipkin, W. Ian; Holmes, Edward C.; Garry, Robert F. (17 March 2020). "The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2". Nature Medicine: 1–3. doi:10.1038/s41591-020-0820-9. ISSN 1546-170X.
  100. ^ Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J, et al. (February 2020). "A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019". The New England Journal of Medicine. 382 (8): 727–733. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2001017. PMID 31978945.
  101. ^ Zhou, Peng; Yang, Xing-Lou; Wang, Xian-Guang; Hu, Ben; Zhang, Lei; Zhang, Wei; Si, Hao-Rui; Zhu, Yan; Li, Bei; Huang, Chao-Lin; Chen, Hui-Dong; Chen, Jing; Luo, Yun; Guo, Hua; Jiang, Ren-Di; Liu, Mei-Qin; Chen, Ying; Shen, Xu-Rui; Wang, Xi; Zheng, Xiao-Shuang; Zhao, Kai; Chen, Quan-Jiao; Deng, Fei; Liu, Lin-Lin; Yan, Bing; Zhan, Fa-Xian; Wang, Yan-Yi; Xiao, Geng-Fu; Shi, Zheng-Li (23 January 2020). "Discovery of a novel coronavirus associated with the recent pneumonia outbreak in humans and its potential bat origin". bioRxiv (Preprint). doi:10.1101/2020.01.22.914952. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |displayauthors= ignored (|display-authors= suggested) (help)
  102. ^ Cyranoski D (26 February 2020). "Mystery deepens over animal source of coronavirus". Nature. 579 (7797): 18–19. Bibcode:2020Natur.579...18C. doi:10.1038/d41586-020-00548-w. PMID 32127703.
  103. ^ "CT provides best diagnosis for COVID-19". ScienceDaily. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
  104. ^ Novel corona virus disease (COVID‐19) in pregnancy: What clinical recommendations to follow? " In a recent report, sensitivity of chest CT in diagnosing COVID‐19 was shown to be greater than that of RT‐PCR (98% vs 71%)", Radiology (journal). 5 March 2020. Retrieved on 26 March 2020.
  105. ^ Laboratory testing of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in suspected human cases: interim guidance, 17 January 2020 (PDF) (Report). World Health Organization. 17 January 2020. hdl:10665/330676. ISBN 9789240000971.
  106. ^ Laboratory testing for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in suspected human cases: interim guidance, 2 March 2020 (PDF) (Report). World Health Organization. 2 March 2020. hdl:10665/331329. WHO/COVID-19/laboratory/2020.4.
  107. ^ "Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) technical guidance: Laboratory testing for 2019-nCoV in humans". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 15 March 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
  108. ^ "Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Summary". US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 30 January 2020. Archived from the original on 26 January 2020. Retrieved 30 January 2020.
  109. ^ "Real-Time RT-PCR Panel for Detection 2019-Novel Coronavirus". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 29 January 2020. Archived from the original on 30 January 2020. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
  110. ^ Brueck, Hilary (30 January 2020). "There's only one way to know if you have the coronavirus, and it involves machines full of spit and mucus". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 1 February 2020. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
  111. ^ "Curetis Group Company Ares Genetics and BGI Group Collaborate to Offer Next-Generation Sequencing and PCR-based Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Testing in Europe". GlobeNewswire. 30 January 2020. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
  112. ^ "COVID-19 – History and exam". BMJ Best Practice. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
  113. ^ a b Li, Y.; Xia, L. (March 2020). "Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Role of Chest CT in Diagnosis and Management". American Journal of Roentgenology: 1–7. doi:10.2214/AJR.20.22954. PMID 32130038.
  114. ^ "COVID-19 DATABASE | SIRM" (in Italian). Retrieved 11 March 2020.
  115. ^ Ai, T; Yang, Z; Hou, H; Zhan, C; Chen, C; Lv, W; Tao, Q; Sun, Z; Xia, L (26 February 2020). "Correlation of Chest CT and RT-PCR Testing in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China: A Report of 1014 Cases". Radiology: 200642. doi:10.1148/radiol.2020200642. PMID 32101510.
  116. ^ Heaven, Will Douglas. "A neural network can help spot Covid-19 in chest x-rays". MIT Technology Review. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
  117. ^ Li, Lin; Qin, Lixin; Xu, Zeguo; Yin, Youbing; Wang, Xin; Kong, Bin; Bai, Junjie; Lu, Yi; Fang, Zhenghan; Song, Qi; Cao, Kunlin; Liu, Daliang; Wang, Guisheng; Xu, Qizhong; Fang, Xisheng; Zhang, Shiqin; Xia, Juan; Xia, Jun (19 March 2020). "Artificial Intelligence Distinguishes COVID-19 from Community Acquired Pneumonia on Chest CT". Radiology: 200905. doi:10.1148/radiol.2020200905. ISSN 0033-8419. PMID 32191588.
  118. ^ a b c "Prevention & Treatment". US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 15 February 2020. Archived from the original on 15 December 2019. Retrieved 21 January 2020. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  119. ^ a b c "Advice for public". World Health Organization. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
  120. ^ "What to do if you are sick with 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV)". US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 11 February 2020. Retrieved 13 February 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  121. ^ CDC (11 February 2020). "Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 4 March 2020.
  122. ^ "Coronavirus (COVID-19) – 5 things you can do to protect yourself and your community". Blog: Public Health Matters. Public Health England, Government of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 4 March 2020.
  123. ^ "COVID-19 Information for Travel". US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 11 February 2020. Retrieved 25 February 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  124. ^ "Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)". US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 11 February 2020. Retrieved 25 February 2020.
  125. ^ "Expert interview: What is contact tracing?". Blog: Public Health Matters. Public Health England, Government of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
  126. ^ "Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) advice for the public: Myth busters". World Health Organization. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
  127. ^ "Coronavirus vaccine: Development, timeline, and more". Medical News Today. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
  128. ^ "Lebanon Coronavirus (COVID-19) Emergency". Lebanon Info Center. Lebanon Info Center. 25 March 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  129. ^ "Coronavirus public information campaign launched across the UK". Government of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
  130. ^ Home. "Novel Coronavirus". HPSC.ie. Health Protection Surveillance Centre of Ireland. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
  131. ^ "Severe Respiratory Disease associated with a Novel Infectious Agent". Government of Hong Kong. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
  132. ^ "Updates on Wuhan Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Local Situation". MoH.gov.sg. Ministry of Health of Singapore. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
  133. ^ a b c "Advice on the use of masks in the community, during home care and in health care settings in the context of the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak". World Health Organization. Retrieved 21 February 2020.
  134. ^ "2019-nCoV: What the Public Should Do". US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 4 February 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
  135. ^ "Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) advice for the public: When and how to use masks". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 7 March 2020. Retrieved 9 March 2020.
  136. ^ "For different groups of people: how to choose masks". NHC.gov.cn. National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China. 7 February 2020. Retrieved 22 March 2020. Disposable medical masks: Recommended for: · People in crowded places · Indoor working environment with a relatively dense population · People going to medical institutions · Children in kindergarten and students at school gathering to study and do other activities
  137. ^ "Prevention of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)" (PDF). Centre for Health Protection. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
  138. ^ Kuhakan, Jiraporn (12 March 2020). "'Better than nothing': Thailand encourages cloth masks amid surgical mask shortage". Reuters.
  139. ^ "Government bans going out without covered mouth and nose". radio.cz. 18 March 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
  140. ^ "With Odds Against It, Taiwan Keeps Coronavirus Corralled". NPR. 13 March 2020.
  141. ^ Wu Po-wei; Lee Wan-lin; Ko Lin (9 March 2020). "Taiwan mask output to hit 10 million per day by next week: minister". Focus Taiwan.
  142. ^ Takahashi, Ryusei. "Amid virus outbreak, Japan stores scramble to meet demand for face masks". Japan Times. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
  143. ^ Feng, Shuo; Shen, Chen; Xia, Nan; Song, Wei; Fan, Mengzhen; Cowling, Benjamin J. (20 March 2020). "Rational use of face masks in the COVID-19 pandemic". Lancet Respiratory Medicine. doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30134-X. PMID 32203710. ... the use of face masks has become ubiquitous in China and other Asian countries such as South Korea and Japan.
  144. ^ Harun, Hana Naz; Teh, Athira Yusof; Solhi, Farah (31 January 2020). "Demand for face masks, hand sanitisers soars". New Straits Times. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
  145. ^ Khalik, Salma (31 January 2020). "Wuhan virus: Who needs to wear a mask and what's the proper way to wear it?". The Straits Times. Singapore. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
  146. ^ Chia, Rachel Genevieve. "These 12 Twitter posts show the insane queues for masks in Singapore, Shanghai and Hong Kong, which are all sold out". Business Insider Singapore. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
  147. ^ Leung, Hillary (12 March 2020). "Why Wearing a Face Mask Is Encouraged in Asia, but Shunned in the U.S." Time. Retrieved 22 March 2020. Nearly everyone on Hong Kong's streets, trains and buses has been wearing a mask for weeks ...
  148. ^ "Advice for public". World Health Organization. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
  149. ^ "Singapore: The Model for COVID-19 Response?". MedPageToday.com. 5 March 2020. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
  150. ^ Kottasová, Ivana; Isaac, Lindsay. "Italy shuts all schools over coronavirus outbreak". CNN. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
  151. ^ "Coronavirus (COVID-19): What is social distancing? – Public health matters". Government of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 9 March 2020.
  152. ^ "What's the safest gathering size to slow the coronavirus? There isn't one". Science. 19 March 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
  153. ^ "Germany bans groups of more than two to curb virus". BBC News. 22 March 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
  154. ^ "Media Statement: Knowing the risks for COVID-19". who.int.
  155. ^ "People at Risk for Serious Illness from COVID-19". US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 11 February 2020. Retrieved 8 March 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  156. ^ "Why health officials say 'physical distancing' is a better term than 'social distancing'". CTV News. 22 March 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
  157. ^ Brand, Opinion by Cecilia Menjívar, Jacob G. Foster and Jennie E. "Don't call it 'social distancing'". CNN. Retrieved 23 March 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  158. ^ Considerations relating to social distancing measures in response to COVID-19–second update 23 March 2020 – Guidance for social distancing measures aimed at minimising the spread of SARS-CoV-2 (PDF) (Report). European Center for Disease Control ECDC. 23 March 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
  159. ^ "What To Do if You Are Sick with COVID-19". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 11 February 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  160. ^ "Stay at home: guidance for households with possible coronavirus (COVID-19) infection". Government of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
  161. ^ Horowitz, Jason (9 March 2020). "Italy Announces Restrictions Over Entire Country in Attempt to Halt Coronavirus". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
  162. ^ Stracqualursi, Veronica. "Cuomo orders all nonessential New York workers to stay home". CNN. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
  163. ^ "COVID-19 Travel Precautions". US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 11 February 2020. Retrieved 6 March 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  164. ^ "Coronavirus". WebMD. Archived from the original on 1 February 2020. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
  165. ^ "Overview of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) – Summary of relevant conditions". The BMJ. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
  166. ^ "Novel Coronavirus – COVID-19: What Emergency Clinicians Need to Know". EBMedicine.net. Retrieved 9 March 2020.
  167. ^ McCreary, Erin K.; Pogue, Jason M. (2020). "COVID-19 Treatment: A Review of Early and Emerging Options". Open Forum Infectious Diseases. doi:10.1093/ofid/ofaa105.
  168. ^ a b c Anderson, R. M.; Heesterbeek, H.; Klinkenberg, D.; Hollingsworth, T. D. (March 2020). "How will country-based mitigation measures influence the course of the COVID-19 epidemic?". Lancet. 395 (10228): 931–934. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30567-5. PMID 32164834. A key issue for epidemiologists is helping policy makers decide the main objectives of mitigation—eg, minimising morbidity and associated mortality, avoiding an epidemic peak that overwhelms health-care services, keeping the effects on the economy within manageable levels, and flattening the epidemic curve to wait for vaccine development and manufacture on scale and antiviral drug therapies.
  169. ^ Qualls, Noreen; Levitt, Alexandra; Kanade, Neha; Wright-Jegede, Narue; Dopson, Stephanie; Biggerstaff, Matthew; Reed, Carrie; Uzicanin, Amra; Levitt, Alexandra; Dopson, Stephanie; Frank, Mark; Holloway, Rachel; Koonin, Lisa; Rasmussen, Sonja; Redd, Stephen; de la Motte Hurst, Christopher; Kanade, Neha; Qualls, Noreen; Rainey, Jeanette; Uzicanin, Amra; Biggerstaff, Matthew; Jernigan, Daniel; Reed, Carrie (21 April 2017). "Community Mitigation Guidelines to Prevent Pandemic Influenza – United States, 2017". MMWR. Recommendations and Reports. 66 (1): 1–34. doi:10.15585/mmwr.rr6601a1. PMC 5837128. PMID 28426646.
  170. ^ Baird, Robert P. (11 March 2020). "What It Means to Contain and Mitigate the Coronavirus". The New Yorker.
  171. ^ a b Template:Cite article
  172. ^ "Community Mitigation Guidelines to Prevent Pandemic Influenza – United States, 2017". Recommendations and Reports. 66 (1). 12 April 2017.
  173. ^ Qin, Amy (7 March 2020). "China May Be Beating the Coronavirus, at a Painful Cost". The New York Times.
  174. ^ Bangkok, Justin McCurry Rebecca Ratcliffe in; Kong, Helen Davidson in Hong (11 March 2020). "Mass testing, alerts and big fines: the strategies used in Asia to slow coronavirus". The Guardian.
  175. ^ a b "Hospital readiness checklist for COVID-19". www.euro.who.int. 25 March 2020. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
  176. ^ Checklist for hospitals preparing for the reception and care of coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) patients. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (Report). 26 February 2020. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
  177. ^ Duarte, Fernando (24 February 2020). "As the cases of coronavirus increase in China and around the world, the hunt is on to identify "patient zero"". BBC News. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
  178. ^ Ma, Josephina (13 March 2020). "Coronavirus: China's first confirmed Covid-19 case traced back to November 17". South China Morning Post. Hong Kong.
  179. ^ Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, Wang X, Zhou L, Tong Y, et al. (January 2020). "Early Transmission Dynamics in Wuhan, China, of Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia". The New England Journal of Medicine. 382 (13): 1199–1207. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2001316. PMID 31995857. Free access icon
  180. ^ "China confirms sharp rise in cases of SARS-like virus across the country". 20 January 2020. Archived from the original on 20 January 2020. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
  181. ^ The Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Emergency Response Epidemiology Team (17 February 2020). "The Epidemiological Characteristics of an Outbreak of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Diseases (COVID-19) – China, 2020". China CDC Weekly. 2 (8): 113–122. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
  182. ^ "WHO advice for international travel and trade in relation to the outbreak of pneumonia caused by a new coronavirus in China". World Health Organization. 10 January 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
  183. ^ "Novel Coronavirus – China". World Health Organization. 12 January 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
  184. ^ "Updated WHO advice for international traffic in relation to the outbreak of the novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV". World Health Organization. 24 January 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
  185. ^ a b c "Statement on the second meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee regarding the outbreak of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)". World Health Organization. 30 January 2020. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 30 January 2020.
  186. ^ "WHO Head Warns of 'Potential Pandemic' after Initially Praising China's Response to Coronavirus". National Review. 24 February 2020. Retrieved 25 February 2020.
  187. ^ "Europe 'now epicentre of coronavirus pandemic'". BBC News. 13 March 2020.
  188. ^ Regan, Helen. "More coronavirus cases outside mainland China than inside as pandemic accelerates". CNN.
  189. ^ "Coronavirus: Italy's death toll overtakes China's". BBC. 19 March 2020.
  190. ^ a b Berke, Jeremy; McFall-Johnsen, Morgan (26 March 2020). "USA Now Has More COVID-19 Cases Than Any Other Country in The World". ScienceAlert.com. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
  191. ^ a b McNeil, Jr., Donald G. (26 March 2020). "The U.S. Now Leads the World in Confirmed Coronavirus Cases - Following a series of missteps, the nation is now the epicenter of the pandemic". The New York Times. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
  192. ^ Feng, Emily (27 March 2020). "Mystery In Wuhan: Recovered Coronavirus Patients Test Negative ... Then Positive". NPR News. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
  193. ^ "Locations with Confirmed COVID-19 Cases Global Map". US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 11 March 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
  194. ^ "Schengen Area Crisis: EU States Close Borders as Coronavirus Outbreak Grips Bloc". Schengen Visa Information. 13 March 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
  195. ^ "Coronavirus: 7 dead, 229 infected in Italy as Europe braces for COVID-19". NBC News. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
  196. ^ "158 Million Americans Told to Stay Home, but Trump Pledges to Keep It Short". The New York Times. 24 March 2020.
  197. ^ "India, population 1.3 billion, orders 'complete' coronavirus lockdown". CNN. 24 March 2020.
  198. ^ "How Li Wenliang's death sparked Chinese demand for freedom of speech". South China Morning Post. 12 February 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
  199. ^ 武汉市卫健委关于当前我市肺炎疫情的情况通报. WJW.Wuhan.gov.cn (in Chinese). Wuhan Municipal Health Commission. 31 December 2019. Archived from the original on 9 January 2020. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
  200. ^ "Coronavirus kills Chinese whistleblower doctor". BBC News. 7 February 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
  201. ^ "Paper on human transmission of coronavirus sets off social media storm in China". South China Morning Post. 31 January 2020. Retrieved 5 March 2020.
  202. ^ Guo, Chaokai (郭超凯); Li, Yanan (李亚南) (6 February 2020). "方舱医院"为何是武汉疫情防控的关键之举？. China News Service.
  203. ^ Xie, Huanchi (20 February 2020). "Xi stresses winning people's war against novel coronavirus". Xinhua News Agency. Xi Jinping, general secretary of the Communist Party of China Central Committee, on Monday stressed resolutely winning the people's war of epidemic prevention and control with firmer confidence, stronger resolve and more decisive measures.
  204. ^ Kang, Dake (31 January 2020). "The shunned: People from virus-hit city tracked, quarantined". Associated Press.
  205. ^ "China halts flights and trains out of Wuhan as WHO extends talks". Channel NewsAsia. 23 January 2020. Archived from the original on 23 January 2020. Retrieved 23 January 2020.
  206. ^ 武汉肺炎病毒持续扩散 湖北下令封15个城市 (in Simplified Chinese). Germany: Deutsche Welle. 24 January 2020. Archived from the original on 24 January 2020. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
  207. ^ Xiao, Bang (26 January 2020). "'No-one in the family knows what to do': Over 100 Australian children trapped in Wuhan coronavirus area". ABC News. Sydney. Retrieved 26 January 2020.
  208. ^ Griffiths, James; Gan, Nectar (22 January 2020). "China confirms Wuhan virus can be spread by humans". CNN.
  209. ^ "Coronavirus: China says disease 'curbed' in Wuhan and Hubei". BBC. 10 March 2020.
  210. ^ "China re-launches health declaration form requirement on border". CGTN News. 26 January 2020. Archived from the original on 27 January 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
  211. ^ 李雪晴. "China's State Council extends Spring Festival holiday – Chinadaily.com.cn". China Daily. Publicity Department of the Communist Party of China. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 7 February 2020.
  212. ^ Luo, Xiaojing (24 January 2020). 湖北这些学校推迟开学 北大等暂停参观 [These Hubei schools delayed new semester; Peking University halted public visits]. The Beijing News (in Chinese). Retrieved 25 January 2020.
  213. ^ Yao, Zhuowen. 深圳：高三初三也不得提前开学提前补课 [Shenzhen: Junior students in middle schools and high schools shouldn't start school early or start tutoring early]. People's Daily (in Chinese). No. 25 January 2020 (Shenzhen ed.). Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
  214. ^ Xu, Qin (25 January 2020). 市教委：疫情解除前严禁组织大型活动 中小学取消所有假期返校 [City's Education Committee: Strictly forbid organizing large events before the outbreak dissolved; all middle and elementary schools to cancel school-returning during break]. Jiefang Daily (in Chinese). Shanghai Committee of the Communist Party of China / Shanghai United Media Group. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
  215. ^ Zhao, Shi (24 January 2020). 澳门高校延后开学，要求开学后主动报告假期去向 [Universities and colleges in Macau delayed openings, to ask students to report where they've been to during the break]. Pengpai News (in Chinese). Retrieved 25 January 2020.
  216. ^ a b c Qian, Tong (26 January 2020). 春节假期将延长 各地延迟返工返校政策陆续出台 [Spring festival break to be extended; several places announced delayed work-returning and school-reopening policies]. Companies.Caixin.com (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 26 January 2020. Retrieved 26 January 2020.
  217. ^ "China Orders Travel Agencies to Suspend Tours to Contain Virus Outbreak". Bloomberg News. 24 January 2020. Archived from the original on 26 January 2020. Retrieved 26 January 2020.
  218. ^ "Beijing to suspend interprovincial road transport starting Sunday". China Daily. Publicity Department of the Communist Party of China. Retrieved 26 January 2020.
  219. ^ "China's museums offer online exhibitions amid coronavirus outbreak". MSN. Archived from the original on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
  220. ^ "China opens more online exhibitions amid virus outbreak". ECNS.cn. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
  221. ^ "To Tame Coronavirus, Mao-Style Social Control Blankets China". The New York Times. 18 February 2020.
  222. ^ 肺炎疫情：中国加强入境管控，大批留学生"组团"回国. BBC News (in Chinese). 17 March 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
  223. ^ Kristof, Nicholas (29 January 2020). "Coronavirus Spreads, and the World Pays for China's Dictatorship". The New York Times. Retrieved 2 March 2020.
  224. ^ "'Hero who told the truth': Chinese rage over coronavirus death of whistleblower doctor". The Guardian. 7 February 2020.
  225. ^ "Li Wenliang died on 7 February". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
  226. ^ Griffiths, James. "Wuhan is the latest crisis to face China's Xi, and it's exposing major flaws in his model of control". CNN. Archived from the original on 8 February 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
  227. ^ Cyranoski, David (February 2020). "Scientists question China's decision not to report symptom-free coronavirus cases". Nature. doi:10.1038/d41586-020-00434-5. ISSN 0028-0836.
  228. ^ Feuer, William (27 February 2020). "'Confusion breeds distrust:' China keeps changing how it counts coronavirus cases". CNBC. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
  229. ^ McNeil, Donald G., Jr.; Kanno-Youngs, Zolan (10 February 2020). "CDC and WHO Offers to Help China Have Been Ignored for Weeks". The New York Times.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  230. ^ Kuo, Lily (9 March 2020). "How did China get to grips with its coronavirus outbreak?". The Guardian.
  231. ^ AFP (25 January 2020). "Trump praises China 'efforts and transparency' on virus". Business Standard India. Archived from the original on 25 January 2020. Retrieved 28 January 2020.
  232. ^ "Russia and China pledge to maintain special relationship despite Moscow's slow response to coronavirus". South China Morning Post. 16 February 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
  233. ^ Jason Hoffman; Joe Ruiz. "Trump on China: 'I wish they'd told us earlier' about coronavirus". CNN.
  234. ^ "WHO Director-General's statement on IHR Emergency Committee on Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV)". World Health Organization. 30 January 2020.
  235. ^ "Report of the WHO-China Joint Mission on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) 16–24 February 2020" (PDF). World Health Organization.
  236. ^ "Coronavirus Map: Tracking the Global Outbreak". The New York Times.
  237. ^ "Coronavirus devastates China's economy and the 'nightmare' is not over". CNN. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
  238. ^ Kuo, Lily (23 March 2020). "Life after lockdown: has China really beaten coronavirus?". The Guardian. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
  239. ^ "Guangzhou tightens control of international arrivals – Chinadaily.com.cn". China Daily.
  240. ^ "China deploys measures to curb imported COVID-19 cases, rebound in indigenous cases". State Council Information Office of China. 24 March 2020.
  241. ^ Wang, Vivian; Wee, Sui-Lee (24 March 2020). "China to Ease Coronavirus Lockdown on Hubei 2 Months After Imposing It". The New York Times.
  242. ^ Griffiths, James. "As coronavirus cases spike worldwide, China is closing itself off". CNN. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
  243. ^ "Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China National Immigration Administration Announcement on the Temporary Suspension of Entry by Foreign Nationals Holding Valid Chinese Visas or Residence Permits". www.fmprc.gov.cn. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
  244. ^ a b Shin, Hyonhee; Cha, Sangmi (20 February 2020). "'Like a zombie apocalypse': Residents on edge as coronavirus cases surge in South Korea". Thomson Reuters. Archived from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 20 February 2020.
  245. ^ "신천지 관련 확진자 76명으로 늘어 ... 대구 교인 의심자만 544명" [The number of Shincheonji related doctors will increase to 74 ... Daegu members only 544]. Chosun.com (in Korean). 21 February 2020.
  246. ^ a b "42 Shincheonji followers came to S. Korea from virus-hit Wuhan over 8 months: gov't". Yonhap News Agency. 29 February 2020.
  247. ^ Lee, Han-soo (21 February 2020). "COVID-19 patients soar to 204 in Korea". Korea Biomedical Review. Retrieved 21 February 2020.
  248. ^ "코로나바이러스감염증-19 국내 발생 현황 (2월 22일 09시)". 22 February 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  249. ^ "Coronavirus: South Korea declares highest alert as infections surge". BBC. 23 February 2020.
  250. ^ "The Updates of COVID-19 in Republic of Korea As of 28 February". CDC.go.kr. Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
  251. ^ Hoffmann, E. (29 February 2020). "South Korea reports a record jump in coronavirus cases". SeekingAlpha.com. Retrieved 1 March 2020.
  252. ^ "Airlines to suspend more flights over coronavirus". The Korea Herald. Yonhap. 21 February 2020. Retrieved 21 February 2020.
  253. ^ Song, Seung-hyun (21 February 2020). "Foreign artists delay concerts in Korea due to spread of COVID-19". The Korea Herald. Retrieved 21 February 2020.
  254. ^ a b Normile, Dennis (17 March 2020). "Coronavirus cases have dropped sharply in South Korea. What's the secret to its success?". Science. doi:10.1126/science.abb7566.
  255. ^ Bicker, Laura (12 March 2020). "Coronavirus in South Korea: How 'trace, test and treat' may be saving lives". BBC.
  256. ^ "South Korea's Drive-Through Testing For Coronavirus Is Fast – And Free". NPR. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
  257. ^ Kasulis, Kelly (19 March 2020). "South Korea's coronavirus lessons: Quick, easy tests; monitoring". Al Jazeera.
  258. ^ Kim, Suki (4 March 2020). "How South Korea Lost Control of Its Coronavirus Outbreak". The New Yorker.
  259. ^ "South Korea reports lowest number of new cases". BBC News. 23 March 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
  260. ^ "Coronavirus Arrives in Iran: Two People Test Positive in Qom". IranGov.ir. Government of Iran. 19 February 2020. Retrieved 6 March 2020.
  261. ^ "Iran Confirms 3 New Coronavirus Cases". IranGov.ir. Government of Iran. 20 February 2020. Retrieved 6 March 2020.
  262. ^ "Iranian Doctors Call For 'Long Holiday' To Contain Coronavirus, As Sixth Victim Dies". Radio Farda. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 22 February 2020. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
  263. ^ "لغو همه مسابقات ورزشی به مدت ۱۰ روز". Varzesh3.com (in Persian). Retrieved 23 February 2020.
  264. ^ Gambrell, Jon. "Iran news agencies report Friday prayers canceled in Tehran". The Washington Post. Associated Press.
  265. ^ "Iran Announces Closure Of Universities, Schools As Coronavirus Death Toll Rises". Radio Farda. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 23 February 2020. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
  266. ^ "اختصاص 530 میلیارد تومان به وزارت بهداشت برای مقابله با کرونا". پایگاه خبری جماران – امام خمینی – انقلاب اسلامی (in Persian). Retrieved 23 February 2020.
  267. ^ "Coronavirus: Iran has no plans to quarantine cities, Rouhani says". BBC News. 26 February 2020.
  268. ^ Jones, Sam; Wintour, Patrick (6 March 2020). "Iran threatens use of force to restrict spread of coronavirus". The Guardian.
  269. ^ "Coronavirus: Iran is facing a major challenge controlling the outbreak". BBC. 24 March 2020.
  270. ^ Mostaghim, Ramin; Salem, Mostafa; Qiblawi, Tamara (26 February 2020). "Iran was already struggling with one crisis. Now it has the worst coronavirus outbreak in the Middle East". CNN.
  271. ^ a b GambrellA, Jon (17 March 2020). "Shiite Hardliners in Iran Storm 2 Shrines That Were Closed to Stop Coronavirus Spread". Time. Associated Press.
  272. ^ Kirkpatrick, David D.; Fassihi, Farnaz; Mashal, Mujib (24 February 2020). "'Recipe for a Massive Viral Outbreak': Iran Emerges as a Worldwide Threat". The New York Times.
  273. ^ a b Wright, Robin (24 February 2020). "How Iran Became A New Epicenter of the Coronavirus Outbreak". The New Yorker.
  274. ^ Jones, Sam; Mohdin, Aamna (24 February 2020). "Coronavirus: Iran denies cover-up as six deaths reported in Italy". The Guardian.
  275. ^ Cunningham, Erin; Bennett, Dalton (4 March 2020). "Coronavirus pummels Iran leadership as data show spread is far worse than reported". The Washington Post.
  276. ^ Haltiwanger, John (3 March 2020). "8% of Iran's parliament has the coronavirus, and it released 54,000 prisoners as the country descends into chaos". Business Insider. Retrieved 4 March 2020.
  277. ^ "Iran: Free Wrongfully Detained Prisoners". Human Rights Watch. 12 March 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
  278. ^ Sorace, Stephen (15 March 2020). "Iran reports biggest single-day jump of coronavirus deaths as president rules out quarantine". Fox News Channel. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
  279. ^ "Coronavirus pandemic 'could kill millions' in Iran". Al Jazeera. 17 March 2020.
  280. ^ "How serious is the coronavirus crisis in Iran?". Yahoo! News. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
  281. ^ Henley, Jon (18 March 2020). "More than 250m in lockdown in EU as Belgium and Germany adopt measures". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077.
  282. ^ "Coronavirus: Primi due casi in Italia" [Coronavirus: First two cases in Italy]. Corriere della sera (in Italian). 31 January 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
  283. ^ "Italy suspends all China flights as coronavirus cases confirmed in Rome". TheLocal.it. 31 January 2020. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
  284. ^ Anzolin, Elisa; Amante, Angelo (21 February 2020). "Coronavirus outbreak grows in northern Italy, 16 cases reported in one day". Thomson Reuters. Archived from the original on 21 February 2020. Retrieved 21 February 2020.
  285. ^ "Coronavirus, in dieci comuni lombardi: 50 mila persone costrette a restare in casa. Quarantena all'ospedale milanese di Baggio". La Repubblica (in Italian). 21 February 2020. Retrieved 23 February 2020.
  286. ^ "Coronavirus, decreto del governo: nei comuni focolaio stop ad ingressi ed uscite. Conte: "Non trasformeremo l'Italia in un lazzaretto"". la Repubblica (in Italian). 22 February 2020. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
  287. ^ "Coronavirus: Inter Milan v Sampdoria among Serie A games postponed". BBC Sport. 22 February 2020. Retrieved 23 February 2020.
  288. ^ Giuffrida, Angela; Tondo, Lorenzo; Beaumont, Peter (4 March 2020). "Italy orders closure of all schools and universities due to coronavirus". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 March 2020.
  289. ^ "Coronavirus: All sport in Italy suspended because of outbreak". BBC Sport. 9 March 2020.
  290. ^ Harlan, Chico; Morris, Loveday. "Italy ramps up coronavirus lockdown, Merkel warns virus could infect two-thirds of Germany". The Washington Post. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
  291. ^ Sylvers, Eric; Legorano, Giovanni (11 March 2020). "Italy Hardens Nationwide Quarantine". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
  292. ^ Raccomandazioni di etica clinica per l'ammissione a trattamenti intensivi e per la loro sospensione, in condizioni eccezionali di squilibrio tra necessità e risorse disponibili (PDF) (Technical report) (in Italian). Italian College of Anesthesia, Analgesia, Resuscitation and Intensive Care (SIAARTI). 6 March 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 March 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
  293. ^ Mounk, Yascha (11 March 2020). "The Extraordinary Decisions Facing Italian Doctors". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 12 March 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2020. Now the Italian College of Anesthesia, Analgesia, Resuscitation and Intensive Care (SIAARTI) has published guidelines for the criteria that doctors and nurses should follow in these extraordinary circumstances. The document begins by likening the moral choices facing Italian doctors to the forms of wartime triage that are required in the field of "catastrophe medicine".
  294. ^ Privitera, Greta (11 March 2020). "Italian doctors on coronavirus frontline face tough calls on whom to save". Politico. Archived from the original on 12 March 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2020. ... the Italian Society of Anesthesia, Analgesia, Resuscitation and Intensive Care, who co-authored new guidelines on how to prioritize treatment of coronavirus cases in hospitals ...
  295. ^ "Italy coronavirus death toll overtakes China". The Independent. 19 March 2020.
  296. ^ "Coronavirus: sono 33.190 i positivi – Comunicato Stampa". Dipartimento della Protezione Civile.
  297. ^ "'From Russia with Love': Putin sends aid to Italy to fight virus". 23 March 2020.
  298. ^ "Coronavirus COVID-19". Center for Systems Science and Engineering. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
  299. ^ "COVID-19 – Situazione in Italia" (in Italian). Ministero della Salute. 21 March 2020. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
  300. ^ https://www.thelocal.it/20200325/italy-reports-a-slight-drop-in-coronavirus-deaths-and-cases
  301. ^ "Sanidad confirma en La Gomera el primer caso de coronavirus en España". El Pais (in Spanish). 31 January 2020. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
  302. ^ "Sanidad confirma el primer positivo por coronavirus en Valencia". Las Provincias (in Spanish). 27 February 2020. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
  303. ^ https://www.20minutos.es/noticia/4171646/0/un-grupo-religioso-evangelista-podria-ser-el-foco-del-brote-de-contagiados-de-coronavirus-en-torrejon-de-ardoz/
  304. ^ https://administracion.gob.es/pag_Home/atencionCiudadana/Estado-de-alarma-crisis-sanitaria.html#.Xn3xj0dKjIU
  305. ^ "España suma 3.434 muertos por coronavirus, 738 en un día, y supera ya a China". 25 March 2020.
  306. ^ "Coronavirus en España, última hora: Más de 500 muertos en España en un solo día". El Mundo (in Spanish). 24 March 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
  307. ^ https://www.rtve.es/noticias/20200327/mapa-del-coronavirus-espana/2004681.shtml
  308. ^ Cite error: The named reference es-rtve was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  309. ^ "Sanidad dice que ya se han realizado 350.000 tests de coronavirus y espera la llegada de hasta un millón de pruebas rápidas". 20 minutos. 21 March 2020. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
  310. ^ "The U.K. is aiming for deliberate 'herd immunity'". Fortune. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
  311. ^ "60% of UK population need to get coronavirus so country can build 'herd immunity', chief scientist says". The Independent. 13 March 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
  312. ^ McGee, Luke (17 March 2020). "Boris Johnson ramps up UK's coronavirus response after criticism". CNN.
  313. ^ "Scottish health secretary criticises virus messaging". BBC News Online. 15 March 2020.
  314. ^ Matthews, Owen (17 March 2020). "Britain Drops Its Go-It-Alone Approach to Coronavirus". Foreign Policy.
  315. ^ Triggle, Nick (16 March 2020). "What is the UK advice on coronavirus?". BBC News Online. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
  316. ^ Boseley, Sarah (16 March 2020). "New data, new policy: why UK's coronavirus strategy changed". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
  317. ^ Meredith, Sam (20 March 2020). "UK PM Boris Johnson announces nationwide lockdown measures, telling cafes, pubs and restaurants to close". CNBC. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
  318. ^ "Coronavirus: Government to pay up to 80% of workers' wages". BBC News Online. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
  319. ^ "Coronavirus: Strict new curbs on life in UK announced by PM". BBC News. 24 March 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
  320. ^ "PM Boris Johnson tests positive for coronavirus". BBC News. 27 March 2020. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
  321. ^ "In full: PM's statement on his coronavirus". BBC News. 27 March 2020. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
  322. ^ Jacob, Etienne (24 January 2020). "Coronavirus: trois premiers cas confirmés en France". Le Figaro.fr (in French).
  323. ^ "Support efforts begin across Japan to help coronavirus-hit Wuhan". Japan Times. Retrieved 30 January 2020.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  324. ^ "France imposes 15-day lockdown as part of emergency coronavirus response". The Independent. 16 March 2020.
  325. ^ "Info Coronavirus COVID-19". Gouvernement.fr.
  326. ^ https://www.santepubliquefrance.fr/maladies-et-traumatismes/maladies-et-infections-respiratoires/infection-a-coronavirus/articles/infection-au-nouveau-coronavirus-sars-cov-2-covid-19-france-et-monde
  327. ^ "Coronavirus-Monitor". Berliner Morgenpost. 24 March 2020.
  328. ^ https://www.zeit.de/wissen/gesundheit/2020-03/coronavirus-deutschland-infektionen-faelle-verbreitung-epidemie-karte
  329. ^ Holshue ML, DeBolt C, Lindquist S, Lofy KH, et al. (March 2020). "First Case of 2019 Novel Coronavirus in the United States". N. Engl. J. Med. 382 (10): 929–936. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2001191. PMID 32004427.
  330. ^ "Statement from the Press Secretary Regarding the President's Coronavirus Task Force" (Press release). White House. 29 January 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
  331. ^ Aubrey, Allison (31 January 2020). "Trump Declares Coronavirus A Public Health Emergency And Restricts Travel From China". NPR. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
  332. ^ "Proclamation on Suspension of Entry as Immigrants and Nonimmigrants of Persons who Pose a Risk of Transmitting 2019 Novel Coronavirus". White House.
  333. ^ "California sees third case of 'community spread' coronavirus as first US death is reported near Seattle". Los Angeles Times. 29 February 2020.
  334. ^ "Washington governor declares state of emergency over virus". Associated Press. Retrieved 3 March 2020 – via ABC News.
  335. ^ Leins, Casey (2 March 2020). "Washington, Florida Governors Declare State of Emergency for Coronavirus". US News and World Report. Retrieved 2 March 2020.
  336. ^ "Washington state declares emergency after first patient dies from coronavirus in US". USA Today. 29 February 2020.
  337. ^ Freiman, Jordan. "California governor declares State of Emergency". CBS News. Retrieved 5 March 2020.
  338. ^ "More schools are closing because of coronavirus. Will that be the norm?". NBC News. Retrieved 3 March 2020.
  339. ^ "After coronavirus school closings, will states need to hold kids back, institute summer school?". USA Today. 18 March 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
  340. ^ "Trump signs emergency coronavirus package, injecting $8.3 billion into efforts to fight the outbreak". Business Insider. 6 March 2020.
  341. ^ Ramano, Benjamin (3 March 2020). "Amazon employee in Seattle has tested positive for illness caused by coronavirus". The Seattle Times. Retrieved 4 March 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  342. ^ "Coronavirus: Microsoft, Square, Twitter encourage employees to work from home". San Francisco Chronicle. 5 March 2020. Retrieved 5 March 2020.
  343. ^ Mather, Victor (13 March 2020). "Updates on sports canceled by coronavirus". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
  344. ^ "U.S. to Suspend Most Travel From Europe; N.B.A. Season Paused After Player Gets Virus". The New York Times. Retrieved 11 March 2020.
  345. ^ "Coronavirus: US to extend travel ban to UK and Ireland". BBC News. 14 March 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
  346. ^ Alvarez, Priscilla. "Here's what Trump's coronavirus emergency declaration does". CNN. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
  347. ^ Dowd, Katie (15 March 2020). "These stores are closing or changing hours due to coronavirus". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
  348. ^ EDT, Matthew Impelli On 3/23/20 at 10:35 am (23 March 2020). "New York City now has more confirmed cases of coronavirus than all of South Korea". Newsweek. Retrieved 23 March 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  349. ^ At least 13 patients have died from coronavirus over 24 hours at a New York hospital, CNN, Madeline Holcombe, 26 March 2020.
  350. ^ "Coronavirus Map: U.S. Cases Surpass 10,000". The New York Times. 3 March 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
  351. ^ "Pence Will Control All Coronavirus Messaging From Health Officials". The New York Times. 27 February 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2020. The White House moved on Thursday to tighten control of coronavirus messaging by government health officials and scientists, directing them to coordinate all statements and public appearances with the office of Vice President Mike Pence, according to several officials familiar with the new approach.
  352. ^ "Pence's office placed in charge of coronavirus messaging". CNN. 27 February 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2020. Now Pence's office is expected to take the lead role on coordinating all public statements and appearances related to the coronavirus.
  353. ^ "The Health 202: The Trump administration is providing a lot of". The Washington Post. 28 February 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
  354. ^ Forgey, Quint. "Poll: Majority of Americans now approve of Trump's coronavirus management". Politico.
  355. ^ Schnirring, Lisa (14 January 2020). "Report: Thailand's coronavirus patient didn't visit outbreak market". CIDRAP.UMN.edu. Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy, University of Minnesota. Archived from the original on 14 January 2020. Retrieved 15 January 2020.
  356. ^ Bogoch, I. I.; Watts, A.; Thomas-Bachli, A.; Huber, C.; Kraemer, M. U.; Khan, K. (January 2020). "Pneumonia of Unknown Etiology in Wuhan, China: Potential for International Spread Via Commercial Air Travel". Journal of Travel Medicine. 27 (2). doi:10.1093/jtm/taaa008. PMID 31943059.
  357. ^ "Australian Health Sector Emergency Response Plan for novel Coronavirus (COVID-19)" (PDF). Health.gov.au. Australian Government Department of Health.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  358. ^ McPhee, Sarah (17 March 2020). "Human biosecurity emergency declared in Australia". NewsComAu. Retrieved 26 March 2020.
  359. ^ "Coronavirus: EU rules out Schengen border closures amid Italy outbreak". Deutsche Welle. 24 February 2020.
  360. ^ "Salvini and Le Pen Don't Have a Coronavirus Cure". Bloomberg News. 25 February 2020.
  361. ^ "Coronavirus: Europe's open borders threatened by spread of disease". The Independent. 28 February 2020.
  362. ^ "Coronavirus: European borders likely to remain open despite crisis in Italy, observers say". South China Morning Post. 7 March 2020.
  363. ^ "Coronavirus Nightmare Could Be the End for Europe's Borderless Dream". The New York Times. 26 February 2020.
  364. ^ "Coronavirus: Some Of These 24 European Countries Have Closed Their Borders To Tourists". Forbes. 14 March 2020.
  365. ^ "Denmark, Poland and Czechs seal borders over coronavirus". Financial Times. 12 March 2020.
  366. ^ "Proclamation – Suspension of Entry as Immigrants and Nonimmigrants of Certain Additional Persons Who Pose a Risk of Transmitting 2019 Novel Coronavirus". White House.
  367. ^ "Countries Evaluate Evacuation of Citizens Amid Wuhan Coronavirus Panic". Associated Press. Retrieved 31 January 2020 – via The Diplomat. * Press, ANI. "Coronavirus: Second plane carrying 323 Indians from Wuhan to reach Delhi today". India Today. Retrieved 2 February 2020. * NWS, VRT (27 January 2020). "België haalt landgenoten terug uit Chinese provincie Hubei na uitbraak coronavirus". VRT Nws. Vlaamse Radio- en Televisieomroeporganisatie. * Nathalia, Telly (30 January 2020). "Last-Minute Preparations Underway to Evacuate Indonesian Citizens From Coronavirus-Ravaged Wuhan". Jakarta Globe. * "C130 aircraft on standby for Wuhan evacuation". Bangkok Post. 26 January 2020. Retrieved 26 January 2020. * Jiang, Steven; Stracqualursi, Veronica (25 January 2020). "US arranging charter flight to evacuate American diplomats and citizens out of China amid coronavirus outbreak, official says". CNN. Archived from the original on 26 January 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2020. * "PH sending special flights to get Pinoys from Wuhan, Hubei in China". Tempo: News in a Flash. Manila, Philippines. 29 January 2020. Retrieved 29 January 2020.
  368. ^ "Pakistan cancels flights to China as fears of coronavirus spread". Dialogue Pakistan. 31 January 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
  369. ^ "Brazil to evacuate citizens stuck in Wuhan". Business Times. Singapore. 5 February 2020. Retrieved 6 February 2020.
  370. ^ "Aviões decolam de Wuhan, na China, com 40 passageiros repatriados ao Brasil e à Polônia". G1 (in Portuguese). 7 February 2020. Retrieved 9 February 2020.
  371. ^ Benassatto, Leonardo (9 February 2020). "Brazilians Evacuated from China amid coronavirus land in Brazil". The New York Times. Reuters. Retrieved 9 February 2020.
  372. ^ Carmody, James (5 February 2020). "Coronavirus fear remains on Christmas Island as authorities reassure locals they are safe from infection". ABC News. Sydney. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
  373. ^ Zhou, Naaman; Doherty, Ben (8 February 2020). "'A hard and sad decision': fleeing coronavirus in Wuhan for Christmas Island". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
  374. ^ "Australians fly home from quarantine on Christmas Island after coronavirus evacuation from Wuhan". ABC News. Sydney. 18 February 2020. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
  375. ^ "Air New Zealand flight with kiwi evacuees departs Wuhan". Stuff (company). 5 February 2020.
  376. ^ Wang, Vivian; Rich, Motoko; Bradsher, Keith (15 February 2020). "Shifting Ground in Coronavirus Fight: U.S. Will Evacuate Americans From Cruise Ship". The New York Times. Retrieved 15 February 2020.
  377. ^ "Cruise ship passengers begin 14-day quarantine in Cornwall, Ont". CBC News. 21 February 2020.
  378. ^ Roche, Elizabeth (9 March 2020). "Coronavirus: India sending IAF aircraft to evacuate its nationals from Iran". LiveMint.com. Retrieved 9 March 2020.
  379. ^ "Coronavirus: SAA Airbus carrying 114 SA citizens repatriated from Wuhan lands in Polokwane". www.news24.com. 14 March 2020. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
  380. ^ "Repatriated South Africans arrive home". www.sanews.gov.za. 14 March 2020. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
  381. ^ "RANCH RESORT WHERE 122 S.AFRICANS FROM WUHAN WILL BE QUARANTINED BLOCKED OFF". www.ewn.co.za. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
  382. ^ "Sick South Africans left behind in Wuhan, confirms Mkhize". www.thesouthafrican.com. 16 March 2020. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
  383. ^ "Coronavirus: What we know about South Africans returning from Wuhan". www.msn.com. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
  384. ^ "South Africans flown home from Wuhan all negative for Covid-19". www.timeslive.co.za. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
  385. ^ "21 countries send aid to coronavirus-hit China". ArmenPress.am. Yerevan, Armenia. Retrieved 17 February 2020.
  386. ^ Song, Rayna (3 February 2020). "Chinese students react to coronavirus outbreak". The Daily Northwestern. Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University. Retrieved 17 February 2020. * "Students mobilize aid for Hubei province in China following coronavirus outbreak". The Tufts Daily. Medford, Massachusetts: Tufts University. 5 February 2020. Retrieved 17 February 2020. * "Student organizations at Penn State rally to help Wuhan". Penn State: News. Pennsylvania State University. Retrieved 17 February 2020. * "Chinese international students watch coronavirus outbreak from afar". The Daily Orange. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University. 11 February 2020. Retrieved 17 February 2020. * "Stanford for Wuhan sends medical supplies to coronavirus victims". The Stanford Daily. Stanford University. 7 February 2020. Retrieved 17 February 2020. * "Chinese students respond to supply shortages throughout hospitals in Wuhan City in the midst of coronavirus outbreak". The Observer. Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame / Holy Cross College / Saint Mary's College. 31 January 2020. Retrieved 17 February 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  387. ^ "Direct Relief Rushes Facial Masks to China to Fight Coronavirus Spread". DirectRelief.org. Direct Relief. 28 January 2020. Retrieved 29 January 2020.
  388. ^ Voytko, Lisette. "Bill And Melinda Gates Donate $100 Million to Coronavirus Vaccine Research and Treatment". Forbes. Retrieved 19 February 2020.
  389. ^ 日本民间捐100万口罩驰援武汉. Guancha (in Chinese (China)). International Liaison Department of the Communist Party of China. 26 January 2020. Retrieved 29 January 2020.
  390. ^ "Turkish plane carrying Wuhan evacuees lands in Ankara". TRT World News. Turkish Radio and Television Corporation. 1 February 2020. Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
  391. ^ "Medical supplies from Russia arrive in virus-hit Wuhan". Xinhua News Agency. 10 February 2020.
  392. ^ Kaos Jr, Joseph (31 January 2020). "Coronavirus: Malaysia to donate 18 million medical gloves to China". The Star. Petaling Jaya, Malaysia. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
  393. ^ "Coronavirus: German air force evacuates citizens from Wuhan; gives China 10,000 protective suits". South China Morning Post. 1 February 2020. Archived from the original on 1 February 2020. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
  394. ^ Yong, Clement (19 February 2020). "Coronavirus: Singapore Red Cross to send $2.3m worth of aid to China, steps up local outreach to seniors". The Straits Times. Retrieved 19 February 2020.
  395. ^ "Coronavirus pandemic: Russia, Cuba, China send aid to Italy". France 24. 23 March 2020.
  396. ^ "China sends medical supplies, experts to help Italy battle coronavirus". Reuters. 13 March 2020.
  397. ^ "Africa Live: Tributes to Manu Dibango 'giant of African music'" – via bbc.co.uk.
  398. ^ "Gobierno de China dona a Panamá pruebas para detección del COVID-19". 21 March 2020.
  399. ^ Yang, Stephanie (28 January 2020). "WHO Chief Praises Beijing's Coronavirus Response as Travel Barriers Rise". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on 28 January 2020. Retrieved 28 January 2020.
  400. ^ a b Gabriel Crossley, Alison Williams (23 January 2020). "Wuhan lockdown 'unprecedented', shows commitment to contain virus: WHO representative in China". Reuters. Archived from the original on 24 January 2020. Retrieved 28 January 2020.
  401. ^ "Coronavirus declared global health emergency". BBC News. 31 January 2020. Archived from the original on 13 February 2020. Retrieved 13 February 2020.
  402. ^ "IHR Emergency Committee on Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV)". World Health Organization. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
  403. ^ "$675 million appeal to stop coronavirus in its tracks, as deaths rise". UN News. Office of the Spokesperson for the UN Secretary-General, United Nations. 5 February 2020. Retrieved 19 February 2020.
  404. ^ "WHO Calls for US$675 million to Combat Coronavirus; China Experiences Largest 24-Hour Increase in Cases Since Outbreak Began". Health Policy Watch. 5 February 2020. Retrieved 19 February 2020.
  405. ^ "WHO Director-General's remarks at the media briefing on 2019-nCoV on 11 February 2020". World Health Organization. Retrieved 19 February 2020.
  406. ^ "WHO Director-General's remarks at the media briefing on COVID-2019 outbreak on 14 February 2020". World Health Organization (WHO). Retrieved 19 February 2020.
  407. ^ "World must prepare for pandemic, says WHO". BBC News. 25 February 2020. Retrieved 25 February 2020.
  408. ^ "Battle against coronavirus turns to Italy; Wall Street falls on pandemic fears". Reuters. 25 February 2020. Retrieved 25 February 2020.
  409. ^ Lovelace, Berkeley (28 February 2020). "WHO raises coronavirus threat assessment to its highest level: 'Wake up. Get ready. This virus may be on its way'". CNBC. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
  410. ^ Wan, William (11 March 2020). "WHO declares a pandemic of coronavirus disease covid-19". The Washington Post.
  411. ^ "WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 – 11 March 2020". World Health Organization. 11 March 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
  412. ^ "Ease sanctions against countries fighting COVID-19: UN human rights chief". UN News. 24 March 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
  413. ^ "COVID-19 Coronavirus Pandemic". Worldometer.
  414. ^ Bostock, Bill (13 February 2020). "China sacked a brace of top officials in Hubei province, likely in a move to protect Xi Jinping from people's anger over the coronavirus outbreak". Business Insider. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
  415. ^ "Italy criticises EU for being slow to help over coronavirus epidemic". The Guardian. 11 March 2020.
  416. ^ "The EU Is Abandoning Italy in Its Hour of Need". Foreign Policy. 14 March 2020.
  417. ^ "Russian army to send coronavirus help to Italy after Putin phone call". Reuters. 22 March 2020.
  418. ^ "How coronavirus derailed the largest Nato exercise in 25 years". The Spectator. 20 March 2020.
  419. ^ "NATO scales down exercises due to coronavirus". Reuters. 19 March 2020.
  420. ^ Cunningham, Erin. "Coronavirus pummels Iran leadership as data show spread is far worse than reported". The Washington Post. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
  421. ^ "Will Iran's Regime Survive Coronavirus?". National Review. 12 March 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
  422. ^ "U.S. sanctions 'severely hamper' Iran coronavirus fight, Rouhani says". Reuters. 14 March 2020.
  423. ^ "America's botched response to the coronavirus is a problem bigger than Donald Trump". Boston Globe.
  424. ^ Haberman, Maggie; Martin, Jonathan (12 March 2020). "Trump's Re-election Chances Suddenly Look Shakier". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
  425. ^ "Japan and Korea Won't Let A Pandemic Stop Them Fighting". Foreign Policy. 12 March 2020.
  426. ^ "Coronavirus quarantine plans ignite row between South Korea and Japan". The Guardian. 6 March 2020.
  427. ^ "Coronavirus update: 290 million students now stuck at home". UN News. United Nations. 5 March 2020. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
  428. ^ Goldberg, Eleanor (8 March 2020). "Parents are struggling to cope as coronavirus worries shut down schools, leaving kids scared and confused". Business Insider. Retrieved 9 March 2020.
  429. ^ a b "290 million students out of school due to COVID-19: UNESCO releases first global numbers and mobilizes response". UNESCO. 4 March 2020. Retrieved 6 March 2020.
  430. ^ "Update from Cambridge International on May/June 2020 exams". Cambridge International Examination. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
  431. ^ "Coronavirus deprives nearly 300 million students of their schooling: UNESCO". The Telegram. Reuters. Retrieved 11 March 2020.
  432. ^ "Coronavirus (COVID-19) Supply Chain Update". FDA.gov. US Food and Drug Administration. 27 February 2020. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
  433. ^ Tkyo, Kelly (29 February 2020). "Coronavirus fears empty store shelves of toilet paper, bottled water, masks as shoppers stock up". USA Today.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  434. ^ Sirletti, Sonia; Remondini, Chiara; Lepido, Daniele (24 February 2020). "Virus Outbreak Drives Italians to Panic-Buying of Masks and Food". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
  435. ^ "Viral hysteria: Hong Kong panic buying sparks run on toilet paper". Channel NewsAsia. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
  436. ^ Rummler, Orion. "Household basics are scarce in Hong Kong under coronavirus lockdown". Axios. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
  437. ^ Strumpf, Dan (31 January 2020). "Tech Sector Fears Supply Delays as Effects of Virus Ripple Through China". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
  438. ^ Nebehay, Stephanie (7 February 2020). "Procura por máscaras aumenta 100 vezes e prejudica luta contra o coronavírus". Reuters Brasil (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 7 March 2020.
  439. ^ Boseley, Sarah (7 February 2020). "WHO warns of global shortage of face masks and protective suits". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
  440. ^ "Shortage of personal protective equipment endangering health workers worldwide". World Health Organization. Retrieved 5 March 2020.
  441. ^ Tan, Su-Lin (7 February 2020). "Coronavirus could provide silver lining for Australian daigou retailers looking to tap China market". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
  442. ^ McPherson, Emily (18 March 2020). "Desperate dad snaps airport photos to show why he can't buy baby formula". 9news.com. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
  443. ^ "China's coronavirus epidemic threatens global economy". Deutsche Welle. 30 January 2020. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
  444. ^ Miller, Jill Young (7 February 2020). "WashU Expert: Coronavirus far greater threat than SARS to global supply chain". The Source. Retrieved 13 February 2020.
  445. ^ Reed, Stanley (3 February 2020). "OPEC Scrambles to React to Falling Oil Demand From China". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 14 February 2020.
  446. ^ McLean, Rob; He, Laura; Tappe, Anneken (24 February 2020). "Dow plunges 1,000 points as coronavirus cases surge in South Korea and Italy". CNN.
  447. ^ "FTSE 100 plunges 3.7 per cent as Italy confirms sixth coronavirus death". City A.M. London. 24 February 2020.
  448. ^ Tappe, Anneken. "Dow falls 1,191 points – the most in history". CNN. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
  449. ^ Oh, Sunny (28 February 2020). "Stocks record worst week since financial crisis as coronavirus concerns heat up". Market Watch. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
  450. ^ "Scope affirms China's sovereign rating at A+ and maintains the Outlook at Negative". Scope Ratings GmbH. 28 February 2020. Retrieved 11 March 2020.
  451. ^ "Stocks Plummet as Grim Economic Outlook Grips Markets: Live Updates". The New York Times. 16 March 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
  452. ^ Rabouin, Dion (28 February 2020). "Economists now say the coronavirus could cause a recession". Axios. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
  453. ^ Irwin, Neil (2 March 2020). "Why a Coronavirus Recession Would Be So Hard to Contain". The New York Times.
  454. ^ Long, Heather; McGregor, Jena (1 March 2020). "Recession fears grow as Wall Street investors brace for a wild week for stocks". The Washington Post. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
  455. ^ "Collapsed Flybe: 'Do not travel to the airport'". BBC News. 5 March 2020.
  456. ^ "Coronavirus scare: Complete list of airlines suspending flights". India Today. Reuters. 27 February 2020. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
  457. ^ "New virus mutes Lunar New Year celebrations worldwide". Associated Press News. 25 January 2020. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
  458. ^ "Shanghai Disney shuts to prevent spread of virus". CNBC. 24 January 2020. Archived from the original on 26 January 2020. Retrieved 6 February 2020.
  459. ^ "China cancels Lunar New Year events over deadly virus fears". Deutsche Welle. 23 January 2020. Retrieved 24 January 2020.
  460. ^ Choy, Gigi; Xie, Echo (4 February 2020). "As China goes back to work, will the coronavirus spread even more rapidly?". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 6 February 2020. Retrieved 6 February 2020.
  461. ^ a b Cheng, Evelyn (1 February 2020). "More than half of China extends shutdown over virus". CNBC. Archived from the original on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 6 February 2020.
  462. ^ "Hong Kong Chinese New Year". DiscoverHongKong.com. Hong Kong Tourism Board. Archived from the original on 29 November 2019. Retrieved 26 January 2020.
  463. ^ Lum, Alvin; Sum, Lok-kei (25 January 2020). "China coronavirus: Hong Kong leader hits back at delay criticism as she suspends school classes, cancels marathon and declares city at highest level of emergency". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 25 January 2020. Retrieved 26 January 2020.
  464. ^ National Retail Federation (21 March 2020), Coronavirus Resources for Retailers, retrieved 23 March 2020
  465. ^ Aislelabs (23 March 2020), How Shopping Centres Globally are Responding to Coronavirus by Aislelabs, retrieved 23 March 2020
  466. ^ Askew K. "Coronavirus: 'Food excellence could fall into the eye of the hurricane' Italian food sector warns". Food navigator.com. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
  467. ^ Wernau J. "How China Kept Its Supermarkets Stocked as Coronavirus Raged". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
  468. ^ Myllyvirta, Lauri (19 February 2020). "Analysis: Coronavirus has temporarily reduced China's CO2 emissions by a quarter". CarbonBrief. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
  469. ^ a b c McMahon, Jeff (16 March 2020). "Study: Coronavirus Lockdown Likely Saved 77,000 Lives In China Just By Reducing Pollution". Forbes. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
  470. ^ Green, Matthew (13 March 2020). "Air pollution clears in northern Italy after coronavirus lockdown, satellite shows". Reuters. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
  471. ^ Srikanth, Anagha (18 March 2020). "As Italy quarantines over coronavirus, swans appear in Venice canals, dolphins swim up playfully". The Hill. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
  472. ^ Newburger, Emma (13 March 2020). "Coronavirus could weaken climate change action and hit clean energy investment, researchers warn". CNBC. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
  473. ^ Mendiluce, María (23 March 2020). "COVID-19 stimulus should address health, economy and climate together".
  474. ^ "Text-Only NPR.org : Climate Change Push Fuels Split On Coronavirus Stimulus". NPR.
  475. ^ "Put clean energy at the heart of stimulus plans to counter the coronavirus crisis – Analysis". IEA.
  476. ^ "Commentary: Coronavirus may finally force businesses to adopt workplaces of the future". Fortune.
  477. ^ Yaffe-Bellany, David (26 February 2020). "1,000 Workers, Go Home: Companies Act to Ward Off Coronavirus". The New York Times.
  478. ^ "Discarded coronavirus masks clutter Hong Kong's beaches, trails". Hong Kong (Reuters). Reuters. 12 March 2020. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
  479. ^ Press release (24 March 2020). "Drop in aircraft observations could have impact on weather forecasts". European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts. Retrieved 26 March 2020.
  480. ^ a b c d e Burke, Daniel (14 March 2020). "What churches, mosques and temples are doing to fight the spread of coronavirus". CNN. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
  481. ^ Hadden, Joey (2 March 2020). "Over 20,000 people have signed a petition to cancel SXSW over coronavirus worries. Here's a list of all the major event cancellations due to the outbreak so far". Business Insider. Retrieved 3 March 2020.
  482. ^ Parke, Caleb (13 March 2020). "Churches cancel Sunday service, move online amid coronavirus outbreak". Fox News Channel. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
  483. ^ "Westerville church offering 'drive in' service". WBNS-TV. 22 March 2020. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
  484. ^ Gambrell, Jon. "Iran news agencies report Friday prayers canceled in Tehran". The Washington Post. Associated Press.
  485. ^ Al Omran, Ahmed; Kerr, Simeon (27 February 2020). "Saudi Arabia bans Mecca pilgrimages over coronavirus fears". Financial Times.
  486. ^ "Coronavirus: Saudi Arabia bans all Umrah pilgrimage to Mecca". Middle East Eyes. 4 March 2020.
  487. ^ "All of next week's UEFA matches postponed". UEFA. 13 March 2020.
  488. ^ Edwards, Harry (13 March 2020). "Premier League 2019/20 season suspended after coronavirus cases at Chelsea, Arsenal and more". squawka.com.
  489. ^ Close, David; Jackson, Amanda. "NBA suspends its season after player tests positive for coronavirus". CNN. Archived from the original on 12 March 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
  490. ^ "NHL statement on coronavirus". National Hockey League. 12 March 2020. Archived from the original on 14 March 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
  491. ^ "Tokyo 2020: Olympic Games organisers 'agree postponement'". BBC Sport. 24 March 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
  492. ^ McCurry, Justin; Ingle, Sean (24 March 2020). "Tokyo Olympics postponed to 2021 due to coronavirus pandemic". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
  493. ^ "Shut-Out by Virus, Gamblers Turning to Online Betting". The New York Times. Associated Press. 17 March 2020.
  494. ^ "How the coronavirus outbreak is roiling the film and entertainment industries". Vox. 13 March 2020.
  495. ^ "Coronavirus brings entertainment world to a standstill". Associated Press. 13 March 2020.
  496. ^ "Broadway theaters to suspend all performances because of coronavirus". CNN. 12 March 2020. Archived from the original on 13 March 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
  497. ^ Kelli Skye Fadroski, "Coronavirus canceled their concerts, so artists like Yungblud are looking to live stream shows to fans". Daily Breeze, 15 March 2020.
  498. ^ Wayne Alan Brenner, "The Social Distancing Festival Is Live Online". Austin Chronicle, 15 March 2020.
  499. ^ a b Walsh, Bryan (7 March 2020). "The coronavirus outbreak stands to fundamentally change the world". Axios. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
  500. ^ Sander, Libby. "Coronavirus could spark a revolution in working from home. Are we ready?". The Conversation. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
  501. ^ Farrell, Henry; Newman, Abraham (16 March 2020). "Will the Coronavirus End Globalization as We Know It?". ISSN 0015-7120. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
  502. ^ "Germany would like to localize supply chains, nationalization possible, minister says". Reuters. 13 March 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
  503. ^ Deese, Kaelan (18 February 2020). "Chinatown restaurants, shops say business is down due to coronavirus fears". TheHill. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
  504. ^ Pitrelli, Stefano; Noack, Rick (31 January 2020). "A top European music school suspended students from East Asia over coronavirus concerns, amid rising discrimination". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
  505. ^ Burton, Nylah (7 February 2020). "The coronavirus exposes the history of racism and "cleanliness"". Vox. Archived from the original on 7 February 2020. Retrieved 9 February 2020.
  506. ^ "Fears of new virus trigger anti-China sentiment worldwide". The Korea Times. 2 February 2020.
  507. ^ "Coronavirus fuels anti-Chinese discrimination in Africa". Deutsche Welle. 19 February 2020.
  508. ^ "Chinese industrial workers subject to mandatory coronavirus isolation in Ethiopia". Panapress.com. 28 February 2020.
  509. ^ "Life under lockdown: Young people in Wuhan tell their coronavirus stories". Dazed. 6 February 2020. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
  510. ^ Sieren, Frank (7 February 2020). "Sieren's China: Coronavirus – an epidemic of rumors". Deutsche Welle.
  511. ^ "China, desperate to stop coronavirus spread, turns neighbor against neighbor". The Economic Times. 4 February 2020. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
  512. ^ "Coronavirus: Tales of solidarity from China's virus-hit Wuhan". BBC News. 28 January 2020. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
  513. ^ Zang, Phoebe (3 February 2020). "How Taylor Swift's Chinese fans are helping fight the coronavirus". The Star. Retrieved 15 February 2020.
  514. ^ "How Residents in Wuhan Are Coping With Coronavirus (3:18 minutes in)". The New York Times. 4 February 2020. Retrieved 15 February 2020 – via YouTube.
  515. ^ Wei Lin, Lee (24 January 2020). "This Chinese Actor Cheered on a Terrified Wuhan Doctor; His Fans Then Raised Funds for the City". Today. Retrieved 15 February 2020.
  516. ^ "Italy Shows Just How Crazy Coronavirus Panic Can Get". The Daily Beast. 29 February 2020.
  517. ^ "Italians Are Being Treated as a Risk Abroad Over Coronavirus". The Wall Street Journal. 28 February 2020.
  518. ^ Solhi, Farah (26 January 2020). "Some Malaysians calling for ban on Chinese tourists". New Straits Times. Archived from the original on 27 January 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
  519. ^ "Calm urged as anti-Chinese sentiment felt in New Zealand". The New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on 6 February 2020. Retrieved 6 February 2020.
  520. ^ della Cava, Marco; Lam, Kristin. "Coronavirus is spreading. And so is anti-Chinese sentiment and xenophobia". USA Today. Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
  521. ^ "Not Enough Doctors in Daegu: As Virus Cases Rise, South Korea's Response Is Criticized". The Wall Street Journal. 24 February 2020.
  522. ^ Kim, Sarah. "As The Coronavirus Spreads, So Does Racism – Both Against And Within Asian Communities". Forbes. Archived from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
  523. ^ "'You deserve the coronavirus': Chinese people in UK abused over outbreak". Sky News. Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 25 February 2020.
  524. ^ "London Racially Motivated Assault due to Coronavirus". ITV News. Retrieved 4 March 2020.
  525. ^ Hobbs, Tawnell D. (8 March 2020). "Feds Sound Alarm Over Claims of Asian Discrimination in Schools". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
  526. ^ Chiu, Allyson. "Trump has no qualms about calling coronavirus the 'Chinese Virus.' That's a dangerous attitude, experts say". The Washington Post. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
  527. ^ "Fear of coronavirus fuels racist sentiment targeting Asians". Los Angeles Times. 3 February 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
  528. ^ "Officials decry anti-Asian bigotry, misinformation amid coronavirus outbreak". Los Angeles Times. 3 March 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
  529. ^ Rogers, Katie; Jakes, Lara; Swanson, Anna (18 March 2020). "Trump Defends Using 'Chinese Virus' Label, Ignoring Growing Criticism". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
  530. ^ a b "Trump: Asian-Americans not responsible for virus, need protection". Reuters. 24 March 2020.
  531. ^ "Protesters attack buses carrying Wuhan evacuees in Ukraine". CNN. 21 February 2020. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
  532. ^ "Students from Northeast complain of racism at Kirori Mal College". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 21 February 2020.
  533. ^ "Chinese government condemns BJP Bengal president's comment on Coronavirus'". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 12 March 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
  534. ^ "How Islamists are exploiting Covid-19". spiked-online.com.
  535. ^ https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-03-23/hong-kong-expats-point-fingers-over-who-s-spreading-coronavirus
  536. ^ Pulitzer, Greeley (23 March 2020). "Thailand increasingly blaming caucasians for coronavirus crisis". The Thaiger.
  537. ^ Zubair, Mohammed (16 March 2020). "Public TV falsely claims Muslim youths in Karnataka refuse coronavirus testing for 'religious reasons'". Alt News. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
  538. ^ "Coronavirus outbreak stokes anti-Asian bigotry worldwide". Japan Times. 18 February 2020. ISSN 0447-5763. Archived from the original on 18 February 2020. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
  539. ^ "Chinese targeted in Russia raids as coronavirus fears spread". Associated Press. 23 February 2020. Retrieved 7 March 2020 – via South China Morning Post.
  540. ^ "Chinesische Botschaft sorgt sich um zunehmende Anfeindungen". Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg. 5 February 2020. Archived from the original on 6 February 2020. Retrieved 9 February 2020.
  541. ^ Cassard, Jeanne (22 January 2020). "Coronavirus: de jeunes Français d'origine asiatique pris à partie en Seine-et-Marne". Le Parisien (in French). Retrieved 26 February 2020.
  542. ^ Boissais, Valentin (1 February 2020). "Coronavirus: en France, la stigmatisation anti-chinoise s'invite dans les cours d'école". France Inter (in French). Retrieved 26 February 2020.
  543. ^ "Người Á không lạ chuyện bị kỳ thị, virus corona còn làm mọi thứ tệ hơn". Zing.vn (in Vietnamese). 1 February 2020. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
  544. ^ a b English, Khaosod (13 March 2020). "Health Minister: 'Dirty' Europeans Pose Virus Risks to Thailand". Khaosod English. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
  545. ^ "Anutin's racist silence". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
  546. ^ Hammond, Clive (13 March 2020). "Thai minister sparks horror race row after expletive coronavirus rant – 'F*** the west!'". Daily Express. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
  547. ^ Pulitzer, Greeley (15 March 2020). "Health minister denies racist tweets". The Thaiger. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
  548. ^ Jerde, Sara (12 March 2020). "Major Publishers Take Down Paywalls for Coronavirus Coverage". Adweek. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
  549. ^ "Sharing research data and findings relevant to the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak". wellcome.ac.uk (Press release). 31 January 2020. Retrieved 13 February 2020.
  550. ^ Rogers, Adam (31 January 2020). "Coronavirus Research Is Moving at Top Speed – With a Catch". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved 13 February 2020.
  551. ^ "Subscribe to The Australian | Newspaper home delivery, website, iPad, iPhone & Android apps". The Australian.
  552. ^ "China coronavirus: Misinformation spreads online about origin and scale". BBC News. 30 January 2020. Archived from the original on 4 February 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
  553. ^ McDonald, Jessica (24 January 2020). "Social Media Posts Spread Bogus Coronavirus Conspiracy Theory". Factcheck.org. Archived from the original on 6 February 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
  554. ^ Lytvynenko, Jane. "Here's A Running List of Disinformation Spreading About the Coronavirus". BuzzFeed News. Archived from the original on 6 February 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
  555. ^ Ghaffary, Shirin; Heilweil, Rebecca (31 January 2020). "How tech companies are scrambling to deal with coronavirus hoaxes". Vox. Archived from the original on 8 February 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
  556. ^ Richtel, Matt (6 February 2020). "W.H.O. Fights a Pandemic Besides Coronavirus: an 'Infodemic'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 6 February 2020. Retrieved 7 February 2020.
  557. ^ Paul, Katie (1 February 2020). "As coronavirus misinformation spreads on social media, Facebook removes posts". Reuters. Archived from the original on 6 February 2020. Retrieved 7 February 2020.
  558. ^ Novel Coronavirus (‎2019-nCoV)‎: situation report, 13 (PDF). World Health Organization (Report). 2020. hdl:10665/330778.
  559. ^ Yi, Man (4 February 2020). "Coronavirus: UN health agency moves fast to tackle 'infodemic'; Guterres warns against stigmatization". UN News. United Nations. Archived from the original on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
  560. ^ Elassar, Alaa (17 March 2020). "One dangerous coronavirus 'self-check test' is circulating on social media. Here's why you should avoid it". CNN. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
  561. ^ "Virus Outbreak: Chinese trolls decried for fake news". Taipei Times. 28 February 2020.
  562. ^ "Taiwan accuses China of waging cyber 'war' to disrupt virus fight". Reuters. 29 February 2020.
  563. ^ "China's rulers see the coronavirus as a chance to tighten their grip". The Economist. 8 February 2020. Archived from the original on 29 February 2020. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
  564. ^ "Coronavirus: Rumors and misinformation swirl unchecked in China". NBC News. 6 March 2020.
  565. ^ Scott, Jason; Marlow, Iain (13 March 2020). "Chinese Official Pushes Conspiracy Theory U.S. Spread Virus". Bloomberg.
  566. ^ Kuo, Lily (13 March 2020). "'American coronavirus': China pushes propaganda casting doubt on virus origin". The Guardian. London.
  567. ^ "China spins tale that the US Army started the coronavirus epidemic". The New York Times. 13 March 2020.
  568. ^ "China changes virus narrative in bid to salvage soft power". Australian Financial Review. 9 March 2020.
  569. ^ "China is winning the coronavirus propaganda war". Politico. 18 March 2020.
  570. ^ "China Is Fighting the Coronavirus Propaganda War to Win". Foreign Policy. 20 March 2020.
  571. ^ "Coronavirus: China showers Europe with virus aid while sparring with Trump". The Straits Times. 19 March 2020.
  572. ^ "Conspiracy theories to colonialism: GOP covers up Trump's incompetent coronavirus response". Salon. 27 February 2020.
  573. ^ "Larry Kudlow Claims Coronavirus 'Contained' In U.S. As CDC Warns Of Likely Spread". HuffPost. 25 February 2020.
  574. ^ "Trump's Biggest Supporters Think The Coronavirus Is A Deep State Plot". BuzzFeed. 26 February 2020.
  575. ^ "Misinformation, fake news spark India coronavirus fears". Al Jazeera. 10 March 2020.
  576. ^ "Coronavirus: Can cow dung and urine help cure the novel coronavirus?". The Times of India. Retrieved 5 March 2020.
  577. ^ "Coronavirus: Russia pushing fake news about US using outbreak to 'wage economic war' on China, officials say". Agence France-Presse. 23 February 2020. Retrieved 27 February 2020 – via South China Morning Post.
  578. ^ Ng, Kate (23 February 2020). "US accuses Russia of huge coronavirus disinformation campaign". The Independent. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
  579. ^ "Coronavirus: Russia denies spreading US conspiracy on social media". BBC News. 23 February 2020. Archived from the original on 25 February 2020. Retrieved 25 February 2020.
  580. ^ "Iran Cleric Blames Trump For Coronavirus Outbreak in Religious City". Radio Farda. 22 February 2020. Retrieved 26 February 2020.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  581. ^ Frantzman, Seth (8 March 2020). "Iran's regime pushes antisemitic conspiracies about coronavirus". The Jerusalem Post.
  582. ^ "Coronavirus: Iran's leader suggests US cooked up 'special version' of virus to target country". The Independent. 23 March 2020.
  583. ^ "Arab Writers: The Coronavirus Is Part Of Biological Warfare Waged By The U.S. Against China". Middle East Media Research Institute. 6 February 2020. Archived from the original on 9 February 2020. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
Scholia has a profile for COVID-19 pandemic (Q81068910).

Government health agencies

Data and maps

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic&oldid=947712005"