沙

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沙 U+6C99, 沙
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6C99
← 沘
[U+6C98] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 沚 →
[U+6C9A]

Translingual

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Han character

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沙 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+4, 7 strokes, cangjie input 水火竹 (EFH), four-corner 39120, composition ⿰氵少)

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 611, character 21
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 17212
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1005, character 3
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1562, character 9
  • Unihan data for U+6C99

Chinese

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simp. and trad.
 沙
Wikipedia has articles on:
  • 沙 (Written Standard Chinese?)
  • 沙 (Cantonese)
放大顯示的沙子，本為一平方釐米

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 沙
Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Bronze inscriptions Small seal script
Characters in the same phonetic series (沙) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
硰 *ʔsaːlʔ, *sʰaːlʔ, *sraːl
娑 *saːl, *saːlʔ
挱 *saːl, *sraːl
挲 *saːl
桫 *saːl
渻 *saːl, *sreŋʔ, *seŋʔ
沙 *sraːl, *sraːls
紗 *sraːl
砂 *sraːl
鯊 *sraːl
裟 *sraːl
桬 *sraːl
髿 *sraːl, *soːl
魦 *sraːl, *soːl
莎 *soːl
莏 *soːl

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 水 (“water”) + 少 (“to lack; to be short of”).

Etymology 1

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From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(s/z)a-j (“earth, sand”). Compare Tibetan ས (sa, “sand”) and Burmese သဲ (sai:, “sand”).

Pronunciation 1

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Note:
  • suói - vernacular;
  • sá - literary.
Note:
  • săi - vernacular;
  • să - literary.
Note:
  • soa, se - vernacular;
  • sa/see - literary.
Note:
  • sua1 - vernacular;
  • sa1 - literary.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 沙
Mandarin Beijing /ʂa⁵⁵/
Harbin /ʂa⁴⁴/
Tianjin /sɑ²¹/
Jinan /ʂa²¹³/
Qingdao /ʂa²¹³/
Zhengzhou /ʂa²⁴/
Xi'an /sa²¹/
Xining /sa⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /ʂa⁴⁴/
Lanzhou /ʂa³¹/
Ürümqi /sa⁴⁴/
Wuhan /sa²¹³/
Chengdu /sa⁵⁵/
Guiyang /sa⁵⁵/
Kunming /ʂa̠⁴⁴/
Nanjing /ʂɑ³¹/
Hefei /ʂa²¹/
Jin Taiyuan /sa¹¹/
Pingyao /sɑ¹³/
Hohhot /sa³¹/
Wu Shanghai /so⁵³/
Suzhou /so⁵⁵/
Hangzhou /sɑ³³/
Wenzhou /so³³/
Hui Shexian /sa³¹/
Tunxi /sɔ¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /sa³³/
Xiangtan /dɒ³³/
Gan Nanchang /sɑ⁴²/
Hakka Meixian /sa⁴⁴/
Taoyuan /sɑ²⁴/
Cantonese Guangzhou /sa⁵³/
Nanning /sa⁵⁵/
Hong Kong /sa⁵⁵/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /sa⁵⁵/
/sua⁵⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /sa⁴⁴/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /suɛ⁵⁴/
/sa⁵⁴/
Shantou (Teochew) /sua³³/
Haikou (Hainanese) /sa²³/
/tua²³/
Rime
Character 沙 沙
Reading # 1/2 2/2
Initial (聲) 生 (21) 生 (21)
Final (韻) 麻 (98) 麻 (98)
Tone (調) Level (Ø) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open Open
Division (等) II II
Fanqie 所加切 所嫁切
Baxter srae sraeH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ʃˠa/ /ʃˠaH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ʃᵚa/ /ʃᵚaH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ʃa/ /ʃaH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ʂaɨ/ /ʂaɨH/
Li
Rong 		/ʃa/ /ʃaH/
Wang
Li 		/ʃa/ /ʃaH/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/ʂa/ /ʂaH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		shā shà
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		saa1 saa3
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 沙
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		shā
Middle
Chinese 		‹ sræ ›
Old
Chinese 		/*sˁraj/
English sand

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 沙 沙
Reading # 1/2 2/2
No. 11025 11035
Phonetic
component 		沙 沙
Rime
group 		歌 歌
Rime
subdivision 		1 1
Corresponding
MC rime 		鯊 嗄
Old
Chinese 		/*sraːl/ /*sraːls/
Definitions
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沙

  1. sand
    泥沙  ―  níshā  ―  silt
    沙漠  ―  shāmò  ―  desert
  2. (usually used in place names) shoal
  3. something granular
    豆沙  ―  dòushā  ―  red bean paste
  4. mushy and rough (as sand), texture of a watermelon of good quality.
    沙瓤  ―  shāráng  ―  mushy watermelon pulp, Refers to the watermelon when the flesh becomes loose and fine-grained
    沙梨  ―  shālí  ―  Pyrus pyrifolia
    西沙瓜  ―  xīshāguā  ―  alternative of 硒砂瓜 (xī shā guā)
  5. (of a voice) hoarse; husky
    沙啞／沙哑  ―  shāyǎ  ―  hoarse
    叫到把聲沙嗮 [Cantonese, trad.]
    叫到把声沙嗮 [Cantonese, simp.]
    giu3 dou3 baa2 seng1 saa1 saai3 [Jyutping]
    shout so much that one's voice is all hoarse
  6. (obsolete) the number 10-8
  7. Short for 沙皇 (shāhuáng).
    沙俄  ―  Shā'é  ―  Russian Empire
  8. (Malaysia, Singapore) Short for 沙巴 (Shābā, “Sabah”).
  9. (Mainland China) Short for 沙特阿拉伯 (Shātè Ālābó, “Saudi Arabia”).
  10. (Hong Kong) Short for 沙田 (shātián, “Sha Tin”).
  11. a surname
Synonyms
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  • (sand):
Dialectal synonyms of 沙子 (“sand”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 沙
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 沙子, 沙粒, 沙礫
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 沙子
Taiwan 沙子
Chengde 沙子
Chifeng 沙子
Hulunbuir (Hailar) 沙子
Heihe 沙子
Qiqihar 沙子
Harbin 沙子
Wuchang (Yingchengzi) 沙子
Jiamusi 沙子
Baicheng 沙子
Changchun 沙子
Tonghua 沙子
Shenyang 沙子, 沙
Jinzhou 沙子
Olginsky (Mikhaylovka) 沙子
Jilu Mandarin Tianjin 沙子
Tangshan 沙子, 沙
Cangzhou 沙子
Xianxian (Xiaoying) 沙子
Baoding 沙子
Shijiazhuang 沙子
Lijin 沙子
Jinan 沙子
Jiaoliao Mandarin Dalian 沙子
Dandong 沙子
Yantai 沙
Yantai (Muping) 沙
Qingdao 沙子, 沙
Zhucheng 沙子
Central Plains Mandarin Lingbao 沙
Jining 沙土, 沙
Wanrong 沙
Linfen 沙子
Shangqiu 沙子, 沙
Yuanyang 沙
Zhengzhou 沙
Xinyang 沙子兒, 沙
Baihe 沙子, 沙
Xi'an 沙子, 沙
Dingbian 沙子
Baoji 沙子, 沙
Tianshui 沙石
Xining 沙子
Xuzhou 沙子
Fuyang 沙子
Qimen (Anling Junhua) 沙子
Lanyin Mandarin Yinchuan 沙子, 沙
Lanzhou 沙子, 沙
Dunhuang 沙子
Hami 沙子
Ürümqi 沙子
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 沙子, 沙, 河沙
Nanchong 沙子, 沙
Dazhou 沙, 河沙
Hanyuan 沙子
Xichang 沙子, 沙
Zigong 沙
Chongqing 沙
Wuhan 沙, 沙子
Yichang 沙子
Xiangyang 沙
Tianmen 沙子, 沙
Guiyang 沙, 沙子, 沙沙
Zunyi 沙子
Bijie 沙子
Liping 沙子
Zhaotong 沙
Dali 沙子
Kunming 沙
Mengzi 沙子, 沙垃
Guilin 沙子
Guilin (Lingui) 沙子
Liuzhou 沙子, 沙
Liuzhou (Luorong) 沙子
Nanning (Wuming) 沙子, 沙, 河沙
Hechi (Yizhou) 沙子
Luocheng (Dongmen) 沙子
Tianlin (Langping) 沙子
Jishou 沙子, 沙
Changde 沙
Hanzhong 沙子, 沙
Dagudi (Maliba) 沙子
Reshuitang (Longling) 沙子
Mae Salong (Lancang) 沙子
Mae Sai (Tengchong) 沙子
Oudomxay 沙
Pematangsiantar 泥沙
Jianghuai Mandarin Nanjing 沙子, 沙
Yangzhou 沙子, 沙
Lianyungang 沙
Lianshui 沙子
Nantong 沙子
Anqing 沙
Wuhu 沙
Hefei 沙子, 沙
Hong'an 沙
Cantonese Guangzhou 沙
Hong Kong 沙
Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou) 沙, 泥沙
Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou) 沙
Hong Kong (Ting Kok) 沙公
Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) 沙公
Macau 沙
Guangzhou (Panyu) 沙
Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) 沙
Guangzhou (Conghua) 沙
Guangzhou (Zengcheng) 沙
Foshan 沙
Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) 沙
Foshan (Shunde) 沙
Foshan (Sanshui) 沙
Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) 沙
Zhongshan (Shiqi) 沙
Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) 沙
Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) 沙
Zhuhai (Doumen) 沙
Jiangmen (Baisha) 沙
Jiangmen (Xinhui) 沙
Taishan 沙
Taishan (Guanghai) 沙
Kaiping (Chikan) 沙
Enping (Niujiang) 沙
Heshan (Yayao) 沙
Dongguan 沙
Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) 沙
Yangjiang 沙
Nanning 沙
Yulin 沙
Guiping 沙
Guiping (Jintian) 沙
Guiping (Jiangkou) 沙
Guiping (Madong) 沙
Mengshan (Xihe) 沙
Guigang (Nanjiang) 沙
Beiliu (Tangliao) 沙
Baise 沙
Bobai 沙
Lingshan 沙
Pubei 沙
Qinzhou 沙
Qinzhou (Changtan) 沙子
Qinzhou (Xiniujiao) 沙
Beihai 沙, 沙子, 泥沙
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) 沙
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) 沙
Ningming 沙
Hengzhou 沙
Hezhou (Pumen, Babu) 沙
Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) 沙
Chongzuo (Laituan) 沙
Fusui (Qujiu) 沙
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 沙
Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) 沙
Móng Cái 沙
Mandalay (Taishan) 沙
Gan Nanchang 沙子, 沙
Pengze 沙子
Lichuan 沙子, 沙
Pingxiang 沙子
Hakka Meixian 沙仔, 沙
Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) 泥沙
Dongguan (Qingxi) 沙
Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) 沙
Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) 沙公
Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua) 沙
Yudu 沙子
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 沙仔
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 沙仔
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 沙仔
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 沙
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 沙仔, 沙
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 沙
Hong Kong 沙公
Beiliu (Tang'an) 沙
Beiliu (Gonghe, Xilang) 沙, 沙公
Xingye (Gaofeng) 沙
Mashan (Pianlian) 沙
Guilin (Xiaojiang, Lingui) 沙子
Lipu (Shuangduitun) 沙
Pingle (Tong'an) 沙公, 沙子
Yangshuo (Jinbao) 沙子
Senai (Huiyang) 沙
Huizhou Jixi 沙
Shexian 沙, 石沙
Qimen (Anling Minhua) 沙
Jin Taiyuan 沙子
Yangyuan 沙子, 沙
Datong 沙子
Xinzhou 沙子, 沙
Lüliang (Lishi) 沙子, 沙
Changzhi 沙子, 沙
Linhe 沙子
Jining 沙子
Hohhot 沙子, 沙
Erenhot 沙子
Pingshan 沙
Zhangjiakou 沙子
Handan 沙子
Linzhou 沙
Suide 沙
Northern Min Jian'ou 沙
Pucheng (Shibei) 沙
Eastern Min Fuzhou 沙
Gutian 沙
Southern Min Xiamen 沙
Quanzhou 沙
Zhangzhou 沙
Manila (Hokkien) 沙
Pingnan (Shangdu) 沙
Pingnan (Pingtian) 沙
Guiping (Xiaowen) 沙
Guiping (Dongsheng) 沙
Guilin (Biyange) 沙塗
Chaozhou 沙
Jieyang 沙
Bangkok (Teochew) 沙
Haikou 沙, 塗沙
Central Min Nanping (Wangtai, Yanping) 沙
Zhongshan Min Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) 塗沙, 沙
Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 沙
Nanning (Shajing) 沙
Nanning (Gejiayuan) 沙
Nanning (Zhegulu) 沙
Nanning (Silian) 沙
Nanning (Xiuxiang) 沙子
Binyang 沙子
Chongzuo (Laituan) 沙
Liucheng (Yangmei) 沙
Luocheng (Niubi) 沙
Northern Pinghua Guilin (Chaoyang) 沙子
Guilin (Zhuyuan) 沙子
Guilin (Wutong, Lingui) 沙, 沙子
Guilin (Liutang, Lingui) 沙子
Lingchuan (Sanjie) 沙哩
Lingchuan (Tanxia) 沙
Lingchuan (Shuangzhou) 沙哩
Guanyang (Guanyinge) 沙子
Yangshuo (Jima) 沙子
Waxiang Guzhang (Gaofeng) 沙子
Yuanling (Shaojiwan) 沙子
Luxi (Liangjiatan) 沙子
Chengbu (Xuntou) 沙子
Wu Shanghai (Chongming) 沙
Suzhou 沙, 河沙
Danyang 沙
Hangzhou 沙子
Wenzhou 沙
Jinhua 沙
Xiang Changsha 沙子, 沙婆子, 沙婆
Shuangfeng 沙子
Quanzhou 沙子
Guanyang (Wenshi) 沙子
Compounds
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Descendants
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  • → Proto-Tai: *zwɯəjᴬ
See also
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Chinese historical small numbers
Value Character Notes
10-1 分 (fèn) Still in use. SI prefix deci-.
10-2 厘 (lí), 釐 (lí) Still in use. SI prefix centi-.
10-3 毫 (háo) Still in use. SI prefix milli-. Also 毛 (máo).
10-4 絲／丝 (sī) Rarely used today.
秒 (miǎo) Obsolete, only in ancient texts.
10-5 忽 (hū) Rarely used today.
10-6 微 (wēi) Still in use. SI prefix micro-.
10-7 纖／纤 (xiān) Obsolete.
10-8 沙 (shā) Obsolete.
10-9 塵／尘 (chén) Obsolete. 納／纳 (nà) and 奈 (nài) are used for nano-.
10-10 埃 (āi) Obsolete. In modern use, the character for angstrom (10-10 m).
10-11 渺 (miǎo) Obsolete.
10-12 漠 (mò) Obsolete. 皮 (pí) is used for SI prefix pico-.

Pronunciation 2

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Definitions
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沙

  1. (dialectal) to shake in order to gather impurities to be removed

Pronunciation 3

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Definitions
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沙

  1. (alt. form 娑) to twirl; to whirl
  2. (alt. form 挲) to fondle; to caress
Compounds
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Etymology 2

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For pronunciation and definitions of 沙 – see 砂.
(This character is the second-round simplified form of 砂).
Notes:

References

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Japanese

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Kanji

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沙

(Jōyō kanji)

Readings

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  • Go-on: しゃ (sha)
  • Kan-on: さ (sa, Jōyō)
  • Kun: すな (suna, 沙)、いさご (isago, 沙)、よなげる (yonageru, 沙げる)

Etymology 1

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Noun

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沙(すな) • (suna) 

  1. sand

Etymology 2

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Noun

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沙(いさご) • (isago) 

  1. small rock
  2. sand

Etymology 3

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Noun

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沙(さ) or 沙(しゃ) • (sa or sha) 

  1. Number of units, 1 of 100 million parts.

Korean

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Etymology

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From Middle Chinese 沙 (MC srae|sraeH). Recorded as Middle Korean 사 (sa) (Yale: sa) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Hanja

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Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

沙 (eumhun 모래 사 (morae sa))

  1. hanja form? of 사 (“sand”)
    Synonym: 砂 (사 (sa))

Compounds

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Compounds

References

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  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

Vietnamese

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Han character

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沙: Hán Nôm readings: sa

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References

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  • Nom Foundation
  • Thiều Chửu : Hán Việt Tự Điển Hà Nội 1942
  • Trần Văn Chánh: Từ Điển Hán Việt NXB Trẻ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999
  • Vũ Văn Kính: Đại Tự Điển Chữ Nôm, NXB Văn Nghệ, Ho Chi Minh Ville
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