Pet Dossier
Pet Dossier
Pet Dossier
GRUP SEDA
Polietilentereftalato
El Polietilentereftalato es un Polister, comnmente llamado PET, que pertenece a la familia de los termoplsticos, es decir, aquellos materiales que pueden ser moldeados cuando se calientan, pudiendo repetir este ciclo infinitas veces. Si bien en un principio se empleaba nicamente para la fabricacin de fibras textiles, las propiedades mecnicas y qumicas de este polmero le abrieron nuevas y prometedoras aplicaciones en el campo del envasado de alimentos y bebidas. Sus excelentes caractersticas de brillo, transparencia, elevada resistencia al impacto, baja permeabilidad a los gases y estabilidad dimensional garantizan los requisitos exigidos a los envases destinados a la conservacin y transporte de productos de uso alimentario. Adems, dada su composicin, el PET es un material reciclable. En estos ltimos aos el campo de aplicacin del PET se ha extendido al mbito farmacutico, cosmtica, productos de limpieza y al sector de los laminados y films.
PRESENTE EN TU VIDA
Commonly known as PET, Polyethylene Terephthalate is a polyester that belongs to the thermoplastics family, i.e. those materials that can be moulded when heated, with this cycle theoretically being able to be repeated an infinite number of times. Initially, it was used only for the manufacture of textile fibres. However, the excellent mechanical and chemical properties of the polymer opened up new and promising applications in the field of food and drink packaging. Its excellent characteristics of gloss, transparency, high impact strength, low permeability to gases and dimensional stability guarantee the requirements demanded of packaging intended for the conservation and transport of foodstuffs. Also, thanks to its composition, PET is a recyclable material. In recent years, PETs scope of application has expanded into the areas of pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and cleaning products, and into the sheet and films sector.
Polyethylene Terephthalate
Esterificacin
Policondensacin
EG
HO-CH 2-CH2 -OH HO CO
PTA
O -C
EG
OH HO-CH2-CH2-OH
HO-CH2-CH 2 -O CO -C
HO-CH2-CH 2 -O C-C O
O O-CH2-CH 2-OH
O-CH2 -CH 2 - OH
DGT
HO-CH2 -CH 2 -O CO -C O-CH 2 -CH 2 -O CO
DGT
- HO-CH 2 -CH 2 -OH
Dmero
O R-C O-CH 2 -CH 2 -O CO -C
O -
POLMERO PET
Monmero O
DGT
Esterification
Polycondensation
Qumica y propiedades
El PET se sintetiza en dos etapas. En una primera etapa de esterificacin se prepara el monmero bis-(2hidroxietil)-terftalato o diglicol terftalato, haciendo reaccionar el cido terftlico con etilenglicol bajo unas condiciones de temperatura y presin determinadas. A continuacin hay una segunda reaccin de policondensacin del monmero bajo elevada temperatura y reducida presin. Al final de esta reaccin se obtiene un polmero que tiene una viscosidad intrnseca de 0,65 dL/g. Aproximadamente este valor corresponde a 100 unidades repetidas de la molcula.
Para asegurar que el equilibrio de la reaccin se desplaza hacia la formacin del polmero, en esta reaccin de policondensacin debe eliminarse de la fase fundida el glicol que se ha generado lo ms rpidamente posible. Sin embargo, a medida que la reaccin avanza, la eliminacin del glicol es cada vez ms difcil porque la viscosidad de la fase fundida va aumentando. Para acelerar dicho proceso se adiciona un catalizador base antimonio, germanio o titanio, mientras que para mejorar la estabilidad trmica de la fase fundida se emplean compuestos de fsforo. La reaccin de policondensacin genera polmeros de diferentes pesos moleculares, dmeros procedentes de monmeros, trmeros de un monmero y un dmero, etc. La manera ms fcil para determinar el peso molecular medio es medir la viscosidad de la solucin bajo condiciones definidas. Paralelamente a la reaccin de policondensacin debe evitarse que la molcula de PET pueda descomponerse provocando la rotura de cadenas que generan acetaldehido gaseoso y grupos carbox licos COOH. El polmero en estado fundido se extruye caliente en hebras que se enfran con agua rpidamente. Una vez las hebras de PET se han solidificado, se cortan en grnulos obtenindose granza transparente en estado amorfo que denominamos BasicPet AS-12. En este punto el PET es adecuado para aplicaciones textiles. La produccin comercial de PET para su utilizacin en el campo de la botellera y envases empez a principios de 1.976. Fue necesario, para esta aplicacin, aumentar el peso molecular del PET a travs de la postcondensacin en estado slido. Para evitar que la granza se enganche, previo al proceso de postcondensacin en estado slido, se cristalizan los grnulos calentando a 170C con agitacin. La reaccin de cristalizacin de los grnulos es crtica para evitar que durante el proceso de postcondensacin en estado slido los grnulos de PET se enganchen debido al reblandecimiento por calentamiento de los mismos. Tras la cristalizacin los grnulos se vuelven opacos. A continuacin se calienta la granza durante varias horas en un reactor bajo unas condiciones de presin y temperatura determinadas y con corriente de nitrgeno. El polmero final que se obtiene es opaco, con una longitud media de cadenas entre 130-155 que corresponde a una viscosidad intrnseca entre 0,75 dL/g (SedaPet WP75) y 0,80 dL/g (SedaPet SP04). Si se alarga el tiempo de postcondensacin en estado slido, se alcanzan viscosidades ms elevadas.
PET is synthesised in two stages. In a first esterification stage, the monomer bis-(2-hydroxyethyl)-terephthalate or diglycol terephthalate is prepared, making the terephthalic acid react with ethylene glycol under specific temperature and pressure conditions. There is then a second reaction of polycondensation of the monomer under elevated temperature and reduced pressure until the targeted molecular weight is achieved and ethylene glycol is eliminated from the system. At the end of this reaction, a polymer is obtained which has an intrinsic viscosity of 0.65 dL/g. This value corresponds approximately to 100 repeated units of the molecule. In this polycondensation stage, the glycol must be removed from the melt phase as quickly as possible to ensure that the equilibrium of the polycondensation shifts into the formation of the polymer. Removal of the glycol formed during the reaction becomes more difficult as the reaction progresses because the viscosity of the melt increases. Also, to accelerate this process, a metal catalyst such as antimony, germanium or titanium is added. Improvements in thermal stability of the PET melt are achieved by adding phosphorous compounds. The polycondensation reaction generates insolatable polymers with different molar masses, e.g. dimers from to monomers, trimers from a monomer and a dimer, etc. The easiest way of determining the average molecular weight is to measure the solution viscosity under defined conditions. Besides polycondensation itself, a certain decomposition of the PET molecules always occurs with increasing polycondensation time, especially a higher temperatures. This makes chains break, whereby besides gaseous acetaldehyde, carboxyl end groups COOH are formed. The polymer in melt phase is hot-extruded in strands, which are cooled down quickly by water. After solidification, the strands are cut to small granulate pieces, obtaining transparent pellet in amorphous state, which is known as BasicPet AS-12. At this point, the PET is suitable for textile applications. Commercial production of PET for use in the field of bottling and packaging began at the start of 1976. It was necessary, for this application, to increase the molecular weight of the PET through post-condensation in solid state. To avoid the pellet from catching, prior to the post-condensation stage in solid state, the granules are crystallised by heating them to 170C with stirring. Crystallisation is important for the SSP processing because PET undergoes tremendous softening during heating. In this state, PET is very sticky and mecanically weak. After crystallisation, the granules become opaque. The pellet is then heated for several hours in a reactor under specific temperature and pressure conditions and with a nitrogen flow. The final polymer that is obtained is opaque, with an average chain length of between 130 and 155, which corresponds to an intrinsic viscosity of between 0.75 dL/g (SedaPet WP75) and 0.80 dL/g (SedaPet SP04). If the post-condensation time in solid state is increased, higher viscosities are reached.
There are two types of facilities for manufacturing PET bottles on the market. Two-stage system The first stage consists of injecting the PET resin in an injection apparatus for creating pre-forms. The moulds must be hot diecasting in the case of high levels of production, and include a very efficient cooling system. These moulds usually have between 16 and 144 cavities. Once the preforms are sufficiently cold so as not to become deformed or to stick together, they are expelled and subsequently sent to where the blowing equipment is situated, which can be on the same floor or in any other location. The second stage in the process consists of heating the preforms to a temperature that allows them to be stretched and blown. Integrated or single- stage system In this system, the moulding and blowing of the preform is carried out in a single stage. To obtain the container, the injection-blowing processes are integrated into the same unit so it is not necessary to remove the preforms from the machine so that they can be blown and obtain their definitive shapes and sizes. Since the production capacity is lower, this system allows a scaled increase of production and investment and is suitable for various product types and for low production capacities with more complex container designs, wide mouths and multi-layers. Film-sheet extrusion In this system, the material is melted so that it can be extruded in the form of a film or sheet. The film or sheet may be subsequently thermoforming to produce different types of container, such as trays for foodstuffs, jars, pots and containers for pharmaceutical and cosmetics products. Also, if it is necessary to improve the properties of the final product according to the application for which it is intended, the coextrusion of layers of different materials on a single sheet is possible, which combines the different properties of each of the components, where each material offers a specific advantage. This enables a multilayer sheet comprised of PET as the base material to improve the properties of the final product.
Process control
Optimum control of the process is fundamental in order to obtain the main benefits inherent in PET.
Intrinsic viscosity is an indirect measurement of the molecular weight, i.e. the median size of molecules that define the polymer. For the most common PET applications, the bottle degree of our SedaPet SP04 with a value of 0.8 +/- 0.02 dL/g is the most suitable value, which corresponds approximately to 125 repeat units per molecule and an approximate weight of 24,000 g/mol. Any decrease in the viscosity of the polymer in its transformation process will mean a reduction of the molecular weight. The loss of viscosity must not be greater than 0.03 dL/g in controlled drying and moulding conditions. Any loss greater than this level results in a decrease in the transparency of the finished product due to an increase in the speed of crystallisation, carrying with it the loss of mechanical properties of the container, particularly impact strength and the vertical load applied on the lid. The causes of the fall in viscosity are basically due to a hydrolytic degradation occurring during the melt state, which is where water, at levels greater than 40 ppm, has a destructive action on the polymer. A second loss is caused by heat degradation during melting of the polymer to inject it.
Generacin de Acetaldehido
El Acetaldehido es un lquido voltil incoloro (punto de ebullicin 20,8 C) que se distingue por su olor afrutado. Se genera en pequeas cantidades durante el proceso de transformacin del PET. Si bien la cantidad de agua presente no influye en la generacin de acetaldehido, el efecto de la temperatura y el tiempo de residencia del polmero dentro del husillo influyen directamente en el aumento de este parmetro. La generacin de acetaldehido debe ser cuidadosamente controlada en aplicaciones del PET para la fabricacin de preformas, debido a la facilidad que tiene este producto de migrar desde la pared de la botella y difundirse en el contenido de la misma,
Transparencia
La transparencia del producto acabado est relacionada directamente con el grado de cristalinidad del polmero. La temperatura de la masa durante el moldeo por inyeccin tiene un efecto significativo en la transparencia del producto fabricado. Cuanto ms elevada sea la temperatura se tendr una mayor cantidad de cristales fundidos. No se puede sin embargo elevar indiscriminadamente la temperatura ya que se corre el riesgo de generar una cantidad muy elevada de acetaldehido e incluso se podra degradar trmicamente el polmero.
Concentrados de color
El masterbatch es una de las tcnicas empleadas para producir envases de PET en colores. Es granza de PET con una alta concentracin de pigmento previamente incorporado. Sin embargo, existe tambin pigmento lquido y en microesferas.
Acetaldehyde Generation
Acetaldehyde is a colourless volatile liquid (boiling point 20.8 C) which is distinguished by its fruity smell. It is generated in small quantities during the PET transformation process. Although the amount of water present does not influence the generation of acetaldehyde, the effect of the temperature and the residence time of the polymer in the spindle directly influence the increase of this parameter. Acetaldehyde generation must be carefully controlled in PET applications for the manufacture of preforms due to the ease that this product has of migrating from the wall of the bottle and diffusing in the contents of it.
Transparency
The transparency of the finished product is directly related to the degree of crystallinity of the polymer. The temperature of the mass during injection moulding has a significant effect on the transparency of the manufactured product. The higher the temperature, the greater the amount of melted crystals. One cannot, however, raise the temperature indiscriminately as this runs the risk of generating a very high quantity of acetaldehyde and may even thermally degrade the polymer.
Colour concentrates
Masterbatch is one of the techniques used to produce coloured PET containers. It is PET pellet with a high concentration of pigment previously incorporated. However, liquid pigment and pigment in microspheres also exist.
Principales aplicaciones
Food Mineral Water Oils and Vinegars Carbonated and Isotonic Drinks Fruit Juices and Dairy Products Fresh Products, Dried Fruit and Nuts Wine and Alcoholic Drinks Cosmetics and Pharmaceuticals Detergents and Cleaning Products Industry and Engineering Injected Parts Electrical and Electronic Applications Audio / Video Construction and Decoration
Alimentacin Aguas Minerales Aceites y Vinagres Bebidas Carbnicas e Isotnicas Zumos y Lcteos Productos Frescos, Frutos Secos Vinos y Bebidas Alcohlicas Productos Cosmticos y Farmacuticos Detergentes y Artculos de Limpieza Industria e Ingeniera Piezas Inyectadas Aplicaciones Elctricas y Electrnicas Audio/Vdeo Construccin y Decoracin
Main applications
T R A N S PA R E N T E - E C O L G I C O - R E S I S T E N T E
T R A N S PA R E N T - E C O L O G I C A L - R E S I S TA N T
Polmeros PET
TIPO IV (dL/g) T FUSION C PRODUCTO FINAL RANGO T C -20/+70 -20/+70 -20/+70 -20/+70 POLMERO APLICACIONES Inyeccin-Soplado / Bebidas Carbnicas / Cosmtica/Farmacia / Envases, Detergentes / Films y Lminas Inyeccin-Soplado / Especial para Aguas no Carbonatadas Extrusin / Cosmtica/Farmacia Extrusin Tcnica Inyeccin Piezas Hilatura Textil SedaPet SP04 SedaPet WP75 ExtruPet EW36 BasicPet AS-12/CS23 0,80+/-0,02 0,74+/-0,02 1,11+/-0,02 0,62+/-0,02 245-250 245-250 245-250 245-250 Copolmero Cristalizado Copolmero Cristalizado Copolmero Cristalizado Copolmero Amorfo y Cristalizado
PET Polymers
TYPE IV (dL/g) MELTING TEMPERATURE C 245-250 245-250 245-250 245-250 FINAL PRODUCT TEMPERATURE C -20/+70 -20/+70 -20/+70 -20/+70 POLYMER APPLICATIONS Stretch blow moulding / Carbonated Drinks / Cosmetic/Pharmace utical / Detergents / Films and Sheets Stretch blow moulding / Still water packaging Cosmetic/Pharmaceutical Extrusion Technical Extrusion Injection Pieces Spinning purposes SedaPet SP04 SedaPet WP75 ExtruPet EW36 BasicPet AS-12/CS23 0,80+/-0,02 0,74+/-0,02 1,11+/-0,02 0,62+/-0,02 Crystallized Copolymer Crystallized Copolymer Crystallized Copolymer Amorphous Copolymer and Crystallized