Cornman Pappas Introduccion A Los Problemas y Argumentos Filosoficos UNAM
Cornman Pappas Introduccion A Los Problemas y Argumentos Filosoficos UNAM
Cornman Pappas Introduccion A Los Problemas y Argumentos Filosoficos UNAM
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aohim `on\ifcmn[m hi m_[h [nf_n[m*
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fcmn[m hi mih [nf_n[m*
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7OPSXSMSYXO] SXPY\WK^S`K]
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7OPSXSMSYXO] O]^SZ_VKSS`K]
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p[m( ^_`chc]cih_m ko_ chn_hn[h m_l ch`ilg_m jl_]cmim ^_f omi l_[f*
K_li zmn_ _m m}fi ohi ^_ fim ncjim ^_ f[m ^_`chc]cih_m cgjiln[h)
n_m* C[s oh m_aoh^i ncji ^_ ^_`chc]c}h( ko_ hi ^_\_ ]ih`oh^clm_
]ih _f jlcg_li s ko_ ^_m_gj_|[ oh j[j_f cgjiln[hn_ _h fim _m)
]lcnim `cfim}`c]im* @mn_ ncji ^_ ^_`chc]c}h hi chn_hn[ m_l oh ch`ilg_
jl_]cmi ko_ ^_ b_]bi m_ oncfc]_( mchi( jil _f ]ihnl[lci( oh[ _mncjo)
f[]c}h ^_ omi _mj_]c[f i nz]hc]i* <faoh[m p_]_m _m ]ihp_hc_hn_ s
`lo]n{`_li om[l [faoh[m j[f[\l[m ^_ oh[ g[h_l[ nz]hc][ ]ih _f `ch
^_ [f][ht[l oh[ g[sil jl_]cmc}h i l_[fct[l oh[ ]f[mc`c][]c}h* @h
n[f_m ][mim m_ jo_^_ _mncjof[l mcgjf_g_hn_ _f mcahc`c][^i _mj_]c[f
[mcah[^i [ f[ j[f[\l[* Gf[g[l_gim O]^SZ_VK^S`K] [ f[m ^_`chc]cih_m
^_ _mn_ ncji*
>[mc ni^im fim fc\lim mi\l_ n_g[m nz]hc]im _gjf_[h ^_`chc]ci)
h_m _mncjof[ncp[m* Ph fc\li ^_ ko{gc][ ^_`ch_ g_t]f[ s mifo]c}h
_h `ilg[ nz]hc][ jilko_ _m ncf b[]_lfi [m{ _h ko{gc][* Iiminlim
b_gim ^_`chc^i p[fc^_t _h `ilg[ nz]hc][ jilko_ _m ncf b[]_lfi
[m{ j[l[ ho_mnlim jlij}mcnim* Nc_gjl_ s ]o[h^i f[m ^_`chc]cih_m
_mncjof[ncp[m hi m_ ]ih`h^[h ]ih f[m ^_`chc]cih_m ch`ilg[ncp[m(
]ihmncnos_h ]ihp_h]cih_m j_l`_]n[g_hn_ f_a{ncg[m s ncf_m*
@m cgjiln[hn_ l_]ihi]_l ko_ oh[ ^_`chc]c}h _mncjof[ncp[ hi
jo_^_ l_]b[t[lm_ g_^c[hn_ oh ]ihnl[_d_gjfi7 ]o[h^i oh[ j_l)
mih[ _mncjof[ ko_ p[ [ ^_`chcl oh nzlgchi ^_ ]c_ln[ g[h_l[( jil
_d_gjfi( mc _mncjof[ ko_ p[ [ ^_`chcl f{h_[ l_]n[ ]igi f[ nl[s_])
nilc[ ^_ f[ fot( _hnih]_m _mi _m fi ko_ _ff[ koc_l_ ^_]cl ]ih _f
nzlgchi s hi n_h_gim h[^[ ko_ ^_]cl [f l_mj_]ni* Ii m_ly p_l)
^[^ ko_ _h mo omi _f nzlgchi ^_`chc^i m_ [jfcko_ [ [faoh[ ]im[
[ f[ ko_ fim nzlgchim ^_`chcnilcim hi m_ [jfcko_h s[ ko_( jil _m)
ncjof[]c}h( zmnim m_ [jfc][h _r[]n[g_hn_ [ f[m gcmg[m ]im[m* Ii
b[s ]ihnl[_d_gjfim j[l[ f[m ^_`chc]cih_m _mncjof[ncp[m* Kil inli
f[^i( _f nzlgchi jo_^_ m_l momncnoc^i jil fim inlim _h ]o[fkoc_l
il[]c}h( s ^[^i ko_ hi [j[l_]_ _hnl_]igcff[^i( f[ il[]c}h ilc)
ach[f s f[ il[]c}h ko_ l_mofn[ ^_ f[ momncno]c}h n_h^lyh jl_]cm[)
g_hn_ _f gcmgi mcahc`c][^i* ?_ _mn[ g[h_l[( _mny ]f[li ko_ f[
_mncjof[]c}h _m oh [lnc`c]ci ]ihp_hc_hn_*
Ii i\mn[hn_( b[s oh[ `ilg[ ^_ _gjf_[l g[f f[ ^_`chc]c}h _m)
ncjof[ncp[ _h oh [laog_hni( f[ ]o[f _m n[h ]igh s `[f[t ko_
g_l_]_ oh[ ]ihmc^_l[]c}h _mj_]c[f* G[ nz]hc][ ]ihmcmn_ _h b[]_l
/5
0,
?@ADID>DI
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?@ADID>DI
0/
;WZVSMKMSiX
00
GJ 4 @B;?B; T GJ @HKMD>J
01
02
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@Y\ VY ^KX^Y
Oi^[m f[m go{[m mih _mnzlcf_m*
>o[h^i m_ om[ _f nzlgchi i\m_lp[l ^_ n[f g[h_l[ ko_ ^_]cl
ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ YL]O\`K ko_ [fai _m _f ][mi cgjfc][ ko_ _`_]ncp[)
g_hn_ _m_ [fai _m _f ][mi( _f [laog_hni %-& m_ ^_^o]_ _h `ilg[
pyfc^[* @m f}ac][g_hn_ cgjimc\f_ ko_ i\m_lp_gim [ j_lmih[m ko_
mo`l_h _hp_h_h[gc_hni ]igi l_mofn[^i ^_ ]ig_l bihaim s ko_
fi m bihaim hi `_l[h p_h_himim* Nch _g\[lai( _m cao[fg_hn_ _pc)
^_hn_ ko_ _f [laog_hni %.& _m ^_^o]ncp[g_hn_ chpyfc^i( s[ ko_
_m f}ac][g_hn_ jimc\f_ ko_ ni^[m f[m go{[m ko_ b_gim i\m_lp[^i
m_[h _mnzlcf_m( [oh ]o[h^i hi fi m_[h ni^[m f[m go{[m*
G[ ]ih]fomc}h ko_ ^_\_ _rnl[_lm_ ^_ _mn[m ]ihmc^_l[]cih_m _m
ko_ hi ni^im fim _hoh]c[^im K ZY]^O\SY\S i _gj{lc]im mih ]ih]fo)
s_hn_g_hn_ p_lc`c][\f_m [ j[lncl ^_ f[ i\m_lp[]c}h* Ii fi mih fim
_hoh]c[^im ohcp_lm[f_m ]igi ni^[m f[m go{[m mih _mnzlcf_m* Nch
_g\[lai( n[f_m _hoh]c[^im( mc mih `[fmim( mih ]ih]fos_hn_g_hn_
PKV]KLVO] [ j[lncl ^_ f[ i\m_lp[]c}h( _m ^_]cl( [faoh[m i\m_lp[]ci)
h_m ko_ ji^l{[ b[]_l oh[ j_lmih[ cgjfc][l{[h ko_ _f _hoh]c[^i
_ m `[fmi* Kil _d_gjfi( mojiha[gim ko_ i\m_lpi oh[ {hof[ ko_
fc_h_ jlia_hc_* @hnih]_m ji^l{[gim `ilgof[l _f mcaoc_hn_ [lao)
g_hni ko_ gimnl[l{[ f[ `[fm_^[^ ^_f _hoh]c[^i %0&6
/* C_gim i\m_lp[^i go{[m ko_ nc_h_h jlia_hc_
@Y\ VY ^KX^Y
@m `[fmi ko_ ni^[m f[m go{[m m_[h _mnzlcf_m*
Kil inli f[^i( _f _hoh]c[^i %/&( ko_ _h]ihnl[gim ]ih]fos_hn_)
g_hn_ p_lc`c][\f_( hi m_l{[ ]ih]fos_hn_g_hn_ `[fm[\f_ [oh ]o[h^i
fo]l[ `[fmi* >ihmc^zl_m_ _f mcaoc_hn_ [laog_hni6
0* C_gim i\m_lp[^i [ go]b[m j_lmih[m ko_ ]ig{[h bihaim s
hi m_ i\m_lp} ko_ [faoh[ mo`lc_l[ _hp_h_h[gc_hni [ ][om[
^_ _ffi*
@Y\ VY ^KX^Y
@m `[fmi ko_ [faohim bihaim m_[h p_h_himim*
D$*mf_ [laog_hni _m chpyfc^i7 _m f}ac][g_hn_ jimc\f_ ko_ i\m_lp_)
gim a_hn_ ko_ ]ig_ bihaim ko_ hi mih p_h_himim [ohko_ b[s[
i{lim bihaim ko_ m_[h p_h_himim*
<m{( _hoh]c[^im ohcp_lm[f_m( n[f_m ]igi %0&( mih ]ih]fos_hn_)
g_hn_ `[fm[\f_m j_li hi ]ih]fos_hn_g_hn_ p_lc`c][\f_m jil i\)
04
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05
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G<DI?P>>DI
D I ? P > > D I
K J M @ I P H @ M < > D I
J @ N O < ? N O D> J
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15
jfc][ ko_ hi m[f_ ][^[ ohi ^_ fim \if_nim ^_f - [f -,,( gc_hnl[m
ko_ ho_mnl[ _pc^_h]c[ him ^c]_ ko_ m[f_ ohi ^_ _ffim*/
@m cgjiln[hn_ m_|[f[l ko_ _mn_ [laog_hni hi ^_j_h^_ _m_h)
]c[fg_hn_ ^_f hg_li 55+-,,* Nc [faoc_h jc_hm[ ko_ [faoh[ [fn[
jli\[\cfc^[^ \[mn[ly j[l[ f[ _`c][]c[ ch^o]ncp[( mc_gjl_ s ]o[h^i
_f hg_li m_[ g_hil ko_ -( ji^_gim l_]ihmnlocl f[ j[l[^id[
j[l[ l_`on[lfi ]ihmc^_l[h^i mcgjf_g_hn_ oh miln_i gym [gjfci*
Kil _d_gjfi( mc _m_ [faoc_h jc_hm[ ko_ oh[ jli\[\cfc^[^ ^_
555 555+- ,,, ,,, _m mo`c]c_hn_g_hn_ [gjfc[( m}fi h_]_mcn[gim
]ihmc^_l[l oh miln_i ^_ - ,,, ,,, ^_ \if_nim s f[ bcj}n_mcm ^_
ko_ m[f^ly _f \if_ni ]ih _f hg_li - ,,, ,,,* G[ jli\[\cfc^[^
^_ ko_ m[fa[ inli \if_ni _m ^_ 555 555+- ,,, ,,,( s f[ jli\[\cfc)
^[^ ^_ ko_ hi m[fa[ inli \if_ni _m f[ gcmg[*
@f [laog_hni [hn_lcil go_mnl[ ko_ hi mih _`c][]_m fim [lao)
g_hnim ch^o]ncpim ko_ nc_h_h f[ mcaoc_hn_ `ilg[6
D I ? P > > D I
K J M K M J = < = DG D? < ?
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DD
@G KMJ=G@H< ?@G >JIJ>DHD@IOJ T @G
@N>@KOD>DNHJ
C[s go]b[m `ilg[m s p[lc_^[^_m ^_ _m]_jnc]cmgi* Ph `cf}mi`i _m
_m]zjnc]i l_mj_]ni [ ]c_lni n_g[ mc hc_a[ ko_ f[ a_hn_ ]ihi]_ fi
ko_ zmn[ ]ighg_hn_ ^c]_ ko_ ]ihi]_* Kil _d_gjfi( f[ g[sil{[
^_ f[m j_lmih[m mojih_ ko_ [^koc_l_ ]ihi]cgc_hni jil g_^ci
^_ fim m_hnc^im* Nojih_ ko_ p_( ni][ s mc_hn_ i\d_nim( is_( bo_f_ s
m[\il_[ ]im[m s ko_( jil g_^ci ^_ _m[m j_l]_j]cih_m m_hmilc[f_m(
i\nc_h_ ]ihi]cgc_hni ^_ fim i\d_nim j_l]c\c^im* <oh[^i [ _mni( _m
n{jc]i mojih_l ko_ f[m j_lmih[m j_l]c\_h f[m ]o[fc^[^_m m_hmilc[)
f_m ^_ fim i\d_nim s ko_ g_^c[hn_ _mn[ j_l]_j]c}h [^koc_l_h ]i)
hi]cgc_hni ^_ f[m ]o[fc^[^_m m_hmilc[f_m* <m{( oh[ j_lmih[ ko_ hi
_m oh _m]zjnc]i mimn_h^l{[( mc _mnopc_l[ gcl[h^i _h _mn_ gig_hni
gc g_m[( ko_ _h _ff[ p_ oh[ gykoch[ ^_ _m]lc\cl s( \[myh^im_ _h
ko_ f[ p_ [b{( ko_ m[\_ ko_ b[s oh[ gykoch[ ^_ _m]lc\cl mi\l_
f[ g_m[* <^_gym( chmcmncl{[ _h k_ p_ _f ]ifil alcm ^_ f[ gykoch[
^_ _m]lc\cl s( ]ih \[m_ _h _m[ []]c}h ^_ p_l( ko_ m[\_ n[g\czh
ko_ b[s oh[ gykoch[ ^_ _m]lc\cl alcm mi\l_ f[ g_m[* @h inl[m j[)
f[\l[m( mimn_h^l{[ b[\_l i\n_hc^i ]ihi]cgc_hni ^_ f[ _rcmn_h]c[
^_ f[ gykoch[ ^_ _m]lc\cl s ^_ oh[ ^_ mom ]o[fc^[^_m m_hmilc[)
f_m( ]ih \[m_ _h mo ]ih]_j]c}h pcmo[f* K_li go]bim `cf}mi`im b[h
mc^i _m]zjnc]im _h _f m_hnc^i ^_ ko_ b[h h_a[^i ko_ f[m j_lmih[m
]ihit][h ch]fomi b_]bim n[h ]igoh_m ]igi zmnim*
Gim
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_mncgof[ gcm }la[him m_hmilc[f_m s ko_ p_i [fai lidi* Ko_^_ mo)
]_^_l ko_ _f i\d_ni n[g\czh _mncgof_ fim }la[him m_hmilc[f_m ^_
[faoc_h gym( koc_h p_ oh i\d_ni ^_ ]ifil ^c`_l_hn_( jil _d_gjfi
p_l^_* Dg[ach_gim ko_ _f i\d_ni ^_ b_]bi _m \f[h]i( ko_ b[s oh
jfymnc]i lidi nl[hmj[l_hn_ _hnl_ _f i\d_ni s si( s oh jfymnc]i p_l^_
_hnl_ _f i\d_ni s _f inli i\m_lp[^il* Nc hc _f inli i\m_lp[^il hc si
m[\_gim ^_ f[ jl_m_h]c[ ^_ _mim jfymnc]im( _hnih]_m ][^[ ohi ^_
himinlim jo_^_ _mn[l nin[fg_hn_ ]ihp_h]c^i ^_ ko_ p_ f[ ]im[
^_f ]ifil ko_ l_[fg_hn_ _m* @mn_ _d_gjfi gym \c_h g[|imi nc_h_
go]b[m cgjfc][]cih_m a_h_l[f_m( s[ ko_ mc jih_gim ]oc^[^im[
[n_h]c}h [ fi ko_ p_gim( m_ po_fp_ jf[omc\f_ [`clg[l ko_ ^im j_l)
mih[m hoh][ p_h _f gcmgi i\d_ni _r[]n[g_hn_ ^_ f[ gcmg[ g[)
h_l[* Kil _d_gjfi( ]ihmc^_l_gim oh j_hcko_ il^ch[lci ^_ ]i\l_*
Kiha[ omn_^ go]b[ [n_h]c}h [ fi ko_ p_ ]o[h^i gcl[ _mn_ j_hc)
ko_* Nc _f j_hcko_ m_ g[hnc_h_ chg}pcf gc_hnl[m omn_^ m_ go_p_(
i mc m_ go_p_ gc_hnl[m omn_^ m_ g[hnc_h_ chg}pcf( fi ko_ omn_^ p_
][g\c[ly ]ihmn[hn_g_hn_* <m{( ]o[h^i omn_^ p_ _f j_hcko_ ^_m^_
oh yhaofi m_ly [fai ][mc j_l`_]n[g_hn_ l_^ih^i( j_li mc omn_^ m_
go_p_ b[]c[ inli f[^i s p_ _f j_hcko_ ^_m^_ oh yhaofi gym i\fc)
]oi( p_ly [fai _f{jnc]i* ?_ _mn[ g[h_l[( ^im j_lmih[m ko_ p_h _f
j_hcko_ ^_m^_ yhaofim ^c`_l_hn_m hi p_lyh f[ gcmg[ ]im[* @mnim
mih b_]bim `[gcfc[l_m ^_ _rj_lc_h]c[ j_l]_jno[f* >}gi jo_^_h
om[lm_ j[l[ m_lpcl [ fim jlij}mcnim ^_f _m]zjnc]i;
@f _d_gjfi ^_f j_hcko_ jo_^_ oncfct[lm_ j[l[ gimnl[l ko_ [f
g_him oh[ ^_ f[m ^im j_lmih[m chpifo]l[^[m hi p_ _f j_hcko_
]igi _m* @f j_hcko_ hi jo_^_ Y_l [f gcmgi nc_gji j_l`_]n[g_hn_
l_^ih^i s _f{jnc]i* <m{( mc mo]_^_ ko_ f[m ^im j_lmih[m nc_h_h oh[
]l__h]c[ j_l]_jno[f( oh[ ]ih _f _`_]ni ^_ ko_ pci oh j_hcko_ l_)
^ih^i s f[ inl[ ]ih _f _`_]ni ^z ko_ pci oh j_hcko_ ^_ `ilg[
_f{jnc][( _hnih]_m [f g_him oh[ ^_ _ff[m _mn[ly _kocpi][^[* Kil fi
n[hni( [f g_him oh[ ^_ _ff[m hi m[\ly ko_ mo ]l__h]c[ j_l]_jno[f
_m p_l^[^_l[ ]ih \[m_ _h mo j_l]_j]c}h* <bil[ \c_h( jil fi a_h_)
l[f f[m j_lmih[m `ilg[h ]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m ko_ _mnyh \[m[^[m
_h mom _rj_lc_h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m s ko_ ]ill_mjih^_h [ _ff[m* <m{(
f[ j_lmih[ ko_ p_ _f j_hcko_ ^cl_]n[g_hn_ ^_m^_ [llc\[ s ko_
^_ []o_l^i ]ih _ffi p_ oh i\d_ni l_^ih^i( m_ `ilg[ly f[ ]l__h)
]c[ j_l]_jno[f ^_ ko_ p_ oh j_hcko_ l_^ih^i* ?_ g[h_l[ mcgc)
f[l( oh[ j_lmih[ ko_ p_ oh[ mcff[ ko_ j[l_]_ p_l^_ m_ `ilg[ly f[
]l__h]c[ j_l]_jno[f ^_ ko_ p_ oh[ mcff[ p_l^_* @f b_]bi ^_ ko_
f[ j_l]_j]c}h m_[ l_f[ncp[( ^_ ko_ fi ko_ ohi p_ _r[]n[g_hn_ i(
4.
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_mny _kocpi][^[ [f ]l__l ko_ b[s oh[ _m`_l[ p_l^_ ^_f inli f[^i ^_
mo p_hn[h[* @mni go_mnl[ ko_ f[ jlcg_l[ j_lmih[( ko_ ^_ b_]bi
hi _mny _kocpi][^[( ji^l{[ b[\_lfi _mn[^i* G[ m_aoh^[ j_lmih[
_mn[\[ _kocpi][^[ s f[ jlcg_l[ hi n_h{[ gym _pc^_h]c[ [ `[pil ^_
fi ko_ ]l_{[ ko_ f[ ko_ n_h{[ f[ m_aoh^[ j_lmih[* <f n_h_l f[ ]f[m_
^_ _pc^_h]c[ ko_ n_h{[( f[ jlcg_l[ j_lmih[ ji^l{[ b[\_l _mn[^i
_kocpi][^[* G[ jlo_\[ _m ko_ f[ m_aoh^[ j_lmih[ nc_h_ _r[]n[)
g_hn_ _m[ ]f[m_ ^_ _pc^_h]c[ s _mn[\[ _kocpi][^[* Gi ko_ `o_ ^_
_m[ g[h_l[ _h _f jlcg_l ][mi ji^l{[ b[\_l mc^i [m{ _h _f inli* @f
[laog_hni [ `[pil ^_f _m]_jnc]cmgi hi l_koc_l_ inl[ mojimc]c}h*
@ G <MB P H @I OJ @N> vKO D> J H J?DAD><?J
43
G<
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50
G<<GP>DI<>DI T @G >@M@=MDIJ
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52
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55
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- , .
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- , 0
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ko_ ko_l_gim ^_]cl ]o[h^i [`clg[gim ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ _mny [fo)
]ch[h^i _m ko_ [faoh[m ^_ _m[m jlo_\[m `[ff[lyh* G[ [fo]ch[]c}h
j_l`_]n[ _m oh[ \ol\od[ ^_ ch]ihalo_h]c[ m_gyhnc][ ko_ ^_m[j[)
l_]_ \[di f[ jl_mc}h ^_f _m]lonchci m_gyhnc]i*
@f _m]zjnc]i [laog_hn[ ko_ hi b[s g[h_l[ m_aol[ ^_ ^_n_])
n[l oh[ [fo]ch[]c}h j_l`_]n[( _m ^_]cl( oh[ [fo]ch[]c}h j_l`_]n[)
g_hn_ ]ib_l_hn_( ]igjf_n[( mcmn_gync][* >ih]fos_ ko_ f[ ]l__h]c[
^_ ko_ hi _mn[gim [fo]ch[h^i( mc _m p_l^[^_l[( hi l_mofn[ m_l gym
ko_ oh[ ]ihd_nol[ [`ilnoh[^[* @f ^_`_]ni _h _mn_ [laog_hni l[)
^c][ _h ko_ _f _m]zjnc]i [mog_ ko_ oh[ [fo]ch[]c}h j_l`_]n[ _m
jimc\f_* G[ cg[ach[]c}h( ]o[h^i nl[\[d[ _h _r]_mi( ji^l{[ ]ih)
p_h]_lhim ^_ ko_ _m jimc\f_ oh[ [fo]ch[]c}h j_l`_]n[( j_li _mni
hi jo_^_ m_l* K[l[ ko_ [fai m_[ jimc\f_ ^_\_ n_h_l m_hnc^i* Nch
_g\[lai( f[ cg[ach[]c}h hi m_ l_mnlcha_ [ fim f{gcn_m ^_ fi ko_
nc_h_ m_hnc^i* M_mofn[ ji]i ^c`{]cf cg[ach[l [fai [oh ]o[h^i f[
c^_[ gcmg[ ^_ _ffi _m jil ]igjf_ni oh mchm_hnc^i* Ki^_gim cg[)
ach[l oh a[ni _h oh yl\if ]os[m j[ln_m ^_m[j[l_]_h oh[ jil oh[(
jlcg_li f[ ]if[( fo_ai f[ j[n[( fo_ai _f ]o_lji( b[mn[ ko_ `ch[f)
g_hn_ ni^i fi ko_ ko_^[ ^_f a[ni _h _f yl\if _m oh[ mihlcm[ `_fch[*
Ki^_gim cg[ach[l _mni( j_li f[ c^_[ ^_ oh[ mihlcm[ `_fch[ mch oh[
][\_t[ _m jil ]igjf_ni oh mchm_hnc^i* G[ ][j[]c^[^ ^_ f[ cg[ac)
h[]c}h bog[h[ _m ohi ^_ fim aitim ^_ f[ pc^[( j_li ]ihmncnos_
oh[ nl[gj[ j[l[ f[ l_`f_rc}h `cfim}`c][* @mni _m p_l^[^_li jl_]c)
m[g_hn_ jilko_ _m gos `y]cf mojih_l ko_ fi ko_ _m cg[ach[\f_ _m
jimc\f_( fi ]o[f ]ihmncnos_ oh[ mojimc]c}h _ll}h_[ s `[f[t*
G[ [fo]ch[]c}h ^_ oh goh^i mch goh^i _m jl_]cm[g_hn_ ]igi
f[ mihlcm[ ^_ oh a[ni mch a[ni* Ki^_gim cg[ach[l [g\[m( j_li
hchaoh[ ^_ _ff[m nc_h_ fcn_l[fg_hn_ m_hnc^i*
<m{( ho_mnl[ lzjfc][ [f _m]_jnc]cmgi _m oh[ lzjfc][ m_gyhnc][* @f
[laog_hni ^_f _m]zjnc]i []_l][ ^_f a_hci g[fcahi m_ mcao_ ^_ f[
jl_gcm[ ^_ ko_ _m jimc\f_ oh[ [fo]ch[]c}h j_l`_]n[* K_li f[ c^_[
^_ oh[ [fo]ch[]c}h j_l`_]n[ ][l_]_ ^_ m_hnc^i s jil fi n[hni oh[
[fo]ch[]c}h n[f hi _m jimc\f_* >igi _f [laog_hni ^_f _m]_jnc]cmgi
jli]_^_ ^_ oh[ jl_gcm[ `[fm[( ^_\_ m_l l_]b[t[^i*
< K ObZVSMKMSiX NO VK MK\OXMSK NO ]SQXSPSMKNY
Kil koz j[l_]_ n[h jf[omc\f_ [`clg[l ko_ f[ bcj}n_mcm ^_ f[ [fo)
]ch[]c}h j_l`_]n[ ][l_]_ ^_ mcahc`c][^i; G[ _rjfc][]c}h ^_ f[ [j[)
l_hn_ ][l_h]c[ ^_ mcahc`c][^i ^_ _mn[ ^i]nlch[ moca_ ^_ oh[ [g)
$#)
$#*
- , 4
- , 5
- - /
- - 0
- - 1
- - 2
hi h_]_mcn[gim b[]_l n[f ]im[ j[l[ m[\_l ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ _mny
]igjf_n[g_hn_ domnc`c][^[ j[l[ ]l__l ko_ nc_h_ ][\_t[* Io_mnli
]ihi]cgc_hni ^_ ko_ _mn[gim ]igjf_n[g_hn_ domnc`c][^im j[l[
]l__l n[f_m ]im[m hi ^_j_h^_ ^_ hchah ]ihi]cgc_hni [hn_lcil
^_ `l_]o_h]c[m* Hos jil _f ]ihnl[lci( ]igi _mn[gim jil ]ig)
jf_ni domnc`c][^im j[l[ ]l__l ]c_ln[m ]im[m( ji^_gim m[\_l ]oyh^i
n[f_m ]l__h]c[m mih p_l^[^_l[m s _h ]ihm_]o_h]c[ ^_]c^cl ]ih koz
`l_]o_h]c[ mih p_l^[^_l[m f[m ]l__h]c[m ]ill_ac\f_m ^_ ]c_lni ncji*
<m{( oh _m]zjnc]i( j[l[ a[h[l f[ \[n[ff[( ^_\_ jli\[l ko_ b[s
[fai _kocpi][^i _h f[m hilg[m _jcmnzgc][m ko_ []_jn[gim* M_)
mofn[ ]igjf_n[g_hn_ cll_f_p[hn_ ko_ hi b[s[ g[h_l[ ^_ m[\_l mc
ho_mnl[m ]l__h]c[m ]ill_ac\f_m mih ]ih g[sil `l_]o_h]c[ p_l^[)
^_l[m ko_ `[fm[m [hn_m ^_ m[\_l mc [faoh[m ^_ _ff[m mih p_l^[^_l[m*
?[^[m ho_mnl[m hilg[m _jcmnzgc][m( _mn[gim jil ]igjf_ni domnc)
`c][^im _h go]b[m ^_ ho_mnl[m ]l__h]c[m ch^o]ncp[m %jil _d_gjfi
]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m&( [hn_m ^_ _g\liff[lhim( s [oh mc hoh][
ff_a[gim [ _g\liff[lhim( _h chp_mnca[]cih_m _mn[^{mnc][m l_`_l_h)
n_m [ f[ `l_]o_h]c[ ^_ p_l^[^ ^_ ho_mnl[m ]l__h]c[m ch^o]ncp[m* Kil
mojo_mni( n[f_m chp_mnca[]cih_m mih gos cgjiln[hn_m j[l[ _mn[\f_)
]_l ko_ ]c_ln[m ]l__h]c[m _mnyh ]igjf_n[g_hn_ domnc`c][^[m( j_li
b[s inl[m ]l__h]c[m( f[ g[sil{[ ^_ f[m ]o[f_m him mih ^_ fi gym `_)
gcfc[l_m( ]os[ domnc`c][]c}h hi ^_j_h^_ ^_f l_mofn[^i ^_ hchaoh[
chp_mnca[]c}h _mn[^{mnc][* <f b[\_l []_jn[^i hilg[m ^_ _pc^_h)
]c[ ko_ him j_lgcn_h ]ih]focl ko_ [faoh[m ]l__h]c[m ]ill_ac\f_m
%jil _d_gjfi ]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m& _mnyh ]igjf_n[g_hn_ domnc)
`c][^[m( ^_d[gim [\c_ln[ f[ jl_aohn[ ^_ mc Y^\K] ]l__h]c[m _mnyh ni)
n[fg_hn_ domnc`c][^[m* @mni jo_^_ _mn[\f_]_lm_ ^_n_lgch[h^i `l_)
]o_h]c[m* K_li f[ c^_[ ^_ ko_ ^YNK] f[m ]l__h]c[m ^_\_h \[m[lm_
_h f[ ^_n_lgch[]c}h ^_ `l_]o_h]c[m s ^_ ko_ hchaoh[ _mny domnc)
`c][^[ [ g_him ko_ m_ \[m_ _h _ffi( ff_p[ [f _m]_jnc]cmgi* Nch _g)
\[lai( ji^_gim _m][j[l [f _m]_jnc]cmgi l_]b[t[h^i f[ c^_[ [\)
mol^[ ^_ ko_ hchaoh[ ]l__h]c[ _mny ]igjf_n[g_hn_ domnc`c][^[ [
g_him ko_ m_ \[m_ _h oh[ chp_mnca[]c}h _mn[^{mnc][*
@h l_mog_h( ho_mnl[m hilg[m ^_ _pc^_h]c[ a[l[hnct[h ko_ [f
g_him [faoh[m ^_ ho_mnl[m ]l__h]c[m ]ill_ac\f_m _mnyh ]igjf_)
n[g_hn_ domnc`c][^[m* <m{( [ohko_ n[f_m ]l__h]c[m mih ]ill_ac\f_m(
hi _m g_l[ ]o_mnc}h ^_ mo_ln_ ko_ l_mofn_h p_l^[^_l[m* K[l[ gim)
nl[l ko_ _mn[m [`clg[]cih_m mih `[fm[m( _f _m]zjnc]i ^_\_ ^[l [faoh[
l[t}h j[l[ l_]b[t[l ho_mnl[m hilg[m ^_ _pc^_h]c[( s b[mn[ [bil[
hi m_ b[ jl_m_hn[^i oh [laog_hni m_g_d[hn_*
- - 3
- - 4
hi b[\l{[ gym l[t}h j[l[ []_jn[l f[m jl_gcm[m ko_ f[ ko_ bo\i
j[l[ []_jn[l f[ ]ih]fomc}h* <m{( j[l[ ko_ oh [laog_hni domnc`cko_
f[ ]ih]fomc}h ^_^o]c^[ [ j[lncl ^_ f[m jl_gcm[m( ^_\_ [f g_him
m_l gym l[tih[\f_ []_jn[l [faoh[m ^_ f[m jl_gcm[m i m_l zmn[m gym
_pc^_hn_m ko_ f[ ]ih]fomc}h*
Nch _g\[lai( f[ ]l__h]c[ mi\l_ _f [hcffi ^_ \i^[ _mny n[h ]ig)
jf_n[g_hn_ domnc`c][^[ ko_ hi b[s ]l__h]c[ ko_ m_[ gym l[tih[\f_
i _pc^_hn_* >o[h^i p_i [fai ko_ n[g\czh ni]i s mc_hni( _h [om_h)
]c[ ^_ _pc^_h]c[ ]ihnl[lc[( f[ ]l__h]c[ ^_ ko_ n[f ]im[ _rcmn_ _m n[h
_pc^_hn_( n[h l[tih[\f_( ko_ m_l{[ chncf \om][l oh [laog_hni ^_
`l_]o_h]c[ ko_ domnc`cko_ f[ ]l__h]c[* < koz jl_gcm[m ji^l{[ si
l_]ollcl; Nch ^o^[ ]o[fkoc_l jl_gcm[ [ f[ ko_ jo^c_l[ l_]ollcl
m_l{[ g_him _pc^_hn_( i [f g_him hi gym _pc^_hn_( ko_ f[ ]l__h)
]c[ gcmg[ ko_ _mn[\[ nl[n[h^i ^_ domnc`c][l* G[ ]l__h]c[ _mny n[h
]igjf_n[g_hn_ domnc`c][^[ ko_ hi ji^l{[ l[tih[\f_g_hn_ ^[lm_
oh [laog_hni ko_ f[ domnc`cko_*
7_NK O]MgZ^SMK/ M_O]^SiX NO SXYMOXMSK
@f ^_`_]ni jlch]cj[f ^_ _mn[ ^_`_hm[ ^_f _jcmn_gcmgi l[^c][ _h f[
g[h_l[ _h ko_ m_ ^_m][ln[h by\cfg_hn_ ni^[ cao[f^[^ s domnc]c[
_h ^cmjon[ j[l[ `[pil_]_l [f _jcmn_gcmgi* @gj_t[gim jl_aoh)
n[h^i mc f[m ]l__h]c[m j_l]_jno[f_m _mnyh ]igjf_n[g_hn_ domnc`c][)
^[m* T ]oyf _m f[ l_mjo_mn[ [ ho_mnl[ chn_llia[hn_; @m f[ [o^[t
[`clg[]c}h ^_ ko_ _mn[m ]l__h]c[m mih n[h _pc^_hn_m s _mnyh n[h
]igjf_n[g_hn_ domnc`c][^[m _h m{ gcmg[m ko_ hchah [laog_hni
jo_^_ i`l_]_lm_ j[l[ mimn_h_lf[m* K_li _mn[ l_mjo_mn[ ]ihmncnos_
oh[ j_nc]c}h ^_ jlch]cjci nin[fg_hn_ chg_^c[n[ s i\pc[ ]ihnl[ _f
_m]_jnc]cmgi* @f _jcmn_gcmn[ mcgjf_g_hn_ b[ `ilgof[^i ko_ ^_\_
]ih]_^_lm_ ko_ fi ko_ ZK\OMO gym _pc^_hn_ s ]igjf_n[g_hn_ dom)
nc`c][^i j[l[ zf( ^_\_ []_jn[lm_ ]igi ]igjf_n[g_hn_ domnc`c][^i
mch [laog_hni i ^_\[n_* @mn[gim ^_ []o_l^i _h ko_ f[m ]l__h]c[m
_h ]o_mnc}h jo_^_h ZK\OMO\ ]igjf_n[g_hn_ domnc`c][^[m [f _jcmn_)
gcmn[( ^_ b_]bi n[h ]igjf_n[g_hn_ domnc`c][^[m ko_ hchah [lao)
g_hni m_lpcl{[ j[l[ b[]_l ko_ _m[m ]l__h]c[m `o_l[h gym _pc^_h)
n_m j[l[ gV( Gi ko_ himinlim h_a[gim _m ko_ _m[m ]l__h]c[m _mnzh
]igjf_n[g_hn_domnc`c][^[m( s fi ko_ j_^cgim _m [fah [laog_hni
ko_ XY] ]ihp_ht[ ^_ ko_ _m[m ]l__h]c[m m_ domnc`c][h al[]c[m [ zf*
K[l_]_ ko_ _mn[gim ^_mnch[^im [ j_lg[h_]_l chm[ncm`_]bim*
!!
M@NPH@I KMJQDNDJI<G
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]oyf _m _m_ i nli `[]nil*
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l_j\fc][ ko_^_ jlin_ac^[ ]ihnl[ `[fn[m ]igi zmn[* Ko_^_ omn_^ ^_)
]cl ko_ mo ]ih^c]c}h ^_ ]lcgch[f _m oh ch`ilnohci7 si f_ l_mjih^i
ko_ mo ]lcg_h ]ihmcmn_ _h m_l ^_m[`ilnoh[^i*1
G[ h_a[ncp[ ^_f do_t ^_ [^_hnl[lm_ [ ]ihmc^_l[l ]olcim[m ]o_m)
ncih_m g_n[`{mc][m _kocp[f_ [ f[ h_a[ncp[ ^_ p_l f[ ch]ihalo_h]c[
^_ mo jimnol[* J\pc[g_hn_( []_jn[ f[ n_mcm ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi7 _h
]ihm_]o_h]c[( ^_\_l{[ [^gcncl ko_ _f _mn[l _h`_lgi hi _m ]ofj[
^_f jlcmcih_li* Ii _m ]ofj[ ^_f jlcmcih_li jilko_ mo _mn[^i _m f[
ch_pcn[\f_ ]ihm_]o_h]c[ ][om[f ^_ `[]nil_m ko_ _mnyh gym [ffy ^_
mo ]ihnlif* Kil fi n[hni( l_mofn[ [\mifon[g_hn_ cll[]cih[f b[]_l
l_mjihm[\f_ [f jlcmcih_li ^_ mo _mn[^i ^_ m[fo^( i m_hn_h]c[lfi [
oh ][mncai*
Nch _g\[cai( mc =onf_l _mny _h fi ]ill_]ni( ho_mnli mcmn_g[ j_)
hcn_h]c[lci _m n[h cll[]cih[f ]igi fi _m _f mcmn_g[ j_hcn_h]c[lci
^_ @l_qbih( s[ ko_ ho_mnlim do_]_m ^c]n[h m_hn_h]c[m j[l[ ko_
f[m j_lmih[m m_[h ][mnca[^[m jil []nim ]lcgch[f_m ]o[h^i ko_( ^_
m_l ]c_ln[ f[ n_mcm ^_n_lgchcmn[( nc_h_ cao[f ]ofj[ f[ j_lmih[ ko_
]ig_n_ oh []ni ]lcgch[f ko_ _f jlcmcih_li ^_ @l_qbih jil n_h_l
no\_l]ofimcm* O[hni _f []ni ]lcgch[f _h ho_mnl[ mi]c_^[^ ]igi f[
_h`_lg_^[^ ]lcgch[f _h @l_qbih mih _f l_mofn[^i ^_ jli]_mim
][om[f_m ko_ _f ]lcgch[f _m ch][j[t ^_ _pcn[l* Ii _m l_mjihm[\cfc)
^[^ ^_ oh[ j_lmih[ _f ko_ i]oll[h i hi _mnim jli]_mim* @h ]ih)
m_]o_h]c[( n[gji]i jo_^_ b[]zlm_f_ l_mjihm[\f_ ^_ _ffim*
@mn[ f{h_[ ^_ j_hm[gc_hni b[ ff_p[^i [ ]c_ln[m j_lmih[m [ oh[
pcmc}h gos bog[hcn[lc[* Kil _d_gjfi( >f[l_h]_ ?[lliq( `[gimi
[\ia[^i( ]ih `l_]o_h]c[ ^_`_h^{[ [ j_lmih[m ko_ _l[h _hdoc]c[)
^[m jil oh ]lcg_h ko_ g_l_]{[ f[ _d_]o]c}h( [j_f[h^i [ f[ n_)
mcm ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi*2 No ^_`_hm[ m_ \[m[\[ _h fi ko_ nc_h_h _h
]igh _f ]co^[^[hi il^ch[lci s _f ]lcgch[f* T _m ko_ mc f[ ]ih)
^o]n[ ^_f ]lcgch[f _m _f l_mofn[^i ^_ `[]nil_m ][om[f_m ]igi f[
b_l_h]c[ s _f g_^ci [g\c_hn_ ^_ f[ jlcg_l[ ch`[h]c[( _mnim gcm)
gim `[]nil_m ^_n_lgch[h f[ ]ih^o]n[ ^_ ]o[fkoc_l[ ^_ f[m j_lmi)
h[m ko_ i]oj[h f[ nlc\oh[ ^_f dol[^i* O[hni f[m \o_h[m []]cih_m
]igi f[m `_]bil{[m ]ihmncnos_h ]ihm_]o_h]c[m ][om[f_m ^_ ]im[m
ko_ i]ollc_lih _h _f j[m[^i l_gini s ko_ _mn[\[h gym [ffy ^_
1 4GNI%# jj* - - 0 )- - 1 ( --3*
2 K[l[ ]ihi]_l fim johnim ^_ pcmn[ ^_ ?[lliq( pz[hm_ fim ^cm]olmim ^_ >f[)
l_h]_ ?[lliq l_]iac^im _h ,@TRJ^ KT W 4MJ /FRSJI# Ncg}h [h^ N]bomn_l( Io_p[
Tile( -513( < lnbol R_ch\_la %_^*&*
- 1 0
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G D= @ M O < M DJ 6
>ih _f `ch ^_ ]igjli\[l jil koz _mnim s inlim `cf}mi`im b[h j_h)
m[^i ko_ _l[ mcgjf_ ]o_mnc}h ^_ m_hnc^i ]igh ]l__l ko_ f[m j_l)
mih[m l_[fct[h []nim fc\l_m( l_mofn[ly ncf _r[gch[l ]ih ]c_lni ]oc)
^[^i f[ hi]c}h ^_ []ni fc\l_* >ih [hn_lcilc^[^ i\m_lp[gim ko_
m_ah _f ^_n_lgchcmn[ ni^im migim ch][j[]_m ^_ []no[l _h `ilg[
^c`_l_hn_ ^_ ]igi fi b[]_gim* ?_ n[f mo_ln_ ko_( m_ah _f ^_)
n_lgchcmn[( ][^[ p_t ko_ []no[gim( hi _mny _h ho_mnli ji^_l hi
[]no[l( s ][^[ p_t ko_ hi []no[gim( hi _mny _h ho_mnli ji^_l
[]no[l* @f fc\_ln[lci mimnc_h_ ^im ijchcih_m ^c`_l_hn_m* Nimnc_h_
ko_ [faoh[m p_]_m ]o[h^i []no[gim( _mny _h ho_mnli ji^_l hi [])
no[l7 s [faoh[m p_]_m ]o[h^i hi []no[gim( _mny _h ho_mnli ji^_l
[]no[l* @h ji][m j[f[\l[m( _h ]c_ln[m i][mcih_m ji^_gim []no[l
_h `ilg[ ^c`_l_hn_ ^_ ]igi fi b[]_gim* Jnl[ `ilg[ ^_ jf[hn_[l
_mn_ [laog_hni _m ^_]cl ko_ [faoh[m p_]_m _mny _h ho_mnli ji^_l
l_[fct[l i hi fim []nim ko_ l_[fct[gim* Nc _mni _m ]c_lni( _hnih]_m
ho_mnlim []nim mih []nim fc\l_m* Kil fi ko_ ^_]cl ko_ oh []ni _m
fc\l_ _kocp[f_ [ ^_]cl ko_ jo^cgim b[\_l []no[^i ^_ inli gi^i(
ko_ _mny\[gim _h fc\_ln[^ j[l[ []no[l ^_ inli gi^i( i ko_ _mn[\[
_h ho_mnli ji^_l []no[l ^_ inli gi^i* N_ah _f fc\_ln[lci( ni^im
]l__gim ko_ l_[fct[gim []nim fc\l_m7 _h ]ihm_]o_h]c[( f[ ]l__h]c[
^_ ko_ l_[fct[gim []nim fc\l_m _m ]o_mnc}h ^_ m_hnc^i ]igh _h
f[ gcmg[ g_^c^[ _h ko_ fi _m f[ ]l__h]c[ ^_ ko_ f[ n_mcm ^_f ^_)
n_lgchcmgi _m p_l^[^_l[* >}gi jo_^_ gimnl[l _f fc\_ln[lci ko_
ni^im ]l__gim _mni;
Ph[ `ilg[ ^_ gimnl[lfi jo_^_ m_l l_`f_rcih[l []_l][ ^_ f[
h[nol[f_t[ ^_ f[ ^_fc\_l[]c}h* @h oh gig_hni ^[^i( ni^im hi)
minlim ^_fc\_l[gim* <faohim ^_ himinlim ji^_gim ^_fc\_l[l _h
gos ji]i nc_gji7 inlim ji^_gim nig[l go]bi nc_gji j[l[ ^_)
fc\_l[l* @h i][mcih_m( ho_mnl[m ^_fc\_l[]cih_m jo_^_h m_l chm_h)
m[n[m s _h inl[m i][mcih_m m[\c[m( j_li _m oh b_]bi ]igh ko_
_h _`_]ni m_ ^_h f[m ^_fc\_l[]cih_m* Ichaohi ^_ himinlim l_bos_
f[ n[l_[ ^_ ^_fc\_l[l []_l][ ^_ f[ l_[fct[]c}h i hi l_[fct[]c}h ^_
]c_lnim []nim* <^_gym( ][^[ ohi ^_ himinlim jo_^_ ]ihmn[n[l( g_)
^c[hn_ mcgjf_ chnlimj_]]c}h( ko_ l_[fg_hn_ ^_fc\_l[* ?_ koz g[)
$'
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- 2 ,
- 2 -
3
<^if` Bloh\[og ( >[om[fcns [h^ nb_ N]c_h]_ i ` C og [h = _ b [ p ci l ( l_cg )
jl_mi j[l]c[fg _hn_ _h ;MNQTXTUMNH ;WTGQJRX# H[olc]_ H [h^_f\[og J Q FQ% %_^m*&(
H[]gf[h( Io_p[ Tile( -513( j* / / 2 *
- 2 .
- 2 /
[]no[l ]ih`ilg_ [f ^_m_i gym ^z\cf j[l[ ]ogjfcl ]ih ho_mnli ^_)
\_l( f[ ]ih]c_h]c[ ^_ f[ hi\f_t[ ^_ ho_mnli _m`o_lti [llid[ fot
ho_p[ mi\l_ _f ^_m_i gym ^z\cf* G[ j_lmih[ m_ bch]b[ ^_ oh[ [o)
nim[ncm`[]]c}h j_l`_]n[g_hn_ a[h[^[( s _f ^_m_i ^_ ]ogjfcl ]ih mo
^_\_l m_ ]ihpc_ln_ _h fi gym cgjiln[hn_* @h _`_]ni( _h [faohim
][mim ^_ _mn_ ncji( f[ j_lmih[ jo_^_ [][\[l jl_aohnyh^im_( nl[m
^_ l_[fct[l f[ []]c}h( jil koz m_ m_hn{[ n[h n_hn[^[ jil _f inli
]olmi ^_ []]c}h* @f ^_m_i ko_ ilcach[fg_hn_ _l[ gym `o_ln_ b[
ff_a[^i hi m}fi [ j[l_]_l( mchi [ m_l( gym ^z\cf* Ii i\mn[hn_( _mn[
]f[m_ ^_ nl[hm`ilg[]c}h ^_ f[ mcno[]c}h ^_f ^_m_i hi mc_gjl_ i]o)
ll_ s ]o[h^i hi i]oll_ ji^_gim mojih_l( ]ih _f fc\_ln[lci( ko_
f[ j_lmih[ []n[ ]ih`ilg_ [f ^_m_i gym ^z\cf*
G[ [`clg[]c}h ^_ ko_ _f ^_m_i ^_ []o_l^i ]ih _f ]o[f ohi []n[
m_h]cff[g_hn_ O] _f ^_m_i gym `o_ln_ ^[ foa[l [ oh jli\f_g[ ^c)
`_l_hn_* Ph[ `ilg[ ^_ [jis[l _mn_ [caog_hn} m_l{[ _mn[\f_]_l
ko_ mc_gjl_ []no[gim ]ih`ilg_ [ ho_mnli ^_m_i gym al[h^_*
Ii i\mn[hn_( s[ b_gim i\m_lp[^i ko_ _mni j[l_]_ m_l `[fmi* G[
hc][ ij]c}h ko_ him ko_^[ m_l{[ mimn_h_l ko_ f[ _rjl_mc}h ^_)
m_i gym `o_ln_ mcahc`c][( jil ^_`chc]c}h( ^_m_i ]ih`ilg_ [f ko_
ohi []n[* @h _mn_ ][mi( ni^[ p_t ko_ []no[gim ]ih`ilg_ [ oh
^_m_i( _mn[l{[gim []no[h^i ]ih`ilg_ [ ho_mnli ^_m_i gym `o_ln_(
s _mn_ [laog_hni fc\_ln[lci `l[][m[l{[* ?_m[`ilnoh[^[g_hn_( _mn[
ij]c}h b[]_ ][_l [f ^_n_lgchcmn[ _h f[m l_^_m ^_ f[ `[f[]c[ ^_ f[
l_^_`chc]c}h* Ki^_gim p_lfi mc ]ihmc^_l[gim ^im ^_`chc]cih_m6
%-& ^_m_i gym `o_ln_2nOP [ko_f ^_m_i ko_( _hnl_ fim ko_ oh[
j_lmih[ _rj_lcg_hn[ _h oh gig_hni ^[^i( nc_h_ f[ g[sil
chn_hmc^[^*
%.& ^_m_i gym `o_ln_r2nSP ^_m_i ]ih`ilg_ [f ]o[f ohi []n[*
G[ ^_`chc]c}h %-& jlijil]cih[ n[hni _f mcahc`c][^i il^ch[lci ^_ f[
_rjl_mc}h ]igi _f mcahc`c][^i j_lnch_hn_ j[l[ _f [lao g_hn} fc\_l)
n[lci* Nch _g\[lai( f[ [hn_lcil ij]c}h ^_n_lgchcmn[ li^_[ [f [l)
aog_hni fc\_ln[lci m_h]cff[g_hn_ momncnoszh^if[ jil f[ ^_`chc]c}h
%.&* Ii i\mn[hn_( ]igi bc]cgim hin[l _h _f >[j{nofi -( hi m_ i\)
nc_h_ hchaoh[ pc]nilc[ l_[f _h f[ [laog_hn[]c}h l_^_`chc_h^i oh
nzlgchi ]f[p_ ^_ oh [laog_hni* ?_ n[f mo_ln_ ko_ f[ [`clg[]c}h
^_n_lgchcmn[ ^_ ko_ ho_mnli ^_m_i gym `o_ln_ _m mcgjf_g_hn_ _f
^_m_i ]ih`ilg_ [f ]o[f []no[gim ko_^[ mch `oh^[g_hn[]c}h*
- 2 0
- 2 1
- 2 2
- 2 3
%'
%(
- 3 ,
- 3 -
- 3 .
- 3 /
- 3 0
- 3 1
- 3 2
- 3 3
- 3 4
- 3 5
$+#
$+$
'!
- 4 /
- 4 -
'$
m[hn_ ko_ go_mnl[ ko_ jo_^_h hi m_l f[m [^_]o[^[m* >ih `l_)
]o_h]c[ ^_]cgim ko_ [fai jo^i b[\_l i]ollc^i( ch]fomi ko_ [fai
jo^i b[\_lm_ b_]bi( ]o[h^i hi jl_n_h^_gim h_a[l ko_ f[ ]}m[
_h ]o_mnc}h _mn[\[ ][om[fg_hn_ ^_n_lgch[^[* Kil _d_gjfi( mo)
jiha[ omn_^ ko_ mo [onig}pcf _mny _mn[]cih[^i `l_hn_ [ mo ][m[*
Nojiha[ [^_gym ko_ [faoc_h m_ _mny jl_aohn[h^i mc b[]_ oh gi)
g_hni omn_^ jo^i b[\_l om[^i mo [onig}pcf j[l[ nl[hmjiln[lm_ [
]c_lni foa[l ^cmn[hn_* Pmn_^ ji^l{[ [m_aol[l( ]ihi]c_h^i f[m ]ih)
^c]cih_m ^_ mo [onig}pcf( ko_ jo^i b[\_l [ll[h][^i* K_li ^_]cl
ko_ jo^i b[\_l [ll[h][^i hi _kocp[f_ [ ^_]cl ko_ _f [onig}pcf
_l[ fc\l_( ko_ _mn[\[ _h fc\_ln[^ ^_ [ll[h][l* @f ]igjiln[gc_hni
^_f [onig}pcf _mny ]igjf_n[g_hn_ ^_n_lgch[^i _h oh[ `ilg[
^_f ni^i g_]yhc][* Nch _g\[lai( _f ncji ^_ _pc^_h]c[ jl_m_hn[^[
_h [jisi ^_ f[ bcj}n_mcm ^_ ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ jo^i b[\_l f_p[h)
n[^i _f \l[ti ]o[h^i hi fi bcti _m _r[]n[g_hn_ mcgcf[l [f ncji ^_
_pc^_h]c[ ko_ go_mnl[ ko_ _f [onig}pcf jo^i b[\_l [ll[h][^i
]o[h^i hi fi bcti* Nc m_ m[ncm`c]c_l[h j_l`_]n[g_hn_ ]ih^c]cih_m
]igi f[m ^_ p[lc_^[^ ]cl]ohmn[h]c[f( jlijch]oc^[^ n_gjil[f( mc)
gcfcno^ ^_f [a_hn_ s `l_]o_h]c[ mcgjf_ ]ih l_mj_]ni [f [onig}pcf(
_hnih]_m n_h^l{[gim f[ _pc^_h]c[ [^_]o[^[ i mo`c]c_hn_ ^_ ko_ _f
[onig}pcf jo^i b[\_l [ll[h][^i _h pclno^ ^_ f[ m[ncm`[]]c}h ^_
_mn[m ]ih^c]cih_m* Nc mo m[ncm`[]]c}h go_mnl[ hc][g_hn_ ko_ oh[
j_lmih[ jo^i b[\_l f_p[hn[^i _f \l[ti ^_ f[ gcmg[ `ilg[ _h ko_
_f [onig}pcf jo^i b[\_l [ll[h][^i( _hnih]_m _f b_]bi ^_ ko_ m_)
g_d[hn_ _pc^_h]c[ go_mnl_ ko_ f[ j_lmih[ jo^i b[\_l f_p[hn[^i
_f \l[ti( hi jlo_\[ ko_ zmn[ `o_m_ fc\l_( ]igi n[gji]i _f b_]bi
^_ ko_ m_g_d[hn_ _pc^_h]c[ go_mnl_ ko_ _f [onig}pcf jo^i b[\_l
[ll[h][^i jlo_\[ ko_ zmn_ `o_m_ fc\l_* Kil fi n[hni( f[ m[ncm`[]]c}h
^_ f[m ]o[nli ]ih^c]cih_m jl_pc[g_hn_ g_h]cih[^[m hi go_mnl[
ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ jo^i b[\_l []no[^i ^_ inli gi^i _h _f m_h)
nc^i j_lnch_hn_ j[l[ _f []ni fc\l_* @f [laog_hni hi fial[ gimnl[l
ko_ ji^_gim n_h_l f[ _pc^_h]c[ _gj{lc][ ^_ ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ b[
l_[fct[^i oh []ni fc\l_*
EXK \O]Z_O]^K VSLO\^K\SK/ KQOX^O] c MY]K]
G[ l_mjo_mn[ ^_f fc\_ln[lci [ f[ i\d_]c}h [hn_lcil _m ko_ zmn[ ca)
hil[ oh[ ^c`_l_h]c[ `oh^[g_hn[f _hnl_ f[m ]im[m ko_ mih [a_hn_m
s f[m ko_ hi fi mih* Ph [a_hn_ b[]_ [fai7 []n[* <ko_ffi ko_ hi
_m oh [a_hn_ hi b[]_ h[^[7 m_ []n[ mi\l_ zf* <m{ ko_ b[\f[gim
$+)
^_ ko_ _f ]i]b_ [ll[h]}( j_li m_l{[ gym jl_]cmi ^_]cl ko_ _f ]i)
]b_ `o_ [ll[h][^i* @f ]i]b_ hi [ll[h][ jil m{ mifi7 zf hi chc]c[
_m_ ][g\ci* Hym ko_ chc]c[l _f ][g\ci( _m zf koc_h _m [ll[h][^i
jil [faoc_h* ?_ gi^i ko_ _f ]i]b_ hi _m oh [a_hn_ jo_m hi b[]_
h[^[*
>o[h^i ^_]cgim ko_ _f ]i]b_ jo^i b[\_l [ll[h][^i( hi _m)
n[gim [`clg[h^i ]ih _ffi ko_ _mn[\[ ^_hnli ^_ f[m jimc\cfc^[^_m
^_f ]i]b_ [ll[h][l* Ii _mn[gim ^[h^i [ _hn_h^_l ]ih _ffi ko_ _l[
^_]cmc}h ^_f ]i]b_ [ll[h][l i hi* Kil inl[ j[ln_( ]o[h^i ^_]cgim
ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ jo^i b[\_l f_p[hn[^i _f \l[ti( m{ [`clg[gim
ko_ _mn[\[ ^_hnli ^_ mom jimc\cfc^[^_m f_p[hn[lfi* @mn[gim ^[h^i
[ _hn_h^_l ko_ _l[ ^_]cmc}h mos[ ko_ _f \l[ti m_ gipc_l[ i hi*
K_li f[ ^c`_l_h]c[ l_mc^_ hc][g_hn_ _h _f b_]bi ^_ ko_ _f ]i]b_
hi _m oh [a_hn_ s f[ j_lmih[ m{ fi _m* >o[h^i _f ]i]b_ [ll[h][(
_mni hi _m [fai ko_ _f ]i]b_ b[a[( jilko_ hi _m oh[ []]c}h ko_
_f ]i]b_ l_[fct[* K_li ]o[h^i f[ j_lmih[ go_p_ _f \l[ti( _mi m{
_m [fai ko_ _ff[ b[]_7 _m oh[ []]c}h ko_ _ff[ l_[fct[* <m{ ko_ _f
[laog_hni ^_f ^_n_lgchcmn[ `l[][m[*
Nch _g\[lai( _h f[ i\d_]c}h ^_f ^_n_lgchcmn[( b[s oh[ cgjil)
n[hn_ f_]]c}h ko_ ji^_gim [jl_h^_l* T _m ko_ b[s ]c_ln[ _pc^_h)
]c[( ]ih f[ ko_ ]ihn[gim _h _f ][mi ^_ oh[ j_lmih[( ^_ f[ ko_
][l_]_gim _h _f ][mi ^_ oh i\d_ni ch[hcg[^i( ko_ go_mnl[ ko_
oh[ j_lmih[ jo^i b[\_l b_]bi [fai ko_ _h l_[fc^[^ hi bcti* G[
_pc^_h]c[ ]ihmcmn_ _h ho_mnli ]ihi]cgc_hni ^_ ko_ oh[ j_lmih[
nl[n} ^_ b[]_l [fai* G[ jl_aohn[ ^_ mc oh[ j_lmih[ jo^i i hi
b[\_l []no[^i ^_ inli gi^i jo_^_ ^_m][hm[l _hn_l[g_hn_ _h _f
b_]bi ^_ mc nl[n} i hi* K[l[ ]igjli\[l ko_ _mni _m [m{( pifp[gim
[ ho_mnli _rj_lcg_hni cg[ach[lci* Nojiha[gim ko_ ho_mnli mo)
d_ni _rj_lcg_hn[f hi f_p[hn[ _f \l[ti ]o[h^i f_ j_^cgim ko_ fi
b[a[ ^_mjozm ^_ ko_ f_ b[ mc^i [jfc][^[ oh[ ^lia[ _mj_]c[f* @h)
nih]_m him jl_aohn[gim mc jo^i i hi b[\_l f_p[hn[^i _f \l[ti*
G[ g_dil g[h_l[ ^_ [p_lcao[lfi _m jl_aohnyh^if_ mc chn_hn} i hi
f_p[hn[lfi* Nc ]ihn_mn[ ko_ hi bcti hchah chn_hni jil gip_lfi(
_hnih]_m _f mcgjf_ b_]bi ^_ ko_ mo \l[ti hi m_ b[s[ gipc^i hi
jlijil]cih[ oh[ _pc^_h]c[ _h `[pil ^_ ko_ hi jo^i b[\_l gi)
pc^i* <m{ ko_ mc oh[ j_lmih[ hi nl[n[ ^_ b[]_l [fai( _hnih]_m _f
ko_ hi fi b[a[ hi fial[ jlijil]cih[l oh[ _pc^_h]c[ ^_ ko_ hi
jo^i b[\_lfi b_]bi* Kil inl[ j[ln_( mc ]ihn_mn[ ko_ nl[n} b[mn[
^ih^_ jo^i ^_ gip_l _f \l[ti s ko_ mch _g\[cai hi fi fial}(
$+*
- 4 4
- 4 5
- 5 ,
-5-
(!
("
- 5 0
- 5 1
- 5 2
- 5 3
- 5 4
- 5 5
!!
.,/
nc_h_ ^i]_ [lcmn[m* @m ^_]cl( ^_f b_]bi ^_ ko_ [fai _m oh ]o\i ji)
^_gim ^_^o]cl ]ih p[fc^_t ko_ nc_h_ ^i]_ [lcmn[m Nch _g\[lai(
moj}ha[m_ ko_ f[ j_lmih[ ko_ i\m_lp[ _f ^[^i _h mo _m]lcnilci(
s ko_ m[\_ ko_ _m oh ]o\i( hi m_ ^[ ]o_hn[ ^_ ko_ ^_f b_]bi
^_ ko_ [fai _m oh ]o\i m_ mcao_ ko_ _m_ [fai nc_h_ ^i]_ [lcmn[m*
<ohko_ l_mofn[l[ [j[l_hn_ j[l[ _mn[ j_lmih[ ko_ ]o_hn[ ]ih f[
_pc^_h]c[ [^_]o[^[ j[l[ [`clg[l ko_ b[s oh ]o\i mi\l_ mo _m]lc)
nilci( jo_^_ hi l_mofn[lf_ [j[l_hn_ ko_ ]o_hn[ ]ih f[ _pc^_h]c[
[^_]o[^[ ^_ ko_ [fai mi\l_ mo _m]lcnilci nc_h_ ^i]_ [lcmn[m* Ii
i\mn[hn_( f[ _pc^_h]c[ ]ih f[ ko_ ]o_hn[ _m [^_]o[^[ j[l[ _mni
fncgi * @f ko_ zf p_[ oh ^[^i mi\l_ mo _m]lcnilci f_ jlijil]cih[
_pc^_h]c[ mo`c]c_hn_ j[l[ _mn[\f_]_l ko_ _f i\d_ni mi\l_ mo _m]lc)
nilci nc_h_ ^i]_ [lcmn[m* @f b_]bi ^_ ko_ hi f_ j[l_t][ [ zf ko_ f[
_pc^_h]c[ ^_ p_l oh ^[^i _m mo`c]c_hn_ j[l[ _mn[\f_]_l ko_ b[s oh
i\d_ni mi\l_ mo _m]lcnilci ko_ nc_h_ ^i]_ [lcmn[m _m ]im[ [j[ln_* G[
_pc^_h]c[ _m mo`c]c_hn_ j[l[ [jis[l _m[ bcj}n_mcm( m_ ^z i hi ]o_hn[
^_ ko_ [m{ _m* ?_ cao[f `ilg[( mc f[ [`clg[]c}h ^_ ko_ oh[ j_lmih[
jo^i b[\_l []no[^i ^_ inli gi^i _m n[f ko_ ji^_gim domn[g_hn_
^_^o]cl [ j[lncl ^_ _ff[ ko_ _f ]igjiln[gc_hni ^_ ^c]b[ j_lmih[
hi _mn[\[ [h]_mnl[f g_hn_ ^_n_lgch[^i s( jil fi n[hni( ko_ f[ n_mcm
^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi _m `[fm[( _hnih]_m f[ _pc^_h]c[ ^_ ko_ n_h_gim
ko_ [jis[l f[ bcj}n_mcm m_ah f[ ]o[f oh[ j_lmih[ jo^i b[\_l
[]no[^i ^_ inli gi^i _m n[g\czh oh[ _pc^_h]c[ ko_ [jis[ f[
bcj}n_mcm ^_ ko_ _f ^_n_lgchcmgi _m `[fmi*
Ph[ j_lmih[ ko_ hi m_ ^[ ]o_hn[ ^_ ko_ ohi jo_^_ domn[)
g_hn_ ^_^o]cl f[ `[fm_^[^ ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi [ j[lncl ^_ f[ [`cl)
g[]c}h ^_ ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ jo^i b[\_l []no[^i ^_ inli gi^i _m
oh[ j_lmih[ j[l[ f[ ]o[f f[ _pc^_h]c[ _h `[pil ^_f _mn[\f_]cgc_hni
^_ f[ p_l^[^ ^_ f[ fncg[ [`clg[]c}h hi l_mofn[l{[ m_l _pc^_h]c[ _h
`[pil ^_f _mn[\f_]cgc_hni ^_ f[ `[fm_^[^ ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi* K_li
m{ m_l{[ _pc^_h]c[( s _pc^_h]c[ mo`c]c_hn_( ^_ _mni fncgi s( jil fi
n[hni( ^_ f[ `[fm_^[^ ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi* ?_ [b{ ko_ f[ _pc^_h]c[
ko_ b_gim i\n_hc^i [ j[lncl ^_ ho_mnli _rj_lcg_hni cg[ach[lci
s f[ _pc^_h]c[ ^cmjihc\f_ [ j[lncl ^_ fim ch]ihnlif[\f_m [ohko_
[\oh^[hn_m l_]olmim ^_ f[ pc^[ ]inc^c[h[ _m mo`c]c_hn_ j[l[ gim)
nl[l ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ jo^i b[\_l []no[^i ^_ inli gi^i s( jil fi
n[hni( ko_ f[ n_mcm ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi _m `[fm[*
Lo_ m_g_d[hn_ _pc^_h]c[ jo_^[ hi l_mofn[l ^_f ncji ko_ m_ l_)
koc_l_ j[l[ l_`on[l f[ n_mcm ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi m_ ^_lcp[ ^_f b_]bi
^_ ko_ ji^l{[ j[l_]_l ko_ ohi hi jo_^_ ^_^o]cl ]ih domnc]c[ f[
.,0
.,1
.,2
gym f[gimi ^_ _mn[ c^_[ _m kocty Eibh Nno[ln Hcfc( j_li go]bim
`cf}mi`im b[h m_aoc^i _mn[ f{h_[ ^_ j_hm[gc_hni* @h m_aoh^i fo)
a[l( [faohim ]igj[nc\cfcmn[m b[h chn_hn[^i gimnl[l ko_ f[ ^_[ ^_
oh []ni fc\l_( _m ^_]cl( f[ c^_[ ^_ ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ jo^i b[\_l [])
no[^i ^_ inli gi^i( hi cgjfc][ h[^[ ko_ m_[ ch]igj[nc\f_ ]ih
_f ^_n_lgchcmgi* @mnim ^im _h`iko_m mih _h l_[fc^[^ ^im f[^im ^_
f[ gcmg[ gih_^[* T[ ko_( jil mojo_mni( mc f[ c^_[ ^_f []ni fc\l_
hi cgjfc][ h[^[ ko_ m_[ ch]igj[nc\f_ ]ih f[ n_mcm ^_f ^_n_lgc)
hcmgi ][om[f( n[g\czh m_ly ]c_lni ko_ f[ n_mcm ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi
][om[f hi cgjfc][ h[^[ ko_ m_[ ch]igj[nc\f_ ]ih _f []ni fc\l_* Nch
_g\[lai( ^_m^_ oh johni ^_ pcmn[ g_ni^if}ac]i( ohi ji^l{[ _g)
j_t[l [h[fct[h^i ]o[fkoc_l[ ^_ _mn[m hi]cih_m _h oh _m`o_lti jil
_mn[\f_]_l _mn[ ]igj[nc\cfc^[^* Ach[fg_hn_( ohi ji^l{[ chn_hn[l
jli\[l f[ ]igj[nc\cfc^[^ ^_f []ni fc\l_ s _f ^_n_lgchcmgi mch jl_)
m_hn[l oh [hyfcmcm ^_ ]o[fkoc_l[ ^_ _ffim* vmn_ jo_^_ l_mofn[l _f
][gchi g_him jlig_n_^il( j_li _m oh ][gchi ko_ ^_\_gim ch)
p_mnca[l n[g\czh*
P I < M B P H @I OJ > J H K< O D=DGDNO < 6
G< ><PN<GD?<? >J H J > J I N O DO P T @ I O @ ?@ G< <>>D I
.,3
.,4
.,5
[]no[^i ^_ inli gi^i* <m{ ko_ \c_h ji^l{[ m_l _f ][mi ko_ [oh)
ko_ f[ ^_n_lgch[]c}h ][om[f _l[ h_]_m[lc[ j[l[ l_[fct[l _f []ni
^_ f_p[hn[l f[ \[ll[( f[ p_l^[^ ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi ][om[f ohcp_lm[f
cgjfc][ ko_ _f []ni hi `o_ fc\l_* ?_f mojo_mni ^_ ko_ f[ ^_n_lgc)
h[]c}h ][om[f _m oh _f_g_hni ]ihmncnoncpi h_]_m[lci ^_ oh []ni
hi m_ mcao_ ko_ _f []ni ^_\_ m_l fc\l_( i ko_ _f ^_n_lgchcmgi _m
]igj[nc\f_ ]ih _f b_]bi ^_ ko_ _m_ []ni m_[ fc\l_* <oh mc _f []ni
bog[hi nc_h_ ]igi _f_g_hni ]ihmncnoncpi ]c_ln[ l_f[]c}h ][om[f(
ji^l{[ m_aocl mo]_^c_h^i ko_ _m_ []ni fc\l_ s _f ^_n_lgchcmgi
`o_l[h ch]igj[nc\f_m*
@f [mj_]ni ]l{nc]i ^_ _mn_ [laog_hni ^_j_h^_ ^_ f[ ^cmnch]c}h
_hnl_ f[ ^_n_lgch[]c}h ][om[f s f[ ^_n_lgch[]c}h [h]_mnl[f*$Ph
[]ni jo_^_ _mn[l ][om[fg_hn_ ^_n_lgch[^i jil ]c_lnim `[]nil_m s
hi i\mn[hn_ m_l fc\l_( [ ]ih^c]c}h ^_ ko_ _f [a_hn_ gcmgi b[s[
]ihnlif[^i fim `[]nil_m ko_ fi bc]c_lih molacl* Nc _f []ni ^_ _gjo)
d[l f[ \[ll[ `o_ _h m{ gcmchi [fai \[di gc ]ihnlif( [fai ko_ l_mofn}
m_l oh []ni fc\l_ ^_ gc j[ln_( _hnih]_m [faoh[m ^_ f[m ]ihm_]o_h)
]c[m ][om[f_m ^_ _m_ []ni m_l{[h n[g\czh []nim fc\l_m ^_ gc j[ln_*
Nc _f []ni ^_ _gjod[l f[ \[ll[ _m oh []ni fc\l_ s jlipi][ ko_ f[ \[)
ll[ m_ f_p[hn_( _hnih]_m _f ko_ si f[ b[s[ f_p[hn[^i _m n[g\czh oh
[]ni fc\l_* @h a_h_l[f( mc f[ l_[fct[]c}h ^_ ]c_lni []ni S ^[ ]igi
l_mofn[^i ][om[f ko_ si l_[fc]_ n[g\czh ]c_lni []ni I& _hnih]_m _f
[]ni I& [ohko_ ^_n_lgch[^i ][om[fg_hn_( jo_^_ m_l fc\l_ [ ]ih)
^c]c}h ^_ ko_ _f []ni H b[s[ mc^i fc\l_* G[ ^_n_lgch[]c}h ][om[f
^_ oh []ni _m ]igj[nc\f_ ]ih _f []ni ko_ _m fc\l_* Nch _g\[lai( mc
_f []ni _mny ][om[fg_hn_ ^_n_lgch[^i jil ]c_lni []ni [hn_lcil( s
_f []ni [hn_lcil hi _m zf gcmgi fc\l_( _hnih]_m _f []ni l_mofn[hn_
n[gji]i _m fc\l_* <^_gym( f[ n_mcm ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi cgjfc][ [h
gym ko_ _f g_li b_]bi ^_ ko_ oh []ni _mnz ][om[fg_hn_ ^_n_lgc)
h[^i6 cgjfc][ n[g\czh ko_ _m_ []ni _mny [h]_mnl[fg_hn_ ^_n_lgc)
h[^i* Nc oh []ni _mny [h]_mnl[fg_hn_ ^_n_lgch[^i( _hnih]_m _mny
][om[fg_hn_ ^_n_lgch[^i jil ]im[m ko_ i]ollc_lih [hn_m ^_ ko_
_f [a_hn_ h[]c_l[ s mi\l_ f[m ]o[f_m hi n_h{[ hchah ]ihnlif* @h
]ihm_]o_h]c[( _f [a_hn_ hi jo^i b[\_l []no[^i ^_ inli gi^i7
mo []ni hi `o_ oh []ni fc\l_* Kil fi n[hni( hi jo_^_ ^_gimnl[lm_
ko_ f[ n_mcm ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi _m ]igj[nc\f_ ]ih _f []ni fc\l_ gim)
nl[h^i ko_ _m_ []ni( s ]ih _ffi _f []ni fc\l_( ]ihff_p[ mc_gjl_ ]igi
_f_g_hni ]ihmncnoncpi f[ ^_n_lgch[]c}h ][om[f ^_f []ni ^_\c^[ [
[fah _mn[^i jmc]if}ac]i*
! !
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. - 3
[b{ ko_ f[ j_lmih[ hi b[s[ mc^i fc\l_* @f ko_ f[m ^im jl_aohn[m ^_)
\[h m_l ]ihn_mn[^[m h_a[ncp[g_hn_ m_ ^_\_ [f b_]bi ^_ ko_ n[hni
f[ i]oll_h]c[ ^_ 6 ]igi _f ko_ f[ j_lmih[ l_[fc]_ 8 ]igi l_mof)
n[^i ^_ >( mih [g\[m ]im[m ko_( mc _f ^_n_lgchcmgi _m p_l^[^_li(
_mnopc_lih ^_n_lgch[^[m jil ]ih^c]cih_m mi\l_ f[m ]o[f_m f[ j_l)
mih[ hi nopi hchah ]ihnlif*
BO]_WOX NOV K\Q_WOX^Y( @f johni g_^of[l ^_f [laog_hni [hn_lcil
_m ko_ mc _f ^_n_lgchcmgi _m p_l^[^_li( _hnih]_m ^YNK] c MKNK _XK
^_ f[m ]ih^c]cih_m ko_ ^_n_lgch[h oh []ni _mnyh [h]_mnl[fg_hn_
^_n_lgch[^[m jil ]ih^c]cih_m `o_l[ ^_f ]ihnlif ^_f [a_hn_7 jil
]ihmcaoc_hn_( hchaoh[ ]ih^c]c}h m_g_d[hn_ _mny \[di _f ]ihnlif
^_f [a_hn_* ?_ n[f mo_ln_ ko_ ho_mnli [laog_hni _m ko_ ^_ f[m
jl_gcm[m
-* Nc _f ^_n_lgchcmgi _m p_l^[^_li( _hnih]_m ^YNK] f[m ]ih^c)
]cih_m ko_ ^_n_lgch[h []nim _mnyh [h]_mnl[fg_hn_ ^_n_lgc)
h[^[m jil ]ih^c]cih_m `o_l[ ^_f ]ihnlif ^_f [a_hn_7
.* Nc ^YNK] f[m ]ih^c]cih_m ko_ ^_n_lgch[h []]cih_m _mnyh [h)
]_mnl[fg_hn_ ^_n_lgch[^[m jil ]ih^c]cih_m `o_l[ ^_f ]ih)
nlif ^_f [a_hn_( _hnih]_m hi b[s []]cih_m fc\l_m7
^_^o]cgim f[ ]ih]fomc}h ch]igj[nc\cfcmn[
/* Nc _f ^_n_lgchcmgi _m p_l^[^_li( _hnih]_m hi b[s []nim fc)
\l_m*
G[ m_aoh^[ jl_gcm[ ^_ _mn_ [laog_hni ^c`c_l_ ^_ f[ m_aoh^[ jl_)
gcm[ ^_f [laog_hni jl_pc[g_hn_ [nlc\oc^i [f ch]igj[nc\cfcmn[( [
m[\_l6
Nc KVQ_XK] ^_ f[m ]ih^c]cih_m ko_ ^_n_lgch[h ][om[fg_hn_
fim []nim _mnyh `o_l[ ^_f ]ihnlif ^_f [a_hn_( _hnih]_m hi b[s
[]nim fc\l_m*
@mni fncgi cgjfc][ ko_ ni^[m f[m ]ih^c]cih_m ko_ ^_n_lgch[h
][om[fg_hn_ oh []ni fc\l_ ^_\_h _mn[l \[di _f ]ihnlif ^_f [a_hn_*
<faoh[m ^_ f[m ]ih^c]cih_m hi nc_h_h ko_ _mn[l \[di _f ]ihnlif ^_f
[a_hn_( ]igi fi go_mnl[h fim _d_gjfim ^_f ]igj[nc\cfcmn[* Nch _g)
\[lai( f[ jl_gcm[ %.& ^_f jl_m_hn_ [laog_hni cgjfc][ hc][g_hn_
f[ [`clg[]c}h gym ^z\cf ^_ ko_ KV WOXY] KVQ_XK] ^_ f[m ]ih^c]ci)
h_m ko_ ^_n_lgch[h oh []ni fc\l_ ^_\_h _mn[l \[di _f ]ihnlif ^_f
. - 4
. - 5
ko_ f[ ^_f [ao[* G[ f_s _m ko_ ][^[ p_t ko_ oh i\d_ni m}fc^i _m
]ifi][^i _h oh f{koc^i s f[ al[p_^[^ _mj_]{`c][ ^_f m}fc^i _m g[)
sil ko_ f[ al[p_^[^ _mj_]{`c][ ^_f f{koc^i( _f i\d_ni m}fc^i m_ jl_)
]cjcn[ly jil ^_\[di ^_ f[ moj_l`c]c_ ^_f f{koc^i*
Jnl[ `ilg[ ^_ jf[hn_[l fi [hn_lcil m_l{[ ^_]cl ko_ mc f[ ]ih)
^c]c}h ^_f i\d_ni m}fc^i _m n_h_l oh[ al[p_^[^ _mj_]{`c][ g[sil
ko_ f[ ^_f f{koc^i( _mni _m ]ih^c]c}h mo`c]c_hn_ j[l[ _f boh^c)
gc_hni ^_f i\d_ni m}fc^i ]o[h^i m_ f_ ]ifi][ _h _f f{koc^i* <m{
ko_( mc N _m _rjfc][^i _h pclno^ ^_f b_]bi ^_ ko_ _rcmn_h ]c_ln[m
]ih^c]cih_m > s oh[ f_s ^_ f[ h[nol[f_t[ < n[f_m ko_ N m_ ^_^o]_ ^_
6 s ^_ < dohn[m( _hnih]_m ^_\_gim ^_]cl ko_ 6 _m ][om[fg_hn_ mo)
`c]c_hn_ j[l[ _rjfc][l N* ?_ gi^i ko_ f[ n_mcm ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi
cgjfc][ ko_ b[s ]ih^c]cih_m [hn_]_^_hn_m mo`c]c_hn_m j[l[ ni^i
]o[hni mo]_^_*
>o[h^i ^_m]lc\cgim _f ^_n_lgchcmgi ^_ _mn[ g[h_l[( _m ]f[li
ko_ hi _m ch]ihmcmn_hn_ ^_]cl ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ jo^i b[\_l [])
no[^i ^_ inli gi^i _h ]c_ln[m i][mcih_m( [ohko_ _f ^_n_lgchcmgi
m_[ p_l^[^_li* >ihmc^zl_m_ fi ko_ _mny cgjf{]cni _h _f ^_n_lgc)
hcmgi6 [][mi _f ^_n_lgchcmgi him [so^[ [ ^_]c^cl koz ji^l{[ i
hi mo]_^_l; Ii* >igi b[]_ go]bi nc_gji m_|[f} Eibh Nno[ln
Hcfc( fi gym ko_ ji^_gim ^_]c^cl ]ih [so^[ ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi _m
ko_( ^[^i _f ]ihi]cgc_hni ^_ ]c_ln[m ]ih^c]cih_m [hn_]_^_hn_m(
_rcmn_ [faoh[ f_s [ j[lncl ^_ f[ ]o[f ji^_gim ^_^o]cl koz ]_MONO\f
_h oh gig_hni mo\m_]o_hn_*-1 K_li ^_^o]cl ko_ [fai mo]_^_ly
hi _kocp[f_ [ ^_]cl ko_ ^_\_ mo]_^_l i ko_ hchaoh[ inl[ ]im[
ji^l{[ mo]_^_l _h mo foa[l*
Kil inl[ j[ln_( l_mofn[ gos ]f[li ko_ m_g_d[hn_ jl_^c]]c}h _m(
_h mo ]ihdohni( ]igj[nc\f_ ]ih _f []ni fc\l_* <faoh[m j_lmih[m
m_ b[h ch]fch[^i [ j_hm[l ko_ mc ji^_gim jl_^_]cl fi ko_ b[ly
oh ch^cpc^oi( _hnih]_m m_ mcao_ ko_ zmn_ hi jo^i b[\_l b_]bi
hchaoh[ inl[ ]im[* K_li _mni _m oh[ ]ih`omc}h nin[f* @h `ilg[
jl_]c_hn{`c][( ]ih `l_]o_h]c[ jl_^_]cgim []_ln[^[g_hn_ fi ko_ f[
a_hn_ b[ly [ohko_ _mni hi fial[ jli\[l ko_ mom []nim hi mih fc)
\l_m* @h _`_]ni( [ g_ho^i jl_^_]cgim ko_ f[ a_hn_ b[ly ]im[m s
ko_( [^_gym( f[m b[ly fc\l_g_hn_* Kil _d_gjfi( moj}ha[m_ ko_ mz
ko_ oh [gcai g{i gos ko_lc^i p[ [ l_]c\cl oh[ \_][ ko_ zf b[
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_m( [oh ]o[h^i jo_^[ l_mofn[l ^c`{]cf j_l]c\cl _mni* <g\[m j[ln_m
j[l_]_h n_h_l l[t}h( j_li hi jo_^_h [g\[m _mn[l _h fi ]ill_]ni*
@f [laog_hni ]igj[nc\cfcmn[ s[ jo_^_ m_l _rjo_mni* @gjc_t[
]ich]c^c_h^i ]ih _f ^_n_lgchcmn[ _h oh [mohni ]lo]c[f6 f[ [`cl)
g[]c}h %3& _m `[fm[* G[ l[t}h _m _h _m_h]c[ f[ ko_ m_ _rjl_m} jl_)
pc[g_hn_( [ m[\_l( ko_ _f _rj_lcg_hni cg[ach[lci hi b[]_ h[^[
jil gimnl[l ko_ _f []ni ^_ g[hn_h_l chg}pcf _f \l[ti hi nc_h_
][om[( s ko_ m}fi fim []nim( _hnl_ f[m ]im[m ko_ j[m[h( _l[h j_l)
nch_hn_m _h _m_ _rj_lcg_hni* K_li _h foa[l ^_ f_p[hn[l lyjc^[)
g_hn_ f[ g[hi s ^_]cl( dohni ]ih _f ^_n_lgchcmn[( jo_m \c_h( [fai
^_\_ [h^[l g[f _h _f [laog_hni( _f ]igj[nc\cfcmn[ p[ oh j[mi
gym [ffy s m_ jl_aohn[ koz _m( _r[]n[g_hn_( fi ko_ [h^[ g[f _h
_f [laog_hni* >ihmc^_l_gim _mn[ jl_aohn[ ]ih m_lc_^[^* >c_ln[)
g_hn_ _f j[mi %.& _m []_jn[\f_7 ni^[m f[m j[ln_m chpifo]l[^[m _h
_mn[m ]o_mncih_m `cfim}`c][m ]ich]c^_h _h _ffi* Gi gcmgi jo_^_ ^_)
]clm_ ^_f j[mi %2&* Iim ko_^[h m}fi %-& s %0& ]igi jl_gcm[m7 %/& s
%1& mih ]ih]fomcih_m jlipcmcih[f_m i chn_lg_^c[m*
T koz b[s ^_ f[ [`clg[]c}h %-&; <ko{ _f ]igj[nc\cfcmn[ m_ jih_
^_f f[^i ^_f fc\_ln[lci( ]igi ^_\_l{[* G[ _pc^_h]c[ i\n_hc^[ [
j[lncl ^_f _rj_lcg_hni cg[ach[lci O] oh[ _pc^_h]c[ _gj{lc][ m})
fc^[ ^_ ko_ f[ j_lmih[ jo^i b[\_l []no[^i ^_ inli gi^i* ?_ [b{
ko_ him ko_^_ f[ hc][ jl_gcm[ ko_ fim fc\_ln[lcim s fim ^_n_lgc)
hcmn[m b[h ^_d[^i mch _r[g_h s mch ^_`_hm[7 f[ [`clg[]c}h %0& _m
`[fm[* Kil mojo_mni( _mn[ jl_gcm[ _m f[ [`clg[]c}h ]f[p_ ^_ f[ n_mcm
ch]igj[nc\cfcmn[7 jil fi n[hni( f[ n_mcm ch]igj[nc\cfcmn[ _m `[fm[ s f[
jimc]c}h ^_f ]igj[nc\cfcmn[ b[ ko_^[^i _mn[\f_]c^[*
G[ jimc]c}h ]igj[nc\cfcmn[ ]ihmn[ \ymc][g_hn_ ^_ nl_m _f_g_h)
nim6 %[& [faohim []nim mih fc\l_m7 %\& f[ n_mcm ^_f ^_n_lgchcmgi _m
p_l^[^_l[7 s %]& f[ [`clg[]c}h ^_ ko_ %[& s %\& mih ]igj[nc\f_m*
No ^_`_hm[ ^_ %[& hi _m _h fi [\mifoni ilcach[f( s[ ko_ b[ mc^i
nig[^[ ^cl_]n[g_hn_ ^_f fc\_ln[lci* >ihmcmn_ _h i\m_lp[l ko_ %[&
m_ [jis[ _h _f m_hnc^i ]igh l_`f_rcpi( s n[g\czh _h f[ _pc^_h)
]c[ jli^o]c^[ jil _f _rj_lcg_hni cg[ach[lci* O[gji]i _m mos[
f[ ^_`_hm[ ^_ %\& s[ ko_ _kocp[f_ [ f[ i\m_lp[]c}h ^_ ko_ %\& m_
[jis[ n[g\czh _h _f m_hnc^i ]igh l_`f_rcpi s _h _f b_]bi ^_
ko_ _f g_dil [laog_hni OX MYX^\K ^_ %\& ]ih^o]_ ^cl_]n[g_hn_ [
oh[ `[fm_^[^ g[hc`c_mn[( [ m[\_l( f[ [`clg[]c}h %3&* Gi ko_ l_mofn[
ho_pi s ilcach[f _h f[ ^i]nlch[ ]igj[nc\cfcmn[ _m mo [laog_hni
^_ ko_ _mnim m}fc^im _f_g_hnim _h f[m jimc]cih_m fc\_ln[lc[ s ^_)
n_lgchcmn[ dohn[m ]ih^o]_h ^cl_]n[g_hn_ [ %]&( s jil fi n[hni [f
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Loz _m oh[ j_lmih[; @hnl_ inl[m ]im[m oh[ j_lmih[ _m oh m_l
]igjf_di ko_ jo_^_ b[]_l go]b[m ]im[m* < ^c`_l_h]c[ ^_ go)
]bim inlim m_l_m m_ jo_^_ gip_l jil m{ gcmg[7 jo_^_ [ll[mnl[lm_(
][gch[l s h[^[l* @mny ]f[li ko_ zmn[m mih []ncpc^[^_m ]iljil[)
f_m* Kil fi n[hni( oh[ j_lmih[ j[l_]_( ]ih m_aolc^[^( n_h_l oh
]o_lji( _h _f ko_ nc_h_h foa[l go]bim jli]_mim s mo]_mim( n[f_m
]igi _f f[nc^i ^_f ]il[t}h( _f `oh]cih[gc_hni ^_ fim lc|ih_m s _f
]igjf_di `oh]cih[gc_hni ^_f ]_l_\li* ?c]bim jli]_mim ]iljil[)
f_m mih _m_h]c[f_m j[l[ g[hn_h_l [ oh[ j_lmih[ pcp[ s m[fo^[\f_*
?_ b_]bi ^_m]lc\cgim _f _mn[^i ^_f ]o_lji ^_ oh[ j_lmih[ _rji)
hc_h^i f[ ]ih^c]c}h _h ko_ m_ _h]o_hnl[h ^c]bim jli]_mim pcn[f_m
^_f ]o_lji*
C[s( mch _g\[lai( go]b[m inl[m ]im[m ko_ jo_^_ b[]_l oh[
j_lmih[ ko_ hi j[l_]_h m_l []ncpc^[^_m ]iljil[f_m* Ph[ j_lmih[(
[ ^c`_l_h]c[ ^_ go]bim inlim m_l_m koz jo_^_h gip_lm_ jil m{
gcmgim( jo_^_ j_hm[l []_l][ ^_ f[m ]im[m7 ^_]c^cl mi\l_ _f ]olmi
^_ oh[ []]c}h7 [hb_f[l( ^_m_[l s mi|[l ]ih go]b[m ]im[m ^c`_l_h)
n_m* @mn[m j[l_]_h m_l []ncpc^[^_m g_hn[f_m( \[mn[hn_ ^c`_l_hn_m ^_
f[m []ncpc^[^_m s jli]_mim ]iljil[f_m* K[l_]_h( _hnih]_m( chpifo)
]l[l [ oh[ g_hn_ _h foa[l ^_ oh ]o_lji( oh[ g_hn_ ]ih _mn[^im
nin[fg_hn_ ^c`_l_hn_m ^_ fim _mn[^im ]iljil[f_m* ?_m]lc\cgim _f
_mn[^i g_hn[f ^_ oh[ j_lmih[ ]o[h^i ^_]cgim ko_ _mny `_fct i
nlcmn_( [f_al_ i ^_jlcgc^[( _h[gil[^[ i ff_h[ ^_ i^ci( h_lpcim[
i ][fg[^[( ]ih`c[^[ i [momn[^[* Ph[ j_lmih[( jo_m( j[l_]_ m_l
hi m}fi oh ]o_lji ]igjf_di( mchi oh[ _hnc^[^ ]ih oh[ g_hn_
^cmnchn[ s ]igjf_n[g_hn_ ^c`_l_hn_ ^_ mo ]o_lji*
Ii m}fi ^_m]lc\cgim [ oh[ j_lmih[ ^_ _mn[ g[h_l[7 n[g\czh
nl[n[gim ^_ _rjfc][l mo ]igjiln[gc_hni ]iljil[f s ^_ _hn_h^_l
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g[n_lc[f_m mih ncjim ^_ ]im[m nin[fg_hn_ ^c`_l_hn_m( mch ko_ f[m ]i)
m[m g_hn[f_m n_ha[h hchaoh[ ][l[]n_l{mnc][ g[n_lc[f _r]_jni( n[f
p_t( f[ ^_ i]ollcl i _rcmncl _h oh gig_hni( i\n_h_gim _f [mj_]ni
^o[fcmn[ ^_ f[ n_il{[* O_l]_li( _f chn_l[]]cihcmgi ^o[fcmn[ mimnc_h_
ko_ oh[ j_lmih[ hi _m oh[ ]im[ ^_f ni^i g_hn[f( hc n[gji]i oh[
]im[ ^_f ni^i g[n_lc[f7 _h foa[l ^_ _ffi( _h _mn[ n_il{[ oh[ j_l)
mih[ _m oh[ _hnc^[^ ]igjo_mn[ ko_ ]ihmn[ ^_ oh i\d_ni g_hn[f
%oh[ g_hn_ chg[n_lc[f( _mjclcno[f& ohc^i [ oh ]o_lji g[n_lc[f*
>o[lni s fncgi( _h _mn[ n_il{[ fim mo]_mim g_hn[f_m s g[n_lc[f_m
chn_l[]n[h ][om[fg_hn_( _mni _m( m_ [`_]n[h ][om[fg_hn_ ohi [
inli* @m _mn_ fncgi _f_g_hni _f ko_ b[]_ ko_ f[ n_il{[ m_[ chn_)
l[]]cihcmn[*
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^o[fcmn[ hi _m ^_ hchaoh[ g[h_l[ chgoh_ [ i\d_]cih_m ji^_li)
m[m( i\d_]cih_m ko_ go]bim `cf}mi`im b[h _h]ihnl[^i n[h j_ldo)
^c]c[f_m ko_ b[h l_]b[t[^i _m[ jimc]c}h* @h a_h_l[f( b[ b[\c^i
^im ncjim ^_ i\d_]cih_m( f[m ko_ m_ \[m[h _h f[m _rca_h]c[m ^_ f[
]c_h]c[ s f[m ko_ m_ \[m[h _h `oh^[g_hnim `cfim}`c]im* Oig[l_gim
_h ]ihmc^_l[]c}h f[m nl_m i\d_]cih_m gym `o_ln_m ^_ ][^[ ncji*
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him b[ ^_m_gj_|[^i oh j[j_f ][om[f _h f[ pc^[ ^_ fim m_l_m bo)
g[him* @mni( ]igi b_gim pcmni( _mny gos jil ^_\[di ^_ f[ jf[omc)
\cfc^[^ chc]c[f ^_f chn_l[]]cihcmgi( s n[g\czh m_ ijih_ [f j[l[f_)
fcmgi* ?_\_l{[gim( _hnih]_m( ijih_lfi n[g\czh [f _jc`_hig_h[)
fcmgi [ohko_ ^_\_l{[gim l_]il^[l [mcgcmgi ko_ jo_^_ b[\_l
l[tih_m cgjiln[hn_m j[l[ []_jn[lfi* @f m_aoh^i [n[ko_ p[ gym
[ffy ^_f jlcg_li s [`clg[ ko_ mc _f _jc`_hig_h[fcmgi _m p_l^[)
^_li _hnih]_m _f f[^i g_hn[f ^_ fim m_l_m bog[him _m cll_f_p[hn_
j[l[ _f ]olmi ^_ fim mo]_mim bog[him* Nc \c_h _mn_ ][cai ji^l{[
f_p[hn[lm_ ]ihnl[ _f j[l[f_fcmn[ ko_ l_]b[t} n[hni f[ [lgih{[ jl_)
_mn[\f_]c^[ ]igi _f i][mcih[fcmgi( _mny `o_l[ ^_ foa[l mc m_ [jfc][
[f _jc`_hig_h[fcmgi* @f _llil ^_ _mn[ [`clg[]c}h _mny _h ko_ ^_f
b_]bi ^_ ko_ 4 hi ][om_ 5& m_ ch`c_l_ ko_ 4 hi _m ^_ hchaoh[ g[)
h_l[ l_f_p[hn_ j[l[ ko_ i]oll[ i hi i]oll[ 5( K_li _mn[ _m oh[
ch`_l_h]c[ `[f[t jilko_ mc 5 _m f[ ][om[ N O 4& _hnih]_m 5 m}fi i]o)
ll_ mc 4 i]oll_* Kil fi n[hni( mc 4 hi `o_l[ [ i]ollcl( _hnih]_m 5 hi
i]ollcl{[ s _f ]olmi nin[f ^_ f[m ]im[m ji^l{[ ][g\c[l* Kil _d_gjfi(
moj}ha[m_ ko_ ]c_lni jli]_mi ]_l_\l[f ][om[ ko_ [faoc_h d[f_ _f
a[ncffi ^_ oh[ jcmnif[ s ko_ n[g\czh nc_h_ _f mo\jli^o]ni ][om[f
^_f ^_m_i ^_ g[n[l [ [faoc_h* <m{ ko_( mc _f [m_mchi ^_f jl_mc^_hn_
F_hh_^s hi bo\c_l[ n_hc^i _m_ ^_m_i( _hnih]_m hc _f jli]_mi ]_)
l_\l[f ko_ fi ][om}( hc f[ []]c}h mi\l_ _f a[ncffi ko_ n[g\czh l_)
mofn} ^_f jli]_mi ]_l_\l[f b[\l{[h i]ollc^i* ?_ f[ gcmg[ g[h_l[
_mny l_f[]cih[^i _f f[^i g_hn[f ^_ f[ h[nol[f_t[ bog[h[ ]ih fi
ko_ mo]_^_ ch]fomi mc _f _jc`_hig_h[fcmgi _m p_l^[^_li* <m{ ko_
ji^_gim l_]b[t[l _f m_aoh^i [n[ko_ ^_ f[ jlcg_l[ i\d_]c}h [f
_jc`_hig_h[fcmgi mch ^_d[l ^_ l_]il^[l _f jlcg_li*
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mojih_l ko_ f[ ]ih]c_h]c[ ^_ f[m l_f[]cih_m f}ac][m nc_h_ [fai ko_
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<m{ ko_ [g\im ncjim ^_ n_il{[ p[h gym [ffy ^_ f[m ^_`chc]cih_m
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ko_ _m oh[ jlijo_mn[ pyfc^[ l_mj_]ni ^_ ]}gi ^_\_l{[h m_l f[m ]i)
m[m* K_li hi b_gim _h]ihnl[^i l[tih_m j[l[ []_jn[lfi ]igi oh[
jlijo_mn[( hc oh[ \o_h[ l[t}h j[l[ l_]b[t[l mo p_l^[^( jilko_
hi _m hc [h[f{nc]i hc p_lc`c][\f_ _gj{lc][g_hn_( ]igi fi _rca_ _f
]lcn_lci gcmgi [ ni^[m f[m il[]cih_m p_l^[^_l[m* @h ]ihm_]o_h)
]c[( jo_mni ko_ f[ jl_gcm[ %.& ^_ C_gj_f cgjfc][ _f ]lcn_lci ^_
p_lc`c][\cfc^[^( ^_\_gim l_]b[t[l f[ jl_gcm[ [m{ ]igi _f ]lcn_lci*
?_\_gim l_hoh]c[l [f [n[di ko_ ff_p[ [f ]ih^o]ncmgi [h[f{nc]i
s nl[n[l jil _f ][gchi gym f[cai s gym ^c`{]cf* @mni _m( ^_\_gim p_l
mc _f ]ih^o]ncmgi [h[f{nc]i nc_h_ domnc`c][]c}h j[l[ nl[n[l ^_ jli)
jil]cih[l [faoh[m ^_`chc]cih_m ]ihn_rn[f_m _mj_]{`c][m ^_ il[)
]cih_m jmc]if}ac][m j[lnc]of[l_m* Nc fial[gim [fah zrcni( _hnih)
]_m b[s oh[ \o_h[ l[t}h j[l[ []_jn[l _f ]ih^o]ncmgi [h[f{nc]i7
mc hi n_h_gim zrcni( _hnih]_m ^_\_gim l_]b[t[lfi*
EXK YLTOMSiX KV MYXN_M^S]WY KXKVh^SMY/
XY Z_ONO KXKVSdK\ Y\KMSYXO] NO M\OOXMSK
Ph `cf}mi`i ko_ [`clg[ ko_ _f jlial[g[ ^_f ]ih^o]ncmgi [h[f{nc]i
hi m_ ]ogjfcly _m Mi^_lc]e H* >bcmbifg* >bcmbifg b[ _mn[^i
^cmjo_mni [ [jis[l mo ^cm]omc}h ]ihnl[ _f [hyfcmcm ^_ f[m il[]ci)
h_m jmc]if}ac][m( jo_mn[m _h nzlgchim ^_ il[]cih_m ]ih^o]ncmn[m(
_h f[ `[fn[ ^_ b[\cfc^[^ ^_ ]o[fkoc_l j_lmih[ j[l[ [h[fct[l m[)
ncm`[]nilc[g_hn_ il[]cih_m ko_ ]ihn_ha[h [fah ]l__l* @h p[)
lcim [ln{]ofim b[ gimnl[^i ko_ ni^im fim chn_hnim b_]bim b[mn[
[bil[ b[h `l[][m[^i _h jlijil]cih[l oh [hyfcmcm [^_]o[^i ^_
f[m il[]cih_m ^_ ]l__h]c[* G[ ]ihm_]o_h]c[ ^_ _ffi( ^_m^_ fo_ai(
_m ko_ jo_mni ko_ ]l__l _m oh nzlgchi jmc]if}ac]i( _f ]ih^o])
ncmgi [h[f{nc]i ^_\_ m_l l_]b[t[^i* K[l[ p_l _f l[tih[gc_hni ^_
>bcmbifg ^_\_gim _gj_t[l jil _d_gjfim ^_ ]}gi ]lcnc][ ]c_lnim
[hyfcmcm _mj_]{`c]im* @h ][^[ ][mi go_mnl[( i \c_h ko_ _f KXKVS]KX]
hi _m mch}hcgi ^_ f[ il[]c}h ^_ ]l__h]c[( i \c_h ko_ m_ b[ ]ihp_l)
nc^i _h mch}hcgi m}fi g_^c[hn_ _f omi ^_ [fah nzlgchi nz]hc]i
ko_ hi _m h_]_m[lci j[l[ ^_m]lc\cl g_lim `_h}g_him ]iljil[f_m*
G[ m_aoh^[ [lg[ ^_f [n[ko_ ^_ >bcmbifg _m n[h cgjiln[hn_ ]igi
f[ jlcg_l[( jilko_ go]b[ a_hn_ b[ nl[n[^i ^_ _pcn[l _f f_hao[d_
jmc]if}ac]i hi g_^c[hn_ oh[ nl[^o]]c}h [f f_hao[d_ ]ih^o]ncmn[(
mchi []o|[h^i nzlgchim ko_ mo_h[h ]c_hn{`c]im s ko_ m}fi j[l_)
]_h n_h_l oh[ `oh]c}h( [ m[\_l( _pcn[l nzlgchim jmc]if}ac]im* Kil
_d_gjfi( [faohim jmc]}fiaim( _h foa[l ^_ ^_]cl(
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@G KMJ=G@H< H@IO@)>P@MKJ
mcahc`c][6
Kzl_t _mny _rbc\c_h^i _f ]igjiln[gc_hni ko_ _rbc\_ ]o[h^i
s m}fi ]o[h^i b[s oh ch]_h^ci*
K_li _mni hi mclp_( jilko_ cgjfc][ ko_ Kzl_t ]l__ ko_ b[s oh ch)
]_h^ci ]o[h^i s m}fi ]o[h^i b[s l_[fg_hn_ oh ch]_h^ci* Kzl_t(
mch _g\[lai( ]igi ni^im himinlim( `l_]o_hn_g_hn_ ]l__ ]im[m ko_
mih `[fm[m* T( ^_m^_ fo_ai( hi m_l{[ \o_hi [ll_af[l _f [hyfcmcm ^c)
]c_h^i ]o[h^i s m}fi ]o[h^i gV ZSOX]K ko_ b[s oh ch]_h^ci jil)
ko_ jc_hm[ _m oh nzlgchi jmc]if}ac]i* ?_ _mn[ g[h_l[( >bcmbifg
l_`on[ _f [hyfcmcm ^_ l_mjo_mn[)_mj_]{`c][*
@f [hyfcmcm ^_ ]igjiln[gc_hni)[jlijc[^i hi ]ill_ g_dil
mo_ln_* @mn_ [h[fct[l{[6
Kzl_t ]l__ ko_ b[s oh ch]_h^ci ]_l][(
]igi6
=[di ]cl]ohmn[h]c[m l_f_p[hn_m j[l[ ko_ b[s[ oh ch]_h^ci ]_l)
][( Kzl_t m_ ]igjiln[l{[ ^_ oh[ g[h_l[ [jlijc[^[ j[l[ _f
b_]bi ^_ ko_ b[s[ oh ch]_h^ci ]_l][*
<ko{ n_h_gim oh [hyfcmcm jol[g_hn_ ]ih^o]ncmn[ ko_ hi ch]fos_
nzlgchim nz]hc]im _mj_]c[f_m* ?_ gi^i ko_( [ g_him ko_ b[s[
oh[ l[t}h j[l[ j_hm[l ko_ _m jimc\f_ ko_ oh[ ^_ f[m il[]cih_m
m_[ p_l^[^_l[ s f[ inl[ `[fm[( ji^_gim []_jn[l _mn_ [hyfcmcm* Gi
ko_ h_]_mcn[gim b[]_l( _hnih]_m( _m p_l mc ji^_gim j_hm[l _h
oh[ mcno[]c}h _h f[ ko_ oh[ il[]c}h `o_l[ p_l^[^_l[ s f[ inl[
`[fm[* @mni hi _m ^c`{]cf ^_ b[]_l* Ki^_gim ]ih]_\cl oh ][mi _h _f
ko_ Kzl_t _mnopc_l[ chpifo]l[^i_h oh mcgof[]li ^_ ch]_h^ci s m_
]igjiln[l[ _r[]n[g_hn_ ^_ f[ gcmg[ g[h_l[ _h ko_ fi b[l{[ _h
oh ch]_h^ci l_[f* No ]igjiln[gc_hni _m ]c_ln[g_hn_ [jlijc[^i
[f b_]bi ^_ ko_ b[s[ oh ch]_h^ci ]_l][* K_hm_gim n[g\czh ko_
_h _mn_ gcmgi ][mi( mch ko_ h[^c_ fi m_j[( b[ _mn[ff[^i oh ch]_h)
^ci _h _f _^c`c]ci domn[g_hn_ [hn_m ^_f mcgof[]li jlial[g[^i*
@hnih]_m( jil mojo_mni( Kzl_t m_ _mny ]igjiln[h^i ^_ []o_l^i
]ih _f b_]bi ^_ ko_ b[s[ oh ch]_h^ci ]_l][* <m{ ko_ _f KXKVS]KX] _m
p_l^[^_li* K_li( Kzl_t( m[\c_h^i ko_ m_ nl[n[\[ mcgjf_g_hn_ ^_f
mcgof[]li jlial[g[^i( ]l__ ko_ hi b[s oh ch]_h^ci ]_l][* <m{
ko_ _f KXKVS]KXN_W _m `[fmi s _f [hyfcmcm `l[][m[* ?_ _mn[ g[h_l[
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jo_^_ l_mjih^_l _mn[\[m ]igohc][h^i []_l][ ]{_ f[ i]oll_h]c[ ^_
]c_lni jli]_mi ]_l_\l[f( s him b[l{[m f[ pc^[ gym `y]cf mc _h _f `onoli
^cd_l[m gcm `c\l[m)> m_ _mnyh ko_g[h^i _h foa[l ^_ ^_]cl n_hai
oh ^ifil* <f ^_]cl _mni( nc_h_ oh ][mi Z\SWK PKMSO n[h \o_hi ]igi
_f ^_f ]c_hn{`c]i ko_ l_mjih^_ [ f[ jl_aohn[ ^_f gz^c]i \lodi koz
_mn[\[ ]igohc][h^i ]o[h^i ]igohckoz ko_ b[\{[ oh ^_gihci;
^c]c_h^i _mn[\[m ]igohc][h^i _f ]ihn_hc^i ^_ no [fo]ch[]c}h( s f[
pc^[ m_l{[ gym `y]cf mc( _h _f `onoli( ^_m]lc\c_l[m nom _rj_lc_h]c[m _h
_mnim nzlgchim *
?_ []o_l^i ]ih _mn[ ]ih]_j]c}h( jo_m( m_ly l[tih[\f_ _h _f `o)
noli _fcgch[l f[m m_hm[]cih_m( mc ]igi j[l_]_ jli\[\f_( f[ `oh]c}h
_rjfc][ncp[( ^_ [faoh[ g[h_l[ jlcgcncp[( ^_ fim nzlgchim ^_ m_h)
m[]c}h( _m l_gjf[t[^[ jil fim nzlgchim( gym [p[ht[^im( ^_ f[ `cmci)
fia{[* <f ff_a[l [ _m_ johni( _mn[l_gim domnc`c][^im _h _]b[l `o_l[
f[m m_hm[]cih_m n[f ]igi bc]cgim ]ih fim ^_gihcim*
Nc f[ [h[fia{[ ]ih fim ^_gihcim ko_ jf[hn_[ Milns nc_h_ zrcni(
_hnih]_m zmn_ nc_h_ oh[ l_`on[]c}h [ f[ i\d_]c}h `o_ln_ ko_ l_)
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l_h]c[ cgjiln[hn_ _hnl_ fim ^im ][mim( j_li hi jo_^_ p_l ko_
^_mnlos_ mo ^_`_hm[* Milns f_ b[ jlijil]cih[^i [f g[n_lc[fcmn[
_fcgch[^il oh[ l_mjo_mn[ [ f[ jl_aohn[ []_l][ ^_ fi ko_ ]igo)
hc]i ]o[h^i ^cai ko_ n_hai oh ^ifil( j_li( [ ^c`_l_h]c[ ^_f ][mi
^_f ^_gihci( hi b[ jlijil]cih[^i hchaoh[ `ilg[ p_lim{gcf j[l[
_rjfc][l jil koz _mny n[h _rn_h^c^i _f _llil ^_ ]l__l s ]igohc)
][l ko_ b[s ^ifil_m* T ^_\_ jlijil]cih[l ^c]b[ _rjfc][]c}h _h
foa[l ^_ oh[ mcgjf_ l_mjo_mn[ mc b[ ^_ l_`on[l f[ []om[]c}h ^_
ko_ mo n_il{[ cgjfc][ oh [\mol^i* Gim ]c_hn{`c]im _rjfc][h jil
koz fim gz^c]im \lodim ]l__h ko_ p_h ^_gihcim( ^_]f[l[h^i ko_
]ig_l bihaim m[al[^im f_m ][om[ [fo]ch[]cih_m ^_ ^_gihcim( s _m)
n[m [fo]ch[]cih_m _ha[|[h [ fim gz^c]im \lodim koc_h_m ]l__h ko_
m_ nl[n[ ^_ ^_gihcim l_[f_m* Ph g[n_lc[fcmn[ _fcgch[^il( mch _g)
\[lai( hi jo_^_ om[l f[m [fo]ch[]cih_m j[l[ _rjfc][l jil ko_ ]l_)
_gim _ll}h_[g_hn_ ko_ _rj_lcg_hn[gim ^ifil_m( jilko_ [oh)
ko_ nopc_l[ m_hnc^i b[\f[l ^_ f[ [fo]ch[]c}h ^_ oh ^ifil( _mn[m
[fo]ch[]cih_m m_l{[h i\d_nim g_hn[f_m gym ko_ _mn[^im h_ol[f_m( s
hi m_ _fcgch[l{[h ]c_ln[m _hnc^[^_m g_hn[f_m* <^_gym( hi j[l_]_
/0 VLSS(e jj* / , ) / - *
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K_li( ^_m^_ fo_ai( jl_gcm[m n[f_m ]igi %.& s %.[& mih f[ ]f[p_ ko_
[n[][ _f _m]zjnc]i _h l_f[]c}h ]ih inl[m g_hn_m( s hchaoh[ n_il{[
l_mcmn_ g_dil _f [n[ko_ ko_ f[ inl[* Kil ]ihmcaoc_hn_( hi ji^_gim
om[l _f jli\f_g[ ^_ inl[m g_hn_m j[l[ [so^[lhim [ _m]ia_l _hnl_
f[m ^im n_il{[m*
T( ^c]bi m_[ ^_ j[mi( ^_ ni^[m f[m jimc]cih_m ko_ b_gim _r[)
gch[^i( mif[g_hn_ _f ]ih^o]ncmgi [h[f{nc]i _fo^_ _mn_ jli\f_g[*
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_mnyh cgjfc][^[m jil f[m il[]cih_m ]ih^o]ncmn[m( ^_ g[h_l[ ko_
f[m ]ih]fomcih_m []_l][ ^_ inl[m g_hn_m jo_^_h ^_^o]clm_ [ j[l)
ncl ^_ jl_gcm[m ko_ ^_m]lc\_h ]c_lni ]igjiln[gc_hni ko_ i\m_l)
p[gim* K_li( mc \c_h zmn[ _m oh[ ][l[]n_l{mnc][ [nl[]ncp[ ^_f ]ih)
^o]ncmgi [h[f{nc]i( hi mclp_ al[h ]im[ j[l[ ko_ f[ n_li{[ m_ m[fp_
jilko_ hi j[l_]_ b[\_l n[f cgjfc][]c}h*
<ohko_ hi b[s[gim pcmni hc ko_ _f ^o[fcmgi gym jf[omc\f_(
hc fi ko_ mch ^o^[ j[l_]_ m_l f[ n_il{[ [fn_lh[ncp[ gym jf[omc\f_(
_fo^[ _f jli\f_g[ ^_ inl[m g_hn_m( b_gim pcmni ko_ f[ n_il{[ h_o)
nl[f ^_ f[ c^_hnc^[^ jo_^_ _h`l_hn[lm_ ]ih go]b[ `[]cfc^[^ [ ^im
i\d_]cih_m ko_ _f chn_l[]]cihcmgi _m ch][j[t ^_ l_`on[l ^_ oh[
g[h_l[ ]igjf_n[g_hn_ m[ncm`[]nilc[* <][mi _mn[ ]f[l[ p_hn[d[ him
j_lgcn_ _hnih]_m jli]f[g[l ko_ f[ n_il{[ h_onl[f _m f[ n_il{[ gym
jf[omc\f_ mi\l_ f[ l_f[]c}h g_hn_)]o_lji; @mni( ^_m[`ilnoh[^[)
g_hn_( m_l{[ jl_g[noli jilko_ b[s oh[ i\d_]c}h cgjiln[hn_ [
f[ p_lmc}h h_onl[f ^_ f[ n_il{[ ^_ f[ c^_hnc^[^ ko_ [h hi b_gim
]ihmc^_l[^i*
EXK YLTOMSiX K VK ^OY\hK NO VK SNOX^SNKN/
VK XY'SNOX^SNKN NO VY] NS]MOWSLVO]
G[ i\d_]c}h gym al[p_ [ f[ n_il{[ ^_ f[ c^_hnc^[^ s[ b[ mc^i g_h)
]cih[^[* @m mch ^o^[ oh _llil [`clg[l ko_ fim `_h}g_him g_h)
n[f_m( ]igi f[m m_hm[]cih_m i fim j_hm[gc_hnim( mih c^zhnc]im [
]c_lnim `_h}g_him `{mc]im( n[f_m ]igi fim jli]_mim ]_l_\l[f_m( jil)
ko_ hi ji^_gim ^_]cl ^_ fim `_h}g_him g_hn[f_m go]b[m ^_ f[m
]im[m ko_ ^_]cgim ^_ fim `_h}g_him `{mc]im( s pc]_p_lm[* @mn[ i\)
d_]c}h jo_^_ _mj_]c`c][lm_ gym oncfct[h^i _f jlch]cjci ^_ c^_hnc)
^[^ ^_ fim ch^cm]_lhc\f_m* ?_ []o_l^i ]ih _mn_ jlch]cjci( i\d_nim
ko_ jo_^_h j[l_]_l ^c`_l_hn_m _hnl_ m{( _h l_[fc^[^ mih c^zhnc]im(
mc [g\im nc_h_h f[m gcmg[m jlijc_^[^_m( s( mc mih c^zhnc]im( _h)
nih]_m [g\im nc_h_h fym gcmg[m jlijc_^[^_m* Kil _d_gjfi( _f ]o[)
"!#
@G KMJ=G@H< H@IO@)>P@MKJ
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]cl n[f ]im[ []_l][ ^_f ^{[ _h ko_ [faoc_h h[]c}* N_ [`clg[ ko_ f[
il[]c}h cgjfc][ fi ko_ m_ ]ihi]_ ]igi oh _llil ][n_ailc[f* @mni
_m( _h _mn[ il[]c}h _f jl_^c][^i _mny ^ilgc^i _h f[ ][g [( ko_
_mny ^_hnli ^_ ]c_ln[ ][n_ail{[ fcha{mnc][( _m [^m]lcni [f nzlgchi
]ogjf_[|im( ko_ j_ln_h_]_ [ oh[ ][n_ail{[ ^c`_l_hn_* >[^[ p_t
ko_ _mni i]oll_ f[ il[]c}h l_mofn[hn_ _m oh mchm_hnc^i*/5
Nc f[m il[]cih_m []_l][ ^_ ^ifil_m s `c\l[m h_lpcim[m cgjfc][h
_llil_m ][n_ailc[f_m( _hnih]_m ][l_]_h ^_ m_hnc^i s hi mih( jil fi
n[hni( p_l^[^_l[m* K[l_]_l{[( jo_m( ko_ _mn[ i\d_]c}h m_l{[ gos
j_ldo^c]c[f* Nc( hi i\mn[hn_( f[ n_il{[ h_onl[f jo_^_ _fo^cl _mn[m
il[]cih_m ^_ mihc^i _rnl[|i s [j[l_hn_g_hn_ mch m_hnc^i( _hnih)
]_m jo_^_ l_`on[l _mn[ i\d_]c}h* Nojiha[gim [ko{ ko_ f[m il[]ci)
h_m ][l_]_h ^_ m_hnc^i( s p_[gim ]}gi oh n_}lc]i h_onl[f ji^l{[
g[h_d[l f[ i\d_]c}h \[di _mn[ mojimc]c}h* >ihmc^zl_Nj f[ mcaoc_hn_
il[]c}h ko_ ji^l{[ om[l j[l[ _rjl_m[l mo ijchc}h6 G [ gcmg[ _h)
nc^[^ ko_ _mny ^ifc_h^i s joht[h^i chmijiln[\f_g_hn_ _mny ]ih)
^o]c_h^i cgjofmim h_lpcimim s _mny ]ihmncnoc^[ jil gifz]of[m*
vmn[ jo_^_ m_l oh[ il[]c}h chomo[f j_li hi _m j[lnc]of[lg_hn_
_rnl[|[ s mch ^o^[ hi ][l_]_ ^_ m_hnc^i* <^_gym( _mn_ n_}lc]i
ji^l{[ ch]fomi ]ih]_\cl oh ho_pi nzlgchi j[l[ l_`_lclm_ [ ^c)
]b[m _hnc^[^_m( jil _d_gjfi( `c\l[f* Ki^l{[ _hnih]_m [`clg[l ko_
b[s `c\l[f_m( _mni _m( _hnc^[^_m ]ih [ko_ff[m jlijc_^[^_m a_h_l[f)
g_hn_ [mi]c[^[m [ fim ^ifil_m( s n[g\czh ]ih f[m jlijc_^[^_m a_)
h_l[fg_hn_ [mi]c[^[m [ `c\l[m)> [l^c_hn_m* Ko_^_( _hnih]_m( _pc)
n[l _llil_m ][n_ailc[f_m ^c]c_h^i ko_ fi ko_ m_ mojih_ ko_ mih
^ifil_m s `c\l[m)> [l^c_hn_m( _h l_[fc^[^ mih `c\l[f_m* T oh n_}lc]i
^_f ^i\f_)f_hao[d_ ji^l{[ ^_]cl ko_ fi ko_ _f ^ifil ^_hin[ _m fi
ko_ f[m `c\l[m)> [l^c_hn_m ^_hin[h( [ m[\_l( `c\l[f_m*
>}gi mclp_h _mn[m i\m_lp[]cih_m j[l[ l_`on[l f[ i\d_]c}h \[)
m[^[ _h f[ `[fn[ ^_ m_hnc^i ^_ ]c_ln[m il[]cih_m; Nclp_h jilko_ f[
i\d_]c}h ^_j_h^_ ^_f b_]bi ^_ ko_ f[ c^_hnc^[^ h_onl[f m_ g[)
hc`c_mn_ _h ]c_ln[m j[f[\l[m* Gi hc]i ko_ m_ h_]_mcn[ b[]_l( jo_m(
_m ][g\c[l f[m j[f[\l[m oncfct[^[m j[l[ _rjl_m[l f[ n_il{[ s [m{ m_
_fo^_ f[ i\d_]c}h* ?_m^_ fo_ai hi m_ h_]_mcn[ chnli^o]cl _f ho_pi
nzlgchi `c\l[f j[l[ b[]_lfi* ?c]b[ ny]nc][ _m m}fi oh gi^i _hnl_
15 K [l[ oh[ ^cm]omc}h [ ]_l][ ^_ fim _ lli l_ m ][n_ailc[f_m pz[m_ B* Msf_( > [ )
n_ailc_m( _ h <* Af_q %_^*&( 7TLNH FSI 7FSLZFLJ# .[ m_lc_( =[mcf =f[]eq_ff( J r`i l^ (
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"""
Q
@ G K M J = G @ H < ? @ E P N O D A D> < M G < > M @ @ I > D< @ I ? DJ N
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9:A 8 D C 8 : EI D 9: H:G HJ EG :B D
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]p`ijn t oj_jn gjn \^ojn lp` `g n`m npkm`hj _`n`\( c\^` p jm_`i\
nji( _` c`^cj( gj ^jmm`^ojx*
v* fXe fhceX`b Xf b`a\cbgXagX
G\ h\i`m\ hn mkd_\ _` _`adidm `no\ jm\^di `n _d^d`i_j lp`
ndbidad^\ lp` `g n`m npkm`hj od`i` g\ ^\k\^d_\_ _` c\^`m \]njgp
o\h`io` ^p\glpd`m ^jn\* K`mj `no\ _`adid^di `n hpt q\b\( kjm
lp` ij u\ie\ g\ ^p`nodi _` nd ?djn kp`_` c\^`m \gbj lp` dhkgd
lp` pi\ ^jiom\_d^^di gbd^\* Od`i` ?djn( kjm `e`hkgj( g\ ^\
k\^d_\_ _` c\^`m lp` `g h`m^pmdj _` pi o`mhh`omj `no \ pi\
kpgb\_\ _` g\ ]\n` \g hdnhj od`hkj lp` `no \ _jn kpgb\_\n _`
g\ ]\n`; Od`i` \^\nj g\ ^\k\^d_\_ _` c\^`m lp` pi g\bj `no ^ji
b`g\_j t \ g\ q`u ndi cd`gj; <gbpijn c\i \mbph`io\_j lp` nd \adm
h\hjn lp` ?djn ij od`i` g\ ^\k\^d_\_ _` c\^`m \gbj lp` dhkgd
lp` pi\ ^jiom\_d^^di gbd^\( `ioji^`n _`]`hjn ^ji^gpdm lp` ij
od`i` g\ ^\k\^d_\_ _` c\^`m oj_j t kjm gj o\ioj ij `n jhidkj
o`io`* Ndi `h]\mbj( ij k\m`^`*c\]`m m\ui k\m\ lp` `g kj_`m _`
?djn lp`_` gdhdo\_j \g _`^dm lp` `n ^\k\u _` c\^`m ^p\glpd`m ^jn\
lp` `n gbd^\h`io` kjnd]g`* @noj ij `s^gpt` i\_\ _` gj lp` np`g`
\admh\mn` lp` n` `i^p`iom\ `iom` gjn \^ojn _` ?djn( di^gpd_\ g\
^m`\^di \ k\modm _` g\ i\_\* Ngj `s^gpt` \^ojn ^pt\ _`n^mdk^di
dhkgdlp` pi\ ^jiom\_d^^di* @in\t`hjn( kp`n g\ ndbpd`io` \adm
h\^di6 w@g n`m npkm`hj od`i` g\ ^\k\^d_\_ _` c\^`m ^p\glpd`m
^jn\ lp` n`\ gbd^\h`io` kjnd]g`x ^jhj _`adid^di _` w@g n`m np
km`hj `n jhidkjo`io`x $oj_jkj_`mjnj%*
< kmdh`m\ qdno\ `no\ _`adid^di ndi _p_\ k\m`^` n\odna\^ojmd\(
k`mj o`i`hjn lp` m`qdn\mg\* >jind_ m`n` `g \^oj _` n`io\mn` `i
pi\ ndgg\ `i pi hjh`ioj `i lp` ?djn ij `no n`io\_j `i `gg\* @n
^g\mj lp` pno`_( tj t ^\nd oj_j `g hpi_j njhjn ^\k\^`n _` n`i
o\mijn `i pi\ ndgg\ `i pi hjh`ioj `i `g lp` ?djn ij `no n`i)
oj_j `i `gg\* K`mj kp`_` ?djn c\^`m `noj; Kp`_` ?djn `no\m n`i
o\_j `i pi\ ndgg\ \g hdnhj od`hkj `i lp` ?djn ij `no n`io\_j
`i `gg\; ?`n_` gp`bj lp` ij( t( kp`noj lp` `n gbd^\h`io` kjnd]g`
c\^`mgj $pno`_ t tj kj_`hjn c\^`mgj%( _`]`hjn ^ji^gpdm kjm g\
_`adid^di km`^`_`io` lp` ?djn ij `n jhidkjo`io`*
Ij k\m`^`( ndi `h]\mbj( lp`( kp`noj lp` id ?djn id ^p\glpd`m
K`mnji\ kp`_` \g hdnhj od`hkj `no\m t ij `no\m `i pi gpb\m( `noj
N`\ pi\ gdhdo\^di _` np kj_`m* Ij `n `no`( kp`n( `g odkj _` di)
>\k\^d_\_ lp` kj_m\ `nbmdhdmn` `i ^jiom\ _` np jhidkjo`i^d\*
,-)
,-*
,-+
,-,
lp` ?djn c\b\ \cjm\ lp` @imdlp` [TlT gXa\Wb n`dn `nkjn\n( \n lp`
?djn od`i` `no\ ^\k\^d_\_ k\m\ \a`^o\m `g k\n\_j*
Pi\ dgpnom\^di _da`m`io` kp`_` n`mijn odg \lp* Npkib\n`
lp` `i pi hjh`ioj `nk`^ad^j( \ n\]`m( `s\^o\h`io` \ g\n -.6,,
<*H* _`g 0 _` h\tj _` -54.( pi di_dqd_pj _`o`mhdi\_j( H\m\(
nd`io` pi\ kpiu\_\ `i `g ]m\uj* B`i`m\gh`io` npkji_m\hjn
lp` `no\ kpiu\_\ ap` ^\pn\_\ kjm np^`njn lp` g\ km`^`_d`mji di
h`_d\o\h`io`6 o\g q`u np^`njn i`pm\g`n t hpn^pg\m`n ap`mji g\n
^\pn\n dih`_d\o\n _` g\ kpiu\_\* <_`hn |t `noj `n gj dhkjmo\i
o`| o\h]d i npkji_m\hjn lp` `nojn np^`njn hpn^pg\m`n t i`p
m\g`n j^pmmd`mji TagXf _` lp` g\ kpiu\_\ j^pmmd`m\( o\g q`u \ g\n
--615x15z <*H* _` g\ hdnh\ a`^c\* <cjm\ ]d`i( `noj `n gj lp` ijm
h\gh`io` npkji_m\hjn( t `noj `n gj #lp` ijmh\gh`io` np^`_`
m\* Ndi `h]\mbj `n gbd^\h`io` kjnd]g` lp` g\ ^\pn\ m`\g _` g\
kpiu\_\ _` H\m\ j^pmmd`m\ WXfch f _` lp` j^pmmd`m\ g\ kpiu\_\(
_db\hjn `g 1 _` h\tj _` -54.* N`h`e\io` ^\nj _` y^\pn\gd_\_
m`omjnk`^odq\z `n hpt `som\j h\n ij n` ^jiom\_d^` \ n hdnhj*
Kj_`hjn \kgd^\m a^dgh`io` `no\ dgpnom\^di \g ^\nj _` @imdlp`
QDDD* Dh\bdi`hjn lp` `g k\n\_j `n `s\^o\h`io` ^jhj ^m``hjn
lp` ap`7 @imdlp` QDDD hpmd `i -103 t \ gj g\mbj _` np qd_\ opqj
n`dn `nkjn\n* @n gbd^\h`io` kjnd]g` lp` g\ ^\pn\ _` lp` c\t\ o`
id_j n`dn `nkjn\n j^pmm\ \cjm\( `i -54.( t ij `i `g ndbgj SQD( _`
g\ hdnh\ h\i`m\ `i lp` `n kjnd]g` gbd^\h`io` lp` g\ kpiu\_\
_` H\m\ _`g 0 _` h\tj c\t\ nd_j ^\pn\_\ kjm pi np^`nj _`g 1
_` h\tj _`g hdnhj \j* Kp`noj lp` `noj `n gbd^\h`io` kjnd]g`(
o\h]d i gj `n lp` g\ ^\pn\ m`\g _` lp` @imdlp` c\t\ o`id_j n`dn
`nkjn\n `i `g ndbgj SQD n`\ \gbj lp` ?djn c\^` \cjm\ `i -54.*
<n lp` ?djn od`i` g\ ^\k\^d_\_ k\m\ \a`^o\m `g k\n\_j ndi hj_d
ad^\mgj* @g k\n\_j k`mh\i`^` dbp\g kjmlp` ndbp` `no\i_j ^jhj
`no\]\6 @imdlp` opqj n`dn `nkjn\n* K`mj ?djn \a`^o\ `g k\n\_j kjm
lp` \cjm\( `i -54.( c\^` lp` @imdlp` c\t\ o`id_j n`dn `nkjn\n
`i `g ndbgj SQD* Ndi `h]\mbj( ?djn ij kp`_` \a`^o\m `g k\n\_j
`bW\Y\V~aWb_b& kjmlp` `n` `n pi \^oj lp` n` ^jiom\_d^` \ n hdnhj)
G\ j]e`^di km`^`_`io` am\^\n\ kjmlp` ^jiapi_` \a`^o\m `g k\
n\_j ^ji hj_dad^\m `g k\n\_j6 gj kmdh`mj kp`_` j^pmmdm nd ]d`i
gj n`bpi_j ij kp`_`*
)od j
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i\opm\g`n _` o\g h\i`m\ lp` c\t\ pi\ m\ui k\m\ kjnopg\m pi\
^\pn\ nj]m`i\opm\g k\m\ `skgd^\mg\n* Nd g\ c\t( `ioji^`n kj_`hjn
n`m ^\k\^`n _` pn\m `sk`md`i^d\n hnod^\n k\m\ epnodad^\m g\ km`
hdn\ $.%* Nd ij g\ c\t( `ioji^`n _`]`hjn ^ji^gpdm lp` t\ n`\ lp`
gjn hnod^jn `sk`mdh`io`i j lp` ij `sk`mdh`io`i \ ?djn( ij o`
i`hjn ]\n`n k\m\ \admh\m lp` gj c\^`i( id h\i`m\ \gbpi\ _` pn\m
`no\n `sk`md`i^d\n k\m\ epnodad^\m g\ km`hdn\ $.%*
@i m`\gd_\_ o`i`hjn lp` ^jind_`m\m _jn \mbph`iojn* @g kmd
h`mj kp`_` `skm`n\mn` n`\g\i_j lp` gjn m`g\ojn lp` g\ b`io`
c\^` _` npn `som\\n `sk`md`i^d\n hnod^\n nji `i n hdnhjn hpt
kj^j ^jhpi`n* ?d^cjn di_dqd_pjn \admh\i c\]`mn` apndji\_j ^ji
gj Pij( j lp` `i ^d`mo\ ajmh\ c\i nd_j \]njm]d_jn kjm pi\ pid
_\_ kpm\( j ^jn\n dbp\gh`io` `som\\n* Ijnjomjn( gjn ij)hnod^jn(
ij o`i`hjn m\ui k\m\ k`in\m( `i b`i`m\g( lp` _d^c\ b`io` om\o\
_` `ib\\mijn( j lp` `no hdiod`i_j* <_`hn( m`g\ojn ^jhj gjn
^do\_jn nji hpt ^jhpi`n t n` km`n`io\i ^jino\io`h`io`* ?` \c
lp`( ^jiodi\ `g \mbph`ioj( g\ id^\ h\i`m\ _` `skgd^\m `nojn
m`g\ojn `n kjnopg\i_j g\ `sdno`i^d\ _` pi `io` dbp\gh`io` kj^j
^jhi( ^jhj gj `n pi `io` nj]m`i\opm\g* @noj `n( g\ id^\ h\
i`m\ _` `skgd^\m `g ^jhkjmo\hd`ioj q`m]\g _` gjn hnod^jn( t o\g
q`u o\h]d i np ^jhkjmo\hd`ioj ij q`m]\g( `n kjnopg\i_j g\ `sdn
o`i^d\ _` pi `io` nj]m`i\opm\g lp` c\i `sk`mdh`io\_j* @ioji
^`n( _\_j $\% lp` g\ npkjnd^di _` lp` `sk`mdh`io\i \gbj nj
]m`i\opm\g Xa XYXVgb `skgd^\ np ^jhkjmo\hd`ioj( q`m]\g j ij q`m
]\g( t _\_j $]% lp` `no\ `n g\ a\VT h\i`m\ _` `skgd^\m `a`^odq\
h`io` np ^jhkjmo\hd`ioj( `ioji^`n n` epnodad^\ lp` ijnjomjn gjn
ij)hnod^jn ^m`\hjn lp` gjn hnod^jn `sk`mdh`io\i pi `io` nj
]m`i\opm\g ^p\i_j od`i`i `sk`md`i^d\n hnod^\n* ?` \c lp` k\
m`^`m\ lp` c`hjnepnodad^\_j g\ km`hdn\ $1%6 y@i g\n `sk`md`i^d\n
hnod^\n m`gdbdjn\n ?djn `n `sk`mdh`io\_jz( t kjm gj o\ioj c`hjn
epnodad^\_j $.%6 y<gbpi\n k`mnji\n c\i `sk`mdh`io\_j \ ?djn *
?` hj_j lp`( kp`noj lp` oj_j gj _`hn `skp`noj `i gjn \dbp)
h`iojn m`g`q\io`n c\ nd_j \_hdod_j( c\]m`hjn hjnom\_j lp` `g
dhkjmo\io` k\nj $/% y?djn `sdno`z( c\ lp`_\_j epnodad^\_j*
@g n`bpi_j \mbph`ioj `n ndhdg\m* <admh\ lp` g\n `sk`md`i^d\n
hnod^\n m`gdbdjn\n nji o\i `som\\n t kj^j ^jhpi`n( lp` g\ id^\
h\i`m\ _` `skgd^\m lp` j^pmm\i `n npkjid`i_j lp` np ^\pn\ `n
\gbj nj]m`i\opm\g* @n _`^dm( g\ id^\ h\i`m\ _` `skgd^\m g\ j^&&#
mm`i^d\ t g\n ^\m\^o`mnod^\n _` g\n `sk`md`i^d\n hnod^\n m`gdb\
n\n `n kjnopg\i_j g\ `sdno`i^d\ _` pi\ ^\pn\ nj]m`i\opm\g _`
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\cjm\* Ndi `h]\mbj( c\t _jn m\uji`n k\m\ m`^c\u\m `no\ dio`m
km`o\^di* G\ kmdh`m\ `n lp` g\ km`hdn\ $0% k\m`^` a\gn\ ]\ej `no\
dio`mkm`o\^di* Ij c\t m\ui k\m\ k`in\m lp` pi\ n`md` _` ^\pn\n
lp` n` `sod`i_` diadido\h`io` `i `g k\n\_j `n dhkjnd]g`* @n hpt
kjnd]g`( t \gbpijn ^m``i lp` hpt kmj]\]g`( lp` g\ h\o`md\ kmdh\
_` g\ lp` `g pidq`mnj( `i np km`n`io` `no\_j( `no ^jhkp`noj( c\
`sdnod_j `i pij p jomj `no\_j _pm\io` pi od`hkj diadido\h`io`
g\mbj* Kjm lp `g ^\h]dj ij c\]m\ _` kj_`m n`bpdm _pm\io` pi
od`hkj diadido\h`io` g\mbj; Njg\h`io` nd `i ^d`moj hjh`ioj \i
o`n _` \cjm\ ij cp]d`m\ c\]d_j ^\h]dj( hd`iom\n lp` \cjm\ n
gj c\t( o`i_m\hjn lp` kjnopg\m pi\ ^\pn\ _`g ^\h]dj jmdbdi\md\
o`hkjm\gh`io`* K`mj nd nd`hkm` c\ c\]d_j ^\h]dj ij cp]j pi\
^\pn\ kmdh `m\ `i `g od`hkj t kjm gj o\ioj idibi ^m`\_jm Xk a\'
[\_b( O\g ndop\^di kp`_` dgpnom\mn` ^jind_`m\i_j pi\ bm\]\^di
_` pi\ ^\i^di ^\io\_\ kjm pi\ qju cph\i\* Npkjib\hjn lp`
`g _dn^j `n pi\ bm\]\^di _` jom\ bm\]\^di( lp` \ np q`u ap` bm\
]\_\ _` jom\ bm\]\^di* Kj_m\ `no\ n`md` _` bm\]\^dji`n ^jiod
ip\m diadido\h`io`; <gbpi\n k`mnji\n lp`mm\i \admh\m lp` `i
\gbi hjh`ioj `i `g k\n\_j _`]d c\]`m nd_j bm\]\_j \gbi
^\io\io` cph\ij* K`mj n`bpm\h`io` `n kjnd]g` lp`( ndi dhkjmo\m
^p\ioj m`omj^`_\hjn `i `g k\n\_j( nd`hkm` `i^jiom\m`hjn jom\
bm\]\^di** Kjm ^jindbpd`io`( nd _`]`hjn c\^`m \g \mbph`ioj gj
hn ngd_j kjnd]g`( ^jhj _`]`hjn c\^`mgj nd`hkm` \io`n _` `q\
gp\m pi \mbph`ioj( `ioji^`n _`]`hjn ]pn^\m pi\ dio`mkm`o\^di
hn kg\pnd]g`* Jom\ m\ui k\m\ ]pn^\m pi\ h`ejm dio`mkm`o\^di
`n lp` `g \mbph`ioj dbp\g\ g\ ^\pn\ kmdh `m\ ^ji ?djn* K`mj nd kjm
wkmdh `m\x`io`i_`hjn wo`hkjm\gh`io` kmdh `m\x ij c\t idibpi\
m\ui k\m\ _`^dm lp` g\ kmdh `m\ ^\pn\ _`g ^\h]dj( g\ ^p\g `sdnod
_`n_` c\^` kjm gj h`ijn \gbpijn hdg`n _` \jn( oj_\q\ `sdno`*
?` h \i`m\ lp`( ij c\t m\ui k\m\ dbp\g\m \ ?djn ^ji pi\ ^\pn\
o`hkjm\gh `io` kmdh`m\*
HXZhaWT \agXeceXgTV\ a1 _T VThfT _g\`T
WXfWX X_ chagb WX i\fgT bagb_ Z\Vb
?dnkji`hjn _` \gbpi\ dio`mkm`o\^di hn kg\pnd]g`; # " &
kg`noji `i np gd]mj 6dh\aTf _dnodibp` _jn h\i`m\n T YcdY^ dQ c
lp` pi\ ^jn\ `n ^\pn\gh`io` _`k`i_d`io` _` jom\7 kjm ^ pi/
bpd`io` _dnodibp` _jn ^g\n`n _da`m`io`n _` m_`i`n S Q e cQ \U c'
n`md` o`hkjm\g _` ^\pn\n t pi\ e`m\mlp\ jiojgbd^\ T U ^\
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)^ )^ ^ ^^ )^ ^ ^ ^
>jind_`m`hjn \cjm\ g\ jom\ jk^di( lp` g\n ^jn\n ^jiodib`io`n
ngj c\i `sdnod_j _pm\io` pi od`hkj k\n\_j adidoj* ?` ip`qj o`
i`hjn _jn kjnd]dgd_\_`n( \ n\]`m6
^* @i oj_j hjh`ioj( ndi `s^`k^di( lp` n` `sod`i_` `i `g k\
n\_j c\no\ `g hjh`ioj \e\b& c\i `sdnod_j ^jn\n ^jiodib`io`n*
_ * >jn\n ^jiodib`io`n c\i `sdnod_j `i pij p jomj hjh`ioj `i
`g k\n\_j c\no\ `g hjh`ioj `)& `noj `n( k\m\ ^\_\ hjh`ioj
_\_j c\no\ h' e( \gbpi\n ^jn\n ^jiodib`io`n c\i `sdnod_j \i
o`n _` `n` hjh`ioj*
<cjm\ kj_`hjn ^jinompdm a^dgh`io` gjn _d\bm\h\n _` $^% t $_%
]\ni_jijn `i gjn _jn \io`mdjm`n _` $\% t $]%*
Pi\ m\ui kjm g\ ^p\g g\ o`m^`m\ q\ lp` ndbp` N\ioj Ojhn `n
o\i dib`idjn\ t a\n^di\io` `n lp` `no _dn`\_\ k\m\ api^dji\m
^p\glpd`m\ lp` n`\ g\ jk^di lp` `gde\hjn _` $\% \ $_%* Np \adm
h\^di ^g\q` `n lp` _\_\ g\ npkjnd^di _` pi k\n\_j diadidoj(
`ioji^`n( t\ n`\ lp` $\% j $]% j $^% j $_% n`\ ^jmm`^o\( `ioji^`n `i
\gbi hjh`ioj \io`n _` \cjm\ ij `sdndo i\_\* T `noj( n`bi g(
oj_j gj lp` i`^`ndo\ k\m\ c\^`m lp` api^dji` `g \mbph`ioj _`
^jiodib`i^d\* Io`n` lp` \mbph`io\i_j _` `no\ h\i`m\ N\ioj
jhn m`\gh`io` ij i`^`ndo\ njno`i`m id \kjt\m idibpi\ kjnd]d)
y_\_ _` $\% \ $_%* @i ip`nom\ `skjnd^di _`g \mbph`ioj( g\n _da`
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m`i^d\n `iom` $\% t $]% kjm pi g\^dj( t `iom` $^% t $_% kjm `g jomj ij
`noi `skg^do\h`io` ^jindbi\_\n* @g \mbph`ioj `no _dn`\_j(
^jhj _dedhjn( k\m\ o`i`m sdoj ^p\glpd`m\ lp` n`\ g\ jk^di lp`
`gde\hjn* @g \mbph`ioj `n( kp`n( no`6
-* J ]d`i c\ c\]d_j ^jn\n _pm\io` pi od`hkj diadidoj( j ]d`i
c\ c\]d_j ^jn\n ngj _pm\io` pi od`hkj adidoj*
.* Nd c\ c\]d_j ^jn\n _pm\io` pi od`hkj diadidoj( `ioji^`n ^\
_\ nph\ ojo\g _dnodio\ _` `io`n `sdno`io`n lp` kp`_` j^pmmdm
c\ j^pmmd_j \io`n _` \cjm\ `i pi hjh`ioj p jomj*
/* Nd g\n id^\n ^jn\n lp` `sdno`i nji ^jiodib`io`n( `ioji^`n
c\t g\ kjnd]dgd_\_ _` lp` `i \gbi hjh`ioj \io`n _` \cjm\
idibpi\ _` `gg\n c\t\ `sdnod_j*
Ebe _b gTagb
0* Nd c\ c\]d_j ^jn\n _pm\io` pi od`hkj diadidoj t g\n id^\n
^jn\n lp` `sdno`i nji ^jiodib`io`n( `ioji^`n `i \gbi hj
h`ioj \io`n _` \cjm\ ij `sdndod i\_\ $\ k\modm _` .( /%*
1* Nd c\ c\]d_j ^jn\n ngj _pm\io` pi od`hkj adidoj t g\n id^\n
^jn\n lp` `sdno`i nji ^jiodib`io`n( `ioji^`n `i \gbi hj
h`ioj \io`n _` \cjm\ ij `sdndod i\_\*
Ebe _b gTagb
2* Nd g\n id^\n ^jn\n lp` `sdno`i nji ^jiodib`io`n( `ioji^`n `i
\gbi hjh`ioj \io`n _` \cjm\ ij `sdnod i\_\ $\ k\modm _`
-(0(1%*
3* Nd `i \gbi hjh`ioj \io`n _` \cjm\ ij `sdnod i\_\( `i
oji^`n i\_\ `sdno` \cjm\*
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4* Nd g\n id^\n ^jn\n lp` `sdno`i nji ^jiodib`io`n( `ioji^`n
i\_\ `sdno` \cjm\ $\ k\modm _` 2( 3%*
5* @n a\gnj lp` ij `sdno\ i\_\ \cjm\*
Ebe _b gTagb
-,* @n a\gnj lp` g\n id^\n ^jn\n lp` `sdno`i nji ^jiodib`io`n(
`noj `n( c\t pi n`m i`^`n\mdj( \ n\]`m( ?djn $\ k\modm _` 4( 5%*
Nd ]d`i `i g\n km`hdn\n $.% t $/% `g \mbph`ioj ^jind_`m\ g\n ^jin`
^p`i^d\n _` lp` g\n ^jn\n ^jiodib`io`n `sdno\i _pm\io` pi od`hk,
:A 6G<JB:CID 9: A6 8DCI>C<:C8>6
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< `no\n \gopm\n \gbpd`i kj_m\ j]e`o\m lp` `no\ h\i`m\ _` om\
o\m $/\% `s^gpt` ^jhkg`o\h`io` g\ \admh\^di _` lp` ?djn ^m`
`g hpi_j Xk a\[\_b& kjmlp` g\ g`t _` g\ ^jin`mq\^di _` g\ h\n\)
`i`mb\( o\g ^jhj n` dio`mkm`o\ \lp ^jhj \kgd^\]g` \g pidq`mnj
^jhj pi oj_j( dhkgd^\ lp` ^d`mo\ ^\iod_\_ _` `i`mb\ c\ `sdn
od_j nd`hkm`* @n q`m_\_ lp` \kgd^\m g\ g`t _` `no\ h\i`m\ c\^`
and^\h`io` dhkjnd]g` g\ ^m`\^di Xk a\[\_b& k`mj `noj ij `s^gpt` g\
^m`\^di* ?d^c\ ^m`\^di `n ndi _p_\ pi hdg\bmj t( ^jhj oj_jn gjn
hdg\bmjn)_`)qdjg\^di( dhkgd^\ gj and^\h`io` dhkjnd]g`* ?` h\
i`m\ lp`( \pilp` `nopqd m\hjn _` \^p`m_j ^ji D Dph` `i lp` gjn
hdg\bmjn)_`)qdjg\^di t g\ ^m`\^di Xk a\[\_b TYbeg\be\ nji \go\h`io`
dhkmj]\]g`n( nj]m` g\ ]\n` _` gj lp` n` c\ `no\]g`^d_j m`k`od_\
h`io`( `noj ij gjn `s^gpt` ^jhkg`o\h`io`* @noj `n( ij c\^` lp`
n`\ gbd^\h`io` dhkjnd]g` lp` j^pmm\i t( ^jhj o\h]d i c`hjn
qdnoj( ngj nd gjn hdg\bmjn t g\ ^m`\^di Xk a\[\_b ap`m\i gbd^\h`io`
dhkjnd]g`n ?djn n`m\ di^\k\u _` gg`q\mgjn \ ^\]j*
Kp`noj lp` $/\%( pn\i_j g\ wkjnd]dgd_\_ and^\x( ij o`i_m sdoj(
`in\t`hjn ^ji g\ kjnd]dgd_\_ gbd^\x( _` h\i`m\ lp` $/% n` ^ji
qd`mo` `i6
/ U( Nd g\n oid^\n ^jn\n lp` `sdno`i nji gbd^\h`io` ^jiodib`io`n(
`ioji^`n pi\ kjnd]dgd_\_ gbd^\ `n lp` `i \gbi hjh`ioj
\io`n _` \cjm\ ij `sdnod`m\ i\_\*
Mkd_\h`io` kp`_` q`mn` lp` $/2% `n q`m_\_`m\* Nd \admh\hjn
lp` oj_\n g\n ^jn\n nji o\g`n lp` `n gbd^\h`io` kjnd]g` lp` _`
e`i _` `sdnodm( `ioji^`n ij c\t pi\ ^jiom\_d^^di gbd^\ `i \adm
h\m o\h]d i lp` i\_\ `sdno`* Ijn ^jiom\_`^dhjn \ ijnjomjn hdn
hjn ngj nd \admh\hjn lp` \gbj `sdno` i`^`n\md\h`io`( `noj `n(
lp` `sdno` \cjm\ t lp` `n gbd^\h`io` dhkjnd]g` lp` `hkd`^` \
`sdnodm j _`e` _` `sdnodm( t \admh\m o\h]d i lp` `i ^d`moj ] _] U^d_
i\_\ `sdno`* ?`]`hjn `ioji^`n pn\m $,U% `i `g \mbph`ioj _` g\
^jiodib`i^d\*
G\ km`hdn\ $.% `n ndi _p_\ g\ hn _dn^pod]g`( k`mj ^m`j lp`
kj_`hjn c\^`mg\ k\m`^`m hn kg\pnd]g` pn\i_j pi\ \i\gjb\ ^ji
hji`_\n* >jind_ m`in` _jn hji`_\n o\g`n lp` n`\ kjnd]g` l`
^\db\i `i ^\m\ t lp` n`\ kjnd]g` lp` ^\db\i `i ^mpu* >pg`n nji
g\n kjnd]dgd_\_`n _dnkjid]g`n; Dg\q . kjnd]dgd_\_`n( _ji_` a `n `g
ih`mj _` hji`_\n diqjgp^m\_\n* ?` h\i`m\ lp` k\m\ _jn hj
i`_\n c\t ^p\omj kjnd]dgd_\_`n6 ^\m\( ^\m\7 ^\m\( ^mpu7 ^mpu( SQbQ&
^mpu( ^mpu* ?\_j pi ih`mj diadidoj _` g\iu\hd`iojn \g \dm` _`
:A 6G<JB:CID 9: A6 8DCI>C<:C8>6
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km`hdn\ $.% kjmlp` ndi _p_\ k\m`^` lp` ngj pi n`m ^ji dio`gdb`i
^d\ kp`_` kg\io`\m pi\ h`o\ lp` \g^\iu\m t g\ ajmh\ _` \g^\iu\mg\
kjm q\mdjn h`_ djn* Kjm jom\ k\mo`( kp`noj lp` c`hjn qdnoj lp` kjm
wj]e`ojn i\opm\g`nx lp`m`hjn _`^dm gjn j]e`ojn lp` ^jinodopt`i `g
pidq`mnj lp` ij nd`io`i id nji c`^cjn kjm `g cjh]m`( kj_`hjn
b\m\iodu\m lp` g\ km`hdn\ $/% `n q`m_\_`m\ kjm _`adid^di*
G\ n`bpi_\ _da`m`i^d\ `iom` \h]\n q`mndji`n `n hn dhkjm
o\io`* N\ioj Ojhn c\]g\ ngj _` pi n`m dio`gdb`io` lp` _dmdb`
gjn j]e`ojn i\opm\g`n c\^d\ pi\ h`o\( hd`iom\n lp` >g`\io`n c\
]g\ _`g \pojm _` g\ i\opm\g`u\* @noj `n( g\ q`mndi _` N\ioj Ojhn
ngj kmp`]\ lp` c\t pi _dm`^ojm j _dn`\_jm hpt dio`gdb`io` lp`
c\ kg\i`\_j `g ^pmnj _`g pidq`mnj( k`mj g\ q`mndi _` >g`\io`n
kmp`]\ lp` pi n`m `som`h\_\h`io` dio`gdb`io` ^m` `g pidq`mnj
_` \^p`m_j ^ji pi kg\i j kmjkndoj* <io`n _` lp` `s\hdi`hjn `g
\mbph`ioj _`]`hjn _`^d_dm lp ^ji^gpndi _`]`hjn pn\m* N\]`
hjn lp` g\ ^ji^gpndi _` >g`\io`n `n hn ap`mo` lp` g\ _` N\ioj
Ojhn kjmlp` \admh\ lp` c\t pi ^m`\_jm t _dn`\_jm( hd`iom\n
lp` g\ ^ji^gpndi _` N\ioj Ojhn ndhkg`h`io` \admh\ lp` c\t
pi _dn`\_jm* <n lp` g\ ^ji^gpndi _` N\ioj Ojhn n`m hn kmj
]\]g` lp` g\ _` >g`\io`n `i m`g\^di ^ji `g hdnhj ^jiepioj _`
km`hdn\n* Ndi `h]\mbj( `g kmjkndoj _`g \mbph`ioj `n `no\]g`^`m
g\ `sdno`i^d\ _` ?djn( t gj lp` gg\h\m\hjn ?djn ij `n ndhkg`
h`io` `g _dn`\_jm( ndij o\h]d i `g ^m`\_jm _`g pidq`mnj* Kjm
^jindbpd`io`( nd `no\]g`^`hjn ndhkg`h`io` lp` c\t pi _dn`\_jm
j \mlpdo`^oj _`g pidq`mnj( lp`_\ g\ _p_\ _` nd `no epnodad^\_j gg\
h\m \ _d^cj n`m ?djn* Podgd^`hjn( kp`n( g\ q`mndi _` >g`\io`n
k\m\ gjn kmjkndojn _` pi\ `q\gp\^di ^mod^\*
Kj_`hjn kji`m `g \mbph`ioj _` >g`\io`n `i g\ ajmh\ _ ` gjn
\mbph`iojn \i\gbd^jn lp` _dn^podhjn \io`mdjmh`io` k`mhdod`i
_j lp` )P 9 `g pidq`mnj( D \(((D a 9 q\mdjn odkjn _` ] |aeY^Qc&
E d 9 g\ kmjkd`_\_ _` o`i`m pi _dn`\_jm t ^m`\_jm dio`gdb`io`( t
Eb((( Ea 9 q\md\n kmjkd`_\_`n lp` Du od`i` `i ^jhi ^ji Db(
) a( Nd ojh\hjn ^jhj `e`hkgj _` hlpdi\ pi m`gje o\g ^jhj gj
`hkg`\ jomj _`a`injm _`g \mbph`ioj( Rdggd\h K\g`t( kj_`hjn n`
\g\m q\md\n kmjkd`_\_`n `i ^jhi*.#- Pi m`gje od`i` ` i b m \ i \ e ` n
lp` bdm\i _` \^p`m_j ^ji pi jm_`i `i ^d`mojn `e`n( \gbpijn _` gjn
^p\g`n \a`^o\i \ :omjn _` h\i`m\ lp` kmj_p^`i `g ^jio`j m`bpg\m
_` gjn n`bpi_jn( gjn hdipojn t g\n cjm\n* Dbp\gh`io`( kj_`hjn
.0 Q \n` R* K\g`t( :kaWXaVXf b Y g[X :k\fgXagX TaW 6gge\U\JXf b Y g[X 9X\gl'
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n`m pn\_j k\m\ \tp_\m \ _`adidm gj lp` pi\ ^jn\ `n* @n( kp`n( gj
lp` kj_`hjn gg\h\m pi km`_d^\_j _`adidojmdj* F\io \mbph`io\
_` g\ h\i`m\ ndbpd`io`6
@qd_`io`h`io`( yn`mz ij `n pi km`_d^\_j m`\g( `n _`^dm( `g ^ji^`koj
_` \gbj lp` kp`_\ \\_dmn` \g ^ji^`koj _` pi\ ^jn\* @n ndhkg`
h`io` g\ kjnd^di _` pi\ ^jn\ j _` ^d`mo\n _`o`mhdi\^dji`n `i n*
@i np pnj gbd^j ij `n hn lp` g\ ^kpg\ _` pi epd^dj* G\ kmjkj
nd^di r9\bf Xf b`a\cbgXagXs ^jiod`i` _jn ^ji^`kojn lp` kjn``i npn
j]e`ojn6 y?djnz t yjhidkjo`i^d\z* G\ k\mo^pg\ y`nz ij `n pi km`
_d^\_j hn( ndij \lp`ggj lp` eX_TV\baT npe`oj t km`_d^\_j* Nd ojhj
`g npe`oj $y?djnz% ^ji oj_jn npn km`_d^\_jn $`iom` gjn lp` n` c\gg\
o\h]d i g\ yjhidkjo`i^d\z% t _dbj y?djn `nz( j yC\t pi ?djnz( ij
\\_j i\_\ ip`qj \g ^ji^`koj _` ?djn( ndij lp` kjibj `g npe`oj `i
n hdnhj ^ji oj_jn npn km`_d^\_jn t gj c\bj m`g\^dji\i_j `g bU]Xgb
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h`iojn jiojgbd^jn( ^jhj gj c`hjn c`^cj ^ji gjn jomjn( kjm n`m
di\_`^p\_jn k\m\ epnodad^\m g\ ^m``i^d\ _` lp` ?djn `sdno`*
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nji qdq\n( ndij( ^jhj g\n gg\h\ E\h`n( hp`mo\n* G\ jk^di `iom`
^m``m j ij lp` o`ibj pi ih`mj dhk\m _` ^\]`ggjn `i g\ ^\]`u\
^\m`^` ndi _p_\ _` oj_j dio`m n k\m\ ^\nd oj_j `g hpi_j*
?dm`hjn lp` pi\ jk^di geTfVXaWXagX `n \lp`gg\ `i g\ lp` _`^d
_dm \ a\qjm j `i ^jiom\ _` pi\ _` g\n cdko`ndn `n _`^d_dm \ a\qjm
j `i ^jiom\ _` \gbj lp` `n hpt dhkjmo\io`* G\ jk^di jam`^d_\ \
pi \nomji\po\ k\m\ \^`ko\m j m`^c\u\m g\ \ndbi\^di _` n`m g\ kmd
h`m\ k`mnji\ lp` _`n^d`i_\ nj]m` g\ gpi\ `n pi\ jk^di om\n^`i
_`io`* G\ godh\ ^\m\^o`mnod^\ i`^`n\md\ k\m\ lp` pi\ jk^di n`\
b`ipdi\ `n lp` g\ jk^di n`\ ajmujn\* Pi\ jk^di YbembfT `n \lp`
gg\ `i g\ lp` ij c\t h\i`m\ _` `gp_dm pi\ _`^dndi* Pi\ k`mnji\
`i^\ji\_\( ndi jkjmopid_\_ k\m\ `n^\k\m( t ^ji g\ `g`^^di y@g
_di`mj j g\ qd_\z( `no \io` pi\ jk^di ajmujn\* Ij kp`_` `gp
_dm g\ `g`^^di `n^\k\i_j( j i`bi_jn` \ m`nkji_`m \g g\_mi(
kjmlp` \g i`b\mn` _`e\m\ _` `iom`b\mg` `g _di`mj t ^ji `ggj( `i
`a`^oj( \^^`_`m\ \ k`m_`m g\ qd_\* Ndi `h]\mbj( g\ jk^di `iom`
q`m g\ o`g`qdndi j dm \g ^di^ ij `n ajmujn\ kjmlp` pij kp`_` _`e\m
_` c\^`m g\n _jn ^jn\n |kjm `e`hkgj( g`t`i_j pi gd]mj*/4
AT bcV\ a eX_\Z\bfT l X_ WXeXV[b T VeXXe
Pi\ q`u _`adid_jn gjn o mhdijn _` E\h`n( kj_`hjn \cjm\ `skj
i`m np \mbph`ioj ^jhj ndbp`6
-* Nd \gbpd`i `no \io` pi\ jk^di lp` `n b`ipdi\ t lp` ij
kp`_` _`^d_dmn` h`_d\io` diq`nodb\^di m\^dji\g( `ioji^`n
n` epnodad^\ lp` `n\ k`mnji\ _`^d_\ _` \^p`m_j ^ji npn _`
n`jn*
.* Nd g\ jk^di m`gdbdjn\ `n pi\ jk^di qdq\ k\m\ \gbpd`i( `i
oji^`n `n pi\ jk^di b`ipdi\ k\m\ `n\ k`mnji\*
/* G\ jk^di m`gdbdjn\ ij kp`_` _`^d_dmn` h`_d\io` diq`nod
b\^di m\^dji\g*
Ebe _b gTagb
-)1
?JHI>;>868>{C EG6<BuI>86
-)2
-*)
?JHI>;>868>{C EG6<BuI>86
-**
-*+
?JHI>;>868>{C EG6<BuI>86
-*,
-*-
-*.
-*0
-*1
-*2
-+)
-+*
-++
-+,
-/-)-/.*
<n( gjn qd`iojn nji i`^`n\mdjn k\m\ \^\mm`\m gjn q\kjm`n kjm g\ np
k`mad^d` _` g\ od`mm\( t k\m\ \psdgd\m \g cjh]m` `i g\ i\q`b\^di(
k`mj ^ji ^pio\ am`^p`i^d\( g`q\ioi_jn` `i o`hk`no\_`n t cpm\
^\i`n( n` qp`gq`i k`mid^djnjn; G\ ggpqd\ `n i`^`n\md\ k\m\ \gdh`i
o\m g\n kg\io\n t \idh\g`n _` g\ od`mm\( k`mj ^ji ^pio\ am`^p`i^d\
`n `n^\n\; ^ji ^pio\ am`^p`i^d\ `s^`ndq\; @g ^\gjm `n di_dnk`in\
]g` \ oj_\ qd_\ t q`b`o\^di( k`mj ij nd`hkm` n` _\ `i g\ _`]d_\
kmjkjm^di* ?` g\ h`u^g\ _` n`^m`^di _` gjn cphjm`n t epbjn _`g
^p`mkj( _`k`i_` g\ n\gp_ t kmjnk`md_\_ _`g \idh\g( k`mj g\n k\mo`n
ij `e`^po\i ^ji m`bpg\md_\_ g\n api^dji`n lp` g`n nji kmjkd\n*1.
-+-
-+.
-+/
:?:G8>8>DH
-+0
-+1
:?:G8>8>DH
-+2
n`m lp` n`\ jhd }]ji_\_jnj* Kjm jom\ k\mo`( idibpi\ g`t j]
e`odq\ _`k`i_` ndhkg`h`io` _` pi n`m cph\ij* K`mj ij c\t
_p_\ _` lp` c\t g`t`n hjm\g`n j]e`odq\n( _` h\i`m\ lp` ?djn
`sdno`*
@n no` pi \mbph`ioj T ce\be\ b T cbfgXe\be\Y @skglp`gj*
-2* N` c\ njno`id_j lp` di^gpnj `g kmj]g`h\ _`g h\g hjm\g ij n` m`
np`gq` \k`g\i_j \g gd]m` \g]`_mj cph\ij( t\ lp` ?djn g`n kj_m\
c\]`m _\_j gd]m` \g]`_mj \ gjn n`m`n cph\ijn t o\h]d i c\]`m
dio`mq`id_j hdg\bmjn\h`io` _`n]\m\o\i_j kjm gj h`ijn gjn ^m
h`i`n hn \omj^`n* ?` c`^cj( ?djn kj_m\ dio`mq`idm k\m\ _`n
]\m\o\m g\n h\g\n dio`i^dji`n _` h\i`m\ o\g lp` ap`m\i hdg\bmjn
_` ^jdi^d_`i^d\* <n lp` idibpi\ g`t _` g\ i\opm\g`u\ o`i_m\ kjm
lp n`m lp`]m\io\_\* K\m`^` `no\ \admh\^di `no\m ]d`i api_\_\;
@skgdlp` np m`nkpno\*
-3* ?dn^po\ gj ndbpd`io`6
@g kmj]g`h\ _`g h\g ij `n k\m\ `g ^mdnod\idnhj idibi kmj
]g`h\ `i \]njgpoj kjmlp` ^p\glpd`m ^\iod_\_ _` hdn`md\ o`
mm`i\g `n gdo`m\gh`io` i\_\ ^jhk\m\_\ ^ji g\ _d^c\ diadido\ t
`o`mi\ lp` `g ^mdnod\idnhj kmjh`o`*
-4* N\i <bpnoi njno`i\ lp` \pilp` k`in`hjn lp` c\t h\g`n i\opm\
g`n( m`\gh`io` ij gjn c\t* K`in\hjn _` `no\ h\i`m\ kjmlp` ip`n
om\ kmjkd\ i\opm\g`u\ `n dinpad^d`io`h`io` m`\g $`n _`^dm lp` ij `n
npad^d`io` ^jhj g\ _` ?djn% k\m\ \km`c`i_`m g\n ^jn\n o\g ^jhj nji
$`noj `n( ]p`i\n%* ?` h\i`m\ lp` nd kp_d m\hjn q`m pi o`h]gjm j
pi\ kg\b\ \ om\q n _` gjn jejn _` ?djn( `ioji^`n q`m\hjn lp` `n
`s\^o\h`io` gj lp` _`]`m\ j^pmmdm `i pi gpb\m k\m ^pg\m `i pi
hjh`ioj k\mod^pg\m* @q\g` ^mod^\h`io` `no` \mbph`ioj*
-5* C\t pi\ o`jm\ lp` `skgd^\ `g h\g lp` c\t `i `g hpi_j kjnopg\i_j
^jhj np ^m`\_jm \ pi ?djn h\gj* N` `iam`io\ `no\ o`jm\ ^ji pi
ykmj]g`h\ _`g ]d`iz ^jmm`nkji_d`io` \g kmj]g`h\ _`g h\g ^ji `g
lp` n` `iam`io\ `g o`no\; Kjm lp ij kp`_` `g o`no\ n`\g\m g\
bm\i ^\iod_\_ _` ]d`i lp` c\t `i `g hpi_j ^ji `g adi _` `skgd^\m
`g kmj]g`h\ _`g h\g;
.,* Kj_m\ j]e`o\mn` lp` -\ ^ji^gpndi _` `no` ^\kopgj `n di^jmm`^o\
kjmlp` c`hjn dbijm\_j \gbpi\ `qd_`i^d\ kjndodq\ dhkjmo\io`( `n
oj `n( \gbpi\ `qd_`i^d\ `i a\qjm _` -\ \admh\^di _` lp` ?djn `sdn
o`* C`hjn dbijm\_j \gbpi\ `qd_`i^d\; >pg `n `s\^o\h`io` g\
`qd_`i^d\ dbijm\_\; =\no\m\ ^ji \\_dm `no\ `qd_`i^d\ k\m\ ^\h
]d\m g\ ^ji^gpndi _` `no` ^\kopgj; >hj;
QD
@G KMJ=G@H< ?@ EPNODAD><M PI< IJMH< OD><
@sdno` pi odkj _` kmj]g`h\ \g lp` ^jiodip\h`io` n` `iam`io\ g\
h\tjm\ _` g\ b`io`* @i pij p jomj hjh`ioj ijn `i^jiom\hjn
\io` g\ _`^dndi _` lp `n gj lp` _`]`hjn c\^`m* Am`^p`io`h`io`
o\h]d i ijn km`bpio\hjn nd gj lp` c`hjn c`^cj c\ nd_j ^jmm`^oj(
t \^pn\hjn \ gjn jomjn( ^jhj \ ijnjomjn hdnhjn( _` ij c\^`m gj
lp` n` _`]` c\^`m* @i hp^cjn _` `nojn ^\njn `no\hjn `hdod`i_j
epd^djn hjm\g`n j od^jn( `no\hjn epub\i_j `g q\gjm hjm\g _` g\n
\^^dji`n lp` ijnjomjn( p jomjn( c`hjn c`^cj j k`in\hjn c\^`m*
Kd`in` pno`_ `i \gbpi\n _` npn \^^dji`n k\n\_\n* Kmj]\]g`h`io`
`i^jiom\m \gbpi\n \^^dji`n lp` kd`in\ lp` _`]d ij c\]`m c`
^cj* O\g q`u h`iodm \^`m^\ _` np `_\_ k\m\ lp` g` ndmqd`m\i \g^j
cjg `i pi ]\m( j c\]`mg` `^c\_j pi jej \ g\ cje\ _` epioj `i pi
`s\h`i( j yc\]`m k`_d_j km`no\_jz \gbi gd]mj _` g\ ]d]gdjo`^\
di_`adid_\h`io` ndi m`bdnom\mgj* Di^gpnj \cjm\ kp`_` `no\m k`i
n\i_j `i \gbpi\ gi`\ _` \^^di apopm\( ^jhj pn\m gjn k\k`g`n
_` \gbpd`i k\m\ \gbi omhdo`( j h`o`mn` _`h\nd\_j `i `g kmjkdj
om\]\ej k\m\ `qdo\m k\mod^dk\m `i \^^dji`n nj^d\g`n( j dbijm\m pi
kmdi^dkdj kmj^g\h\_j am`^p`io`h`io` kjm pno`_ hdnhj( ^ji `g
adi _` `qdo\m \gbpi\ _dad^pgo\_ and^\* ?ji_` c\t pi\ k`mnji\ lp`
kd`in\ \^`m^\ _` gj lp` `gg\ t jomjn c\i c`^cj j `noi c\^d`i_j(
`i gpb\m _` \^op\m ndi k`in\m( \c `i^jiom\hjn pi\ k`mnji\ lp`
n` `iam`io\ ^ji g\ _`^dndi _` `hdodm pi epd^dj hjm\g* T( ^jhj
^ji ^p\glpd`m epd^dj( ^p\i_j gj `hdodhjn ijn bpno\ k`in\m lp`
`n `g epd^dj ^jmm`^oj j \g h`ijn lp` o`i`hjn epnodad^\^dji`n k\m\
k`in\m lp` `n `g ^jmm`^oj*
>hj kj_`hjn epnodad^\m ip`nomjn epd^djn hjm\g`n; >p\i_j
_`^d_dhjn gj lp` _`]`hjn c\^`m ijn bpno\m\ ]\n\m ip`nom\n _`
^dndji`n `i m\uji`n qgd_\n( nd ]d`i( ^jhj `i hp^c\n jom\n `h)
-,+
@ q \ gp \ ^ d i _ ` \ ^ ^ dj i ` n
K:GHJ H
-,,
` q \ gp \ ^ d i _ ` k ` mn j i \ n
<io`n _` lp` ^jind_`m`hjn g\n gXbe Tf od^\n $`noj `n( g\n o`jm\n lp`
kmjkji`i ijmh\n od^\n% _`]`hjn kji`m ia\ndn `i _jn ^p`nodj
i`n* G\ kmdh`m\ `n lp` `no\hjn dio`m`n\_jn `i pi\ ijmh\ lp`
kp`_\ pn\mn` k\m\ km`n^md]dm t `q\gp\m gi`\n _` \^^di k\mod^pg\
m`n( `n _`^dm( pi\ ijmh\ lp` kp`_\ pn\mn` k\m\ km`n^md]dm gj lp`
_`]`hjn c\^`m t `q\gp\m gj lp` c`hjn c`^cj* Ij `no\hjn( kp`n(
dio`m`n\_jn `i pi\ ijmh\ lp` _`]\ pn\mn` k\m\ `q\gp\m hjm\g
h`io` \ g\n k`mnji\n lp` m`\gdu\i \^^dji`n( ndij `i pi\ ijmh\
k\m\ `q\gp\m g\n TVV\baXf lp` g\ b`io` m`\gdu\* Ndi _p_\ pn\hjn gjn
_jn odkjn _` ijmh\n( kp`noj lp` ij ngj _`^d_dhjn lp` gj lp` \g
bpd`i cduj ap` ^jmm`^oj j di^jmm`^oj( ndij lp` o\h]d i `gjbd\hjn
j ^pgk\hjn \ g\ k`mnji\ kjm c\^`mgj t \ q`^`n g\ epub\hjn hj&
m\g j dihjm\g* <h]jn odkjn _` ijmh\ nji dhkjmo\io`n( k`mj nji
_da`m`io`n* K\m`^` `n`i^d\g k\m\ g\ `q\gp\^di hjm\g _` pi\ k`m
nji\ kjm gj lp` c\^`( lp` ^jind_`m`hjn npn hjodqjn( npn ^m``i^d\n
t g\n ^dd^pino\i^d\n k\mod^pg\m`n ]\ej g\n ^p\g`n ojh g\ _`^dndi
_` \^op\m( k`mj ij `no ^g\mj lp` \gbpij _` nojn n`\ k`modi`io`
k\m\ g\ `q\gp\^di _` np \^^di* Kjm `e`hkgj( hp^c\ b`io` c\
\admh\_j lp` ap` pi `mmjm g\iu\m g\ kmdh`m\ ]jh]\ \ohd^\ `i
Cdmjncdh\( t kjm ^jindbpd`io` ^pgk\mji \g Km`nd_`io` Omph\i
kjm c\]`m jm_`i\_j lp` n` g\iu\m\ g\ ]jh]\* Ndi `h]\_j( `no\n
_jn ^p`nodji`n `noi ojo\gh`io` n`k\m\_\n* Kj_`hjn \mbph`i
o\m lp` ap` hjm\gh`io` di^jmm`^oj g\iu\m g\ kmdh`m\ ]jh]\ `i
pi\ ^dp_\_ kjmlp` pi ndodj h`ijn kj]g\_j kj_m\ c\]`m nd_j
dbp\gh`io` `a`^odqj* <lp _`^d_dhjn g\ ^p`nodi ndi ^jind_`m\m
gjn hjodqjn( ^m``i^d\n t km`ndji`n lp` cd^d`mji lp` `g Km`nd_`io`
Omph\i ojh\m\ `n\ _`^dndi* K`mj k\m\ _`^d_dm nd `g Km`nd_`io`
`n j ij ^pgk\]g` _`]`hjn ^jind_`m\m npn hjodqjn( npn ^m``i^d\n
\^`m^\ _` g\ bp`mm\ t nd `m\i m\uji\]g`n( \n ^jhj g\n ap`mu\n `s
o`mi\n ` dio`mi\n lp` n` _\]\i `i g\ k`mnji\ lp` o`i\ lp` ojh\m
g\ _`^dndi* Kp`_` n`m( kp`n( lp` g\ \^^di lp` m`\gdu ap`m\ di
^jmm`^o\( k`mj lp` ij _`]`m\ n`m ^pgk\_j kjm `gg\* Dbp\gh`io`(
\gbpd`i kj_m\ c\^`m \gbj lp`( ^jiom\md\h`io` \ np dio`i^di(
m`npgo\m\ ^jmm`^oj* @i o\g ^\nj( g\ \^^di kp`_` n`m ^jmm`^o\ k`mj
k`mnji\ kp`_` h`m`^`m pi\ \^pn\^di* Kjm ^jindbpd`io`( _`
]`hjn \^jm_\mijn _` _dnodibpdm `iom` `nojn _jn odkjn _` ijmh\(
K mlp` `no\hjn ^jind_`m\i_j njg\h`io` ijmh\n k\m\ `q\gp\m \^
-,-
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,U( Nd oj_\n g\n ijmh\n od^\n nji diepnodad^\]g`n $ij kp`_`i n`m
epnodad^\_\n%( `ioji^`n idibpi\ ijmh\ od^\ `n ^jmm`^o\*
>p\i_j c\^`hjn `noj `n a^dg q`m lp` $/\% `n a\gn\ t o\h]d i c\t
_p_\n \^`m^\ _` $,U%(
@i b`i`m\g `n a\gnj `no\]g`^`m lp` nd \i ij c`hjn epnodad^\_j
\gbpi\n \admh\^dji`n _` `iom` pi bmpkj _` \go`mi\odq\n( `ioji^`n
idibpi\ _` `n\n \admh\^dji`n kp`_` n`mepnodad^\_\* Idibpi\ \adm
h\^di k\mod^pg\m \^`m^\ _` nd c\t qd_\ `i `nom`gg\n g`e\i\n kp`_`
\cjm\ `no\m epnodad^\_\( `n _`^dm lp` ij c\t `qd_`i^d\n npad^d`io`n
k\m\ \kjt\m ^ji ap`mu\ idibpi\ \admh\^di `i k\mod^pg\m* K`mj
`noj ij dhkgd^\ lp` ij n`\ kjnd]g` lp` \gbi _\ pi\ \admh\^di
`no\m epnodad^\_\* ?` h\i`m\ lp` `i `no` `e`hkgj( ^jhj `i g\
od^\( nd idibpi\ kjnd^di c\ nd_j epnodad^\_\( ij i`^`ndo\hjn ^ji
^gpdm lp` idibpi\ kjnd^di kp`_` `no\m epnodad^\_\* ?`]`m\hjn
m`^c\u\m g\ km`hdn\ $/\% t ^ji `gg\ `g \mbph`ioj lp` g\ ^jiod`i`*
<pilp` k\m\ ip`nomjn kmjkndojn ij `n i`^`n\mdj m`^c\u\m $,U%
id $/\%( q\g` g\ k`i\ km`^dn\m lp` $,U% n` _`mdq\ _` g\ \admh\^di
_` lp` ij c\t jm\^dji`n ^jmm`^o\n k`mj diepnodad^\]g`n* @noj `n( n`
_`mdq\ _` g\ kjnd^di n`bi g\ ^p\g nd pi\ `skm`ndi ^jiod`i` pi\
jm\^di q`m_\_`m\( `ioji^`n( kjm gj h`ijn( `n kjnd]g`epnodad^\mg\*
K`mj( ^jhj qdhjn `i `g >\kopgj 1( `n hpt _da^dg `no\]g`^`m _d^c\
\admh\^di* Di^gpnj nd g\ `skm`ndi w?djn `sdno`x`n ^jhk\od]g` ^ji
^p\glpd`m `no\_j _` ^jn\n kjnd]g`( ij n` c\ hjnom\_j lp` g\ `s
km`ndi ij n`\ pi\ jm\^di q`m_\_`m\* G\ km`hdn\ $,U%& kp`n( nd
]d`i ij `n `i hj_j \gbpij o\i _dn^pod]g` ^jhj $/\%( o\hkj^j `n
`i hj_j \gbpij j]qd\h`io` \^`ko\]g`* @i ^p\glpd`m np^`nj( `i
qdno\ _` lp` $,T% `n _dn^pod]g`( o`i`hjn m\uji`n k\m\ m`^c\u\m `g
\mbph`ioj kjm a\go\ _` epnodad^\^di*
Ij c`hjn `i^jiom\_j m\uji`n k\m\ k`in\m lp` `g idcdgdnhj
od^j n`\ q`m_\_`mj( _` h\i`m\ lp` ij o`i`hjn m\uji`n k\m\
k`in\m lp` i\_\ _` gj lp` ijnjomjn c\^`hjn( j ^p\glpd`m jom\
k`mnji\( `n hjm\gh`io` di^jmm`^oj* <_`hn( kp`noj lp` ^d`mo\n
\^^dji`n k\m`^`i ^g\m\h`io` di^jmm`^o\n t jom\n ^jmm`^o\n( o`i`
hjn m\uji`n k\m\ m`^c\u\m `g idcdgdnhj od^j* Kjm ^jindbpd`io`(
kj_`hjn _`n`^c\m `g idcdgdnhj od^j epioj ^ji `g m`g\odqdnhj od)
-./
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_p_\ gjn ^\njn _` b`io` lp` \^o\ ^ji ]`i`qjg`i^d\ ij nji m\mjn*
N\]`hjn _` k\_m`n lp` om\]\e\i hp^c\n cjm\n `som\n k\m\ ^ji
omd]pdm \ g\ `_p^\^di _` npn cdejn( _` b`io` lp` _ji\ pi mdi
k\m\ \tp_\m \ pi\ k`mnji\ lp` n` `no hpmd`i_j kjm a\go\ _` pij(
_` hdndji`mjn lp` \mmd`nb\i np qd_\ k\m\ gg`q\m \tp_\ t ^jij^d
hd`ioj \ b`io` lp` qdq` \om\n\_\* @i `nojn t hp^cjn jomjn ^\njn
o`i`hjn b`io` lp` \^o\ ^ji ]`i`qjg`i^d\ k\m\ jomjn `i gpb\m
_` \^op\m k\m\ n hdnh\* <n kp`n( k\m`^` lp` kj_`hjn ^ji^gpdm
ij ngj lp` `g `bjnhj knd^jgbd^j `n m`apo\]g`( ndij lp` c\ nd_j
m`apo\_j hpt a^dgh`io`* @g \mbph`ioj lp` c`hjn pn\_j `n `g
cYWeYU^dU3
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w_`]`x o\g ^jhj g\ kmjkjnd^di 6& lp` `n w< tp_\m \ gjn _`hn `n
gg`q\m \g hsdhj g\ a`gd^d_\_x t pi\ \admh\^di ijmh\odq\ nj]m`
`g _`]`m( ab 7& lp` `n wIj _`]`hjn \tp_\m \ gjn _`hnx* Gj kmd
h`mj lp` c\t lp` ijo\m `nlp`g\ ^jiepi^di WX 6 t ab 7 ij
pi\
\poj^jiom\_d^^di* Kjm jom\ k\mo`( idibpi\ \poj^jiom\_d^^di n`
kp`_` _`_p^dm _` g\ ^jiepi^di WX 6 t ab 7 ojh\_\ `i n hdnh\*
?` o\g hj_j lp` $\lp `n _ji_` `iom\ `g m\uji\hd`ioj m`omjnk`^
odqj% _\_j gj lp` gg\h\hjn g\ wd_`\ ^g\q`x( kj_`hjn dia`mdm lp` 7
ij n` _`_p^` WX 6( T( _dm\ Cph`( gj lp` \lp q\g` k\m\ g\n kmj
kjnd^dji`n 6 t 7 q\g` `i b`i`m\g( `noj `n( k\m\ ^p\glpd`m k\m _`
kmjkjnd^dji`n `i `g lp` pi\ _` `gg\n n`\ pi\ \admh\^di kpm\
h`io` a^od^\ t g\ jom\ kpm\h`io` ijmh\odq\( `n _`^dm( pi\ \adm
h\^di nj]m` `g _`]`m* Idibpi\ \admh\^di nj]m` `g _`]`m kp`_`
_`_p^dmn` _` pi\ \admh\^di kpm\h`io` a^od^\* ?` \c lp` ij
kj_\hjn _`_p^dm lp` pi\ \^^di _`]\ n`m m`\gdu\_\ \ k\modm _`
g\ km`hdn\ _` lp` gg`q\ \g hsdhj g\ a`gd^d_\_ b`i`m\g j `g hjioj
ojo\g _` kg\^`m*
<i ij c`hjn gg`b\_j \ pi\ ^ji^gpndi \^`m^\ _`g kmdi^dkdj
_` podgd_\_ j _` \gbpi\ jom\ ijmh\ ^\( kjmlp` _d^c\n ijmh\n
b`i`m\gh`io` di^gpt`i o\ioj \admh\^dji`n nj]m` `g _`]`m ^jhj
\admh\^dji`n nj]m` `g n`m $\admh\^dji`n a^od^\n%* Ndi `h]\mbj( kj
_`hjn pn\m g\ ^ji^gpndi _` Cph` k\m\ n\^\m jom\ \^`m^\ _` g\n
ijmh\n od^\n* Npkjib\hjn lp` 9 `n pi `ipi^d\_j nj]m` `g _`
]`m( lp` D `n pi `ipi^d\_j a^od^j lp` ^jino\ _` pi\ ^jiepi^di
_` `ipi^d\_jn q`m_\_`mjn nj]m` `g n`m lp` ^jiod`i`i \admh\^dj
i`n a^od^\n( t lp` C `n pi\ ijmh\ od^\ o\g lp` 9 j \gbi jomj
`ipi^d\_j nj]m` `g _`]`m n` _`_p^` _` C & _`k`i_d`i_j _` lp
`ipi^d\_jn a^od^jn `no i ^jiepio\_jn ^ji C ( ?` h\i`m\ lp` nd C
ap`m\ `g kmdi^dkdj _` podgd_\_ t D di^gpt`m\ `g `ipi^d\_j ) P& p6 `n
pi\ \^^di lp` gg`q\ \g hsdhj `g hjioj ojo\g _`g kg\^`mx( `ioji
^`n kj_m\hjn _`_p^dm 9& `noj `n( p6 _`]` n`m m`\gdu\_\x* <cjm\
c`hjn qdnoj lp` idibi `ipi^d\_j nj]m` `g n\]`m `n _`_p^d]g`
_` idibi `ipi^d\_j kpm\h`io` a^od^j* Kjm ^jindbpd`io`( 9 ij
kp`_` _`_p^dmn` ngj _` D& k`mj( kj_`hjn npkji`m( 9 kp`_` _`
_p^dmn` _` C t D( ?` `ggj kj_`hjn ^ji^gpdm lp` C & g\ ^p\g q\g`
k\m\ ^p\glpd`m ijmh\ od^\( ij kp`_` _`_p^dmn` ngj _` )& `n _`
^dm( _` g\ ^jiepi^di _` oj_jn gjn `ipi^d\_jn a^od^jn q`m_\_`mjn*
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_d^c\ k`mnji\ o\i c]dgh`io` t ndi ^\pn\m _jgjm ^jhj gjn n_d^jn7
`ioji^`n ^`g`]m\i npn bjujnjn mdojn* ?d^cjn \n`ndijn k\m`^`i o`
i`m epnodad^\^di( _` \^p`m_j ^ji `g kmdi^dkdj _` =`ioc\h( k`mj
`no ^g\mj lp` `noi `lpdqj^\_jn* ?` pi\ ajmh\ p jom\( nd ]d`i `g
kmdi^dkdj `n( ^jhj c`hjn qdnoj( dhk\m^d\g( ij _`e\ _` jhdodm \gbj
lp` `n `n`i^d\g \ g\ hjm\gd_\_* ?`]`m\hjn( `ioji^`n( m`^c\u\m `g
kmdi^dkdj _` podgd_\_ _` =`ioc\h ^jhj c`hjn m`^c\u\_j \io`n
`g `bjnhj od^j( kjmlp` ij gd`hjn `i^jiom\_j pi\ m\ui k\m\
\^`ko\mgj( k`mj n c`hjn `i^jiom\_j pi\ m\ui k\m\ m`^c\u\mgj*
@noj ij ndbidad^\( ndi `h]\mbj( lp` c\t\hjn `i^jiom\_j m\
uji`n npad^d`io`n k\m\ m`^c\u\m `g podgdo\mdnhj( kjmlp` g\ q`mndi
_` =`ioc\h `n ngj pi\ q`mndi k\mod^pg\m* Jom\ q`mndi( g\ kmj
kp`no\ kjm Ejci Nop\mo Hdgd( lpd`i ndbpd \ =`ioc\h `i npn d_`\n
\^`m^\ _` g\ m`ajmh\ nj^d\g( `n pi dio`ioj `skg^doj kjm `iam`i
o\mn` \ g\ j]e`^di lp` \^\]\hjn _` kg\io`\m* K\n`hjn( kjm ^ji
ndbpd`io`( \ ^jind_`m\m g\ o`jm\ od^\ _` Hdgd*
@G PODGDO<MDNHJ6 G< Q@MNDI ?@ H gGG
Ejci Nop\mo Hdgd( ^ptj k\_m` `m\ E\h`n Hdgd( pi n`bpd_jm t ^ji
o`hkjmi`j _` =`ioc\h( opqj pi\ \hkgd\ jkjmopid_\_ k\m\ `n
o\m \g ^jmmd`io` _` oj_\n g\n j]e`^dji`n lp` npmb\i `i ^jiom\ _` g\
o`jm\ _` no`* @i ^jin`^p`i^d\( `i np gd]mj :_ hg\_\gTe\f`b& n` kmj
kpnj kg\io`\m t epnodad^\m pi\ q`mndi _`g kmdi^dkdj podgdo\mdno\*
<g dbp\g lp` =`ioc\h dio`io m`apo\m g\n j]e`^dji`n \g kmdi^dkdj
t ajmhpg\m j]e`^dji`n \ gjn kmdi^dkdjn jkp`nojn* < _da`m`i^d\ _`
=`ioc\h( om\o _` ^jinompdm pi\ kmp`]\ _` np kmdi^dkdj h`ijn
di_dm`^o\( k`mj np kmp`]\ m`npgo pi j]qdj am\^\nj* <lp `no\hjn
dio`m`n\_jn kmdhjm_d\gh`io` `i np _`a`in\ _`g podgdo\mdnhj( k\m
od^pg\mh`io` `i np m`apo\^di _` g\ j]e`^di _` lp` nd om\o\hjn _`
dbp\g h\i`m\ \ oj_jn gjn kg\^`m`n( ^jhj _`]`hjn c\^`mgj \g \kgd
^\m `g ^g^pgj c`_jidno\( `ioji^`n gjn kg\^`m`n n_d^jn \n ^jhj gjn
kg\^`m`n h`m\h`io` ^jmkjm\g`n _`]`i `lpdk\m\mn` ^ji gjn kg\^`
m`n _` g\ ^jio`hkg\^di( g\ ^m`\^di( `g _`n^p]mdhd`ioj( t jomjn
_` gjn gg\h\_jn kg\^`m`n h`io\g`n* @noj `n( `n h`ejm n`m pi ^`m_j
n\odna`^cj lp` pi cjh]m` din\odna`^cj7 `n h`ejm `i \gbpi\n nd
op\^dji`n lp` gjn n_d^jn `no i n\odna`^cjn \ lp` ij gj `no i* Hdgd
m`nkji_` \ `no\ j]e`^di ^jhj ndbp`6
-20
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-21
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Oj_\n g\n o`jm\n od^\n lp` c`hjn `s\hdi\_j c\no\ \lp c\i o`
id_j _jn ^jn\n `i ^jhi* Kmjkji`i \gbj ^jhj `g fh``h` Ubah`
j h\tjm ]d`i( t km`n^md]`i lp` gj lp` _`]` c\^`mn` n`\ k\m\ gg`q\m
\g hsdhj `g h\tjm ]d`i( ^p\glpd`m\ lp` no` n`\* Kjm `e`hkgj(
o\ioj `g c`_jidnhj `bjno\ ^jhj `g podgdo\mdnhj _` =`ioc\h `noi
_` \^p`m_j `i lp` kp`noj lp` `g kg\^`m( j g\ a`gd^d_\_( `n gj lp` `n
]p`ij `i n hdnhj( `n `g fh``h` Ubah` t _`]`hjn om\o\m _` kmj
_p^dmgj nd`hkm` lp` n`\ kjnd]g`* @i gj lp` _dad`m`i `n `i npn \adm
h\^dji`n nj]m` lpd i `n g\ k`mnji\ ^ptj kg\^`m _`]` n`m gg`q\_j
\g hsdhj* K\m\ `no\n o`jm\n gj lp` `n hjm\gh`io` dhkjmo\io`
`n nd ip`nom\n \^^dji`n od`i`i j ij ^jin`^p`i^d\n lp` kmj_p^`i
`g h\tjm ]d`i* G\n o`jm\n lp` kji`i ia\ndn `i g\n ^jin`^p`i^d\n
_` g\n \^^dji`n c\i nd_j gg\h\_\n o`jm\n od^\n yd_`jgbd^\nz*
:_ U\Xa `Tlbe1 haT UhXaT ib_hagTW
@g bm\i adgnjaj \g`hi Dhh\ip`g F\io kmjkpnj pi\ o`jm\ od^\
lp` `n hpt _da^dg _` dio`mkm`o\m( \pilp` b`i`m\gh`io` c\ nd_j
`io`i_d_\ ^jhj `g `e`hkgj kmdi^dk\g _` o`jm\ _`jiojgbd^\* Q\
hjn \ n`bpdm `no\ dio`mkm`o\^di* F\io ^jh`iu np ]nlp`_\ _`
pi kmdi^dkdj od^j ]nd^j _` g\ hdnh\ h\i`m\ ^jhj gj cd^d`mji
=`ioc\h t Hdgd* O\h]d i `hk`u dio`io\i_j `i^jiom\m `g h\tjm
]d`i* Ndi `h]\mbj( gj lp` ^ji^gpt ap` o\i _da`m`io` _` g\n ^ji
^gpndji`n \g^\iu\_\n kjm gjn jomjn( lp` `i np o`jm\ gj lp` ^jin
vI>86 9:DCIDA{<>86
.),
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vI>86 9:DCIDA{<>86
.).
ip`nom\ _`^dndi _` c\^`m \gbj n` ]\n\ `i( t ngj `i( lp` g\ m\ui
_` gj lp` c\^`hjn `n ^jhk\od]g` ^ji gj lp` g\ g`t km`n^md]`* ?`
h\i`m\ lp` k\m\ \^op\m kjm m`nk`oj \ pi\ g`t _`]`hjn _`^d_dm
]\ni_jijn njg\h`io` `i g\ m\ui( `noj `n( ndi \kjt\mijn `i ip`n
om\n di^gdi\^dji`n j _`n`jn( k\m\ c\^`m gj lp` `n ^jhk\od]g` ^ji gj
lp` g\ g`t km`n^md]`* Nd `ioji^`n \^op\hjn ]\ni_jijn `i ip`nom\
_`^dndi( n` kp`_` _`^dm lp` \^op\hjn kjm m`nk`oj \ g\ g`t*
AT _Xl `beT_ l X_ \`cXeTg\ib VTgXZ e\Vb
G\ `skm`ndi wg`t hjm\gx `n hn _da^dg _` `skgd^\m* N\]`hjn om`n
^jn\n6
-* Pi\ g`t hjm\g km`n^md]` gj lp` _`]` c\^`mn`*
.* Gj lp` _`]` c\^`mn` `n kmj_p^dm `g h\tjm ]d`i ^p\glpd`m\
lp` no` n`\*
/* Pi\ qjgpio\_ lp` \^o\ kjm m`nk`oj \ g\n g`t`n hjm\g`n `n
`g h\tjm ]d`i*
?` gj \io`mdjm kj_`hjn ^ji^gpdm lp` g\ g`t hjm\g km`n^md]` ngj
pi\ ^jn\( \ n\]`m( lp` \^op`hjn kjm m`nk`oj \ g\n g`t`n hjm\g`n*
@noj od`i` _jn ^jin`^p`i^d\n dhkjmo\io`n* G\ kmdh`m\ `n lp` ngj
c\t pi\ g`t hjm\g( kjmlp` ngj n` km`n^md]` pi\ ^jn\* G\ n`bpi_\
`n lp`( kp`noj lp` g\ g`t hjm\g `sdb` ndhkg`h`io` lp` \^op`
hjn kjm m`nk`oj \ `gg\ hdnh\( `n _da`m`io` _` oj_jn gjn kmdi^dkdjn
od^jn ]nd^jn lp` `s\hdi\hjn km`qd\h`io`* Oj_jn nojn km`n
^md]`i lp \^ojn _`]`hjn m`\gdu\m( k`mj no` km`n^md]` ^hj _`
]`hjn m`\gdu\m ^p\glpd`m \^oj* Kjm gj o\ioj( ij nji g\n \^^dji`n
k\mod^pg\m`n lp` pi\ g`t km`n^md]` g\n lp` c\^`i hjm\g \ pi\ g`t(
`n _`^dm( ij `n `g ^jio`id_j k\mod^pg\m _` ^p\glpd`m g`t gj lp` g\
c\^` hjm\g* T kp`noj lp` ^p\glpd`m g`t k\mod^pg\m ^jindno` ngj `i
\gbi ^jio`id_j k\mod^pg\m lp` \_jko\ g\ ajmh\ _` pi\ g`t( _`]`
n`m `no\ g`b\gd_\_ gj lp` c\^` hjm\g \ pi\ g`t* <n lp` nd kj_`hjn
`i^jiom\m pi\ g`t lp` `skm`n` ndhkg`h`io` `no\ ajmh\ g`b\g _`
g\ g`t( `ioji^`n c\]m`hjn `i^jiom\_j g\ id^\ g`t hjm\g*
Lp ajmh\ od`i`i oj_\n g\n g`t`n km`n^mdkodq\n; Kp`_`i _dnodi
bpdmn` _` g\n g`t`n `skgd^\odq\n( ^jhj g\n g`t`n ^d`ioad^\n( `i lp`
kp`_`i `skm`n\mn` ^jhj dhk`m\odqjn \^`m^\ _` g\n \^^dji`n _` g\
b`io`* ?` h\i`m\ lp` g\n g`t`n km`n^mdkodq\n g`b\g`n nji `skm`
n\_\n am`^p`io`h`io` _` hj_j dhk`m\odqj ^jhj `i yM`_pu^\ np
.)/
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ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ
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/1 @g ^ji^`koj _` _`]`m ce\`T YTV\X qd`i` _` ?* Mjnn( I[X G\Z[g TaW g[X <bbW&
Jsajm_ Pidq`mndot Km`nn( Ip`q\ Tjmf( -511( kk* -4).,*
.*/
.*0
.*1
JI>A>I6G>HBD G:<JA69DG
.*2
@G PODGDO<MDNHJ M@BPG<?JM
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1.-
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:?:G8>8>DH
.+2
-* >pg`n _` gjn ndbpd`io`n epd^djn ^m`` pno`_ lp` nji epd^djn hjm\
g`n; >pg`n ij gj nji; @skgdlp` npn m`nkp`no\n*
G\ b`io` od`i` pi _`m`^cj di\gd`i\]g` \ g\ qd_\( \ g\ gd]`mo\_ t
\ g\ ]nlp`_\ _` g\ a`gd^d_\_*
?djn ^\nodb\ \ \lp`ggjn lp` lp`]m\io\i npn g`t`n*
.,)
:?:G8>8>DH
Ij h\o\mn*
Mj]\m `n ^jiom\mdj \ g\ g`t*
Nd`hkm` _`]`hjn j]`_`^`m g\ g`t*
@g pnj _` i\m^od^jn `n ij^dqj k\m\ g\ nj^d`_\_*
w?`]`x dhkgd^\ wkp`_`x*
I\_\ `n ^jmm`^oj j di^jmm`^oj hd`iom\n ij k`in`hjn lp` gj `n*
.* Di_dlp` m`nk`^oj _` ^\_\ pij _` gjn ndbpd`io`n `e`hkgjn nd nji
`e`hkgjn ^g\mjn _` m`g\odqdnhj od^j o\g ^jhj `no _`adid_j `i `g
o`soj* @skgdlp` npn m`nkp`no\n*
G\ kjgdb\hd\ `no\]\ hjm\gh`io` k`mhdod_\ `i od`hkjn _`
<]m\c\h k`mj \cjm\ `n dihjm\g*
Gj lp` \admh\n lp` `n ^jmm`^oj `n ngj op jkdidi t kjm gj o\ioj
ij `n h`ejm lp` g\ _` ^p\glpd`m jom\ k`mnji\*
Gj di^jmm`^oj `n gj lp` k`mep_d^\ \ g\ nj^d`_\_( _` h\i`m\ lp`
gj lp` `n di^jmm`^oj `i pi\ nj^d`_\_ ^ji am`^p`i^d\ `n ^jmm`^oj
`i jom\*
@g kmdi^dkdj podgdo\mdno\ kp`_` n`m ^jmm`^oj k\m\ g\n ^pgopm\n j^
^d_`io\g`n( k`mj ndi _p_\ `n di^jmm`^oj k\m\ g\n ^pgopm\n jmd`i
o\g`n*
Ij c\t ijmh\n od^\n( ^\_\ pij _` ijnjomjn o\i ngj yq`z lp
`n ^jmm`^oj t lp `n di^jmm`^oj*
/* @q\g` `g ndbpd`io` \mbph`ioj6
@g _`o`mhdidnhj ^\pn\g `n q`m_\_`mj( _` gj ^p\g n` ndbp` lp`
i\_d` kjn`` gd]m` \g]`_mj( t( kjm ^jindbpd`io`( lp` i\_d` `n
hjm\gh`io` m`nkjin\]g` _` gj lp` c\^`* K`mj nd i\_d` `n m`n
kjin\]g` _` gj lp` c\^`( `ioji^`n ij kp`_` `no\m j]gdb\_j \
c\^`m i\_\* @n _`^dm lp` ij c\t i\_\ lp` _`]\ c\^`m7 i\_\ `n
^jmm`^oj t i\_\ `n di^jmm`^oj* Kjm gj o\ioj( `g idcdgdnhj od^j
`no `i gj ^d`moj*
0* @q\g` `g ndbpd`io` \mbph`ioj6
@g `n^`kod^dnhj od^j `n ^jmm`^oj kjmlp`( `i g h\ dino\i^d\(
i\_d` kp`_` c\^`m jom\ ^jn\ lp` n`bpdm np kmjkd\ ^ji^d`i^d\ `i
\npiojn hjm\g`n( t i\_\ kp`_` n`m epnodad^\_j _` `n\ h\i`m\*
1* Npkib\n` lp` \gbpd`i gg\h\_j K m`u c\ \mmd`nb\_j np qd_\ k\m\
n\gq\m \ pi idj lp` n` `no \cjb\i_j* ?dn^po\ g\ ndbpd`io` `skgd
^\^di _` npn \^^dji`n6
K m`u ij \^op m`\gh`io` ndi `bjnhj( `noj `n( ij \mmdnb np
qd_\ kjm `g idj lp` n` `no\]\ \cjb\i_j* Hn ]d`i( K m`u `n g\
^g\n` _` k`mnji\ lp` j]od`i` n\odna\^^di t kg\^`m ^jhj m`npg
o\_j _` \tp_\m \ gjn _`hn( t np _`n`j _` `no` odkj _` kg\^`m `m\
2*
3*
4*
5*
.,*
.,+
:?:G8>8>DH
.,,
.,-
qd_\ _` K m`u* no` k\m`^`m\ n`m `g \^oj lp` g\n o`jm\n od^\n
podgdo\mdno\n km`n^md]dm\i( k`mj `n `qd_`io` lp` `n di^jmm`^oj*
-4* Pi\ ^p`nodi hjm\g lp` ij n` _dn^pod `i `no` o`soj `n `g kmj]g`h\
_`g ^\nodbj* >jhk\m` g\n o`jm\n od^\n _dn^pod_\n `i `g o`soj ^ji
^`mid`io`n \ g\epnodad^\^di _` g\ k`i\ ^\kdo\g( ij ngj m`nk`^oj _`
^mh`i`n o\g`n ^jhj `g n`^p`nomj( ndij o\h]d i k\m\ ^\njn _` \n`
ndi\ojn `i kmdh `m bm\_j kjm pi\ k`mnji\ lp` t\ c\t\ nd_j n`i
o`i^d\_\ \ ^\_`i\ k`mk`op\ kjm jomj ^mdh`i* @skgdlp` ^pg _` g\n
o`jm\n od^\n ^m`` pno`_ lp` kmjkjm^dji\ g\ kjnd^di hn m\uji\
]g` \^`m^\ _` g\ k`i\ ^\kdo\g*
-5* @q\g` hjm\gh`io` \^ojn _` gjn ndbpd`io`n odkjn h`_d\io` g\ ijm
h\ `skp`no\ `i g\ kbdi\ 1.4* Nd kd`in\ lp` g\ ndop\^di `i \g
bpijn ^\njn _`]` `skji`mn` ^ji h\tjm _`o\gg`( kp`_` c\^`m `n
k`^dad^\^dji`n m\uji\]g`n* Km`n^md]` g\ ijmh\ \gbj hjm\gh`io`
m`kpbi\io` `i `nojn ^\njn; Nd `n \n( _`]`hjn m`^c\u\m g\ ijmh\;
@skglp`gj*
O`i`m m`g\^dji`n n`sp\g`n km`h\mdo\g`n*
M`cpn\mn` \ n`mqdm `i pi\ bp`mm\ lp` pno`_ ^jind_`m\ diepno\*
I`b\mn` \ _`g\o\m \ pi \hdbj \g lp` n` c\ `no\_j qd`i_j c\^`m
om\hk\*
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