Asherah
Asherah
Asherah
1 Reyes 14.23
"Para ellos construyeron para s mismos altos lugares, pilares y asherim en cada
colina alta y debajo de cada rbol verde "indicando que el asherim estaba
hecho artificialmente y otras referencias a que el asherim poda ser
cortado, aserrado, quemado y aplastado.
Exod 34.13 y Deut 7.5 se refiere a cortar el Asherim (NRSV 'echaste
abajo sus postes sagrados'). En Jueces 6.25 Gideon se habla de
cortar la Asherah que est al lado del altar de Baal - el hebreo se
refiere literalmente a la 'madera de Asherah'.
Asociacin de rboles: Algunos han pensado que el asherim pudo haber sido
rboles, una idea que deriva en parte de Deuteronomio 16.21 "no plantareis
ningn rbol como Asherah al lado del altar " y por el hecho de que la
traduccin griega del trmino asherim hebreo es ' arboleda '
Sin embargo, los israelitas son repetidamente citados como realizando estos
cultos varias ocasiones perdindose
Y un continuum en el Libro de los Jueces es que ' el pueblo de Israel hizo cul
era malvado a la vista del seor y sirvi a Baal y Asherah y en el libro de los
Reyes se repite que "en cada colina alta y debajo de cada rbol verde, Israel hizo
sacrificios y quem incienso ( por ejemplo . 2 Reyes 12.3, 14.4, 15.35,
16.4).
Sin embargo, la fuerte asociacin de Asherah con Baal que encontramos en las
Sagradas Escrituras es bastante polmica. Algunas noticias ms las tenemos por
los textos de Ugarit.
En Ugarit, Ras Shamra, se han
encontrado millares de tablillas de la
arcilla; entre ellas, algunas con textos
mitolgicoas significativos que nos
informan sobre la religin de Ugarit se
sita en la caja amarilla en el mapa a la
izquierda
. Hallazgos en Ras Shamra ,
Ugarit y la Bible.
Asherim
.Exo34
,13
.1K14,15
Mic5,13
En 18 de las 40 citas, ' Asherah ' est un sustantivo singular femenino que tiene la
forma plural de Asheroth (que aparece 3 veces).
Dice as: 'Y despoj a Ana, su madre, And he removed Ana, his
mother Y l quit Ana, su madre de modo que ella no tuviera un puestto aficial
como l hizo con las asambleas en sus arboledas.
Tell Halif
Pillar Figurines as `Asherah
journalofbiblicalstudies.org/.../ asherah.html
Sello de
Jezabel
Tambin se ha encontrado un sello que le perteneca a la propia
Jezabel. El sello tiene inscritas las letras JZBL. Segn la Biblia,
Jezabel estaba perfectamente familiarizada con el proceso de sellar
documentos con un sello. 1 Reyes 21:8 dice: Entonces ella escribi
cartas en nombre de Acab y las sell con su anillo.
Uriah ... [el gobernador/un ho,bre rico/ ten cuidado de ]... sus
inscripcin
Bendito es Uriah por Yahweh - de sus enemigos se libera por su
asherah.
Por Oniah.
El objeto por lo tanto tuvo que ser destruido para restaurar el Yahwismo puro. Sin
embargo, Guillermo Dever discute que tenga poco sentido invocar un objeto a
menos que ese objeto representara una energa divina verdadera.
l discute que si decimos que Asherah era una ' cosa ' en El-Qm entonces no
tendra ninguna energa, ninguna eficacia, ninguna capacidad de proteger o de
bendecir. Tendra solamente una significacin si su estado y eficacia fueron reales.
Kuntillet`Ajrud, Sinai Caravansarai, ca. first half of 8th centry BCE.
Drawing of Yahweh of Samaria and his Asherah on a pottery shard
(Pithos A). Inscription in Hebrew reads "Thus says...Say to Yehalle[lel],
Yo`asa and...I bless you (herewith- or: have blessed you) to/before
Yahweh of Samaria and his asherah." Note the portion of bridled horse to
the left of the figures (pp.225-6, "Baal, El, Yahweh, and 'His Asherah',"
Othmar Keel and Christoph Uehlinger. Gods, Goddesses, and Images of
God in Ancient Israel. Minneapolis. Fortress Press. 1998. ISBN 0-8006-
2789-X ).
www.bibleorigins.net/ YahwehsBovineFormsImages...
What then about the difficult 'his' asherah which in good Hebrew, is
not grammatically known (unless one counts the emendation of Hosea
14.9 noted above)? Dever's (1995) response is to stress the
uncultured nature of these inscriptions which have been scrawled on
plaster as graffiti rather than as sophisticated literary texts.
Against those scholars who say that this is grammatically
problematic, he argues:
Another response is to argue that the suffix is not a suffix at all, but
part of the word itself, emphasising her feminine gender.
Tilde Binger objects to those that begin with the question 'what was
an asherah' arguing that the question is simply the wrong way round,
for that question normally originates from a reading of the Biblical
text which does indeed suggest it was a humanly-fashioned thing,
with its talk of building, cutting down and burning the asherah. To
begin here and then ask archaeology to help us out in our search for
this object, she says, has the approach all wrong. Rather,
archaeology has already demonstrated that Asherah was a Goddess.
We should be asking why the Bible treats her as an object and how
the consort of Yahweh becomes 'an' asherah? (see her discussion
in Asherah 1997:129).
Los Textos de Kuntillet Ajrud
Kuntillet Ajrud se localiza en el desierto
del Sinai , pero lejos de las lneas de
comercio. a unos 50 km. al sur de
Kadesh Barnea, como est marcado.
El edificio se fecha al final del siglo IX a.C. y principio del siglo VIII, a.C.
Algunas de las habitaciones tenan paredes cubiertas con una capa de yeso
blanco y en este yeso haba cinco inscripciones. Una es inintelegible, la segunda
contiene una inscripcin religiosa que habla de la bendicin por Yahweh y su
Asherah, una tercera bendice a los dioses Baal y El y la cuarta y quinta
mencinan a Yahweh y a Baal.
Las inscripciones del yeso son problemticas puesto que el yeso blanco en el
cual fueron escritas fueron encontradas en pedazos pequeos y tuvieron que ser
vueltas a montar. Muchos eruditos discrepan sobre la secuencia y la
interpretacin reconstruidas de la inscripcin que refiere a Yahweh y a Asherah.
Las inscripciones del yeso son problemticas puesto que el yeso blanco en el
cual fueron escritas se encontr en pedazos pequeos y tuvieron que ser vueltas
a montar. Muchos eruditos discrepan sobre la secuencia y la interpretacin de la
inscripcin reconstruida que refiere a Yahweh y a Asherah.
Dicen as:
As for the three figures, shown above, there are several differences
of opinion on who they represent:
Bes figures: In 1979 Z. Meshel suggested that the central figure is
Bes, a view also upheld by Dever in his article 'Asherah: Consort of
Yahweh' who suggests the two figures are representations of the
Egyptian dwarf god Bes and, believing the seated lyre-player to be
Asherah, perhaps protecting her. Their proximity to the lady
reminds Dever of an 8th century bronze bowl from the Nimrud palace
which depicts a godddess on a panelled throne, supported by two Bes
figures (for image students would need to consult R.D. Barnett 'The
Nimrud Ivories and the Art of the Phoenicians' Iraq 2 1935 pp. 179-
200 figs. 6 and 7).
Bes is an Egyptian deity who was associated with music and dancing
and who possessed an apotropaic function (i.e. warding away evils) -
hence the presence of Bes amulets in Iron II tombs in Palestine. A
couple of images of Bes are provided below:
2. Los peinados
3. She holds a lyre: Dever recalls that music was associated with the
Canaanite cult and how an 8th century pykis from the palace at
Nimrud depicts a music procession lined behind a female deity in
similar dress (see page 24 of his article for an illustration of this
procession)
4. Seat: She is clearly sitting, and Dever believes the chair may
represent a throne. He notes in this regard the paw feet typical of
thrones, and the panelled sides with feathered wings, the short back
with a back-turned flair at the top. At her knee may be a lions head.
The reason why her feet do not quite touch the ground is because the
footstool is missing.
Bes: Bes is associated with music and dancing, which would explain
the lyre. The supposed female hair could, in her view, be more
convincingly interpreted as an Egyptian type wig/hair covering for
men. A women's hair/wig could be expected to be longer (at least
shoulder length). The chair is not necessarily a throne since Egyptian
chairs in the New Kingdom period had a similar design with paw-
shaped feet and curved backs. There are also similarities with
Phoenician chairs. She also raises the possibility that she was not
originally part of the scene: note that she is turned away from the
Bes figures, who can hardly be said to be dancing to her music.
La figurita
femenina de
terracota female ,
desnuda,
usualmente
subiendo sus pechos
con la palma de la
mano, se han
encontrado muy a
menudo en
yacimientos del
Bronce Final
palestino y en Edad
del Hierro .Puede
tratarse de una
representacin de
Asherah.
For Meyers, these statuettes are modelled on the fertility figurine prototype
and compare well with the Canaanite statuettes of the Mid - Late Bronze Age
that are nude, emphasise the breasts and, or the pudenda, as opposed to the
Iron Age figures that are of the pillar variety where below the waist is not
detailed the statuette merely drops into a cylindrical shape. The Iron Age
figures emphasise the breasts only. From the inclusion of the pudenda details,
Meyers speculates that their purpose may have been to act as votives for
women who were desirous of successful births and consequent lactation. For
the view that these figurines are not goddess representations, see also
Tigay Israelite Religion: The onomastic and epigraphic evidence in Miller, Hanson &
McBride Ancient Israelite Religion. 1987
personal.rhul.ac.uk/. ../slide0151.htm
post.queensu.ca/ ~jjl/jewishgoddess.htm
Conclusion
Giovanni Garbini states that the literary evidence when combined with the
plethora of terracotta female figures, indicates that Israelite religion was not
so severe, not so monotheistic, not so pure, as the bible would have us believe.
He claims of those figurines there is no doubt that here we have
representations of a goddess widely worshipped by the Israelites (History and
Ideology in Ancient Israel 1988; 59).
For Dever, the terra cotta nudes, the lion lady of the Taanach cult
stand, the smaller of the two pillars at the Arad temple and the
bronze lady found at the base of the altar all evidence the existence
of Asherah the Goddess and the prominent place she had in the
religious lives of ancient Israelites.
Saul Olyan believes that Asherah was paired with Yahweh when
Yahweh and El were identified - Yahweh naturally taking on the
consort of El. He argues that opposition to this development was
voiced in one hard-line party - that of the Deuteronomists who are
responsible for the Biblical tradition. They then run a mud-slinging
campaign against Asherah in order to disassociate the Goddess from
the cult of Yahweh, their polemic being that the Goddess is nothing
but an object that can be pulverised and burnt. Once she had been
reduced in the minds of people to just an object, then her removal
from the stage could be effectively accomplished.
'Any goddess connected to a god - Baal for instance - in the way that
we have seen Asherah connected to Yahweh...would, without any
major discussion, be seen as the relevant gods consort or wife. That
we are dealing with the god who becomes the one God of the Jewish
as well as Christian religion, seems to make quite a lot of scholars
unable to imagine that asrt could be a goddess; personal piety has,
however, no place in sound scholarly debate. Therefore it must be
supposed that Asherah was indeed a goddess, and the consort of
Yahweh' (Asherah 1997;109)
44:15
Then all the men who knew that their wives had burned
incense to other gods, with all the women who stood by, a great
multitude, and all the people who dwelt in the land of Egypt, in Pathros,
answered Jeremiah, saying: 16"As for the word that you have spoken to
us in the name of the LORD, we will not listen to you! 17But we will
certainly do whatever has gone out of our own mouth, to burn incense
to the queen of heaven and pour out drink offerings to her, as we have
done, we and our fathers, our kings and our princes, in the cities of
Judah and in the streets of Jerusalem. For then we had plenty of food,
were well-off, and saw no trouble. 18But since we stopped burning
incense to the queen of heaven and pouring out drink offerings to her,
we have lacked everything and have been consumed by the sword and
by famine." 19The women also said, "And when we burned incense to
the queen of heaven and poured out drink offerings to her, did we
make cakes for her, to worship her, and pour out drink offerings to her
without our husbands' permission!?"
31:15
Thus says the LORD:
Biblical Passages
(The dates of all Biblical writings are disputed; the compilation
and editing is seen by many scholars as happening not long
after Jeremiahs time, in Babylonia ).
Behold: like the eyes of menservants toward the hand of their lord, like
the eyes of maidservants toward the hand of their lady, so our eyes
look toward YHVH our God, waiting for Him to be gracious to us
{Psalm 123:2}.
You neglected the Rock who gave birth to you, forgot the God who
writhed in labour with you {Deuteronomy 32:18}.
come from -- and certainly may recall -- the word womb, rechem.
from the God of your father, who will help you, [A blessing]
from Shaddai, who will bless you: blessings of the sky above,
blessings of the deep lying below, blessings of breasts (shaddaim) and
.womb
figure -- rather like the Egyptian goddess Maat (Truth), the daughter of
Ra, and like
From ages past I was fashioned, from the beginning, from the origins
of the earth.
Before the mountains were founded, before the hills, I was born.
He had not yet made earth and fields, or the worlds first clumps of
clay.
When He set the sky in place, I was there, when He fixed the horizon
upon the deep.
When He made the heavens above firm, when the fountains of the
deep gushed forth.
When He set limits for the sea, whose waters do not transgress His
command,
And now, children, listen to me! Happy are those who keep my ways...
{Proverbs 8:22-32,
based on JPS translation}
halakhic (legal) traditions, put together in the Land of Israel early in the
third century CE.
In the Mishnah, we first find the most famous Jewish feminine name for
God, Shekhinah.
[In the main body of the Mishnah, Shekhinah appears in only one
passage, quoted below. Even there, the word Shekhinah is missing
in some early manuscripts. However, Peter Schfer in Mirror of His
Beauty, 2002 (p. 94) argues that the reading with Shekhinah, though
censored out by some scribes, is authentic and original. Our
standard editions of the Mishnah do include it.]
found in many verses in the Bible where God promises to dwell among
us:
And I will dwell (vshakhanti) in the midst of the Children of Israel, and I
will not forsake My people Israel {I Kings 6:13}.
The hairs of the Moon are tangled with each other. They are
called shooting stars -- they do indeed shoot. Lords of strife, lords of
weighing in the balance, lords of harshness, lords of arrogance; all of
them are called hairs of royal purple. Her hands and her feet seize
hold, like a powerful lion that seizes its prey. About this it is written, "he
tears and none can rescue" {Micah 5:7}. All her fingernails call to mind
the debts of human beings, writing and inscribing their debts with the
authority of harsh judgement. About this, it is written, "The sin of Judah
is written with an iron pen, with a fingernail of shamir" {Jeremiah 17:1}.
What is shamir? {Cf. Tosefta Sotah 15:1 and parallels.} That which
inscribes and pierces stone -- splitting it in all directions.
The clippings of her fingernails are all those who do not cling to
the body of the King, and suckle from the domain of uncleanness,
when the Moon is waning. And because King Solomon inherited the
full Moon, he wanted to also receive her in her waning, and so he set
to work acquiring knowledge of spirits and demons, to receive the
Moon in all her aspects. {Zohar
I (Vayechi) 223a-b}
The divine names YHVH and Adonai (found as a name in its own right
and used as a substitute for YHVH) are both often translated
Lord and seen as masculine. To the Kabbalists, however, the name
YHVH invokes masculine and feminine aspects of the Divine: the Yud
and Vav are masculine, the two letters Hei are feminine. And the name
Adonai specifically refers to the Shekhinah, who is the underlying
structure of all reality, like the adnei hamishkan {see
Exodus 34:31 etc.}, the sockets that held together the structure of the
Sanctuary [adnei has identical letters with Adonai].
Note the similarity of this formula with the ancient one we began with
for the sake of the union of the Holy One Blessed Be He and His
Shekhinah
Take an egg from a hen that is all black and has never laid an
egg before. Take the egg she laid on a Thursday. Take the egg on
Thursday night after sunset, and bury it at the crossroads. And on
Tuesday, take the egg from there after sunset. And buy a mirror for the
egg, and bury the mirror at the same crossroads after sunset in Frau
Venus Namen [in the name of Lady Venus] and say, allhie begrab ich
diesen Spiegel in der Liebe, die Frau Venus zu dem Tannhuser
hat [here I bury this mirror in the love that Lady Venus has for
Tannhuser]. And let it lie there for three days, and take it out; and
whoever looks into it will love you.
Got hot zikh tserkrigt mit der Gotekhe un zey hobn tserisn dos iberbet
un tseshit di federn.
God has quarreled with the Goddess and theyve torn up the
featherbed and scattered the feathers.
The sukkah is over our heads as the Shekhinah hovers over us like a
mother over her dear children...
Tell Halif
Identification
Astarte
Assyrian Genii-3
Hathor (sous forme de Qadesh)
avec le dieu Min.