Ligandos Hibridos N, O Pirazol
Ligandos Hibridos N, O Pirazol
Ligandos Hibridos N, O Pirazol
TESIS DOCTORAL
Doctorado en Química
Directores
Josefina Pons Picart y Josep Ros Badosa
Departamento de Química
Facultad de Ciencias
Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona
2010
Memòria presentada para aspirar al Grado de Doctor por Miguel Guerrero Hernández
Conformidad,
Bastantes. Bueno no, muchas. No, no, muchísimas. Tantas que cuesta
enumerarlas. Cuando uno se sienta y, mirando hacia atrás, reflexiona sobre el camino
recorrido a lo largo de su vida, la primera reflexión que se presenta es, cuanto menos,
abrumadora, aquellas que por momentos te dejan sin aliento. Cuando decidí hacer
Química, no tenía ni la más remota idea de lo que ello realmente significaba. Es
sorprendente, lo sé, pero es verdad. Ahora que han pasado unos cuantos años, me cuesta
mucho describir lo que ha supuesto y supone hoy en día la Química para mí; gracias a
ella he crecido personalmente y me ha permitido ver y entender el mundo que me rodea
desde otro punto de vista. Además me ha permitido conocer a mucha gente y lo más
importante, le ha dado y le da sentido a mi vida.
Otra pieza imprescindible de este puzzle son mis amigos de toda la vida. He
compartido prácticamente todo con ellos (por no decir todo). En verdad, son hermanos,
y cuando hablo de ellos se me llena la boca de orgullo. Éstos son mis amigos. Y los más
importante, son los mejores. Javi (y Jordi), Eli, Lidia, Sole, Irene… y una larga lista.
Gracias por vuestro apoyo incondicional y por darme las fuerzas necesarias para
sobrellevar esta “locura” tan particular. Yo soy lo que soy, por vosotros, que nadie lo
dude. Y si es cierto lo que dicen de “quien tiene un amigo tiene un tesoro”, que sepáis
que me habéis convertido en el individuo más afortunado del universo.
Por último, pero no por ello menos importante, queda la familia. ¿Qué sería de
mí sin ellos? Muy especialmente a mi “mamá”, mi confidente, no estaría aquí sino fuera
por ella; siempre me ha apoyado y me ha tratado como un rey, mil gracias no son
suficientes. También a mi abuela July que, a pesar de no entender nada de lo que hago,
está muy ilusionada y me anima a continuar en el colegio, me tiene enamorado; a mi
hermano (el Illuminatti) que con su forma de ser es capaz de arrancarnos una sonrisa en
cualquier momento, a mi padre por sus sabios consejos y por nuestros debates sobre
política, a mi tía Conchi por considerarme como el mejor sobrino del planeta y a todos
en general. Un abrazo muy fuerte.
“Yo soy yo y mis circunstancias” (José Ortega y Gasset). Todos vosotros sois
mis circunstancias. Gracias. Pero gracias de verdad. Gracias por permitirme el lujo de
teneros a mi lado y permitirme soñar estando despierto. Gracias por permitirme soñar
este sueño tan particular…
“Si ví más allá, fue porque me subí a los hombros de un gigante” (Isaac Newton)
Abreviaturas
Me: metilo
Ph: fenilo
Npz: nitrógeno pirazólico
CHCl3: cloroformo
CH2Cl2: diclorometano
CH3CN: acetonitrilo
THF: tetrahidrofurano
Et2O: éter dietílico
MeOH: metanol
IR: infrarrojo
RMN: resonancia magnética nuclear
M: metal
L: ligando
Abreviaturas de espectroscopia de IR
ν: vibración de tensión
δ: vibración de deformación
al: alifática, ar: aromática, as: asimétrica
ip: dentro del plano, oop: fuera del plano
d: intensidad débil, m: intensidad media, f: intensidad fuerte
Artículo 7: “Design of new N,O hybrid pyrazole derived ligands and their use as
stabilizers for the synthesis of Pd nanoparticles”
Miguel Guerrero, Jordi García-Antón, Mar Tristany, Josefina Pons, Josep Ros, Karine
Philippot, Bruno Chaudret, Pierre Lecante.
Langmuir. Enviado. la-2010-016802
A parte de los artículos, esta memoria consta de cinco partes más: una
introducción bibliográfica, unos objetivos, un capítulo de resultados y discusión, unas
conclusiones y, por último, un compendio de todas las referencias bibliográficas
consultadas para la elaboración de este trabajo.
1. Introducción ……………………………………………………………………1
2. Objetivos ………………………………………………………………………35
3. Resultados y Discusión
3.3.1 Introducción……………………………………175
4. Conclusiones ....................................................................................................203
5. Bibliografía …………………………………………………………………..209
6. Artículos …………………………..………...……………………………….223
7. Anexo ………………………………………………………………………...276
1. Introducción
1. Introducción
La capacidad que poseen algunos iones y moléculas, que por sí solos pueden
tener existencia independiente y cuya valencia está aparentemente saturada, para
combinarse en proporción estequiométrica y permitiendo así, obtener nuevas y más
complejas especies, es bien conocida desde antes de 1800. Los productos de adición
resultantes, conocidos comúnmente como compuestos de coordinación, presentan una
gran variedad en sus propiedades físicas y químicas. Dado que inicialmente parecían
poco comunes se les denominó "Complejos de Coordinación" puesto que aparentemente
contravenían las leyes de valencia comunes establecidas. Éstos han representado (y hoy
en día aún continúan representando) un reto para el químico inorgánico.
El profesor Werner fue el primer químico inorgánico ganador del Premio Nobel
de Química en 1913 (de hecho el único antes de 1973) por proponer la configuración en
octaedro de los complejos de los metales de transición. En 1893 enunció la Teoría de la
Coordinación también llamada de las valencias residuales según la cual los
componentes moleculares inorgánicos actúan como un núcleo central alrededor del cual
se ubican un número definido de otros átomos, radicales u otras moléculas, según un
3
1. Introducción
Figura 1.1 Propuesta de Adolf Werner sobre la configuración octaédrica de algunos complejos con
metales de transición
Ligandos homofuncionales
A A B B
Ligandos híbridos
A B
4
1. Introducción
5
1. Introducción
al anillo aromático y forma un enlace N-H con un protón relativamente acídico. Sin
embargo, el nitrógeno inmediatamente adyacente situado en posición relativa 2 es de
tipo azina teniendo el par de electrones fuera del sistema aromático; de esta manera,
permite actuar al pirazol como base y como nucleófilo.
6
1. Introducción
Además de todo esto cabe destacar que existen diversos factores que hacen que
el pirazol sea uno de los N-heterociclos más útiles para incorporar en la estructura de
ligandos polidentados39-41. Por ejemplo, el pirazol en sí (y algunos de sus derivados)
están disponibles comercialmente. Por otro lado, el anillo pirazólico puede ser
sintetizado con una gran variedad de sustituyentes alquilos y/o arilos en los átomos de
carbono. La sustitución en los átomos C3 y C5, adyacentes a los átomos de nitrógeno,
es relativamente sencilla de conseguir y puede afectar intensamente al entorno estérico
de los nitrógenos dadores y de cualquier metal enlazado a ellos24,42,43. Por lo tanto, es
posible modular a su vez la intensidad de estos enlaces.
7
1. Introducción
N N N N N N N N
H H H
2 1
R R1 R2
R1 R2 R1 R1 R1 R1
N N N N N N N N
H H H H
Figura 1.5 Estructura del Pirazol y sus derivados por sustitución en los átomos de carbono 3, 4, y/o 5
a) b)
8
1. Introducción
Por último, los ligandos derivados del pirazol, se utilizan en agroquímica, como
pesticidas, herbicidas y fertilizantes59. En la industria textil, los ligandos derivados del
pirazol se utilizan como colorantes60 y en el sector farmacéutico, como bactericidas61,62,
principios activos o moléculas, con propiedades antitumorales, antioxidantes o
antiinflamatorias 63 - 69 o bien para el tratamiento de enfermedades mentales como la
esquizofrenia70 o el Alzheimer71 (Figura 1.7)
a) b)
Figura 1.7 Ligandos pirazólicos con aplicaciones industriales. a) Potente inhibidor del enzima COX-2
para el tratamiento de enfermedades inflamatorias crónicas como el reuma o la osteoartritis72.
b) Fipronil®, nombre comercial de este ligando que se utiliza como pesticida en animales73
A principios de los años 90, nuestro grupo de investigación inició una vía de
investigación basada en la síntesis y en el estudio de la coordinación de ligandos
derivados del pirazol. Inicialmente, el trabajo investigador se centró en la síntesis de
nuevos ligandos pirazólicos 3,5-disustituidos por grupos metilo, fenilo, piridina y
metilpiridina (Figura 1.8). El estudio de su coordinación frente a metales de la primera
serie de transición: Co(II)74-77, Cu(II)78-82, Mn(II)74, Ni(II)83 y Zn(II)75, de la segunda
serie de transición: Cd(II)74 y Pd(II)84,85 y de la tercera serie de transición: Pt(II)85. Se
obtuvieron complejos con una gran diversidad estructural que incluía desde complejos
mononucleares a pentanucleares.
9
1. Introducción
a)
R1 R2
R2
R1 N
R N N R N N
N N
N N
H H
H
R1 = H, M e R1 = Ph, Py
R = H, M e R2 = Ph R2 = M e, Ph
b) c)
10
1. Introducción
R1 R2
N N
R3
R1 = Ph, Py
R2 = Me, Ph, Py, CF3
R3 = Et, Oct
R1 R1 R1 R1
N N N N
NH N R2
R2 R2
R1 = Me R1 = Ph
R2 = Et, iPr, tBu R2 = Et, Oct
R1 R1 R1 R1
N N N N N
x x
R2
R1 = Me
R2 = H, Et, iPr, tBu
x=1y2
R1 R1 R1 R1
N N N N N
x x
R1
x N
R1
R1 = Me
x=1y2
N N N N N N N N
N N N N
11
1. Introducción
R R R R
x = 1, 2 y 3.
R = CH3, Ph
N N OPPh2 N N PPh2
x x
N N
SH
x=2y3
N N
S x OH
N N N N
S
x = 1, y = 2 y 3
x = 2, y = 2 y 3
N N S S N N
x y x
N N N N
S S
Figura 1.10 Ligandos N-pirazol, P-fosfina, N-pirazol, OP-fosfinito, N-pirazol, S-tiol y N-pirazol, S-
tioéter
12
1. Introducción
Entre los años 2002 y 2008, nuestro grupo de investigación ha desarrollado una
línea de investigación basada en la síntesis y caracterización de ligandos N-pirazol, O-
alcohol Dentro de este grupo se han sintetizado y caracterizado los ligandos 1-
hidroxialquilpirazol (hl1-hl3) 121 , 122
y los 1-hidroxialquil-3,5-dimetilpirazol (HL1-
HL3)123,124. Otro grupo de ligandos son los que tienen en las posiciones 3 y/o 5 grupos
aromáticos, en particular los ligandos HL4 125, HL5 y HL6 90(Figura 1.11).
N N OH N N N N OH
OH
N N N N OH
N N OH
OH
CF3
N N
N N N N N N
OH OH OH
HL4 HL5 HL6
13
1. Introducción
Los ligandos hl1, HL1 y HL2 se han utilizado para el estudio de su coordinación
con diversos centros metálicos, especialmente de la primera serie de transición. Sin
embargo, hl2, hl3 y HL3 sólo se encuentran descritos en la bibliografía como productos
intermedios en la síntesis de otros compuestos orgánicos. En nuestro grupo de
investigación, se ha estudiado la reactividad de estos ligandos con diferentes metales de
transición. En particular, con los ligandos hl1 y HL1 se ha estudiado su reactividad con
Pd(II) y Pt(II)126, con el ligando HL4 con Zn(II), Cu(II) y Pd(II)125, y con los ligandos
HL5 y HL6 con Pd(II)90. Los ligandos HL4, HL5 y HL6 también se han utilizado como
precursores y, a su vez, han demostrado ser ligandos de coordinación interesantes por
sus aplicaciones, en especial el ligando HL5 en catálisis homogénea91.
Complejos monoméricos
14
1. Introducción
15
1. Introducción
El ligando HL4 fue descrito por primera vez por F. Bondavalli y col. el año
1988132. F. Bondavalli sintetizó y estudió las propiedades depresoras, antiarrítmicas y
analgésicas de éste y otros ligandos de la misma familia. Además, utilizó el ligando
HL4 como precursor de otros ligandos más complejos con el fin de estudiar las mismas
propiedades133.
16
1. Introducción
Por otro lado, con los ligandos HL5 y HL6 se ha ensayado su reactividad frente a
Pd(II) obteniéndose los compuestos cis-[PdCl2(HL5)] (Figura 1.19) y cis-[PdCl2(HL6)]
(Figura 1.20), respectivamente. En los dos compuestos el ligando actúa como quelato,
coordinando al metal por el nitrógeno de la piridina y el nitrógeno del pirazol, formando
un metalociclo de 5 miembros. Debido a las restricciones impuestas por el ligando los
cloros están en disposición cis 91. Esta familia de compuestos ha demostrado tener una
elevada actividad catalítica en la reacción de Heck.
17
1. Introducción
Complejos poliméricos
El ligando HL2 forma dímeros del tipo [CuX(L2)]2 (X= Cl-, Br-, NO3-)127 (L2 es
el ligando HL2 desprotonado). Se ha resuelto por difracción de rayos X la estructura
cristalina del compuesto [CuBr(L2)]2 (figura 1.22). En este compuesto el ligando actúa
como bidentado N,O. El átomo de oxígeno del grupo alcóxido actúa como puente entre
los dos átomos de Cu(II). Cada átomo de Cu(II) tiene un entorno O2NBr con una
geometría entorno a cada uno de los metales planocuadrada ligeramente distorsionada.
18
1. Introducción
Otro caso, un poco más alejado de lo que sería la química de coordinación de los
metales de transición, es el compuesto [SnCl2Me2(hl1)] 135(Figura 1.24). En este caso, y
a diferencia de los complejos descritos anteriormente, el ligando pirazólico actúa como
monodentado a través del oxígeno del grupo alcohol, de manera que el N del anillo
pirazólico no participa en la coordinación. El átomo metálico es pentacoordinado con
geometría de bipirámide trigonal. En las posiciones apicales se encuentran un ligando
cloruro y el oxígeno del hl1. La coordinación se completa con otro ligando cloruro y dos
metilos en posición ecuatorial.
19
1. Introducción
LE1: x = 0; y = 1
LE2: x = 1; y = 1
LE3: x = 1; y = 2
20
1. Introducción
21
1. Introducción
Por otro lado, la mayoría de los ligandos descritos en la literatura, que contienen
a la vez anillos pirazólicos y uno (o varios) grupos éter, son aquellos que constan de dos
pz en su estructura unidos a través del N1 mediante una cadena orgánica con grupos éter
o poliéter 140,141 . Otra posibilidad, pero mucho menos frecuente, es encontrar grupos
éteres en las posiciones relativas 3 y/o 5 del anillo pirazólico142. Este tipo de ligandos no
son objeto de estudio en este trabajo.
a) b)
Figura 1.29 a) Ejemplo de ligando N-pirazol, O-éter y b) Estructura en estado sólido del compuesto de
Ag(I). El metal adopta una geometría lineal.
Dentro de esta familia de ligandos N-pirazol, O-éter, uno de los ligandos más
estudiado es el bis[2-(3,5-dimetil-1-pirazolil)etil]éter (Lpz)144 (Figura 1.30).
22
1. Introducción
Figura 1.33 Estructura cristalina del complejo cis-[PtCl2(Lpz)]. La geometría alrededor del átomo
metálico es planocuadrada ligeramente distorsionada. El ligando es potencialmente tridentado, sin
embargo actúa como bidentado N,N .
23
1. Introducción
Figura 1.34 Estructura cristalina del catión [Rh(CO)(Lpz)]+. El Rh(I) presenta una geometría
planocuadrada. El plano queda definido por los dos nitrógenos pirazólicos, el oxígeno del grupo éter y el
átomo de C del CO.
Figura 1.35 Estructura cristalina del complejo [CuCl2(bpopb)]. La geometría alrededor del centro
metálico es tetraédrica distorsionada. El metal está unido a dos nitrógenos pirazólicos y a dos cloruros en
disposición cis. Como se puede observar, los grupos éter no participan en la coordinación.
24
1. Introducción
Desde mediados de 1930 se han llevado a cabo estudios sobre las asociaciones
de moléculas en disolución para formar entidades de mayor organización (como los
dímeros de ácido acético) llamadas supermoléculas, “Übermoleküle”. Sin embargo, no
es hasta 1978 cuando se introduce el término de Química Supramolecular para estudiar
todos estos procesos de interacciones intermoleculares154.
25
1. Introducción
26
1. Introducción
27
1. Introducción
En los oscuros comienzos de la química, cuando ésta era tan sólo alquimia,
existía la creencia de que las transformaciones de la materia se podían avivar por
determinadas sustancias, incluida la piedra filosofal en sus diferentes acepciones. El
término catálisis se atribuye al sueco Berzelius que en 1836 en el Edin. Phil. J. XXI,
escribió: “algunos cuerpos tienen la propiedad de ejercer sobre otros una acción,
diferente a la causada por la afinidad química, por medio de la cual se produce su
descomposición, formando nuevos compuestos, que no entraban en la composición de
aquellos. A este poder desconocido, común en la naturaleza orgánica e inorgánica,
llamo poder catalítico, siendo la catálisis la descomposición de cuerpos por esta
fuerza”
28
1. Introducción
29
1. Introducción
Sin embargo, la catálisis también ha hecho que otros campos y aplicaciones del
conocimiento hayan tenido grandes progresos, tales como la industria farmacéutica y la
biotecnología (producción de etanol y otros tipos de fermentaciones enzimáticas,
antibióticos), la industria de alimentos (hidrogenación de ácidos grasos), la ciencia de
materiales (fibras sintéticas, plásticos, y otros, aunque gran parte de éstos forman parte
de la industria petroquímica), control de la contaminación e ingeniería ambiental
(reducción de óxidos de nitrógeno, convertidores catalíticos en automóviles, reducción
de compuestos azufrados), la industria de fertilizantes (síntesis de amoniaco, producción
de hidrógeno) y un largo etc182.
30
1. Introducción
Sin embargo fue en 1974 cuando el especialista japonés Nomo Taniguchi acuñó
el término “nanotecnología” en relación con la fabricación de productos mediante
métodos de mecanizado185. Taniguchi mostró cómo la tendencia a aumentar la precisión
de fabricación estaba llevando inexorablemente al punto en que, en el año 2000, las
piezas fabricadas con un mecanizado “normal” tendrían una precisión de 1 mm,
mientras que el mecanizado “de precisión” supondría una precisión de 10 nm y el
“ultrapreciso” de hasta 1 nm.
31
1. Introducción
A B C D
Figura 1.40 Típico proceso de formación de Nanopartículas. A) Descomposición del precursor metálico
B) Nucleación. C) Correcta estabilización en presencia de agentes estabilizantes. D) Agregación por falta
de agentes estabilizantes.
32
1. Introducción
Dentro del extenso mundo de los agentes estabilizantes, los más utilizados son
los polímeros o ligandos. Este método de síntesis produce buenos rendimientos, es
reproductible y se puede aplicar a la síntesis de nanopartículas de numerosos metales
(Pd, Pt, Rh, Ru, Co, Ni, Au, Ag) así como a la preparación de aleaciones bimetálicas
Pt/Ru, Pd/Cu o Pt/Co191-193.
33
2. Objetivos
2. Objetivos
Caracterizar todos los ligandos obtenidos con las técnicas: punto de fusión,
análisis elemental, espectroscopia de infrarrojo, resonancia magnética nuclear
monodimensional y bidimensional, espectrometría de masas y difracción de
rayos X, siempre que ha sido posible.
Estudiar la reactividad de los ligandos N-pirazol, O-alcohol con los metales del
grupo 12, utilizando diferentes proporciones M/L.
37
3. Resultados y Discusión
3.1 Ligandos
3. Resultados y Discusión
Artículo 7: “Design of new N,O hybrid pyrazole derived ligands and their use as
stabilizers for the synthesis of Pd nanoparticles”
Miguel Guerrero, Jordi García-Antón, Mar Tristany, Josefina Pons, Josep Ros, Karine
Philippot, Bruno Chaudret, Pierre Lecante.
Langmuir. Enviado. la-2010-016802
43
3. Resultados y Discusión
L0
N
N OH
L1
N N
N O O N
L2
N N
N O O N
L3
N N
N O O N
L4
N N
N O O N
L5
N N
N O O N
N
N
L6
O
O O
N N
N N
Figura 3.1.1 Esquema general de los ligandos N-pirazol, O-alcohol y N-pirazol, O-éter
45
3. Resultados y Discusión
46
3. Resultados y Discusión
Todos los ligandos han sido sintetizados por primera vez en este trabajo,
siguiendo las rutas sintéticas descritas en las figuras 3.1.3 y 3.1.4. Los ligandos L2-L6
se han preparado a partir de la desprotonación del ligando L0 con NaH en THF seco a
reflujo durante 2h. Con respecto al ligando L1, después de varios intentos fallidos se
optó por modificar la ruta sintética cambiando de precursor, en este caso, sustituyendo
el ligando L0 por el 3,5-dimetilpirazol y utilizando el 1,2-bis(2-cloroetoxi)etano como
derivado halogenado (Figura 3.1.3).
THF
+ + H2
N NaH N
N H N Na
O Cl
Cl O
2 N N N N
Na THF N O O N
- 2NaCl L1
47
3. Resultados y Discusión
THF H2
+ NaH +
N
N N O Na
N OH
L0
Br
Br N N
N O O N
THF
L2-L4
Cl Cl
N N
N O O N
THF
L5
2 (L2-L5)
or
3 (L6) N N
ONa N
N
Br O
Br Br
N N
N O O N
THF
L6
La síntesis general de los ligandos L2-L6 (Figura 3.1.4) consiste en dos etapas
bien diferenciadas: en la primera tiene lugar la desprotonación del ligando L0 con NaH
en THF seco para dar la correspondiente sal sódica. Al realizar esta reacción se observa
un burbujeo lento debido a la formación de H2. En la siguiente etapa ocurre la reacción
de O-alquilación entre el 1-(2-hidroxietil)-3,5-dimetilpirazolato sódico previamente
sintetizado y el correspondiente derivado halogenado: α,α’-dibromo-x-xileno (x=o (L2),
x=m (L3), x=p (L4)), 4,4’-bis (clorometil)-1,1’-bifenilo (L5) o 1,3,5-tris(bromometil)
benceno (L6). Después de la adición (15 min.) se mantiene a reflujo de THF durante 12
h. Posteriormente, se añade agua destilada para destruir el NaH que no ha reaccionado y
se evapora la solución a sequedad. El sólido obtenido se disuelve en H2O y se realizan 3
extracciones con CHCl3. La síntesis de todos los ligandos se ha llevado a cabo bajo
atmósfera de nitrógeno, con técnicas Schlenk convencionales.
48
3. Resultados y Discusión
Los ligandos L1-L6 se han caracterizado por punto de fusión (Tabla 3.1.1),
análisis elemental, espectrometría de masas ESI(+), espectroscopia IR, RMN 1H,
13
C1H y experimentos de RMN bidimensionales homonucleares y heteronucleares
utilizando CDCl3 como disolvente. Además, para el ligando L2, ha sido posible resolver
su estructura cristalina por difracción de rayos X en monocristal.
L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6
Rendimiento (%) 86 62 74 65 83 78
Punto de Fusión (ºC) 57.3-58.2 64.8-65.3 68.1-69.3 69.2-71.1 55.2-56.4 44.3-45.3
Análisis elemental
Los análisis elementales de los ligandos L1-L6 concuerdan con los valores
calculados a partir de sus fórmulas empíricas (tabla 3.1.2).
%C %H %N
L1 teórico 62.72 8.55 18.29
C16H26N4O2 experimental 62.92 8.28 18.14
L2 teórico 69.08 7.91 14.65
C22H30N4O2 experimental 69.29 8.02 14.67
L3 teórico 69.08 7.91 14.65
C22H30N4O2 experimental 68.89 7.64 14.48
L4 teórico 69.08 7.91 14.65
C22H30N4O2 experimental 69.18 7.99 14.72
L5 teórico 73.33 7.47 12.22
C28H34N4O2 experimental 73.15 7.57 12.01
L6 teórico 67.39 7.92 15.72
C30H42N6O3 experimental 67.45 8.18 15.70
49
3. Resultados y Discusión
Espectrometría de masas
Tabla 3.1.3 Asignación de las señales de los espectros ESI(+) de los ligandos L1-L6
Espectroscopia IR
Los espectros de IR registrados en KBr entre 4000-400 cm-1 presentan las bandas
características de los ligandos pirazol (tabla 3.1.4). Se observan las bandas ν(C-H)ar,
ν(C-H)al, ν(C=C/C=N)ar, δ(C=C/C=N)ar, y δ(C-H)oop198. En estos espectros también se
observa una señal intensa correspondiente a la banda ν(C-O-C) del grupo éter así como
la desaparición de la banda ν(O-H) propia del ligando precursor L0 para L2-L6.
50
3. Resultados y Discusión
75.0
70
65
60
55
50
45
υ(C=C)ar ,
υ(C-H)ar υ(C=N)ar
40
%T
35 υ(C-H)al
30 δ(C=C)ar ,
25 δ(C=N)ar
20
15 υ(C-O-C)as
10 δ(C-H)oop
5.0
4000.0 3000 2000 1500 1000 600.0
cm-1
Espectroscopia RMN
51
3. Resultados y Discusión
CH3pz
N N
N O O N
O-CH2
Hfenilos
N-CH2
Hpz
CH2-O
7. 2 6. 8 6. 4 6. 0 5. 6 5. 2 4. 8 4. 4 4. 0 3. 6 3. 2 2. 8 2. 4
( ppm )
52
3. Resultados y Discusión
13
En los espectros de RMN C1H (tabla 3.1.6) también se observan tres
regiones bien diferenciadas.
L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6
147.6 147.9 147.1 147.6 147.7 147.5
CPz
139.9 140.2 139.5 139.9 139.9 139.7
Tabla 3.1.6 Señales de los espectros de RMN 13C1H de los ligandos L1-L6.
53
3. Resultados y Discusión
139. 9132
136. 1749
128. 4847
127. 7829
104. 9260
70. 7475
69. 4963
48. 6382
13. 5595
11. 2097
CHpz
CH2-O
Cfenilos
CH3pz
O-CH2
N-CH2
Cpz
54
3. Resultados y Discusión
Figura 3.1.9 Estructura supramolecular formada por los enlaces de hidrógeno presentes en L2.
Estos enlaces permiten a la molécula formar una dímero espacial, generando una
estructura supramolecular (tabla 3.1.7). Además es importante destacar que estos
dímeros están interconectados entre si por 4 enlaces intermoleculares entre los átomos
C-H···N formando una cadena infinita (Figura 3.1.10).
O (1W)–H (1W)···N (2) 0.901 (15) 2.199 (14) 2.998 (3) 148 (2) x, 1+y, z
O (1W)–H (2W)···N (4) 0.900 (12) 2.41(2) 3.008 (3) 124 (18) 2-x, 1-y, 1-z
C (22)–H (22A)···N (2) 0.959 (12) 2.72(3) 3.527 (3) 142 (18) 1+x, y, z
55
3. Resultados y Discusión
Figura 3.1.10 Estructura supramolecular formada por los enlaces de hidrógeno presentes en la estructura
cristalina de L2.
3.1.3. Resumen
En este trabajo se han sintetizado un total de 7 ligandos, seis de los cuales L1-
L6 se han descrito por primera vez en este trabajo.
Se han sintetizado por primera vez los ligandos bis N-pirazol, O-éter (L1-L5):
o 1,8-bis(3,5-dimetil-1H-pirazol-1-il)-3,6-dioxaoctano (L1)
o 1,2-bis[4-(3,5-dimetil-1H-pirazol-1-il)-2-oxabutil]benceno (L2)
56
3. Resultados y Discusión
o 1,3-bis[4-(3,5-dimetil-1H-pirazol-1-il)-2-oxabutil]benceno (L3)
o 1,4-bis[4-(3,5-dimetil-1H-pirazol-1-il)-2-oxabutil]benceno (L4)
o 4,4’-bis[4-(3,5-dimetil-1H-pirazol-1-il)-2-oxabutil]bifenilo (L5)
Todos los ligandos (L0-L6) han sido caracterizados por punto de fusión,
análisis elemental, espectrometría de masas (ESI(+)), espectroscopia de IR,
RMN 1H, 13
C1H y experimentos de RMN bidimensionales homonucleares y
heteronucleares. Para el ligando L2, además, ha sido posible resolver su
estructura cristalina por difracción de rayos X en monocristal.
57
3.2 Complejos
3.2.1 Complejos de Pd(II) con L1-L6
3. Resultados y Discusión
Artículo 7: “Design of new N,O hybrid pyrazole derived ligands and their use as
stabilizers for the synthesis of Pd nanoparticles”
Miguel Guerrero, Jordi García-Antón, Mar Tristany, Josefina Pons, Josep Ros, Karine
Philippot, Bruno Chaudret, Pierre Lecante.
Langmuir. Enviado. la-2010-016802
63
3. Resultados y Discusión
A
A
A A B
A
A B
B B
B B
7. 6 7. 2 6. 8 6. 4 6. 0 5. 6 5. 2 4. 8 4. 4 4. 0 3. 6 3. 2 2. 8 2. 4
( ppm )
65
3. Resultados y Discusión
N R N
N O O N
L1-L6
+
[PdCl2(CH3CN)2]
CH3CN THF
N R N
N R N N O O N
N O O N Cl Cl
Pd Pd
Cl Cl
Pd
N O O N
Cl Cl N R N
(1A): L1 (1B): L1
(2A): L2 (2B): L2
(3A): L3 (3B): L3
(4A): L4 (4B): L4
(5A): L5 (5B): L5
(6A): L6 (6B): L6
66
3. Resultados y Discusión
Rendimiento (%) 1 2 3 4 5 6
Monómeros (A) 75 61 58 49 41 56
Dímeros (B) 79 68 71 75 77 89
Análisis elemental
%C %H %N
teórico 39.73 5.42 11.58
1
experimental 1A 39.72 5.31 11.29
C16H26Cl2N4O2Pd
experimental 1B 39.59 5.57 11.45
teórico 47.20 5.40 10.00
experimental 2A 46.99 5.39 9.78
2, 3 y 4 experimental 2B 47.00 5.58 9.72
experimental 3A 47.24 5.55 9.79
C22H30Cl2N4O2Pd experimental 3B 47.11 5.23 9.88
experimental 4A 47.36 5.19 10.21
experimental 4B 47.45 5.19 10.22
67
3. Resultados y Discusión
Conductividad
Conductividad
1 2 3 4 5 6
(Ω-1cm2mol-1)
Monómero (A) 11.9 9.2 8.5 10.6 31.8 18.1
Dímero (B) 8.4 10.1 13.2 12.7 43.2 21.2
Espectrometría de masas
68
3. Resultados y Discusión
a) b)
Espectroscopia IR
Los espectros de IR de los compuestos 1-6 se han registrado en KBr entre 4000-
400 cm-1 y presentan las bandas características de los ligandos pirazólicos. Se observan
las bandas ν(C-H)ar, ν(C-H)al, ν(C=C/C=N)ar, δ(C=C/C=N)ar, y δ(C-H)oop en los
compuestos monoméricos 1A-6A (tabla 3.2.1.5) y también en los compuestos diméricos
1B-6B (tabla 3.2.1.6). En todos estos compuestos la señal más intensa corresponde a la
69
3. Resultados y Discusión
banda ν(C-O-C) del grupo éter198. A modo de ejemplo se presenta el espectro de IR del
compuesto 2A (figura 3.2.1.4).
130.0
125
120
115
110
υ(C-H)ar
105 υ(C=C)ar ,
%T
υ(C-H)al υ(C=N)ar δ(C-H)oop
100
95
δ(C=C)ar ,
90 δ(C=N)ar
υ(C-O-C)as
85
80.0
4000.0 3000 2000 1500 1000 400.0
cm-1
70
3. Resultados y Discusión
Además, los espectros IR entre 600-100 cm-1 también han sido registrados. La
presencia de bandas entre 496 y 471 cm-1 asignadas a las vibraciones ν(Pd-N) confirman
la coordinación del Npz del ligando al centro metálico (Tabla 3.2.1.7). Por otro lado
también se pueden observar las bandas asignadas a la vibración ν(Pd-Cl) entre 365 y
335 cm-1 201. Como se puede ver, tanto en los compuestos monoméricos (A) como en los
diméricos (B) la presencia de una única banda atribuible a la vibración ν(Pd-Cl) indica
que los ligandos cloro se encuentran en disposición trans201.
Tabla 3.2.1.7 Señales de los espectros de IR entre 600-100 cm-1 de los compuestos 1-6
71
3. Resultados y Discusión
A pesar de que el uso de esta ecuación ha sido ampliamente discutido en la bibliografía continua siendo hoy en día la más
utilizada para realizar los cálculos de coeficiente de difusión y radio hidrodinámico.
72
3. Resultados y Discusión
D
PM R Re* Proporción
± 0.08
(g/mol) (± 0.60 Å) (Å) R(B)/R(A)
(· 10-10 m2·s-1)
1A 483.7 12.3 5.87 5.83
1.29
1B 967.5 9.51 7.57 ---
2A 559.8 11.2 6.43 6.25
1.29
2B 1119.6 8.7 8.28 8.88
3A 559.4 11.5 6.26 ---
1.32
3B 1119.6 8.71 8.27 ---
4A 559.4 11.2 6.43 ---
1.28
4B 1119.6 8.73 8.25 ---
5A 635.9 10.9 6.61 ---
1.27
5B 1271.8 8.58 8.39 ---
6A 712.0 10.6 6.79 ---
1.31
6B 1424.1 8.1 8.89 ---
Tabla 3.2.1.8 Datos obtenidos a partir del espectro de difusión de los compuestos 1-6.
*Re = Radio de la estructura cristalina
N N
N O O N
Cl Pd Cl Cl Pd Cl
2B N
N
O O
N
N
N N
2A N O O N
Pd
Cl Cl
73
3. Resultados y Discusión
Por otro lado, es interesante destacar la relación que existe entre las diferentes
variables implicadas en el proceso de difusión: las especies diméricas (B), comparadas
con las especies monoméricas (A), poseen un peso molecular superior (el doble), por lo
tanto, le corresponde un coeficiente de difusión (D) inferior.
Es decir, dicho de otro modo, estas especies diméricas difunden con una
velocidad menor debido a su mayor volumen (presentan mayor impedimento para
desplazarse por el medio). Además, dentro de los complejos del mismo tipo, cuanto más
grande es el ligando, se observa una lógica tendencia a la baja de sus coeficientes de
difusión.
74
3. Resultados y Discusión
CH3pz
O-CH2
N-CH2
Hpz CH2-O
Hfenilos
75
3. Resultados y Discusión
CH3pz
Hfenilos
O-CH2
CH2-O
Hpz N-CH2
7.0 6.5 6.0 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 ppm
76
3. Resultados y Discusión
1A 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A
150.6 150.9 150.6 151.0 150.3 150.6
CPz
143.3 145.1 144.9 145.6 144.4 144.3
Cfenilos --- 138.0-129.4 138.4-128.4 135.6-129.2 140.1-127.1 138.6-126.2
CHpz 108.0 108.2 108.2 107.8 107.7 107.9
O-CH2 70.8 72.6 72.8 73.2 73.4 73.4
CH2-O 68.2 68.5 67.0 65.0 68.9 69.0
N-CH2 49.3 49.5 49.8 50.0 49.9 49.8
15.1 15.1 15.0 14.8 15.2 15.3
CH3pz
11.9 11.8 11.6 11.9 12.3 12.4
13 1
Tabla 3.2.1.11 Señales de los espectros de RMN C H de los compuestos monoméricos 1A-6A.
1B 2B 3B 4B 5B 6B
150.5 150.3 150.9 150.5 150.4 150.8
CPz
145.0 145.0 146.3 145.0 144.4 146.1
Cfenilos --- 136.1-128.1 139.7-127.7 137.8-127.9 137.2-127.2 139.5-126.5
CHpz 107.7 107.8 108.2 107.8 107.7 108.6
O-CH2 70.9 71.2 73.2 73.4 73.3 73.6
CH2-O 69.6 69.3 69.8 69.4 68.9 69.5
N-CH2 50.2 50.0 50.7 50.3 49.9 50.5
15.2 15.1 15.4 15.3 15.2 15.1
CH3pz
12.2 12.2 12.4 12.4 12.2 12.2
Tabla 3.2.1.12 Señales de los espectros de RMN 13C1H de los compuestos diméricos 1B-6B.
77
3. Resultados y Discusión
a) b)
78
3. Resultados y Discusión
79
3. Resultados y Discusión
1A 2A 2B
Pd – N (1) 2.006(2) 1.993(6) 1.985(5)
Pd – N (4) 2.022(2) 2.014(6) 1.988(5)
Pd – Cl (2) 2.3125(10) 2.303(2) 2.225(11)
Pd – Cl (1) 2.3130(10) 2.306(2) 2.286(3)
Tabla 3.2.1.13 Distancias y ángulos de enlace seleccionados para los compuestos 1A, 2A y 2B.
Del mismo modo que en los complejos monoméricos 1A y 2A, las distancias de
enlace Pd-Cl, Pd-Npz y los 4 ángulos N-Pd-N y Cl-Pd-Cl son típicos de complejos
planocuadrados de paladio(II) y están, a su vez, de acuerdo con los valores encontrados
en la bibliografía213. Tanto las distancias Pd-Cl como las Pd-Npz son más grandes en
2A que en 2B. La separación intramolecular Pd···Pd en el macrociclo es de 11.499(2) Å.
Este valor es significativamente mayor que los valores encontrados en la bibliografía
para [Pd2Cl4 (Npz)4] (7.691(3) Å). Los dos anillos de benceno son paralelos pero no se
solapan (sus centroides están desplazados más de 11 Å), y por lo tanto, no presentan
evidencia de interacción intramolecular π-π en el estado sólido.
80
3. Resultados y Discusión
C8
C8 C15
C15 O1
O1
C7 C7
O2 O2
C16 C6 C16
C6
C17 C17
2A-I
1-I 2A-II
1-II
Figura 3.2.1.10 Confórmeros más estables para la especie 2A
81
3. Resultados y Discusión
2B-IV 2B-V
82
3. Resultados y Discusión
83
3. Resultados y Discusión
C14
C9 O2
O1 C15 N3
N2 C16
C8 C17 N4
N1 C6
C7 Pd2
Pd1 Cl2 Cl4
Cl3
Cl1
C7' C16' C17' N4'
N1' C15'
C6' C8'
N3'
N2' O2'
O1' C14'
C9'
84
3. Resultados y Discusión
dimérico 2B; esta improbable interconversión entre confórmeros tendría lugar a través
de la ruptura del enlace metal-ligando (Pd-N), hecho energéticamente desfavorable. A
partir del confórmero 2B-I se ha optimizado una estructura en la que uno de los enlaces
Pd-N se ha roto y su energía es 33.4 kcal mol-1 por encima del 2B-I. Este valor puede
dar una aproximación de la barrera de energía asociada a la interconversión entre estos
confórmeros.
Estudios de estabilidad
85
3. Resultados y Discusión
1B 1A
a) f)
N N
N O O N N N
Cl N O O N
Cl CH3CN
Pd Pd
Cl Cl
N O O N t= 168 h, T= 333 K Pd
N N
Cl Cl
f)
t = 168 h
e)
t = 96 h
d)
t = 72 h
c)
t = 48 h
b)
t = 24 h
a)
t=0h
1
Figura 3.2.1.13 Espectros de RMN de de H del proceso de conversión del complejo 1B→1A
86
3. Resultados y Discusión
3.2.1.3 Resumen
87
3. Resultados y Discusión
88
3.2.2 Complejos moleculares de Zn(II),
Cd(II), Hg(II), Pt(II) y Ni(II) con L1
3. Resultados y Discusión
91
3. Resultados y Discusión
La reacción del ligando L1 con MCl2 (M = Zn, Cd, Hg), en etanol absoluto
durante 2 horas, forma los complejos moleculares [MCl2(L1)] (M = Zn (7), Cd (8), o Hg
(9)). Sin embargo, para la síntesis del compuesto [PtCl2(L1)] (10) se ha utilizado el
K2PtCl4 y como disolvente H2O destilada. Finalmente, cuando el ligando L1 reacciona
con NiCl2·6H2O se obtiene el compuesto [NiCl2(L1)] (11). Este compuesto es altamente
higroscópico. Todas estas reacciones se han llevado a cabo en una relación 1Metal/
1Ligando y las reacciones llevadas a cabo en etanol contienen trietilortoformiato con la
finalidad de eliminar moléculas de agua del medio(Figura 3.2.2.1).
[NiCl2(L1)] (11)
NiCl2·6H2O
EtOH
t= 24h, T= 298 K
K2PtCl4 , H2O
N cis-[PtCl2(L1)] (10)
N
N O O N t= 2h, T= 373 K
L1
MCl2
EtOH
t= 2h, T= 298 K
93
3. Resultados y Discusión
7 8 9 10 11
Rendimiento (%) 78 89 93 21 75
Análisis elemental
Los análisis elementales de los compuestos 7-11 concuerdan con las fórmulas
empíricas propuestas (tabla 3.2.2.2).
%C %H %N
7 teórico 43.41 5.92 12.66
C16H26Cl2N4O2Zn experimental 43.40 5.85 12.62
8 Teórico 39.24 5.35 11.44
C16H26Cl2N4O2Cd experimental 39.17 5.55 11.31
9 teórico 33.25 4.53 9.69
C16H26Cl2N4O2Hg experimental 33.13 4.61 9.45
10 teórico 33.57 4.58 9.79
C16H26Cl2N4O2Pt experimental 33.45 4.69 10.01
11 teórico 44.08 6.01 12.85
C16H26Cl2N4O2Ni experimental 44.17 5.89 12.93
94
3. Resultados y Discusión
7 8 9 10 11
Conductividad
37.2 27.8 21.4 35.3 187.0
(Ω-1cm2mol-1)
Se registraron los espectros UV-Vis del complejo 11, en estos dos disolventes,
con el fin de estudiar la geometría de estos compuestos en solución. El espectro
registrado en metanol presenta dos bandas en la zona visible a 677 y 581 nm (ε = 12 y
17 mol-1cm-1l, respectivamente). En el espectro registrado en acetona también aparecen
dos bandas a 681 y 595 nm (ε = 13 y 21 mol-1cm-1l, respectivamente). Todas estas
bandas son típicas de los compuestos de Ni(II) octaédricos221,222.
95
3. Resultados y Discusión
Espectrometría de masas
a) b)
96
3. Resultados y Discusión
Espectroscopia IR
50
45
40
%T
35 υ(C-H)ar
30 υ(C=C)ar , δ(C-H)oop
υ(C-H)al υ(C=N)ar
25
δ(C=C)ar ,
20
δ(C=N)ar υ(C-O-C)as
17.5
4000.0 3000 2000 1500 1000 400.0
cm-1
97
3. Resultados y Discusión
Tabla 3.2.2.6 Asignación del espectro de IR entre 600 y 100 cm-1 de los compuestos 7-11
Espectroscopia RMN
Para los compuestos 7-10, en la zona de los protones pirazólicos aparece una
única señal con multiplicidad de singulete, indicando la presencia de una sola especie en
solución. Además, los protones correspondientes a la cadena alquílica NpzCH2CH2O,
aparecen como tripletes y con unos valores de las constantes de acoplamiento que
oscilan entre 3JHH = 5.6 – 8.5 Hz. Los protones de la cadena OCH2CH2O, al igual que en
el compuesto 1A aparecen como singuletes. Por último, a campos magnéticos más altos,
aparecen los metilos del pirazol.
98
3. Resultados y Discusión
En la figura 3.2.2.4 se muestra una gráfica con los espectros de RMN de los
compuestos 7 (Zn), 8 (Cd) y el ligando libre L1. Sin embargo, en el compuesto de Zn
(7), las señales de los protones etilénicos de la cadena OCH2CH2O y los de las cadenas
de NpzCH2CH2O aparecen a campos más bajos y en forma de banda ancha.
99
3. Resultados y Discusión
Zn(II) (7)
Cd(II) (8)
(L1)
13
Las señales de los espectros de RMN C1H de los compuestos 7-10 se
muestran en la tabla 3.2.2.8.
7 8 9 10
153.6 149.1 148.9 150.1
CPz
141.1 142.3 142.4 144.2
CHpz 107.8 105.1 106.2 107.3
O-CH2 71.1 69.8 71.7 70.8
CH2-O 70.3 69.4 71.3 69.4
N-CH2 48.3 47.7 46.3 48.9
13.6 12.2 13.5 15.2
CH3pz
11.6 10.1 11.2 12.9
Tabla 3.2.2.8 Señales de los espectros de RMN 13C1H de los compuestos 7-10.
100
3. Resultados y Discusión
113
Para los compuestos 8 y 9 se han registrado los espectros de RMN de Cd
199
(complejo 8) y Hg (complejo 9) en CD3CN (113Cd) o D2O (199Hg) a 298 K. Para el
complejo 8 el espectro de RMN de 113Cd muestra solamente una banda ancha centrada a
+501 ppm, que indica la presencia de un complejo hexacoordinado en solución (NC = 6,
dos átomos de Npz, dos átomos de O y dos átomos de Cl)105,223. Por su parte, el espectro
199
de RMN de Hg del complejo de 9 muestra una banda centrada a -1373 ppm,
sugiriendo una coordinación similar a la del complejo 7, es decir, NC = 4, dos Npz y
dos átomos de Cl 224.
101
3. Resultados y Discusión
102
3. Resultados y Discusión
átomos de oxígeno, para formar dos anillos de seis miembros y un anillo de cinco
miembros. El centro metálico, que adopta una geometría de coordinación octaédrica
altamente distorsionada, presenta unos ángulos de enlace que oscilan entre 99.39º y
144.76º. Estos ángulos se desvían significativamente de 90º o 180º, presumiblemente
debido a las restricciones provocadas por la quelatación del ligando L1 en modo
tetradentado.
Una vez descritas las estructuras de Zn(II) y Cd(II) con el mismo ligando, 7 y 8,
es interesante destacar que en la bibliografía se observa que existen diferencias
importantes entre las geometrías tetraédrica/octaédrica con Zn(II) y Cd(II) (ambos
cationes tiene configuración electrónica d10). Cuando se trata de Zn(II) como centro
metálico, la geometría más habitual es la tetraédrica (67/33), mientras que, la geometría
octaédrica es el más común cuando el centro metálico es Cd(II) (34/66). En general, este
103
3. Resultados y Discusión
hecho se explica por el diferente tamaño que presentan estos átomos (radio iónico: 74
ppm Zn(II) y 97 ppm Cd(II) 234,235.
104
3. Resultados y Discusión
están en disposición cis. Esta diferencia en la disposición de los átomos de cloro entre
los complejos de Pd(II) y Pt(II) con ligandos similares, ya se había observado
previamente en el literatura y, en general, se explica por la mayor labilidad de los
enlaces en los compuestos de Pd(II) en comparación con los de Pt(II)129, 130, 236.
Por otro lado, al igual que se ha observado con el complejo de paladio (1A), el
centro metálico no interactúa con el átomo de oxígeno del grupo éter (Pt···O = 4.074(2)
y 5.089(2) Å. Así, el ligando L1 adopta claramente un modo de enlace κ2-NN tanto en
1A como en 10.
105
3. Resultados y Discusión
axiales están ocupados por dos moléculas de agua. En el plano ecuatorial, los átomos de
nitrógeno y de oxígeno están en disposición cis.
106
3. Resultados y Discusión
Tabla 3.2.2.9 Selección de distancias y ángulos de enlace para los compuestos 7, 8, 10 y 11’
107
3. Resultados y Discusión
Tabla 3.2.2.10 Parametros de las interacciones de enlace C–H···X (X = O, N o Cl/Cl-) para los
compuestos 7, 8, 10 y 11’
108
3. Resultados y Discusión
La estructura extendida del compuesto 7 (Zn) está formada por cadenas anti-
paralelas de unidades de [ZnCl2(L1)] (figura 3.2.2.9a), donde las interacciones C-H···O
(2.565 Å) constituyen una red 2D en zig-zag. Sin embargo, en la estructura cristalina del
complejo 8 (Cd) se observa que, el átomo de oxígeno no juega ningún papel en este tipo
de interacciones, probablemente, debido a su participación en la coordinación al centro
metálico. En este caso, las interacciones más importantes son C-H···N (2.669 Å) y C-
H···Cl (2.773 Å) (Figura 3.2.2.9b).
a)
b)
109
3. Resultados y Discusión
Por otro lado, para el complejo 10 (Pt), las interacciones principales son C-
H···Cl-M (2.776 a 2.859 Å) (Figura 3.2.2.10) que, como se mencionó anteriormente, se
están convirtiendo en una área de rápido desarrollo de la química supramolecular.
Además, la molécula de tetrahidrofurano también participa con una interacción C-H···O
(2.564 Å).
Por ultimo, en el compuesto iónico 11’, los cationes están enlazados por cuatro
enlaces de hirógeno O-H···Cl (Tabla 3.2.2.11). Si se observa detenidamente su
estructura cristalina, cada anión cloruro participa en dos enlaces de hidrógeno,
formando puentes entre las moléculas de agua coordinada. Este modelo define cadenas
infinitas y paralelas al vector cristalográfico c (Figura 3.2.2.11a). Además de estos
enlaces de hidrógeno mencionados, hay otras nuevas interacciones del tipo C-H···Cl
(2.641 a 2.820 Å) (figura 3.2.2.11b).
Tabla 3.2.2.11 Distancias (Å) y ángulos (º) de los enlaces de hidrógeno del compuesto 11’
110
3. Resultados y Discusión
a)
b)
111
3. Resultados y Discusión
Análisis elemental
%C %H %N
12 teórico 33.56 5.63 15.65
C10H20Cl2N4NiO2 experimental 33.23 5.90 15.76
112
3. Resultados y Discusión
Conductividad
Metanol Acetona
Conductividad
171 14
(Ω-1cm2mol-1)
113
3. Resultados y Discusión
Espectrometría de masas
Los picos correspondientes a los espectros de masas ESI(+) del compuesto 12,
registrados en metanol y acetona, se presentan en la tabla 3.2.2.4.3
a) b)
114
3. Resultados y Discusión
a) b)
Espectroscopia IR
115
3. Resultados y Discusión
59.3
55
50
45
40
35
30
υ(N-H)
%T 25
20
15
10
υ(C=C)ar ,
υ(C=N)ar
5 δ(C=C)ar , δ(C-H)oop
0 υ(O-H) δ(C=N)ar
-5.0
4000.0 3000 2000 1500 1000 400.0
cm-1
Por otro lado, también se observa una banda intensa y bien definida a 3257 cm-1,
la cual ha sido asignada a la vibración ν(O-H) y generalmente corresponde A moléculas
de agua coordinadas240,241.
116
3. Resultados y Discusión
117
3. Resultados y Discusión
118
3. Resultados y Discusión
119
3. Resultados y Discusión
3.2.2.4 Resumen
Se han ensayado las reacciones del ligando L1 con ZnCl2, CdCl2, HgCl2,
K2PtCl4 y NiCl2·6H2O utilizando la proporción 1metal/1ligando.
120
3.2.3 Complejos iónicos de Zn(II),
Cd(II) y Hg(II) con L1
3. Resultados y Discusión
123
3. Resultados y Discusión
La reacción de L1 con las sales M(ClO4)2 (M = Zn, Cd, Hg) en etanol absoluto
durante 24 horas, forma los complejos iónicos [M(L1)](ClO4)2 (M = Zn (13), Cd (14) y
Hg (15)). Además, la reacción de L1 con la sal Zn(BF4)2 ha dado lugar a la obtención
del compuesto [Zn(L1)](BF4)2 (16).
[Zn(ClO4)2]
[Zn(L1)](ClO4)2 (13)
[Cd(ClO4)2]
[Cd(L1)](ClO4)2 (14)
EtOH
N N
N O O N t= 24h, T= 298 K
L1 [Hg(ClO4)2]
[Hg(L1)](ClO4)2 (15)
[Zn(BF4)2]
[Zn(L1)](BF4)2 (16)
125
3. Resultados y Discusión
13 14 15 16
Rendimiento (%) 59 76 66 81
Análisis elemental
Los análisis elementales de los compuestos 13-16 concuerdan con las fórmulas
estequiométricas propuestas a partir de sus fórmulas empíricas (tabla 3.2.3.2).
%C %H %N
13 teórico 33.67 4.59 9.82
C16H26Cl2N4O10Zn experimental 33.69 4.76 9.95
14 Teórico 31.11 4.24 9.07
C16H26Cl2N4O10Cd experimental 31.25 4.18 9.17
15 teórico 27.22 3.71 7.94
C16H26Cl2N4O10Hg experimental 27.31 3.70 7.85
16 teórico 35.23 4.80 10.27
C16H26B2F8N4O2Zn experimental 35.31 4.67 10.14
126
3. Resultados y Discusión
Conductividad
13 14 15 16
Conductividad
160.1 145.8 175.2 168.2
(Ω-1cm2mol-1)
Espectrometría de masas
127
3. Resultados y Discusión
a) b)
Espectroscopia IR
128
3. Resultados y Discusión
a)
51.9
50
45
40
υ(C-H)ar
35 υ(C-H)al
%T
υ(C=C)ar ,
30
υ(C=N)ar
υ(C-O-C)as
25 δ(C=C)ar ,
δ(C=N)ar
20
υ (ClO4-)
15.0
4000.0 3000 2000 1500 1000 400.0
cm-1
b)
54.2
50
45
40
υ(C-H)ar
35
υ(C-H)al υ (BF4-)
30
%T υ(C=C)ar ,
25 υ(C=N)ar
20 δ(C=C)ar ,
δ(C=N)ar
15
10 υ(C-O-C)as
5.0
4000.0 3000 2000 1500 1000 400.0
cm-1
129
3. Resultados y Discusión
Espectroscopia RMN
En la zona de los protones pirazólicos aparece una única señal con multiplicidad
de singulete, indicando la presencia de una sola especie. Además, los protones
correspondientes a la cadena alquílica NpzCH2CH2O, también aparecen como tripletes y
con unos valores de las constantes de acoplamiento que oscilan entre 3JHH = 5.3 – 6.1
Hz. Los protones de la cadena OCH2CH2O, al igual que en los compuestos moleculares
con el ligando L1 (ver capítulo 3.2.2), aparecen como singuletes también. Por último, a
campos magnéticos más altos, aparecen los metilos del pirazol, también en forma de
singuletes.
También es importante destacar que, entre los compuestos de Zn(II) (13 y 16) se
observa una diferencia en todos los desplazamientos químicos de todos los protones (el
compuesto 13 (ClO4-) presenta las señales de RMN de 1H a campos magnéticos
superiores en comparación con el compuesto 16 (BF4-)), provocada, posiblemente, por
la presencia de diferentes tipo de aniones (ClO4- y BF4-, respectivamente)
130
3. Resultados y Discusión
O-CH2
6.0 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 ppm
131
3. Resultados y Discusión
Por otro lado, además, se muestran los valores de los desplazamientos químicos
de los espectros de RMN 13C1H de los compuestos 13-16 (tabla 3.2.3.8)
13 14 15 16
151.6 149.1 148.9 150.1
CPz
143.4 142.3 142.4 144.2
CHpz 108.1 105.1 106.2 107.3
O-CH2 71.8 69.8 71.7 70.8
CH2-O 69.6 69.4 71.3 69.4
N-CH2 47.1 47.7 46.3 48.9
13.5 14.3 11.9 12.1
CH3pz
11.7 11.6 11.3 10.1
Tabla 3.2.3.8 Señales de los espectros de RMN 13C1H de los compuestos 13-16.
CH3pz
CHpz
CH2-O N-CH2
O-CH2
Cpz
132
3. Resultados y Discusión
133
3. Resultados y Discusión
134
3. Resultados y Discusión
135
3. Resultados y Discusión
13 (Zn) 14 (Cd)
M – N (1) 2.069(3) 2.242(4)
M – N (1’) 2.069(3) 2.245(3)
M – O (1) 2.171(3) 2.318(3)
M – O (1’) 2.171(3) 2.407(4)
M – O (2) 2.182(2) 2.357(3)
M – O (2’) 2.182(2) 2.372(3)
136
3. Resultados y Discusión
La estructura extendida del compuesto 13 (Figura 3.2.3.8) está formada por una
red 2D dónde los aniones perclorato juegan un papel fundamental. Uno de los aniones
perclorato, forma puentes a partir de dos enlaces de hidrogeno Cl-O···H-O (2.042 Å,
2.083 Å y 171.3º, 156.9º, respectivamente) entre dos cationes con la ayuda de las
moléculas de agua. Por otro lado, el otro anión perclorato forma también enlaces de
hidrógeno, pero enlazando cationes que se encuentran en diferentes cadenas, formando
así una red 2D.
137
3. Resultados y Discusión
3.2.3.3 Resumen
138
3. Resultados y Discusión
139
3.2.4 Complejos de Zn(II), Cd(II) y
Hg(II) con el ligando L0
3. Resultados y Discusión
143
3. Resultados y Discusión
3.2.4.A Complejos de Zn(II), Cd(II) y Hg(II) con una relación M/L0 1:2
[ZnCl2(L0)2] (17)
M Cl2 (M = Zn,Cd o Hg)
[CdCl2(L0)2] (18)
N 1M / 2L
N OH
Etanol, 24 h, R. T. [HgCl2(L0)2] (19)
L0
Figura 3.2.4.A.1 Esquema sintético de los complejos 17-19 con el ligando L0.
145
3. Resultados y Discusión
17 18 19
Rendimiento (%) 85 93 79
Análisis elemental
%C %H %N
17 teórico 40.36 5.81 13.45
C14H24Cl2N4O2Zn experimental 40.12 5.85 13.54
18 teórico 36.26 5.22 12.08
C14H24Cl2N4O2Cd experimental 36.37 5.50 11.99
19 teórico 30.47 4.38 10.15
C14H24Cl2N4O2Hg experimental 30.45 4.58 10.26
Conductividad
Conductividad 17 18 19
(Ω-1cm2mol-1) 29.3 25.2 31.4
146
3. Resultados y Discusión
Espectrometría de masas
Los espectros de masas ESI(+) de los compuestos 17-19 han sido registrados en
metanol. El complejo 17 presenta un pico correspondiente al fragmento [M+Na]+,
mientras que para el complejo 18 se observa el fragmento correspondiente a la pérdida
de un cloro [MCl(L0)2]+ y para el complejo 19 se observa la pérdida de un ligando y un
cloro [MCl(L0)]+ (tabla 3.2.4.A.4).
a b
) )
c) d
)
147
3. Resultados y Discusión
Espectroscopia IR
Los espectros de IR registrados en KBr entre 4000-400 cm-1 presentan las bandas
características de los ligando pirazólicos. Se observan las bandas ν(O-H), ν(C-H)ar, ν(C-
H)al, ν(C=C/C=N)ar, δ(C=C/C=N)ar y δ(C-H)oop (tabla 3.2.4.A.5). En todos estos
compuestos la señal más intensa corresponde a la banda ν(O-H) del grupo alcohol del
ligando L0198.
Tabla 3.2.4.A.5 Señales de los espectros de IR de los compuestos 17-19. * m=mediana y f=fuerte
55
50
45
40
35
%T 30
25
υ(C-H)al
20
15
10
υ(C=C)ar , δ(C-H)oop
5 υ(C-H)ar υ(C=N)ar
0.0 υ(O-H) δ(C=C)ar , δ(C=N)ar
4000.0 3000 2000 1500 1000 400.0
cm-1
148
3. Resultados y Discusión
Tabla 3.2.4.A.6 Bandas del espectro de IR entre 600-100 cm-1 de los compuestos 17-19
Espectroscopia RMN
149
3. Resultados y Discusión
4.19
3.82
2.25
2.23
A modo de ejemplo, en la figura 3.2.4.A.4, se presenta el espectro de RMN 1H
del compuesto 17
CH3pz
Tabla 3.2.4.A.8 Señales de los espectros de RMN 13C1H de los compuestos 17-19.
150
3. Resultados y Discusión
142.37
106.50
62.22
50.99
13.57
11.38
A modo de ejemplo, en la figura 3.2.4.A.5 se presenta el espectro de RMN
13
C1H del compuesto 17.
CH2-O
CHpz N-CH2
CH3pz
Cpz
151
3. Resultados y Discusión
113 199
Estos RMN heteronucleares de Cd y Hg son menos comunes en la
literatura257,258 y pueden llegar a ser útiles no sólo para comprender mejor los entornos
de coordinación de los complejos de Cd/Hg, sino también para los complejos de Zn en
comparación con sus análogos de Cd/Hg259,260.
El entorno de coordinación del átomo de Zn(II) está formado por dos átomos de
nitrógeno del pirazol (2.043(4) Å) y dos átomos de cloro (2.2524(16) Å). La esfera de
coordinación del Zn puede ser descrita como una geometría tetraédrica distorsionada
con ángulos que oscilan entre 100.2(2)º y 117.50(13)°.
152
3. Resultados y Discusión
Las distancias de enlace Zn-Cl y Zn-Npz están de acuerdo con los valores
descritos en la literatura (2.188-2.373 y 1.945-2.172 Å, respectivamente). Además, los
valores de los ángulos N-Zn-N y Cl-Zn-Cl son típicos para los compuestos de Zn(II)
con una geometría tetraédrica165, 226, 228, 261.
[ZnCl2(L0)2] (17)
M – N (1) 2.043(4)
M – Cl (1) 2.2524(16)
153
3. Resultados y Discusión
Figura 3.2.4.A.7 Visión de las cadenas monodimensionales generada por las unidades del complejo
(17)
Sin embargo, en esta estructura es importante tener en cuenta que este tipo de
interacciones y el efecto cooperativo (cuatro enlaces intermoleculares en cada complejo)
generan una cadena infinita donde, de manera inusual, los átomos de cloro no
desempeñan ningún papel en las interacciones intra- o intermoleculares 164,165.
154
3. Resultados y Discusión
Figura 3.2.4.A.8 Visión 2D de las cadenas generada por las interacciones intermoleculares O–
H···CH3 en el compuesto 17.
Estudios de fluorescencia
Respecto a los metales del grupo 12, los últimos estudios han puesto en
evidencia que los desequilibrios de Zn, en el cuerpo humano, están directamente
implicados en la epilepsia, enfermedades neurodegenerativas y en daños cerebrales
traumáticos 265 . El uso de este tipo de ligandos coordinantes puede ser útil como
sensores selectivos para los metales tóxicos como el Cd(II) o Hg(II) además de ser
interesante también el estudio en la presencia de iones Zn(II)266-268.
155
3. Resultados y Discusión
200 L
Zn (17)
Zn(II) (1)
Cd (18)
Cd(II) (2)
150 Hg (19)
Hg(II) (3)
I.F. (a. u.)
100
50
0
250 300 350 400 450 500
Wavelenght (nm)
Figura 3.2.4.A.9 Espectro de fluorescencia del ligando L0 y de los compuesto 17, 18 y 19.
156
3. Resultados y Discusión
L0 17 18 19
Para los complejos de Zn(II) (17) y Cd(II) (18) los rendimientos cuánticos son
prácticamente los mismos, muestran espectros de fluorescencia muy similares, y sus
resultados son inferiores a los obtenidos previamente con Hg(II); en este caso la
intensidad de la fluorescencia sólo se ve incrementada por un factor de 10 respecto al
ligando libre.
157
3. Resultados y Discusión
3.2.4.B Complejos de Zn(II), Cd(II) y Hg(II) con una relación M/L0 1:1
Para la síntesis de estos complejos, se prepara una disolución de MCl2 (M= Zn,
Cd o Hg) en etanol absoluto. A esta solución se le añade otra preparada con el ligando
L0 en una proporción M/L 1:1 (Figura 3.2.4.B.1). Todas las disoluciones contienen
trietilortoformiato con la finalidad de eliminar moléculas de agua del medio. La
solución restante se deja bajo agitación y a temperatura ambiente durante 24 h.
Posteriormente, se evapora la disolución resultante a sequedad y en todos los casos se
obtiene un precipitado blanco. Éste se lava con 5 mL de éter dietílico y se seca al vacío.
[ZnCl2(L0)] (20)
M Cl2 (M = Zn,Cd o Hg)
[CdCl2(L0)]2 (21)
N 1M / 1L
N OH
[HgCl2(L0)2]n (22)
Etanol, 24 h, R. T.
L0
158
3. Resultados y Discusión
1 2 3
Rendimiento (%) 81 87 74
Análisis elemental
%C %H %N
Conductividad
159
3. Resultados y Discusión
Espectrometría de masas
Espectroscopia IR
Los espectros de IR registrados en KBr entre 4000-400 cm-1 presentan las bandas
atribuibles a las vibraciones ν(C-H)ar, ν(C-H)al, ν(C=C/C=N)ar, δ(C=C/C=N)ar, y δ(C-
H)oop (tabla 3.2.4.B.5). En todos estos compuestos la señal más intensa corresponde a la
banda ν(O-H)198 del ligando L0.
160
3. Resultados y Discusión
78.5
75
70
65
60
55
50 υ(C-H)al
%T
45
40
35
υ(C=C)ar , δ(C-H)oop
υ(O-H) υ(C=N)ar
30
υ(C-H)ar
25 δ(C=C)ar ,
20.0
δ(C=N)ar
4000.0 3000 2000 1500 1000 400.0
cm-1
Tabla 3.2.4.B.6 Señales en el espectro de IR en zona entre 600-100 cm-1 de los compuestos 20-22
161
3. Resultados y Discusión
Espectroscopia RMN
Tabla 3.2.4.B.8 Señales de los espectros de RMN 13C1H de los compuestos 20-22.
162
3. Resultados y Discusión
163
3. Resultados y Discusión
que la distancia de enlace Cd-O (2.437(4) Å). Uno de los átomos de Cl puente (Cl1) y el
átomo de O del grupo alcohol (L0) se encuentran en las posiciones apical, mientras que
el átomo de N del grupo pirazol, otro Cl puente (Cl1a) y el átomo de cloro terminal
(Cl2) ocupan las posiciones ecuatoriales.
Los ángulos del plano trigonal, con los valores ideales de 120º, varían entre los
114.79 y 123.31°. Los ángulos formados por los átomos apicales y el plano trigonal, con
un valor ideal de 90°, varían entre 78.80 y 100.97°, mientras que el ángulo formado por
los dos átomos apicales (Cl1, O1) es de 174.67º. El átomo de Cd(II) se encuentra
0.171(2) Å por encima del plano ecuatorial. El ángulo Cd-Cl-Cd es de 93.69(6)°, lo que
da lugar a una distancia Cd···Cd de 3.766(2) Å. Esta distancia es demasiado larga para
incluir cualquier interacción metal-metal.
164
3. Resultados y Discusión
Los átomos de Cl(2b) y Cl(1a) están en posiciones axiales, mientras que los
átomos Cl(1), Cl2 y N1, se encuentran en las posiciones ecuatoriales. En este caso, los
ángulos trigonales del plano varían entre 110.05 y 128.75°. Los ángulos formados por
los átomos apicales y el plano trigonal varían entre 86.73 y 94.15°, mientras que el
ángulo formado por los átomos apicales es 174.83º. El ión de Hg(II) se encuentra 0.008
(1) Å por encima del plano ecuatorial. El ángulo Hg-Cl-Hg es de 94.15(3)º y el valor de
la distancia Hg···Hg es de 3.988(2) Å. Las distancias de los enlaces Hg-Clecuatorial son de
2.426 y 2.496 Å; estás distancias son mucho más cortas que las distancias de enlace
165
3. Resultados y Discusión
Hg-Claxial (2.948 y 2.992 Å). Una vez más se observa que el núcleo polimérico [HgCl2]n
es asimétrico. Las distancias Hg-Cl son comparables con las distancias de enlace Hg-Cl
de 2.35, 2.40 y 2.81 Å que existen en el compuesto NaHgCl3, el cual se compone de
unidades poliméricas [Hg2Cl6] en estado sólido 284 . Estos valores están dentro del
intervalo de la suma de los radios atómicos de Hg y Cl (3.30 Å)285. Es importante
destacar que en los complejos de Hg(II) los átomos de cloro son conocidos por formar
una gran variedad de disposiciones multidimensionales a través de los puentes cloro286.
Este hecho podría ser considerado como un fiel reflejo de la relativa acidez de Lewis del
compuesto HgCl2 287 . Las distancias y ángulos de enlace para el complejo 22 se
muestran en la tabla 3.2.4.B.9.
166
3. Resultados y Discusión
167
3. Resultados y Discusión
3.2.4.2. Resumen
Se han ensayado las reacciones del ligando L0 con ZnCl2, CdCl2 y HgCl2 en
etanol utilizando las proporciones 1metal/2ligandos y 1metal/1ligando.
168
3. Resultados y Discusión
13
C1H y experimentos de RMN bidimensionales, homonucleares y
heteronucleares. Además, se han resuelto las estructuras cristalinas por
difracción de rayos X en monocristal de los complejos 17, 21 y 22.
169
3.3 Catálisis. La reacción de Heck
3. Resultados y Discusión
173
3. Resultados y Discusión
3.3.1 Introducción
Por esta razón, se han intentado obtener avances en esta dirección, consiguiendo
nuevos complejos de paladio que contengan ligandos voluminosos y ricos en electrones
(como algunas fosfinas, carbenos y N-heterociclos) con la finalidad de mejorar la
actividad catalítica de la reacción.
175
3. Resultados y Discusión
R1 = Ph, CF3
R2 = H,
R1
R1 CH2CH3,
N
N N CH2CH2OH,
R2
R2 (CH2)7CH3,
En este caso concreto, los mejores resultados catalíticos se han obtenido cuando
este sustituyente es un grupo alcohol. Además se han llevado a cabo estudios teóricos
que respaldan este hecho puesto que el grupo OH facilita la disociación del enlace Pd-X
(siendo X el haluro), paso clave en el ciclo catalítico puesto que estabiliza el complejo
catiónico formado, haciendo así, termodinámicamente favorable el proceso global
incluso sin la presencia de una molécula de disolvente polar (Figura 3.3.3).
R1
R1 R1
Et3N N N N R2
PhI
N N N R2
Pd N N N R2
3
Pd Pd
H 9 Et3NH+ Ph I
4
Ph COOMe
I
R1 R1
N N R2 N N N R2
Pd Pd
H COOMe Ph 5
Ph 8 R1
R1
COOMe
N N N R2 N N N R2
Pd Pd
COOMe Ph COOMe
Ph 7 6
Figura 3.3.3 Esquema del ciclo catalítico de la reacción de Heck con complejos de Pd(II) usados
como pre-catalizadores.
176
3. Resultados y Discusión
X R
[PdCl2(L)]
R
DMF, 140 ºC
177
3. Resultados y Discusión
a)
L1
N N
N O O N
L2
N N
N O O N
L3
N N
N O O N
L4
N N
N O O N
b)
O O
R
R = etilo (1A)
R = o-xililo (2A)
N N R = m-xililo (3A)
Cl
N Pd N R = p-xililo (4A)
Cl
178
3. Resultados y Discusión
a
mol b
t Rend.c TOF
Entrada Ar-X Complejo A Base TON
% (h) (%) (h-1)
1 I 1 0.1 t-BA Et3N 0.05 100 1011 20226
2 I 1 0.01 t-BA Et3N 1.75 100 9708 5548
3 I 2 0.1 t-BA Et3N 0.25 100 1139 4677
4 I 2 0.01 t-BA Et3N 3 100 11234 3745
5 I 1 0.1 sty Et3N 0.35 100 991 2831
6 I 1 0.01 sty Et3N 9 100 9611 1068
7 Br 1 0.1 t-BA Et3N 2 93 942 496
8 Br 1 0.01 t-BA Et3N 12 75 7294 608
9 Br 2 0.1 t-BA Et3N 3.5 75 854 244
10 Br 2 0.01 t-BA Et3N 18 56 6252 347
11 Cl 1 0.1 t-BA Et3N 53 89 895 17
12 Cl 1 0.01 t-BA Et3N 60 71 6850 115
13 Cl 2 0.1 t-BA Et3N 29 34 395 14
14 Cl 2 0.01 t-BA Et3N 30 28 3126 104
15 Cl 3 0.1 t-BA Et3N 30 32 372 12
16 Cl 3 0.01 t-BA Et3N 35 26 2902 83
17 Cl 4 0.1 t-BA Et3N 29 31 353 12
18 Cl 4 0.01 t-BA Et3N 31 24 2680 86
19 Cl 1 0.1 sty Et3N 72 49 502 7
20 Cl 1 0.01 sty Et3N 25 32 3084 124
21 Cl 2 0.1 sty Et3N 33 28 326 10
22 Cl 2 0.01 sty Et3N 50 22 2456 49
23 Cl 1 + 10 L1 0.1 t-BA Et3N 37 28 276 8
24 Cl 1 + 10 L1 0.01 t-BA Et3N 51 31 2991 59
25 Cl 1’ 0.1 t-BA Et3N 23 25 255 11
26 Cl 1’ 0.01 t-BA Et3N 24 20 1930 80
27 Cl 1 0.1 t-BA K2CO3 26 36 362 14
28 Cl 1 0.01 t-BA K2CO3 22 28 2701 123
179
3. Resultados y Discusión
Es importante destacar que, durante varios años, los bromuros y yoduros de arilo
se han utilizado preferentemente como sustratos en este tipo de reacciones, debido a que
los cloruros de arilo se transforman muy lentamente por los catalizadores de paladio
(debido a la fortaleza del enlace C-Cl). Por otro lado, recientemente ha habido un
creciente interés en la búsqueda de sistemas catalíticos en las reacciones cruzadas de
acoplamiento con los cloruros de arilo, debido a que son más baratos y más accesibles
que los bromuros y yoduros8, 298. Por lo tanto, con el fin de comprobar la actividad de
los complejos 1A-4A y tratar de optimizar las condiciones de la reacción, se ha optado
por la reacción de clorobenceno con tert-butil de acrilato.
180
3. Resultados y Discusión
Estos estudios han permitido determinar que el complejo 1A muestra los mejores
resultados catalíticos (entradas 11-12) y no se han observado marcadas diferencias en la
reactividad entre los complejos 2A, 3A y 4A (entradas 13-18). Hay que remarcar que,
todas estas observaciones experimentales están de acuerdo con los resultados obtenidos
en este trabajo con el ligando L1.
181
3. Resultados y Discusión
3.3.3 Resumen
182
3.4 Síntesis de Nanopartículas de Pd
3. Resultados y Discusión
Artículo 7: “Design of new N,O hybrid pyrazole derived ligands and their use as
stabilizers for the synthesis of Pd nanoparticles”
Miguel Guerrero, Jordi García-Antón, Mar Tristany, Josefina Pons, Josep Ros, Karine
Philippot, Bruno Chaudret, Pierre Lecante.
Langmuir. Enviado. la-2010-016802
185
3. Resultados y Discusión
3.4.1 Introducción
187
3. Resultados y Discusión
188
3. Resultados y Discusión
L0
N
N OH
N N L1
N O O N
L2
N N
N O O N
N
L3
N
N O O N
L4
N N
N O O N
N L5
N
N O O N
N
N
L6
O O
N N
N N
Figura 3.4.1 Esquema general de los ligandos N-pirazol, O-alcohol y N-pirazol, O-éter
189
3. Resultados y Discusión
Teniendo en cuenta los comentarios anteriores, estos ligandos tienen interés para
la síntesis de las nanopartículas metálicas, ya que presentan diferentes posiciones de
coordinación a la superficie de la partícula:
1) los anillos de pirazol pueden interactuar con la superficie del metal a través de
sus átomos dadores de nitrógeno o a través de la interacción aromática
190
3. Resultados y Discusión
191
3. Resultados y Discusión
a)
40
[L1]/[Pd] = 0.5
n u m b e r of p a r ti cl e s
30
20
Dmean = 4.2 ± 1.2 nm
10
0
2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5 4,0 4,5 5,0 5,5 6,0 6,5 7,0
size (nm)
b) 70
60
n u m b e r o f p a r ti cle s
50
40 [L2]/[Pd] = 0.5
30
20
Dmean = 3.1 ± 0.7 nm
10
0
1,0 1 ,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5 4,0 4,5 5,0 5,5
size (nm)
c)
40
[L4]/[Pd] = 1.0
n u m be r o f p a r ti cl e s
30
0
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
size (nm)
d)
60
50
[L5]/[Pd] = 1.0
n u m b e r o f p a r ti c le s
30
20
10
0
0,5 1,0 1 ,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 3 ,5 4,0 4 ,5 5,0 5 ,5
size (nm)
e) 80
70
[L5]/[Pd] = 5.0
n u m b e r o f p a r ti cl e s
60
50
20
10
0
1 ,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 3 ,5 4,0 4,5 5,0
size (nm)
f) 60
50
n u m b e r o f p a r ti cl e s
40
[L6]/[Pd] = 0.1
30
Dmean = 4.2 ± 0.7 nm
20
10
0
2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5 4,0 4,5 5,0 5,5 6,0 6,5 7,0
size (nm)
g) 50
[L6]/[Pd] = 1.0
40
n u m b e r o f p a r ti c le s
30
Dmean = 2.6 ± 0.8 nm
20
10
0
0,5 1,0 1 ,5 2,0 2 ,5 3,0 3 ,5 4,0 4 ,5 5,0 5 ,5
size (nm)
192
3. Resultados y Discusión
4,6
4,4
4,2
4,0
3,8 L1
L2
3,6
L4
Size (nm)
3,4 L5
3,2 L6
3,0
2,8
2,6
2,4
2,2
2,0
0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0
[L] / [Pd]
Figura 3.4.3 Tamaño medio de las nanopartículas de Pd en función del número de equivalentes
Por el contrario, con el ligando L2, el tamaño medio de las NPs si que varía con
la proporción [L] / [M]; este tamaño oscila desde los 4.2 nm (0.2 eq.) a 2.5 nm (1.0 eq.)
(Tabla 3.4.1, entradas de 8, 10, 11). De esto se desprende que el tamaño de las
nanopartículas disminuye significativamente con el aumento de la cantidad de ligando
193
3. Resultados y Discusión
añadido (Figura 3.4.3). Las superestructuras también se obtienen con este ligando, y
éstas son irregulares en tamaño y forma. Cabe destacar que las superestructuras ahora
obtenidas son mayores que las obtenidas con L1, y su tamaño tiende a disminuir cuando
la concentración de los reactivos en el medio de la reacción disminuye (Tabla 3.4.1,
entradas 8 y 9).
194
3. Resultados y Discusión
de TEM o SEM. Por ejemplo, el tamaño medio de estas superestructuras obtenido con
la proporción [L5]/[Pd] = 0.2 es de 120 ± 10 nm por TEM y de 118 ± 15 nm por SEM.
a) b)
c) d)
e) f)
Figura 3.4.4 HR-TEM fotografías de nanopartículas de Pd: a) [L1]/[Pd] = 0.5; b) [L2]/[Pd] = 0.5; c)
[L5]/[Pd] = 0.2; d) [L5]/[Pd] = 5.0; e) [L6]/[Pd] = 0.1 y f) [L6]/[Pd] = 1.0
195
3. Resultados y Discusión
a1) a2)
b1) b2)
Figura 3.4.5 Fotografías SEM de las NPs de Pd obtenidas con a) [L5]/[Pd] = 0.2 o b) [L5]/[Pd] = 5.0
Con el fin de mejorar los malos resultados obtenidos con el ligando L3, se ha
ensayado la capacidad estabilizante del ligando L6. Este ligando presenta cierta
similitud con L3, pero presenta una estructura de trípode, puesto que presenta una
cadena pirazol éter extra. Es importante destacar que, mientras que L3 no es capaz de
estabilizar las NPs, L6 sí que lo permite, obteniéndose soluciones coloidales estables.
Además, este ligando es el único que permite obtener nanopartículas estables utilizando
una proporción de [L6]/[Pd] = 0.1 (Figura 3.4.3). Por último, si se compara el efecto de
196
3. Resultados y Discusión
L6 en el tamaño medio de las partículas que se forman respecto a L2, se puede concluir
que presentan un comportamiento similar. Este hecho demuestra que, en comparación
con L3, la introducción de una tercera cadena pirazoléter mejora notablemente la
estabilización de los coloides que, además, dan lugar a NPs de Pd con un tamaño medio
que decrece en función del aumento del número de equivalentes de ligando (Tabla 3.4.1,
entradas 27-30) (Figura 3.4.3).
Además de las pruebas realizadas con los ligandos L1-L6, el ligando 1-(2-
hidroxietil)-3,5-dimetilpirazol (L0), precursor de los ligandos L2-L6, también se ha
probado como agente estabilizante en la síntesis de nanopartículas de paladio con las
proporciones [L0] / [Pd] = 0.1-5.0. Con este ligando, la descomposición del [Pd2(dba)3]
siempre ha provocado la agregación y consecuente precipitación del Pd, incluso cuando
se ha utilizado una número elevado de equivalentes de ligando (5 eq.) (Tabla 3.4.1,
entrada 2). Estos experimentos apuntan en la dirección de que es necesario utilizar
agentes estabilizantes que contengan al menos dos grupos pirazolilos para, poder
estabilizar las NPs de Pd de manera eficiente.
197
3. Resultados y Discusión
Figura 3.4.6 Posibles modos de coordinación de los ligandos L1-L6 en la superficie de la nanopartícula
Esto no deja ninguna parte del ligando libre y provoca menos impedimento
estérico alrededor de la partícula. Así, en presencia de una mayor cantidad de ligando,
éste se puede coordinar, mejorar la estabilización de las partículas y provocar una
disminución de su tamaño. Por otro lado, del mismo modo que ocurre con L1, también
se han obtenido superestructuras esféricas con el ligando L2 (Figura 3.4.4b). En este
198
3. Resultados y Discusión
Por otro lado, los resultados poco satisfactorios obtenidos con L3, que contiene
un anillo fenilo sustituido en posición meta, pueden explicarse por su modo de
coordinación intermedia sobre la superficie de las nanopartículas. En principio, no se
espera una coordinación tipo pinza con este ligando pero el impedimento que pueda
generar el brazo libre se ve limitado por esta posición meta. Además, si los dos anillos
de pirazol se coordinaran a la superficie de la partícula, el anillo fenilo también se vería
obligado a permanecer cerca de la superficie y el ligando L3 no podría generar un buen
impedimento estérico para evitar la aglomeración. Todos estos argumentos están de
acuerdo con el mal comportamiento de L3.
El uso de ligando L5, que contiene un anillo bifenilo, da como resultado una
mejora de la estabilización de las nanopartículas. En este caso, siempre se obtienen
nanopartículas de 2.7 nm para [L5] / [Pd] ≥ 0.2 (Tabla 3.4.1, entradas 19-25). Cuando la
cantidad de ligando añadida es baja, también se observan superestructuras esféricas que
contienen NPs de Pd individuales (Figura 3.4.4c). Pero, con un exceso de ligando, [L5]
/ [Pd] = 5.0 (Tabla 3.4.1, entrada 26), no se obtienen estos ensamblados esféricos, sino
una capa continua de NPs. Así, parece que la adición de una gran cantidad de ligando
L5 provoca una fuerte interacción entre las partículas cercanas (Figura 3.4.6 a2).
199
3. Resultados y Discusión
200
3. Resultados y Discusión
a) b)
Figura 3.4.7 Pruebas de redispersión para las NPs del ligando L2 a) antes y b) después
Sin embargo, para L5 y L6, ninguno de los disolventes utilizados fue capaz de
producir nanopartículas aisladas. Este hecho está de acuerdo con la idea de que, la
segunda (L5) o la tercera (L6) cadena pirazoléter, se encuentra coordinada uniendo
diferentes nanopartículas de Pd (Figura 3.4.6 a2 o c2, respectivamente) mediante
enlaces covalentes.
3.4.3 Resumen
201
3. Resultados y Discusión
Se ha demostrado que los ligandos híbridos pirazol L1-L6 es una familia útil,
en comparación a otros ligandos comerciales, cuando se utilizan en la
síntesis y estabilización de nanoparticulas.
202
4. Conclusiones
4. Conclusiones
Se han ensayado las reacciones de los ligandos L1-L6 con Pd(II), obteniéndose
dos tipos de complejos en función disolvente utilizado (12 complejos en total). Los
complejos 1A-6A son monómeros (acetonitrilo) y el ligando L coordina vía quelato κ2-
N,N, mientras que los complejos 1B-6B son dímeros (tetrahidrofurano) y el ligando L
coordina vía puente κ2-N,N. Se ha llevado a cabo un estudio de RMN de difusión
(DOSY) de la mezcla de los complejos (A y B) que ha permitido calcular los valores de
los coeficientes de difusión (D) y los valores de los radios hidrodinámicos (RH). Además,
los complicados espectros de RMN de 1H se han podido interpretar gracias a los
cálculos computacionales. Éstos han permitido determinar que, para la especie 2B,
coexisten en solución varios confórmeros no intercambiables a temperatura ambiente.
Por último, se ha llevado a cabo un estudio de estabilidad. En él se puede observar
como la especie cinética es la forma dimérica y ésta, en las condiciones adecuadas,
puede convertirse en la forma monomérica (especie termodinámica). El proceso a la
inversa no se ha observado.
Se han ensayado las reacciones del ligando L1 con ZnCl2, CdCl2, HgCl2,
K2PtCl4 y NiCl2 utilizando la proporción 1metal/1ligando obteniéndose un total de 5
complejos. A partir de la resolución de las estructuras cristalinas por difracción de
rayos-X se ha podido determinar que el ligando L1 es versátil y flexible, puesto que es
205
4. Conclusiones
Se han ensayado las reacciones del ligando L0 con ZnCl2, CdCl2 y HgCl2 en
etanol utilizando la proporción 1metal/2ligandos y 1metal/1ligando obteniéndose un
total de 6 complejos. Se ha llevado a cabo un estudio de fluorescencia con los
compuestos obtenidos a partir de la proporción 1metal/2ligandos. Se ha podido
comprobar que el máximo rendimiento cuántico de fluorescencia se obtiene con el
complejo [HgCl2(L0)2] (19).
206
4. Conclusiones
d) Los espectros IR entre 700-150 cm-1 han permitido observar las bandas
atribuibles a las vibraciones ν(M-X) (X = N, Cl y O). La banda atribuible a la vibración
ν(M-Cl) puede aparecer como una única banda, lo que indica que los cloros en el
complejo planocuadrado están en disposición trans o como dos, lo que indica que los
cloros del complejo están en disposición cis.
e) Los espectros de RMN de 1H y de 13C{1H} han sido decisivos para el estudio
de la coordinación de los ligandos al centro metálico. Es de destacar que la banda
correspondiente al CH pirazólico es la que mayores cambios sufren desplazándose hacia
desplazamientos químicos más elevados cuando el ligando se encuentra coordinado al
centro metálico. Los estudios de RMN de difusión han permitido caracterizar a los
monómeros y dímeros en solución así como conocer sus coeficientes de difusión.
f) Para el ligando L2 y los complejos 1A, 2A, 2B, 7, 8, 10, 11’, 12, 13, 14, 17,
21 y 22 ha sido posible obtener cristales aptos para su estudio por difracción de Rayos
X en monocrsital. Además esto ha permitido realizar un estudio de sus estructuras
extendidas de los enlaces inter e intramoleculares, estudiados profundamente en los
últimos tiempos.
207
4. Conclusiones
208
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6. Artículos
6. Artículos
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Inorg. Chem. 2008, 47, 11084-11094
Three new 3,5-dimethylpyrazolic hybrid ligands N1-substituted by polyether chains and phenyl groups have been
synthesized: 1,2-bis[4-(3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-2-oxabutyl]benzene (L1), 1,3-bis[4-(3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-
yl)-2-oxabutyl]benzene (L2), and 1,4-bis[4-(3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-2-oxabutyl]benzene (L3). The reaction of
these ligands with [PdCl2(CH3CN)2] gives two kinds of complexes, monomer or dimer, depending on the solvent.
Monomeric chelated complexes [PdCl2(L)] [L ) L1 (1), L2 (2), L3 (3)] are obtained when the solvent of the reaction
is acetonitrile, whereas when the reaction takes place in tetrahydrofuran binuclear compounds [PdCl2(L)]2 [L ) L1
(4), L2 (5), L3 (6)] are formed. The solid-state structures for 1 and 4 were determined by single-crystal X-ray
diffraction methods. All of the palladium(II) complexes 1-6 were isolated and fully characterized. Diffusion NMR
studies have been performed to characterize monomeric and dimeric species in solution. Dimeric compounds
present complex 1H NMR spectra, especially 4. Theoretical calculations on this molecule suggest that it is due to
the coexistence of different conformers that do not interconvert to each other at room temperature. Finally, it has
been observed that dimers are converted into the corresponding monomers in an acetonitrile reflux, thus indicating
that the latter are thermodynamically more stable than dimers.
11084 Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 47, No. 23, 2008 10.1021/ic8013915 CCC: $40.75 2008 American Chemical Society
Published on Web 10/30/2008
Metallomacrocyclic Palladium(II) Complexes
mass spectrometry, and all spectroscopic data for L1, L2, MS) of compounds 1-3 give a peak with a value of m/z
and L3 are consistent with the proposed structures. 525.3 (100%) attributable to [PdCl(L)]+, and for compounds
Synthesis and Characterization of the Complexes. The 4-6, a peak with a value of m/z 1083.2 (100%) attributable
reaction of ligands L1-L3 with PdII in dichloromethane in to [Pd2Cl3(L)]+ is observed. Molecular peaks of the cations
a 1:1 M/L ratio yields a mixture of two compounds. This are observed with the same isotope distribution as the
mixture has been characterized essentially by 1D and 2D theoretical one, as shown for complex 4 (Figure 1). Con-
NMR techniques. 1H NMR spectra indicate the presence of ductivity values in acetonitrile for all complexes are in
two types of compounds: one species with a well-defined agreement with the presence of nonelectrolyte compounds
signal multiplicity and another one with a higher and more (8.5-13.2 S cm2 mol-1). The reported values for 10-3 M
complex multiplet pattern. Furthermore, the corresponding solutions in acetonitrile of nonelectrolyte complexes are
DOSY spectra clearly indicate the existence of two different- lower than 120 S cm2 mol-1.14
sized species that strongly agree with the presence of the The IR spectra of complexes 1-6 in the range 4000-400
monomeric and dimeric complexes. cm-1 show that the ligands are coordinated to PdII. The
Several procedures have been tried to obtain pure mon- ν(CdC), ν(CdN), and δ(C-H)oop bands of the pyrazolic
omeric and dimeric complexes. First, we have tried to ligands increase their frequencies when they are part of the
separate them by recrystallization, chromatography, and complexes. The most characteristic bands in the IR spectra
extraction. We have also modified the synthetic procedure, between 4000 and 400 cm-1 are those attributable to the
changing the temperature and/or time of the reaction and pyrazolyl, phenyl, and ether groups.12 The IR spectra of
the M/L molar ratio. Finally, the best results were obtained complexes 1-6 in the 600-100 cm-1 region were also
by changing the solvent. In this way, the reaction between studied. The presence of bands between 494 and 471 cm-1
ligands L1-L3 and PdII gives two types of compounds, assigned to ν(Pd-N) confirms the coordination of the Npz
monomers and dimers, depending upon the solvent (Scheme of the ligand to the metallic atom. All of the complexes
2). Monomeric complexes [PdCl2(L)] [L ) L1 (1), L2 (2), display a ν(Pd-Cl) band between 355 and 335 cm-1. This
L3 (3)] were obtained by treatment of the corresponding band indicates that the chlorine atoms are coordinated to PdII
ligand with [PdCl2(CH3CN)2]13 in a 1:1 M/L ratio in CH3CN in a trans disposition.15
for 12 h at room temperature (1), 24 h at 60 °C (2), or 168 h Moreover, for complexes 1 and 4, which incorporate the
at 70 °C (3). On the other hand, dimeric complexes ligand L1, it has been possible to obtain crystals suitable
[PdCl2(L)]2 [L ) L1 (4), L2 (5), L3 (6)] were obtained by for X-ray analyses. The molecular structure of monomeric
treatment of the corresponding ligand with [PdCl2(CH3CN)2] complex 1 (Figure 2) consists of PdII discrete molecules with
in a 1:1 M/L ratio in tetrahydrofuran for 12 h at room a slightly distorted square-planar geometry around the metal
temperature. atom. The environment consists of two chlorine atoms in a
The elemental analyses for complexes 1-6 are consistent trans disposition to the PdII and two nitrogen atoms of the
with the formula [PdCl2(L)] [L ) L1 (1 and 4), L2 (2 and pyrazolic rings of L1. The N1-Pd-N4 and Cl2-Pd-Cl1
5), or L3 (3 and 6)]. The positive ionization spectra (ESI+- (14) (a) Geary, W. J. Coord. Chem. ReV. 1971, 7, 81–122. (b) Thompson,
L. K.; Lee, F. L.; Gabe, E. J. Inorg. Chem. 1988, 27, 39–46.
(13) Komiya, S. Synthesis of Organometallic Compounds: A Practice (15) Nakamoto, K. Infrared and Raman Spectra of Inorganic and Coor-
Guide; Board: New York, 1997. dination Compounds; John Wiley and Sons: New York, 1986.
Figure 1. (a) ESI+-MS spectra in methanol of fragments [Pd2Cl3(L1)]+ for complex 4 and (b) theoretical isotopic distribution of 4.
Table 1. Selected Bond Lengths (Å) and Bond Angles (deg) for 1 and 4
1 4
Pd-N1 1.993(6) 1.985(5)
Pd-N4 2.014(6) 1.988(5)
Pd-Cl2 2.303(2) 2.225(11)
Pd-Cl1 2.306(2) 2.286(3)
Figure 4. Expanded area of the DOSY spectrum (500 MHz, 298 K, tetramethylsilane) of a mixture of monomer (1) and dimer (4) in CD3CN.
Figure 5. 1H NMR spectrum (250 MHz, 298 K, tetramethylsilane) in CD3CN of (a) complex 1 and (b) complex 4.
the dihedral angles around C8-O1, C7-C6, C15-O2, and temperature, and its structure can be found in the Supporting
C16-C17. The structures of the two most stable conformers Information.
are shown in Figure 6. The most stable conformer 1-I is the For the dimeric complex 4, we have obtained eight
one corresponding to the X-ray structure. The second most different conformers in a range of 5.8 kcal mol-1. Figure 7
stable conformer 1-II is 1.2 kcal mol-1 above 1-I and differs shows the structures of the five most stable conformers. The
from it in the torsion angles around C8-O1 and C7-C6, structures of the other three conformers can be found as
which present a gauche disposition (dihedral angles -73.9° Supporting Information. Table 3 presents the relative energies
and 65.8°, respectively) in 1-I, whereas in 1-II, they are trans of all conformers as well as the values of the most significant
(dihedral angles -167.8° and -177.4°, respectively). The dihedral angles for each conformer. The structure of the most
estimated population ratio between conformers 1-I and 1-II stable conformer is also presented in Figure 8 along with
at 298 K is 89:11. The third conformer 1-III, which is 4.5 atom numbering. It is to be noted that the most stable
kcal mol-1 above 1-I, is not expected to be populated at room conformer does not correspond to the X-ray structure. The
Figure 7. Structure of the five most stable conformers of 4 obtained at the BPW91/LANL2DZ(d) level of calculation.
Table 3. Relative Energies and Selected Dihedral Angles for the Conformers of 4
4-I 4-II 4-III 4-IV 4-V 4-VI 4-VII 4-VIII
Relative Energies
∆Ea 0.0 0.6 0.8 2.5 3.4 3.8 3.9 5.8
b
Dihedral Angles
C7-O1 179.4 -169.5 179.2 179.7 -173.9 -179.9 -179.4 78.2
C8-C9 165.8 -177.1 166.2 162.9 177.5 159.7 173.9 -87.3
C14-C15 -170.5 175.7 -78.3 -76.0 -66.5 -75.1 -68.9 -79.9
O2-C16 -161.3 169.5 167.5 111.9 91.7 110.7 88.7 168.5
C16-C17 70.1 -74.4 -80.9 -68.1 70.7 -69.3 74.4 -75.5
C17-N3 75.8 -78.6 -82.1 -77.4 80.1 -76.6 81.5 -81.6
N4-Pd2 69.4 -69.5 -71.5 -69.0 68.5 -66.8 71.9 -69.4
C7′-O1′ -179.4 169.5 -179.3 178.2 -92.9 -83.3 179.1 -78.5
O1′-C8′ -175.6 170.4 -170.1 -174.4 -179.3 -174.6 -176.1 -164.4
C8′-C9′ -165.8 175.9 -165.8 -169.5 67.3 74.1 -173.5 86.6
C14′-C15′ 170.5 -177.1 78.3 77.5 163.9 99.1 68.9 80.0
O2′-C16′ 161.3 -169.3 -167.1 -121.6 170.6 -162.6 -88.8 -168.4
C16′-C17′ -70.1 74.6 80.8 67.8 -65.7 73.3 -74.1 75.3
C17′-N3′ -75.8 78.9 81.9 77.6 -74.8 80.4 -80.8 81.4
N4′-Pd2 -69.4 70.1 71.2 72.5 -68.6 75.8 -70.0 69.4
a
Relative to the most stable conformer. In kcal mol-1. b Dihedral angles around the specified bonds in degrees. See Figure 8 for atom numbering.
2914, 2863 [ν(C-H)al], 1556 [ν(CdC), ν(CdN)ar], 1423 [δ(CdC), solution, 250 MHz): δ 7.26 (m, 4H, Ph), 5.99 (m, 2H, CH(pz)),
δ(CdN)ar], 1108 [ν(C-O-C)as], 791, 729 [δ(C-H)oop]. IR (poly- 4.92 (m, 4H, NpzCH2CH2O), 4.49 (m, 4H, OCH2Ph), 4.39 (m, 4H,
ethylene, cm-1): 488 [ν(Pd-N)], 355 [ν(Pd-Cl)]. 1H NMR NpzCH2CH2O), 2.83 (m, 6H, CH3(pz)), 2.31 (m, 6H, CH3(pz)) ppm.
(CD3CN solution, 250 MHz): δ 7.18 (m, 4H, Ph), 5.98 (m, 2H, 13C{1H} NMR (CD CN solution, 63 MHz): δ 150.5 (pz-C), 145.0
3
CH(pz)), 4.87 (m, 4H, NpzCH2CH2O), 4.45 (m, 4H, OCH2Ph), 4.36 (pz-C), 137.8-127.9 (Ph), 107.8 (CH(pz)), 73.4 (OCH2Ph), 69.4
(m, 4H, NpzCH2CH2O), 2.75 (m, 6H, CH3(pz)), 2.28 (m, 6H, (NpzCH2CH2O), 50.3 (NpzCH2CH2O), 15.3 (CH3(pz)), 12.4
CH3(pz)). 13C{1H} NMR (CD3CN solution, 63 MHz): δ 150.9 (pz- (CH3(pz)).
C), 146.3 (pz-C), 139.7-127.7 (Ph), 108.2 (CH(pz)), 73.2 (OCH2- X-ray Crystal Structure Analyses of Complexes 1 and 4. Pale-
Ph), 69.8 (NpzCH2CH2O), 50.7 (NpzCH2CH2O), 15.4 (CH3(pz)), 12.4 orange single crystals suitable for X-ray analyses were grown by
(CH3(pz)). slow diffusion of diethyl ether into a dichloromethane solution of
6. Yield: 75% (0.114 g). Anal. Calcd for C44H60Cl4N8O4Pd2: C, 1 and 4, respectively. A prismatic crystal was selected and mounted
47.20; H, 5.40; N, 10.00. Found: C, 47.45; H, 5.19; N, 10.22. on an Enraf-Nonius CAD4 four-circle diffractometer for 1 and on
Conductivity (S cm2 mol-1, 1.10 × 10-3 M in CH3CN): 12.7. MS: a MAR345 diffractometer with an image-plate detector for 4. Unit-
m/z 1083.2 (100%) [M - Cl]+. IR (KBr, cm-1): 3128 [ν(C-H)ar], cell parameters were determined from automatic centering of 25
2919, 2861 [ν(C-H)al], 1556 [ν(CdC), ν(CdN)ar], 1422 [δ(CdC), reflections (12 < θ < 21°) for 1 and 390 reflections (3 < θ < 31°)
δ(CdN)ar], 1103 [ν(C-O-C)as], 793 [δ(C-H)oop]. IR (polyethyl- for 4 and refined by a least-squares method. Intensities were
ene, cm-1): 491 [ν(Pd-N)], 355 [ν(Pd-Cl)]. 1H NMR (CD3CN collected with graphite-monochromatized Mo KR radiation, using
In this paper we describe the synthesis of the new mixed-donor ligand 1,8-bis(3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-3,6-
dioxaoctane (L). The complexes [MCl2(L)] (M=ZnII (1), CdII (2), HgII (3), PdII (4), PtII (6), NiII (7)) and [PdCl2(L)]2 (5)
were prepared and fully characterized. X-ray crystal structures of complexes 1, 2, 4, 6, and 7 have been determined.
The L ligand behaves either as a NN-bidentate (chelate or bridge) and NOON-tetradentate (equatorial or planar)
ligand. In these structures, C-H 3 3 3 X (X=O, N or Cl/Cl-) intermolecular interactions have been identified and studied.
Moreover, the 113Cd{1H}, 195Pt{1H}, and 199Hg{1H} NMR spectra were measured to investigate the coordination
environment of the metal in solution. Diffusion NMR studies have also been performed to characterize monomeric and
dimeric species of PdII. Finally, we have observed that the dimeric complex 5 is converted into the corresponding
monomeric complex 4.
Figure 1. (a) ESIþ-MS spectra in methanol of fragment [HgCl(L)]þ for complex 3 and (b) theoretical isotopic distribution of 3.
Scheme 2
same isotope distribution as the theoretical ones. As an Therefore, the electronic spectrum of complex 7 was
example, ESIþ-MS spectra of complex 3 for fragment recorded in these two different solvents to study the
[HgCl(L)]þ and its theoretical isotopic distribution is geometry of the complex in solution. The spectrum,
presented (Figure 1). recorded in methanol, exhibits two bands in the visible
Conductivity values in methanol for complexes 1-6 region, at 677 and 581 nm (ε=12 and 17 mol-1 cm-1 L,
are in agreement with the presence of non-electrolyte respectively). In acetone, the spectrum also shows two
compounds since reported values (21.4-37.2 S cm2 bands at 681 and 595 nm (ε=13 and 21 mol-1 cm-1 L,
mol-1) are lower than 80 S cm2 mol-1. However, the respectively). All these bands are characteristic of oc-
conductivity value of complex 7 in methanol (187.0 S tahedral NiII complexes.12 So, the local environment in
cm2 mol-1) is in agreement with a 1:2 electrolyte methanol around NiII is [NiN2O4]2þ with two non-
(tabulated values are between 160 and 220 S cm2 mol-1) coordinate chloride anions (70 ) whereas in acetone,
whereas the conductivity value in acetone (29.5 S cm2 the two chlorine atoms are coordinated to the metallic
mol-1) is in agreement with a non-electrolyte complex center [NiN2O2Cl2] (7).
(reported values are lower than 100 S cm2 mol-1).11
(12) (a) Sutton, D. Electronic Spectra of Transition Metal Complexes;
(11) (a) Geary, W. J. Coord. Chem. Rev. 1971, 7, 81–122. (b) Thompson, L. McGraw-Hill: London, 1975. (b) Cotton, F. A.; Wilkinson, G. Advanced
K.; Lee, F. L.; Gabe, E. J. Inorg. Chem. 1988, 27, 39–46. Inorganic Chemistry; 5th ed.; Wiley: New York, 1988.
Article Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 48, No. 18, 2009 8739
Figure 2. (a) Oak Ridge thermal ellipsoid plot (ORTEP) diagram of complex 1 showing an atom labeling scheme. 50% probability amplitude
displacement ellipsoids are shown. Hydrogen atoms are omitted for clarity. See Table 1 for selected values of the bond lengths and bond angles.
(b) View of some bonding interactions in the crystal structure.
The IR spectra of complexes 1-7 in the range Table 1. Selected Bond Lengths (Å) and Bond Angles (deg) for 1 and 2
4000-400 cm-1 show that the L ligand is coordinated
1 (ZnII) 2 (CdII)
to the metallic center. The most characteristic bands in the
IR spectra are those attributable to the pyrazolyl and M-N (1) 2.045(3) 2.3111(19)
ether groups.9 The IR spectra of complexes 1-7 in the M-N (4) 2.045(3) 2.3111(19)
600-100 cm-1 region were also studied. The presence of M-Cl (2) 2.2574(15) 2.5090(8)
bands between 512 and 478 cm-1, for all complexes, M-Cl (1) 2.2574(15) 2.5090(8)
M-O (1) 2.6581(13)
assigned to ν(M-N) confirms the coordination of the
Npz of the ligand to the metallic atom. It is remarkable N (1)-M-N (4) 100.10(15) 144.76(8)
to note that complexes 4 and 5 display a ν(Pd-Cl) single N (1)-M-Cl (2) 117.67(7) 99.47(5)
band between 352 and 347 cm-1. This band indicates N (4)-M-Cl (2) 104.32(8) 103.12(5)
N (1)-M-Cl (1) 104.32(8) 103.12(5)
that the chlorine atoms are coordinated to PdII in trans N (4)-M-Cl (1) 117.67(7) 99.47(5)
disposition. In contrast, complex 6 displays two ν(Pt-Cl) Cl (2)-M-Cl (1) 112.69(7) 99.39(4)
bands at 340 and 328 cm-1, indicating that the chlo- N (4)-M-O (1) 73.78(4)
rine atoms are coordinated to the PtII atom in cis disposi- N (4)-M-O (2) 76.71(5)
Cl (2)-M-O (1) 96.99(3)
tion.13 Cl (2)-M-O (2) 163.61(4)
Crystal Structures of Complexes 1 and 2. For complexes O (2)-M-O (1) 66.62(3)
1 and 2, it has been possible to obtain colorless mono-
crystals suitable for X-ray analyses through crystalliza- coordination environment around Zn(II) atom is formed
tion from a diethyl ether/dichloromethane (1:1) mixture. by two pyrazolyl nitrogen atoms and two chlorines. The
Despite their analogous constitution, [MCl2(L)], the zinc coordination sphere of ZnII can be described as a slightly
(1) and the cadmium (2) compounds display different distorted tetrahedral geometry with angles between
coordination modes to the metal ion. Complex 1 (Figure 2a) 100.10(15) and 117.67(7)°. The [ZnCl2(Npz)2] core is pre-
has a polymeric structure and shows a one-dimensional sent in 18 complexes in the literature14 but none of them
infinite neutral chain [ZnCl2(L)]n wherein the ligand L present a polymeric structure. Selected values of bond
bridges adjacent tetrahedral metal centers. The local lengths and bond angles for complex 1 are shown in
Table 1. The Zn-Cl and Zn-Npz bond distances are in
(13) Nakamoto, K. Infrared and Raman Spectra of Inorganic and Co-
ordination Compounds; John Wiley and Sons: New York, 1986. (14) Allen, F. A. Acta Crystallogr. 2002, B58, 380–388.
8740 Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 48, No. 18, 2009 Guerrero et al.
Figure 3. (a) ORTEP diagram of complex 2 showing an atom labeling scheme. 50% probability amplitude displacement ellipsoids are shown. Hydrogen
atoms are omitted for clarity. See Table 1 for selected values of the bond lengths and bond angles. (b) View of some bonding interactions in the crystal
structure.
agreement with the values reported in the literature crystallographic a-direction, in which the distance be-
(2.188-2.373 Å and 1.945-2.172 Å, respectively),15 and tween adjacent Zn atoms is 9.523 Å.
the N-Zn-N and Cl-Zn-Cl angles are within the In contrast, the structure of complex 2 (M = CdII)
expected range for zinc(II) compounds with a tetrahedral consists of discrete neutral monomeric units (Figure 3a).
geometry. In the crystal structure of 1, ZnII metal centers The cadmium atom is coordinated to two cis chlorine
are connected to each other by L ligand through a NN- atoms, two trans pyrazolic nitrogen atoms, and two cis
bidentate bridging mode into a 1D chain along the ether oxygen atoms. The L ligand in complex 2 is co-
ordinated to the metal centers in a κ4 NOON-bonding
(15) (a) Balamurugan, V.; Hundal, M. S.; Mukherjee, R. Chem.;Eur. J. mode. The L ligand chelates the center metal atoms
2004, 10, 1683–1690. (b) Schuitema, A. M.; Engelen, M.; Koval, I. A.; Gorter, S.;
Driessen, W. L.; Reedijk, J. Inorg. Chim. Acta 2001, 324, 57–64. (c) Luo, Y.;
through the pyrazolic nitrogen atoms and the ether oxy-
Potvin, P. G. J. Coord. Chem. 1999, 46, 319–344. (d) Bieller, S.; Bolte, M.; gen atoms to form two six-membered rings and one five-
Lerner, H. W.; Wagner, M. J. Organomet. Chem. 2005, 690, 1935–1946. membered ring. The metal center, which adopts distorted
Article Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 48, No. 18, 2009 8741
octahedral coordination geometry, shows bond angles Table 2. Selected Bond Lengths (Å) and Bond Angles (deg) for 4, 6, and 70
between 99.39° and 144.76°. These angles significantly
4 (PdII) 6 (PtII) 70 (NiII)
deviate from 90° or 180°, presumably because of the
restrictions provoked by the chelation of the tetraden- M-N (1) 2.006(2) 2.040(4) 2.071(2)
tate L ligand. The [CdCl2(Npz)2O2] core is not present in M-N (4) 2.022(2) 2.023(3) 2.087(2)
the literature14 but the [CdCl2N2O2] core is present in five M-Cl (2) 2.3125(10) 2.3142(13)
M-Cl (1) 2.3130(10) 2.3001(13)
complexes in the literature.16 As seen in Table 1, the M-O (1) 2.101(2)
Cd-O distances (2.658(2) Å) are significantly longer than M-O (2) 2.092(2)
the Cd-N distances (2.3111(19) Å). The numbers of M-O (3) 2.052(2)
parameters refined and other details concerning the re- M-O (4) 2.063(2)
finement of the crystal structures 1 and 2 are gathered in
N (1)-M-N (4) 177.77(7) 96.59(13) 107.38 (8)
Table 3. N (1)-M-Cl (2) 88.28(6) 87.71(10)
In the literature it is observed that there are significant N (4)-M-Cl (2) 90.70(6) 174.59(10)
differences between the tetrahedral/octahedral geometry N (1)-M-Cl (1) 91.60(6) 176.59(9)
with ZnII and CdII (both cations are d10-configured N (4)-M-Cl (1) 89.45(6) 85.77(10)
Cl (2)-M-Cl (1) 179.17(3) 90.09(5)
metals). When ZnII is used the preferred geometry is N (4)-M-O (1) 161.57(8)
tetrahedral (67/33) whereas the octahedral geometry is N (4)-M-O (2) 90.14(9)
the most common when the metallic center is CdII (34/66). O (4)-M-O (1) 92.75(8)
Generally, it is attributed to the different atoms’ size O (4)-M-O (2) 82.30(9)
O (2)-M-O (1) 75.38(9)
(ionic radius: 74 ppm (ZnII) and 97 ppm (CdII)).14,17 N (1)-M-O (4) 89.43(9)
Crystal Structures of Complexes 4 and 6. For complexes N (4)-M-O (4) 96.59(9)
4 and 6, it has been possible to obtain pale yellow N (1)-M-O (3) 94.81(9)
monocrystals suitable for X-ray analyses through crystal- N (4)-M-O (3) 84.71(8)
O (4)-M-O (3) 175.00(9)
lization from a diethyl ether/dichloromethane (1:1) mix-
ture (4) and from THF/dichloromethane (1:1) mixture the mean plane (N(1), N(4), Cl(1), Cl(2)). In comparison
(6). Contrary to what we have found for complexes 1 and with the distortion of the complex 4A (0.085 Å),6j it seems
2, L ligand acts in complexes 4 and 6 as a NN-bidentate that the new ligand (L) is a more flexible derivate ligand
chelate ligand and forms two metallocyles with square because of its deviation is significantly smaller. The L
planar geometry where the oxygen atoms of the chain ligand acts as a bidentate chelate and forms a metallacycle
remain non-coordinated to metal. This kind of coordina- ring of 13 members. The [PdCl2(Npz)2] core, with a biden-
tion is similar to [PdCl2(LA)] (LA= 1,2-bis[4-(3,5-dimeth- tate chelate ligand, is present in 13 complexes described in
yl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-2-oxabutyl]benzene) (4A), recently the literature.14 Only two of these structures present the
published by our group.6j The ether moieties can enter chlorine atoms in trans disposition.6j,19 Selected values
into non-covalent interactions and also control the cova- of bond lengths and bond angles for complex 4 are shown
lent bonding by altering the directional orientation of the in Table 2. The Pd-Cl and Pd-Npz bond distances are
pyrazole units.18 in agreement with the values reported in the literature
The molecular structure of complex 4 (Figure 4a) con- (2.220-2.361 Å and 1.979-2.141 Å, respectively),19,20
sists of Pd(II) discrete molecules with a very slightly and the N-Pd-N and Cl-Pd-Cl angles are also con-
distorted square planar geometry around the metal atom sistent with the values found in the literature for palla-
and one solvent molecule severely disordered of diethyl dium compounds with a distorted square planar geo-
ether. The environment consists of two chlorine atoms in metry.14
trans disposition to the Pd(II) and two nitrogen atoms of The crystal structure of complex 6 consists of mono-
the pyrazolic rings of L. The N(1)-Pd-N(4) and Cl- meric cis-[PtCl2(L)] molecules (Figure 5a) and one solvent
(1)-Pd-Cl(2) bond angles values are 177.77(7)° and molecule of THF. The environment consists of two
179.17(3)°, respectively, showing a slightly tetrahedral chlorine atoms and two nitrogen atoms of the pyrazolic
distortion. This distortion in complex 4 can also be rings. The platinum center has a square planar geometry
observed from the deviation (0.009 Å) of the PdII from with a slight tetrahedral distortion and similar deviation
from the mean plane (0.008 Å) as PdII (4). The main
(16) (a) Gagnon, C.; Beauchamp, A. L.; Tranqui, D. Can. J. Chem. 1979, difference between complexes 4 and 6 relies on the
57, 1372–1376. (b) Xue, X.; Wang, X.; Wang, L.; Xiong, R.; Abrahams, B.; You, disposition of the chlorine atoms: in complex 4 the two
X.; Xue, Z.; Che, C. Inorg. Chem. 2002, 41, 6544–6546. (c) Odoko, M.; Isomoto, chlorines are in trans disposition whereas in complex 6 the
N.; Okabe, N. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. E: Struct. Rep. Online 2001, 57, m371–
m372. (d) Li, M.; Yan, L.; Wang, J.; Zhou, J. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. E: Struct.
two chlorines are in cis disposition. This difference in the
Rep. Online 2006, 62, m2517–m2518. (e) Yeh, C.; Hu, H.; Liang, R.; Wang, K.;
Yen, T.; Chen, J.; Wang, J. Polyhedron 2005, 24, 539–548.
(17) (a) Greenwood, N. N.; Earmshow, A. Chemistry of the Elements; (19) Garcı́a-Anton, J.; Pons, J.; Solans, X.; Font-Bardia, M.; Ros, J. Eur.
Butterworth-Heinenmann: Oxford, 1997. (b) Housecroft, C. E.; Sharpe, A. G. J. Inorg. Chem. 2002, 3319–3327.
Inorganic Chemistry; Prentice Hall: London, 2001. (20) (a) Garcı́a-Anton, J.; Pons, J.; Solans, X.; Font-Bardia, M.; Ros, J.
(18) (a) Holliday, B. J.; Ulmann, P. A.; Mirkin, C. A.; Stern, C. L. Inorg. Chim. Acta 2003, 355, 87–94. (b) Boixassa, A.; Pons, J.; Solans, X.;
Organometallics 2004, 23, 1671–1679. (b) Masar, M. S., III; Ovchinnikov, Font-Bardia, M.; Ros, J. Inorg. Chim. Acta 2003, 346, 151–157. (c) Boixassa, A.;
M. V.; Mirkin, C. A.; Zakharov, L. V.; Rheingold, A. L. Inorg. Chem. 2003, 42, Pons, J.; Solans, X.; Font-Bardia, M.; Ros, J. Inorg. Chim. Acta 2004, 357, 733–
6851–6858. (c) Brown, A. M.; Ovchinnikov, M. V.; Stern, C. L.; Mirkin, C. A. 738. (d) Torralba, M. C.; Cano, M.; Campo, J. A.; Heras, J. V.; Pinilla, E. Z.
J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 14316–14317. (d) Gianneschi, N. C.; Masar, M. S., Kristallogr. - New Cryst. Struct. 2005, 220, 617–619. (e) Montoya, V.; Pons, J.;
III; Mirkin, C. A. Acc. Chem. Res. 2005, 11, 825–837. (e) Redshaw, C. Coord. Solans, X.; Font-Bardia, M.; Ros, J. Inorg. Chim. Acta 2006, 359, 25–34.
Chem. Rev. 2003, 244, 45–70. (f) Dawe, L. N.; Abedine, T. S.; Thompson, L. K. (f) Spencer, L. C.; Guzei, I. A.; Ojwach, S. O.; Darkwa, J. Acta Crystallogr.,
Dalton Trans. 2008, 13, 1661–1675. Sect. C: Cryst. Struct. Commun. 2006, 62, m421–m423.
8742 Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 48, No. 18, 2009 Guerrero et al.
Table 3. Crystallographic Data for 1 and 2 reported so far (Pt-Npz distances found in the literature
II II are between 1.935(4) and 2.032(8) Å).22 All the platinum
1 (Zn ) 2 (Cd )
complexes mentioned above have a cis disposition of the
molecular formula C16H26Cl2N4O2Zn C16H26Cl2N4O2Cd pyrazolic ligands. Therefore, angles N-Pt-N and
formula weigh 442.68 489.71 Cl-Pt-Cl are also likely to be compared. In most of
temperature (K) 293(2) 293(2) the cases, the Cl-Pt-Cl angle appears to be wider than
wavelength (Å) 0.71073 0.71073 the N-Pt-N angle, often by more than 2°.22 However, in
system, space group orthorhombic, Pbcn orthorhombic, Pcan
unit cell dimensions structure 6, the angle that is clearly wider is the bite angle
a (Å) 9.523 (6) 8.446 (3) N-Pt-N and deviate by almost 6°. Other selected values
)
b (Å 14.924 (11) 14.659 (3) of bond lengths and angle data are gathered in Table 2. As
c (Å) 14.435 (14) 16.235 (5) it is observed for complex 4, the metallic center does not
R (deg) 90 90
β (deg) 90 90 interact with the oxygen atom of the ether group in
γ (deg) 90 90 complex 6 (Pt 3 3 3 O = 4.074(2) and 5.089(2) Å). Thus,
U (Å 3) 2052 (3) 2010.1 (10) the L ligand adopts a κ2 NN- bonding mode in 4 and 6. In
Z 4 4 this way, this effect can also be used in the future to
Dcalc (g cm-3) 1.433 1.618 introduce other hard metallic centers thereby increasing
μ (mm-1) 1.474 1.369
F(000) 920 992 the functionality of the L ligand.18 The numbers of
crystal size (mm3) 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.2 0.1 0.1 parameters refined and other details concerning the re-
hkl ranges -14 e h e 12 -10 e h e 10, finement of the crystal structure are gathered in Table 4.
-20 e k e 19, -18 e k e 18, Crystal Structures of Complex 70 . Green suitable crys-
-22 e l e 22 -18 e l e 18
2θ range (deg) 2.73 to 32.51 2.87 to 30.23
tals for X-ray diffraction experiments of complex
reflections collected/ 24866/3577 14224/2204 [Ni(H2O)2(L)]Cl2 (70 ) were obtained through crystalliza-
unique/ [Rint] [R(int) = 0.0358] [R(int) = 0.0399] tion from a THF/dichloromethane (1:1) mixture of com-
completeness to θ 98.5% (θ = 25.00°) 95.6% (θ = 25.00°) plex 7. X-ray analysis indicates that, contrary to what we
absorption correction
data/restrains/
empirical
3557/10/104
empirical
2204/4/116
have found for the other complexes, 70 is an ionic com-
parameters pound. The crystal structure consists of [Ni(H2O)2(L)]2þ
goodness-of-fit on F 2 0.729 1.328 cations and two chloride anions (Figure 6a). In the cation,
final R indices R1 = 0.0403, R1 = 0.0618, the nickel atom is coordinated to two pyrazolic nitrogen
[I>2σ(I )] wR2 = 0.0866 wR2 = 0.1318 atoms and two ether oxygen atoms, and the remaining
R indices (all data) R1 = 0.1336, R1 = 0.0624,
wR2 = 0.0977 wR2 = 0.1325 two axial coordination sites are occupied by two water
largest diff. peak and 0.581 and -1.090 0.995 and -0.877 molecules. Pyrazolyl and ether moieties are in cis disposi-
hole (e Å-3) tion. In the same way as in 2, the L ligand in complex 70 is
coordinated in a κ4 NOON- bonding mode but with a
disposition of the chlorine atoms between PdII and PtII
planar disposition in the equatorial plane of the metal
complexes with similar ligands had already been observed
cation.
in the literature14 and, generally, it is explained by the
The metal center, which adopts distorted octahedral
considerable higher lability of the PdII compared to PtII.21
coordination geometry, has bond angles which vary from
The cis-[PtCl2(Npz)2] core is present in eight complexes in
75.38° to 175.00°. These angles significantly deviate from
the literature22 but only one of them presents a bidentate
90° or 180°, respectively. The [Ni(Npz)2O4] core is present
chelate ligand, namely, the complex cis-[PtCl2(L1)] (L1 =
in 12 structures in the literature14 but the [Ni(Npz)2-
bis[2-(3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)ethyl]ether).22b The
O2(H2O)2] core is only present in 3 complexes in the
Pt-Cl bond distances (2.3001(13) and 2.3142(13) Å),
literature.23 As seen in Table 2, the Ni-O distances
are typical of platinum square-planar complexes, between
(2.054(2)-2.101(2) Å) are of the same order as the Ni-N
2.276(3) and 2.313(2) Å.14 However, the Pt- Npz
distances (2.072(2)-2.087(2) Å) and are similar to other
(2.040(4) and 2.023(3) Å) bond lengths are the longest
values described in the literature.23 The numbers of
parameters refined and other details concerning the re-
(21) (a) Boixassa, A.; Pons, J.; Solans, X.; Font-Bardia, M.; Ros, J. Inorg. finement of the crystal structure are gathered in Table 4.
Chim. Acta 2003, 355, 254–263. (b) Boixassa, A.; Pons, J.; Virgili, A.; Solans, X.; In addition, the cations are linked by four O-H 3 3 3 Cl
Font-Bardia, M.; Ros, J. Inorg. Chim. Acta 2002, 340, 49–55. (c) Palkin,
V. A.; Kuzina, T. A.; Kuzmina, N. N.; Shchelokov, R. N. Russ. J. Inorg. Chem. hydrogen bonds. Each chloride anion is involved in two
:: hydrogen bonds (Table 5) forming bridges between co-
1980, 25, 573–578. (d) Vogtle, F. Supramolecular Chemistry; John Wiley and
Sons: Chichester, 1991. (e) Wilkinson, G. Comprehensive Coordination Chem- ordinated water molecules. This pattern shows infinite
istry: The Synthesis, Reactions, Properties, and Applications of Coordination chains parallel to the crystallographic vector c (Figure 6c).
Compounds, vol 5, Late Transition Elements; Pergamon Press: Oxford, 1987.
(22) (a) Cafeo, G.; Garozzo, D.; Kohnke, F. H.; Pappalardo, S.; Parisi, Extended Structures. We have also studied the extended
M. F.; Nascone, R. P.; Williams, D. J. Tetrahedron 2004, 60, 1895–1902. structures of complexes 1, 2, 4, 6, and 7’. In addition to the
(b) Boixassa, A.; Pons, J.; Solans, X.; Font-Bardia, M.; Ros, J. Inorg. Chim. Acta commonly occurring C-H 3 3 3 N/O/S hydrogen-bonding
2004, 357, 827–833. (c) Raptis, R. G.; Fackler, J. P. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. C: interactions, the existence of C-H 3 3 3 Cl hydrogen bonds,
Cryst. Struct. Commun. 1991, 47, 1180–1183. (d) Broomhead, J. A.; Rendina,
L. M.; Sterns, M. Inorg. Chem. 1992, 31, 1880–1889. (e) Boixassa, A.; Pons, J.; in general, and charge-assisted (for strengthening non-
Solans, X.; Font-Bardia, M.; Ros, J. Inorg. Chim. Acta 2003, 355, 254–263. covalent forces) terminal M-Cl bonds of chlorometalate
(f) Cinellu, M. A.; Stoccoro, S.; Minghetti, G.; Bandini, A. L.; Banditelli, G.;
Bovio, B. J. Organomet. Chem. 1989, 372, 311–325. (g) Khripun, A. V.;
::
Selivanov, S. I.; Kukushkin, V. Y.; Haukka, M. Inorg. Chim. Acta 2006, 359, (23) (a) Hanggi, G.; Schmalle, H.; Dubler, E. Inorg. Chem. 1988, 27, 3131–
320–326. (h) Sakai, K.; Tomita, Y.; Ue, T.; Goshima, K.; Ohminato, M.; 3137. (b) Pan, L.; Ching, N.; Huang, X.; Li, J. Chem. Eur. J. 2001, 20, 4431–
Tsubomura, T.; Matsumoto, K.; Ohmura, K.; Kawakami, K. Inorg. Chim. Acta 4437. (c) King, P.; Clerac, R.; Anson, C. E.; Powell, A. K. Dalton Trans. 2004,
2000, 297, 64–71. 31, 852–861.
Article Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 48, No. 18, 2009 8743
Figure 4. (a) ORTEP diagram of complex 4 showing an atom labeling scheme. 50% probability amplitude displacement ellipsoids are shown. Hydrogen
atoms are omitted for clarity. See Table 2 for selected values of the bond lengths and bond angles. (b) View of some bonding interactions in the crystal
structure.
anions, in particular, have been well-appreciated in recent where the bonding interactions C-H 3 3 3 O (2.565 Å) form
times. Such interactions have been shown to be capable of a 2D zigzag network. However, in the crystal structure of
playing a decisive role in the supramolecular structure of complex 2 (M=CdII) the oxygen atom does not play any
solids.24 All the bonding parameters of these complexes role in this kind of interactions probably because of its
are gathered in Table 6. The crystal structure of 1 consists participation in the coordination to the metallic center. In
of antiparallel chains of [ZnCl2(L)] units (Figure 2b) this case, the most important interactions are C-H 3 3 3 N
(2.669 Å) and C-H 3 3 3 Cl (2.773 Å) (Figure 3b) which
(24) (a) Aullon, G.; Bellamy, D.; Brammer, L.; Bruton, E. A.; Orpen, form an interconnected supramoleculars network. For
A. G. Chem. Commun. 1998, 6, 653–654. (b) Balamurugan, V.; Mukherjee, J.; complexes 4 (M=PdII) and 6 (M=PtII), the main bonding
::
Hundal, M. S.; Mukherjee, R. Struct. Chem. 2007, 18, 133–144. (c) Aakeroy, interactions are C-H 3 3 3 Cl-M (2.776-2.892 Å)
C. B.; Evans, T. A.; Seddon, K. R.; Palinko, I. New J. Chem. 1999, 23, 145–152. (Figure 4b and 5b) which, as previously mentioned, are
(d) Thallapally, P. K.; Nangia, A. CrystEngComm 2001, 27, 1–6. (e) Favero,
L. B.; Giuliano, B. M.; Melandri, S.; Maris, A.; Ottaviani, P.; Velino, B.; Caminati,
becoming a rapidly developing area of supramolecular
W. J. Phys. Chem. A 2005, 109, 7402–7404. (f) Calhorda, M. J. Chem. Commun. chemistry. In complex 6, the molecule of THF also
2000, 10, 801–809. participates with a C-H 3 3 3 O interaction (Figure 5b).
8744 Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 48, No. 18, 2009 Guerrero et al.
Figure 5. (a) ORTEP diagram of complex 6 showing an atom labeling scheme. 50% probability amplitude displacement ellipsoids are shown. Hydrogen
atoms are omitted for clarity. See Table 2 for selected values of the bond lengths and bond angles. (b) View of some bonding interactions in the crystal
structure.
Finally, in complex 70 , apart from the hydrogen bondings NpzCH2CH2O chain appear as two triplets (δ(1H) (ppm)=
mentioned above, there are other new interactions, 4.17, 3.76 (2); 4.09, 3.69 (3); 5.16, 4.20 (4), and 5.10, 4.16
C-H 3 3 3 Cl- (2.641-2.820 Å) (Figure 6b). For all com- (6)) with values of 3JHH (5.5-8.5 Hz). However, if we
plexes the C-H 3 3 3 Cl intermolecular contacts have been compare the 1H NMR spectra of ZnII (1) and CdII (2)
categorized as intermediate (2.52-2.95 Å) (cf. sum of van complexes we can observe that, for complex 1 (ZnII), the
der Waals radii for H and Cl=2.95 Å).24a ethylene protons of OCH2CH2O and NpzCH2CH2O
NMR Spectra. At room temperature (RT), the ethylene chains appear at lower fields and as broad bands at
protons of the OCH2CH2O chain for complexes 3.73 ppm, and 4.57 ppm, 3.98 ppm, respectively (See Sup-
[MCl2(L)] (M= CdII (2), HgII (3), PdII (4), and PtII (6)] porting Information). The presence of this kind of bands
appear as a singlet (δ(1H) (ppm)=3.48 (2); 3.44 (3); 3.92 in the 1H NMR spectra of ZnII complex may be explained
(4), and 3.88 (6)) whereas the ethylene protons of the by the different coordination mode of L with ZnII (κ2 NN)
Article Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 48, No. 18, 2009 8745
Table 4. Crystallographic data for 4, 6, and 70
and CdII (κ4 NOON) in solid state (Figure 2 and 3). In 195
Pt{1H} NMR experiments for complex 6 reveal only
spite of that, we can not assert for complex 1 that it has the one signal at -2208 ppm confirming the presence of a
same polymeric structure as in solid state or that it has single complex in solution and illustrating how the plati-
changed to a monomeric form. num chemical shifts are sensitive to the average ligand
Moreover, it has been possible to register 113Cd{1H} environment. The chemical shifts for a PtN2Cl2 core are
NMR (complex 2), 199Hg{1H} NMR (complex 3), and expected between -1998 and -2279 ppm.28
195
Pt{1H} NMR (complex 6) spectra in D2O (2, 3) or Interestingly, the 1H NMR spectra of complexes 4
CDCl3 (6) at 298 K. These nuclei have spins 1/2 and offer (Figure 7f) and 5 (Figure 7a) of PdII indicate the presence
several advantages including a larger chemical shift of two types of compounds: one species with a well-
range, stronger heteronuclear coupling, and faster relaxa- defined signal multiplicity (4) and another one with
tion times. This kind of heteronuclear NMR spectrosco- several broad resonances (5). Recently, we have demon-
py is often applied on inorganic and organometallic strated with a similar complex (4A) that the probable
compounds as a probe for structural and mechanistic reason for this effect might be due to the presence of
studies of proteins containing Cd/Hg/Pt or those in which different stable conformers with significant population
Zn is substituted by Cd/Hg at their active centers.25 For between 253 and 323 K.6j Theoretical calculations were
complex 2, the 113Cd{1H} NMR spectrum shows only one carried out, and we obtained for the dimeric complex
resonance at 50.1 ppm indicating the presence of a single eight different conformers in a range of 5.8 kcal mol-1.
hexacoordinated complex in solution (CN = 6; two N, These conformers would only be interchangeable through
two O, and two Cl atoms).26 Furthermore, the informa- high-energy barriers. Because of the higher flexibility of
tion provided by this solution NMR experiment is corro- L, the dimeric complex 5 probably has a smaller number
borated in solid state by the X-ray diffraction of the of conformers and/or has a lower energy barrier. The
crystal structure of 2. In the same way, the HgII complex presence of monomeric and dimeric complexes of palla-
(3) shows one 199Hg{1H} NMR resonance at -1373 ppm dium in solution has been evidenced through diffusion
suggesting a single hexacoordinated complex with similar NMR experiments in CD3CN.
coordination environment as in complex 2.27 Additionally, Diffusion NMR Studies of Complexes 4 and 5. These
experiments are a powerful method to provide informa-
tion about the relative size of the molecules in solution.29
(25) (a) Vig, K.; Megharaj, M.; Sethunathan, N.; Naidu, R. Adv. Environ.
Res. 2003, 8, 121–135. (b) Sigel, A.; Sigel, H. Metal Ions In Biological Systems;
Dekker: New York, 1997; Vol. 34. (c) Ellis, P. D. Science 1983, 221, 1141–1146.
(d) Utschig, L. M.; Wright, J. G.; Dieckmann, G.; Pecoraro, V.; O'Halloran, T. V. (28) (a) Travnicek, Z.; Malon, M.; Zatloukal, M.; Dolezal, K.; Strnad, K.;
Inorg. Chem. 1995, 34, 2497–2498. Marek, J. J. Inorg. Biochem. 2003, 94, 307–316. (b) Tsiveriotis, P.; Hadjiliadis,
(26) (a) Reger, D. L.; Collins, J. E.; Myers, S. M.; Rheingold, A. L.; N.; Slauropoules, G. Inorg. Chim. Acta 1997, 261, 83–92. (c) Tessier, C.;
Liable-Sands, L. M. Inorg. Chem. 1996, 35, 4904–4909. (b) Summers, M. F. Rochon, F. D. Inorg. Chim. Acta 1999, 295, 25–38. (d) Pregosin, P. S. Coord.
Coord. Chem. Rev. 1998, 86, 43–134. Chem. Rev. 1982, 33, 247–291.
::
(27) Helm, M. L.; Helton, G. P.; VanDerveer, D. G.; Grant, G. J. Inorg. (29) Valentini, M.; Ruegger, H.; Pregosin, P. S. Organometallics 2000, 19,
Chem. 2005, 44, 5696–5705. 2551–2555.
8746 Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 48, No. 18, 2009 Guerrero et al.
Figure 6. (a) ORTEP diagram of complex 70 showing an atom labeling scheme. 50% probability amplitude displacement ellipsoids are shown. Hydrogen
atoms are omitted for clarity. See Table 2 for selected values of the bond lengths and bond angles. (b) View of some bonding interactions in the crystal
structure. (c) View of hydrogen bonding in the crystal structure of [Ni(H2O)2(L)]Cl2 (70 ) forming an infinite chain.
Measurement of the diffusion coefficients (D) was made hydrodynamic radius of the monomeric complex 4 is in
from DOSY spectra of a mixture of compounds 4 and 5 at qualitative agreement with the crystal structural radius
298 K in a CD3CN solution. The monomer 4 (MW = (RE; 5.83 Å). Interestingly, comparing the diffusion coef-
483.7 g mol-1) presents a D value of (12.3 ( 0.08) ficients of 4 (12.3) and 4A (11.2) it is noted that L
10-10 m2 s-1 that is equivalent to a hydrodynamic radius provokes an increase in D and, consequently, a decrease
(RH) of 5.87 ( 0.60 Å. In contrast, the D value of the of the hydrodynamic radius (5.87 (4); 6.43 (4A)). Assum-
dimer 5 (MW=967.5 g mol-1) was determined as (9.51( ing that both dimer and monomer derivatives present
0.08) 10-10 m2 s-1, with RH of 7.57 ( 0.60 Å. The similar shapes, the predicted ratio between their radii
Article Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 48, No. 18, 2009 8747
Table 5. Distances (Å) and Angles (deg) Related to Hydrogen Bonding in Complex 70
O (3)-H (1O) 3 3 3 Cl (1) 0.80 (4) 3.071 (3) 2.33 (4) 155 (4)
O (3)-H (2O) 3 3 3 Cl (2) 0.81 (4) 3.071 (3) 2.28 (4) 167 (4) x, -1 þ y, z
O (4)-H (3O) 3 3 3 Cl (1) 0.80 (3) 3.097 (3) 2.33 (5) 163 (3) x, -y, -1/2 þ z
O (4)-H (4O) 3 3 3 Cl (2) 0.92 (5) 3.196 (3) 2.32 (5) 160 (4) x, 1 - y, -1/2 þ z
should be about 1.26. This value is in close analogy to the that the dimeric complex (5) is converted into the analo-
ratio obtained experimentally for 4/5 (1.29). As we have gous monomeric complex (4) (Figure 7). The conversion
shown, monomeric and dimeric palladium(II) complexes was studied in CH3CN at 333 K to obtain the thermo-
coexist in a CD3CN solution, and no interconversion dynamically favored product, complex 4 (168 h). In
between them could be observed. They have been fully comparison with 4A (24 h), we have obtained longer
characterized by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy. conversion time probably because of the higher flexibility
It is really interesting to emphasize the solvent effect in of L. Moreover, theoretical calculations showed that the
the reaction between L ligand and PdII. As we have dimerization of monomer 4A is energetically favorable
described above, monomeric complex (4) was obtained (ΔE = -4.9 kcal mol-1), but entropy makes the process
when the solvent of the reaction is acetonitrile whereas thermodynamically unfavorable at 25 °C (ΔG°=7.2 kcal
dimeric complex (5) was obtained as long as the solvent is mol-1). Similar conversions have been observed in other
THF or CH2Cl2. A similar effect has been published systems and, as expected, dimerization of the monomeric
recently by our group with modified ligands of L intro- complex (4) in THF has not been observed.31
ducing a phenyl group in the chain in different relative
positions (ortho, meta, and para).6j However, the reac- Conclusion
tion of these ligands bis[4-(3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1- A series of ZnII (1), CdII (2), HgII (3), PdII (4 and 5), PtII (6),
yl)-2-oxabutyl]benzene with PdII in CH2Cl2 yields a mix- and NiII (7) complexes with the new hybrid pyrazole ligand,
ture of monomeric/dimeric compounds. Unfortunately, 1,8-bis(3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-3,6-dioxaoctane, (L)
we can not justify with total accuracy the exact reason for have been successfully synthesized and characterized. Het-
this behavior. However, this effect made by the solvent in eronuclear magnetic resonance (113Cd{1H}, 199Hg{1H}, and
synthesis of metallo-macrocycles, it is also observed in 195
Pt{1H}) spectroscopy was useful to find out the geometry
other research groups, for example, by Fujita et al. (with and the coordination environment of the metallic center of
DMSO and CH3CN).30 complexes 2, 3, and 6. Moreover, monomeric and dimeric
In addition to that, another aspect to consider is the compounds of PdII (4 and 5) have been characterized in
role of the heteroatom located in the chain of the hybrid solution through diffusion NMR studies. It has been ob-
ligand. In our group other studies have been conducted served that the dimeric complex is converted into the corre-
with similar ligands containing sulfur in stead of oxygen. sponding monomer in an acetonitrile reflux, thus indicating
For instance, with the analogous ligand of L, 1,8-bis(3,5- that the latter is thermodynamically more stable than the
dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-3,6-dithiaoctane; the results dimer.
indicate that this kind of ligands do not show the same The versatility of L is demonstrated because of the denti-
behavior toward PdII (effect of the solvent) as the ones city of the ligand is found to vary from NN-bidentate (chelate
presented on this paper with the same conditions. So, with or bridge) to NOON-tetradentate (equatorial or axial) as
N-pyrazole and S-thioether ligands, PdII dimeric com- confirmed in the solid state by single-crystal X-ray diffrac-
plexes have not been observed.19 tion studies. Moreover, the ligand is also found to accom-
Conversion of Binuclear Complex 5 to Mononuclear modate a range of metal coordination geometries (tetrahedral,
Complex 4. As in our recently published work with N,
O-hybrid pyrazole ligand (LA),6j we have also observed
(31) (a) Hollyday, B. J.; Mirkin, C. A. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2001, 40,
2022–2043. (b) Farrell, J. R.; Eisenberg, A. H.; Mirkin, C. A.; Guzei, I. A.;
(30) Suzuki, K.; Kawano, M.; Fujita, M. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2007, 46, Liable-Sands, L. M.; Incarvito, C. D.; Rheingold, A. L.; Stern, C. L. Organome-
2819–2822. tallics 1999, 18, 4856–4868.
8748 Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 48, No. 18, 2009 Guerrero et al.
Figure 7. Monitoring by 1H NMR, of conversion of dimeric complex 5 to the corresponding monomeric complex 4 in CH3CN at 333 K during 168 h (a-f).
cis/trans-square planar, or octahedral) and nuclearity (mono- All solvents were dried and distilled according to standard
mer or dimer), as a consequence of the coordination require- procedures and stored under nitrogen.32 Samples of [PdCl2-
ment of the metals, the reaction conditions, and the variety of (CH3CN)2] were prepared as described in the literature.10
the donor atoms. Such characteristics of L have considerable Instrumentation. Melting points were measured on an Elec-
merits for their use in catalysis. Current work is focused trothermal 1A8104 melting point apparatus. Elemental analyses
on exploring the potential of some of these complexes as (C, H, and N) were carried out by the staff of Chemical Analyses
Service of the Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona on a Euro-
catalysts for the Heck reaction. vector 3011 instrument. Conductivity measurements were per-
formed at RT in 10-3 M methanol or acetone solutions, employ-
Experimental Section ing a CyberScan CON 500 (Euthech instrument) conductimeter.
General Procedures. Unless otherwise noted, all reactions and
manipulations were carried out under an atmosphere of dry (32) Armarego, W. L. F.; Perrin, D. Purification of Laboratory Chemicals;
nitrogen using vacuum line and standard Schlenk techniques. Butterworth-Heinemann: Oxford, 1996.
Article Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 48, No. 18, 2009 8749
Infrared spectra were run on a Perkin-Elmer FT spectrophot- solution was allowed to stir for 2 h at RT. The solvent was
ometer, series 2000 cm-1 as KBr pellets or polyethylene films removed in vacuo to yield a white solid in all cases, which was
in the range 4000-150 cm-1. Electronic spectra were run on a filtered off, washed twice with 5 mL of diethyl ether and dried in
Kontron-Uvikon 860 in methanol between 750 and 350 nm. 1H vacuum.
NMR, 13C {1H} NMR, HSQC, COSY, and NOESY spectra 1. Yield: 78% (0.254 g). Anal. Calcd for C16H26Cl2N4O2Zn:
were recorded on a Bruker AVANCE 250 MHz NMR spectro- C, 43.41; H, 5.92; N, 12.66. Found: C, 43.40; H, 5.85; N, 12.62.
meter in CDCl3 solutions at RT. 1D 195Pt{1H}, 113Cd{1H}, and Conductivity (S cm2 mol-1, 1.12 10-3 M in MeOH): 37.2. MS
m/z (%) = 407.0 (100%) [M-Cl]þ. IR (KBr, cm-1): 3125
199
Hg{1H} NMR spectra were recorded on a DPX-360 Bruker
spectrometer equipped with a 5 mm broadband probe. All [ν(C-H)ar], 2966, 2875 [ν(C-H)al], 1553 [(ν(CdC),
spectra were recorded at 298 K in CDCl3 (195Pt) or D2O ν(CdN))ar], 1423 [(δ(CdC), δ(CdN))ar], 1115 [ν(C-O-C)],
(113Cd and 199Hg), using a recycle time of 0.01 s (195Pt) or 1 s 827 [δ(C-H)oop]. (Polyethylene, cm-1): 485 [ν(Zn-N)]. 1H
(113Cd and 199Hg). Spectra were processed with a line broad- NMR (CDCl3 solution, 250 MHz): δ 5.95 (s, 2H, CH(pz)),
ening of 1 Hz prior to Fourier Transformation and externally 4.57 (m, 4H, NpzCH2CH2O), 3.98 (m, 4H, NpzCH2CH2O), 3.73
referenced to aqueous solutions of [PtCl6]2-, 0.1 M Cd(ClO4)2 (m, 4H, OCH2CH2O), 2.41 (s, 6H, CH3(pz)), 2.30 (s, 6H, CH3-
and 0.1 M of Hg(ClO4)2 in D2O.27 NMR diffusion experiments (pz)) ppm. 13C{1H} NMR (CDCl3 solution, 63 MHz): δ 153.6
were carried out at 298 K in CD3CN on a 500 MHz AVANCE (pz-C), 141.1 (pz-C), 107.8 (CH(pz)), 71.1 (OCH2CH2O), 70.3
spectrometer equipped with a 5 mm TCI cryoprobe. Self-diffu- (NpzCH2CH2O), 48.3 (NpzCH2CH2O), 13.6 (CH3(pz)), 11.6
sion experiments were performed using the compensated (CH3(pz)) ppm.
BPLED pulse sequence33 to avoid unwanted convection effects, 2. Yield: 89% (0.319 g). Anal. Calcd for C16H26Cl2N4O2Cd:
using a diffusion time of 150 ms and a LED delay of 5 ms. For C, 39.24; H, 5.35; N, 11.44. Found: C, 39.17; H, 5.55; N, 11.31.
each experiment, sine-shaped pulsed-field gradients with a Conductivity (S cm2 mol-1, 1.15 10-3 M in MeOH): 27.8. MS
duration of 1.5 ms followed by a recovery delay of 100 μs were m/z (%) = 454.3 (100%) [M-Cl]þ. IR (KBr, cm-1): 3125
incremented from 2% to 95% of the maximum strength in 16 [ν(C-H)ar], 2971, 2878 [ν(C-H)al], 1554 [(ν(CdC), ν(Cd
equally spaced steps. Diffusion coefficients were obtained by N))ar], 1468 [(δ(CdC), δ(CdN))ar], 1097 [ν(C-O-C)], 825
measuring the slope in the following linear relationship: ln [δ(C-H)oop]. (Polyethylene, cm-1): 492 [ν(Cd-N)]. 1H NMR
(Ag/Ao) = -γ2g2δ2(4Δ - δ)D; where Ag and Ao are the signal (CDCl3 solution, 250 MHz): δ 5.78 (s, 2H, CH(pz)), 4.17 (t, 4H,
intensities in the presence and absence of pulsed field gradient 3
J = 5.6 Hz, NpzCH2CH2O), 3.76 (t, 4H, 3J = 5.6 Hz,
(PFG), respectively, γ is the gyromagnetic ratio (rad s g-1), g is NpzCH2CH2O), 3.48 (s, 4H, OCH2CH2O), 2.22 (s, 12H, CH3-
the strength of the diffusion gradients (G cm-1), D is the (pz)) ppm. 13C{1H} NMR (CDCl3 solution, 63 MHz): δ 149.1
diffusion coefficient of the observed spins (m2 s-1), δ is the (pz-C), 142.3 (pz-C), 105.1 (CH(pz)), 69.8 (OCH2CH2O), 69.4
length of the diffusion gradient (s), and Δ is the time separation (NpzCH2CH2O), 47.7 (NpzCH2CH2O), 12.2 (CH3(pz)), 10.1
between the leading edges of the two diffusion pulsed gradients (CH3(pz)) ppm. 113Cd{1H} NMR (D2O solution, 88.12 MHz):
(s). All chemical shifts values (δ) are given in ppm. Electrospray δ 50.1 ppm.
mass spectra were obtained with an Esquire 3000 ion trap mass 3. Yield: 93% (0.394 g). Anal. Calcd for C16H26Cl2N4O2Hg:
spectrometer from Bruker Daltonics. C, 33.25; H, 4.53; N, 9.69. Found: C, 33.13; H, 4.58; N, 9.45.
Synthesis of Ligand L. A solution of 2.90 g (0.030 mol) of 3,5- Conductivity (S cm2 mol-1, 1.17 10-3 M in MeOH): 21.4. MS
dimethylpyrazole in 50 mL of THF was slowly added to a m/z (%) = 543.2 (100%) [M-Cl]þ. IR (KBr, cm-1): 3129
suspension of 0.80 g (0.033 mol) of NaH in 10 mL of THF. [ν(C-H)ar], 2915, 2863 [ν(C-H)al], 1550 [(ν(CdC), ν(Cd
The solution was stirred at 60 °C for 2 h. To the resulting N))ar], 1468 [(δ(CdC), δ(CdN))ar], 1109 [ν(C-O-C)], 805
solution was added dropwise with stirring a solution of 2.82 g [δ(C-H)oop]. (Polyethylene, cm-1): 487 [ν(Hg-N)]. 1H NMR
(0.015 mol) of 1,2-bis(2-chloroethoxy)ethane in 10 mL of THF. (CDCl3 solution, 250 MHz): δ 5.92 (s, 2H, CH(pz)), 4.43 (t, 4H,
The resulting mixture was allowed to stir for 12 h at 60 °C. After 3
J = 5.8 Hz, NpzCH2CH2O), 3.85 (t, 4H, 3J = 5.8 Hz,
cooling to RT, 10 mL of water was added dropwise to destroy NpzCH2CH2O), 3.68 (s, 4H, OCH2CH2O), 2.34 (s, 6H, CH3-
excess NaH. The solvents were then evaporated under reduced (pz)), 2.29s, 6H, CH3(pz)) ppm. 13C{1H} NMR (CDCl3 solu-
pressure. The residue was taken up in water (40 mL) and tion, 63 MHz): δ 148.9 (pz-C), 142.4 (pz-C), 106.2 (CH(pz)), 71.7
extracted with chloroform (3 50 mL). The chloroform layers (OCH2CH2O), 71.3 (NpzCH2CH2O), 46.3 (NpzCH2CH2O), 13.5
were dried with anhydrous MgSO4 and evaporated to give a (CH3(pz)), 11.2 (CH3(pz)) ppm. 199Hg{1H} NMR (D2O solu-
white solid. tion, 64.43 MHz): δ -1373 ppm.
L. Yield: 86% (3.97 g). mp 57.3-58.2 °C. C16H26N4O2: Anal. Synthesis of Complexes [PdCl2(L)] (4) and [PdCl2(L)]2 (5). A
Calcd for C16H26N4O2: C, 62.72; H, 8.55; N, 18.29. Found: C, CH3CN solution (20 mL) for 4 or a THF solution (20 mL) for 5
62.92; H, 8.28; N, 18.14. MS m/z (%)=329.1 (100%) [MþNa]þ. of [PdCl2(CH3CN)2] (70 mg, 0.270 mmol) was added to a
IR (KBr, cm-1): 3121 [ν(C-H)ar], 2960, 2880 [ν(C-H)al], 1551 CH3CN solution (5 mL) (4) or to a THF solution (5 mL) (5)
[(ν(CdC), ν(CdN))ar], 1430 [(δ(CdC), δ(CdN))ar], 1087 of the L ligand (83 mg, 0.270 mmol), and the resulting solution
[ν(C-O-C)], 781, 769 [δ(C-H)oop]. 1H NMR (CDCl3 solution, was allowed to stir for 36 h at 60 °C (4) or 12 h at RT (5). The
250 MHz): δ 5.73 (s, 2H, CH(pz)), 4.08 (t, 4H, 3J = 5.7 Hz, solvent was removed in vacuo to yield a yellow solid, which was
NpzCH2CH2O), 3.73 (t, 4H, 3J=5.7 Hz, NpzCH2CH2O), 3.44 filtered off, washed with 10 mL of diethyl ether and dried in
(s, 4H, OCH2CH2O), 2.21 (s, 6H, CH3(pz)), 2.19 (s, 6H, CH3- vacuum.
(pz)) ppm. 13C{1H} NMR (CDCl3 solution, 63 MHz): δ 147.6
4. Yield: 75% (0.098 g). Anal. Calcd for C16H26Cl2N4O2Pd:
(pz-C), 139.9 (pz-C), 104.8 (CH(pz)), 70.7 (OCH2CH2O), 70.4
C, 39.73; H, 5.42; N, 11.58. Found: C, 39.72; H, 5.31; N, 11.29.
(NpzCH2CH2O), 48.5 (NpzCH2CH2O), 13.5 (CH3(pz)), 11.1
Conductivity (S cm2 mol-1, 1.17 10-3 M in MeOH): 46.9. MS
(CH3(pz)) ppm.
m/z (%)=447.0 (100%) [M-Cl]þ, 507.0 (18%) [MþNa]þ. IR
Synthesis of Complexes [MCl2(L)] (M=ZnII (1), CdII (2), HgII (KBr, cm-1): 3129 [ν(C-H)ar], 2954, 2855 [ν(C-H)al], 1556
(3)). An absolute ethanol solution (10 mL) of the L ligand (0.225 [(ν(CdC), ν(CdN))ar], 1423 [(δ(CdC), δ(CdN))ar], 1117
g, 0.73 mmol) was added to an absolute ethanol solution (20 mL) [ν(C-O-C)], 794 [δ(C-H)oop]. (Polyethylene, cm-1): 491
of ZnCl2 (0.100 g, 0.73 mmol) for 1, CdCl2 (0.134 g, 0.73 mmol)
[ν(Pd-N)], 347 [ν(Pd-Cl)]. 1H NMR (CDCl3 solution, 250
for 2, or HgCl2 (0.199 g, 0.73 mmol) for 3, and 4 mL of tri-
MHz): δ 5.89 (s, 2H, CH(pz)), 5.16 (t, 4H, 3J = 8.1 Hz,
ethyl orthoformate (for dehydration purposes). The resulting
NpzCH2CH2O), 4.20 (t, 4H, 3J=8.1 Hz, NpzCH2CH2O), 3.92
(s, 4H, OCH2CH2O), 2.86 (s, 6H, CH3(pz)), 2.28 (s, 6H, CH3-
(33) Jerschow, A.; Muller, N. J. Magn. Reson. 1997, 125, 372–375. (pz)) ppm. 13C{1H} NMR (CDCl3 solution, 63 MHz): δ 150.6
8750 Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 48, No. 18, 2009 Guerrero et al.
(pz-C), 143.3 (pz-C), 108.0 (CH(pz)), 70.8 (OCH2CH2O), 68.2 reflections for 70 , (3° < θ < 31°) and refined by least-squares
(NpzCH2CH2O), 49.3 (NpzCH2CH2O), 15.1 (CH3(pz)), 11.9 method.
(CH3(pz)) ppm. Intensities were collected with graphite monochromatized
5. Yield: 79% (0.104 g). Anal. Calcd for C32H52Cl4N8O4Pd2: Mo KR radiation. For 1, 24866 reflections were measured in
C, 39.73; H, 5.42; N, 11.58. Found: C, 39.59; H, 5.57; N, 11.45. the range 2.73° e θ e 32.51°, of which 3557 were non-equivalent
Conductivity (S cm2 mol-1, 1.04 10-3 M in MeOH): 30.4. MS by symmetry (Rint(on I)=0.035). A total of 1477 reflections were
m/z (%)=988.9 (62%) [MþNa]þ, 933.0 (100%) [M-Cl]þ. IR assumed as observed applying the condition I g 2σ(I). For 2,
(KBr, cm-1): 3130 [ν(C-H)ar], 2919, 2868 [ν(C-H)al], 1556 14224 reflections were measured in the range 2.87° e θ e 30.23°,
[(ν(CdC), ν(CdN))ar], 1423 [(δ(CdC), δ(CdN))ar], 1111 of which 2204 were non-equivalent by symmetry (Rint(on I )=
[ν(C-O-C)], 800 [δ(C-H)oop]. (Polyethylene, cm-1): 496 0.039). A total of 2149 reflections were assumed as observed
[ν(Pd-N)], 352 [ν(Pd-Cl)]. 1H NMR (CDCl3 solution, 250 applying the condition I g 2σ(I ). For 4, 23062 reflections were
MHz): δ 5.87 (s, 2H, CH(pz)), 4.96 (m, 4H, NpzCH2CH2O), measured in the range 2.70° e θ e 32.33°, of which 6639 were
4.42 (m, 4H, NpzCH2CH2O), 3.52 (m, 4H, OCH2CH2O), 2.86 non-equivalent by symmetry (Rint(on I )=0.057). A total of 4086
(m, 6H, CH3(pz)), 2.25 (m, 6H, CH3(pz)) ppm. 13C{1H} NMR reflections were assumed as observed applying the condition I g
(CDCl3 solution, 63 MHz): δ 150.5 (pz-C), 145.0 (pz-C), 107.7 2σ(I ). For 6, 23600 reflections were measured in the range
(CH(pz)), 70.9 (OCH2CH2O), 69.6 (NpzCH2CH2O), 50.2 (NpzCH2- 2.64° e θ e 32.25°, of which 7037 were non-equivalent by sym-
CH2O), 15.2 (CH3(pz)), 12.2 (CH3(pz)) ppm. metry (Rint(on I ) = 0.067). A total of 4955 reflections were
Synthesis of Complex [PtCl2(L)] (6). To a solution of K2PtCl4 assumed as observed applying the condition I g 2σ(I ). For 70 ,
(70 mg, 0.170 mmol) in 10 mL of distilled water was added 10442 reflections were measured in the range 2.59° e θ e 32.38°,
103 mg (0.170 mmol) of the L ligand suspended in 10 mL of the of which 5410 were non-equivalent by symmetry (Rint(on I )=
same solvent. The resulting solution was refluxed for 2 h. The 0.038). A total of 5324 reflections were assumed as observed
aqueous phase was extracted twice with 10 mL of CH2Cl2. applying the condition I g 2σ(I ). Lorentz-polarization but no
Water was removed under reduced pressure yielding a yellow absorption corrections were made.
solid. The structures were solved by Direct methods, using SHELXS
6. Yield: 21% (0.020 g). Anal. Calcd for C16H26Cl2N4O2Pt: computer program (SHELXS-97)34 and refined by full matrix
C, 33.57; H, 4.58; N, 9.79. Found: C, 33.45; H, 4.69; N, 10.01. least-squares method with SHELXL-9735 computer program
Conductivity (S cm2 mol-1, 1.04 10-3 M in MeOH): 35.3. MS using 24866 reflections for 1, 14224 reflections for 2, 23062
m/z (%) = 595.1 (100%) [MþNa]þ. IR (KBr, cm-1): 3128 reflections for 4, 23600 reflections for 6, and 10442 reflections
[ν(C-H)ar], 2920, 2878 [ν(C-H)al], 1556 [(ν(CdC), ν(Cd for 70 (very negative
P intensities were not assumed). The function
N))ar], 1422 [(δ(CdC), δ(CdN))ar], 1114 [ν(C-O-C)], 798 minimized was ||Fo|2 - |Fc|2|2, where for 1, w = [σ2(I) þ
[δ(C-H)oop]. (Polyethylene, cm-1): 512 [ν(Pt-N)], 340, 328 0.0406P2]-1, for 2, w=[σ2(I) þ (0.0827P)2 þ 0.2235P]-1, for 4,
[ν(Pt-Cl)]. 1H NMR (CDCl3 solution, 250 MHz): δ 5.90 w=[σ2(I) þ (0.0252P)2]-1, for 6, w=[σ2(I) þ (0.0746P2)]-1, and
(s, 2H, CH(pz)), 5.10 (t, 4H, 3J=8.5 Hz, NpzCH2CH2O), 4.16 for 70 , w = [σ2(I) þ (0.0515P)2 þ 0.4235P]-1, and P = (|Fo|2 þ
(t, 4H, 3J=8.5 Hz, NpzCH2CH2O), 3.88 (s, 4H, OCH2CH2O), 2|Fc|2)/3 for all the structures. For 1, 2, and 6 all H atoms were
2.79 (s, 6H, CH3(pz)), 2.35 (s, 6H, CH3(pz)) ppm. 13C{1H} computed and refined, using a riding model, with an isotropic
NMR (CDCl3 solution, 63 MHz): δ 150.1 (pz-C), 144.2 (pz-C), temperature factor equal to 1.2 times of the atom which are
107.3 (CH(pz)), 70.8 (OCH2CH2O), 69.4 (NpzCH2CH2O), 48.9 linked. For 4 and 70 , 10 H (4) or 4 H (70 ) atoms were located from
(NpzCH2CH2O), 15.2 (CH3(pz)), 12.9 (CH3(pz)) ppm. 195Pt- a difference synthesis and refined with an isotropic temperature
{1H} NMR (CDCl3 solution, 77.42 MHz): δ -2208 ppm. factor equal to 1.2(4) or 1.5 (5) times of the atom which are
Synthesis of Complex [NiCl2(L)] (7). An absolute ethanol linked. For both structures, 26 H atoms were computed and
solution (10 mL) of the L ligand (0.277 g, 0.90 mmol) was added refined, using a riding model, with an overall isotropic tempera-
to an absolute ethanol solution (20 mL) of NiCl2 3 6H2O (0.117 g, ture factor equal to 1.2 times of the atom which are linked.
0.90 mmol), and 4 mL of triethyl orthoformate (for dehydration The final R(F) factor and Rw(F2) values as well as the number
purposes). The resulting solution was allowed to stir for 24 h at of parameters refined and other details concerning the refine-
RT. The solvent was removed to yield a green solid, which was ment of the crystal structures are gathered in Table 3 and
filtered off, washed twice with 5 mL of diethyl ether and dried in Table 4. CCDC 725389 (1), CCDC 725390 (2), CCDC 725391
vacuum. (4), CCDC 725392 (6), and CCDC 725393 (70 ) contain the
supplementary crystallographic data for this paper. These
7. Yield: 75% (0.296 g). Anal. Calcd for C16H26Cl2N4O2Ni: data can be obtained free of charge from The Cambridge
C, 44.08; H, 6.01; N, 12.85. Found: C, 44.17; H, 5.89; N, 12.93. Crystallographic Data Centre via www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/datare-
Conductivity (S cm2 mol-1, 1.08 10-3 M in MeOH): 187.0; (1.14
quest/cif.
10-3 M in acetone): 29.5. MS m/z (%)=399.1 (100%) [M-Cl]þ.
IR (KBr, cm-1): 3128 [ν(C-H)ar], 2932, 2891 [ν(C-H)al], 1554
[(ν(CdC), ν(CdN))ar], 1465 [(δ(CdC), δ(CdN))ar], 1121 Acknowledgment. This work has been financially supported
[ν(C-O-C)], 783 [δ(C-H)oop]. (Polyethylene, cm-1): 478 by the Spanish Ministry of Culture and Education (Projects
[ν(Ni-N)]. UV-vis (1.22 10-3 M in MeOH), λ(ε): 677(12), CTQ2007-63913) and by Generalitat de Catalunya (a grant to
581(17) nm; (1.14 10-3 M in acetone), λ(ε): 681(13), 595(21) nm. M.G.).
X-ray Crystal Structure Analyses of Complexes 1, 2, 4, 6, and Supporting Information Available: 1H NMR spectrum (250
70 . Suitable crystals for X-ray diffraction were obtained through MHz, 298 K, TMS) in CDCl3 of complex 1 (ZnII), complex
crystallization from a diethyl ether/dichloromethane (1:1) mix- 2(CdII), and L ligand. This material is available free of charge via
ture (compounds 1, 2, and 4) or from a THF/dichloromethane the Internet at http://pubs.acs.org.
(1:1) mixture (compounds 6 and 70 ).
A prismatic crystal was selected and mounted on a MAR345 (34) Sheldrick, G. M. SHELXS-97, Program for Crystal Structure De-
diffractometer with an image plate detector. Unit-cell para- :: ::
termination; University of Gottingen: Gottingen, Germany, 1997.
meters were determined from 904 reflections for 1, 825 reflec- (35) Sheldrick, G. M. SHELXL-97, Program for Crystal Structure Re-
:: ::
tions for 2, 163 reflections for 4, 426 reflections for 6, and 403 finement; University of Gottingen: Gottingen, Germany, 1997.
Polyhedron 29 (2010) 1083–1087
Polyhedron
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/poly
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history: A new supramolecular complex, [NiCl2(Hdmpz)2(H2O)2] (Hdmpz = 3,5-dimethylpyrazole), has been syn-
Received 16 October 2009 thesized and characterized by elemental analyses, mass spectrometry, conductivity measurements, IR
Accepted 16 November 2009 and UV–Vis spectroscopies. The behavior of the complex in different solvents is described. The complex
Available online 26 November 2009
has also been characterized crystallographically: the Ni(II) atom is surrounded by two Cl atoms, two N
atoms from Hdmpz and two molecules of water to attain a pseudo octahedral structure. All the ligands
Keywords: are trans-orientated. In this structure, intermolecular interactions have been identified and studied.
Nickel(II) complex
Extended structure analyses revealed a novel two-dimensional network in the (1 0 0) plane formed by
3,5-Dimethylpyrazole ligand
Supramolecular structure
intermolecular O–HCl and N–HCl hydrogen bonding interactions.
Ó 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
0277-5387/$ - see front matter Ó 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.poly.2009.11.018
1084 M. Guerrero et al. / Polyhedron 29 (2010) 1083–1087
contacts, and thus the self-assembly of the complex via intermo- Table 1
lecular hydrogen bonds involving the heterocycle N–H group has Crystallographic data for [NiCl2(Hdmpz)2(H2O)2].
Fig. 1. (a) ESI+-MS spectra in methanol of fragment [NiCl(Hdmpz)2]+ and (b) theoretical isotopic distribution. (c) ESI+-MS spectra in acetone of fragment
[NiCl2(Hdmpz)2 + Na]+ and (d) theoretical isotopic distribution.
the complex and the chloride anions are dissociated from the nick- to Ni(II) is confirmed with the presence of new bands between 462
el in solution. So, the local environment in methanol around Ni(II) and 427 cm1, assignable to m(Ni–N) [23] and m(Ni-O) [24]. More-
is [NiN2O4]2+ with two non-coordinate chloride anions, whereas in over, the Ni(II) complex displays a well-defined band for m(Ni–Cl)
acetone the two chlorine atoms are coordinated to the metallic at 299 cm1 [25].
centre ([NiN2O2Cl2]). These observations are consistent with the The solid-state structure of the complex was unequivocally
above reported peaks in the positive ionization spectra. Moreover, determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Selected distances
this same solution behavior has been observed in our group with a and angles around the metal are listed in Table 2. Green suitable
similar complex, [NiCl2(L)] (L = 1,8-bis(3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazole- crystals were obtained through crystallization from an ethanol/
1-yl)-3,6-dioxaoctane [21]. diethyl ether (1:1) mixture of the complex. The compound
The presence of m(NH) absorptions in the IR spectra at 3142 and [NiCl2(Hdmpz)2(H2O)2] (Fig. 2) is a mononuclear pseudo octahedral
3113 cm1 probably indicate the existence of NHCl hydrogen
bonds in this complex [22]. The observed shift of the m(N–H) bands
to a lower frequency with respect to free Hdmpz (3478 cm1) has Table 2
been considered by many authors as strong evidence of hydrogen Selected bond lengths (Å) and bond angles (°) for [NiCl2(Hdmpz)2(H2O)2].
bond formation in metal complexes of pyrazoles [22]. A strong
Ni–O(1) 2.089(2) Ni–N(1) 2.100(2)
and well-defined band at 3257 cm1 was also observed, which cor- Ni–Cl(1) 2.4320(14)
responds to m(O–H) and is generally associated with coordinated
O(1)–Ni–N(1) 89.22(9) N(1)–Ni–Cl(1) 90.43(4)
water molecules [22]. The IR spectrum of the complex in the O(1)#–Ni–N(1) 90.78(9) O(1)#–Ni–Cl(1) 88.84(3)
600–100 cm1 region was also studied. Coordination of the ligands O(1)–Ni–Cl(1) 91.16(3) N(1)–Ni–Cl(1)# 89.57(4)
1086 M. Guerrero et al. / Polyhedron 29 (2010) 1083–1087
4. Conclusions
5. Supplementary data
Acknowledgments (b) N. Masciocchi, G.A. Ardizzoia, A. Maspero, G.L. Monica, A. Sironi, Inorg.
Chem. 38 (1999) 3657.
[13] (a) M.K. Ehlert, S.J. Rettig, A. Storr, R.C. Thompson, J. Trotter, Can. J. Chem. 68
This work has been financially supported by the Spanish Minis- (1990) 1494;
try of Culture and Education (Project CTQ2007-63913) and by Gen- (b) C.H. Cheng, J.S. Lain, Y.J. Wu, S.L. Wang, Acta Crystallogr., Sect. C 46 (1990)
208.
eralitat de Catalunya (a grant to M.G.).
[14] S. Trofimenko, Chem. Rev. 72 (1972) 497.
[15] (a) S. Trofimenko, Prog. Inorg. Chem. 34 (1986) 115;
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(1993) 1425; Cryst. Struct. Commun. 59 (2003) m396;
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AUTHORS’ PAGE PROOFS:
CSIRO PUBLISHING NOT FOR CIRCULATION Full Paper
www.publish.csiro.au/journals/ajc Aust. J. Chem. 2010, 63, 1–7
LY
08193-Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
B Cristallografia, Mineralogia i Dipòsits Minerals, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès s/n,
08028-Barcelona, Spain.
C Corresponding author. Email: [email protected]
N
The synthesis and characterization by elemental analysis, mass spectrometry, conductance measurements, IR, 1 H, and 13 C
NMR spectroscopies of compounds with the general formula [MCl2 (L)2 ], where M = Zn (1), Cd (2), or Hg (3) and L = 1-
(2-hydroxyethyl)-3,5-dimethylpyrazole have been described. The 113 Cd{1 H} and 199 Hg{1 H} NMR spectra were also
measured to investigate the coordination environment of the metal in solution. The structure of complex [ZnCl2 (L)2 ] was
O
determined by single-crystal structure analysis. The extended structure revealed a 1D chain caused by several O–H· · ·CH3
intermolecular interactions. Moreover, we have determined the fluorescent properties of complexes 1–3; it was found that
L demonstrates the higher sensibility to HgII ion, one of the most toxic agent in the environment. The preliminary results
indicate that L could have a promising future for the detection of mercury in real environmental samples.
Introduction In the past 10 years our research group has also focussed
Pyrazole-based hybrid ligands have been the subject of ever- on this subject, in particular the reactivity and the complexing
increasing interest in recent times. The interest in such com- properties of the N-hydroxyalkylpyrazole and N-hydroxyalkyl-
3,5-dimethylpyrazole ligands towards PdII and PtII .[7] Very
O
chemistry with intermolecular interactions, provides a powerful 3,5-dimethylpyrazole (L) with group XII metals have not
method for creating supramolecular architectures from simple yet been explored. Evidence suggests that Zn imbalances are
building blocks.[2] involved in seizures that occur in epilepsy, neurodegenerative
Pyrazole ligands are a good class of candidates; given that diseases, and traumatic brain damage.[9] The use of ligands that AQ1
substitution at carbons adjacent to the nitrogen atoms is particu- might be useful as selective sensors for the toxic CdII or HgII
larly straightforward to achieve, and can strongly affect the steric ions is also of interest, particularly in the environment in the
environment around the N-donor atoms and any metal ions coor- presence of the ubiquitous ZnII ion.[10]
dinated to them. Furthermore, the pyrazole ring is one of the The marked coordinating capability of the nitrogen could
easiest and most flexible N-donor heterocycles to incorporate induce the formation of stable complexes of the zinc triad, with
into larger polydentate ligand structures.[3] potential photophysical properties. The monitoring of these met-
In particular, the chemistry of N-hydroxyalkylpyrazole com- als, which heavily interfere with living organisms as bioactive
plexes has been extensively used in coordination, organometallic species,[11] and pollutants, by means of versatile spectrophoto-
and bio-inorganic chemistry due to their variable coordina- metric techniques represents an easily available and low cost
tion nature.[4] Driessen and co-workers described in 1985 analytical approach, as suggested by the impressive number of
the synthesis and structural characterization of NiII and CuII articles in the current literature.[12] Many analytical techniques
complexes with 1-hydroxymethyl-3,5-dimethylpyrazole.[5] The based on sample destructive methods can be used to detect these
crystal structures of CuII and CoII complexes with 1-(2- metals; however, less attention has been devoted to fluorescent
hydroxyethyl)-3,5-dimethylpyrazole (L) were also subsequently chemosensors as non-destructive methods for the detection of
described.[6] CdII and HgII in solution.[13]
As an extension of our previous studies, we have examined were used for the characterization of all complexes; including
the reactivity of L ligand toward ZnII , CdII , and HgII metals. elemental analyses, mass spectrometry, conductivity measure-
Herein, we describe the synthesis and full characterization of ments, IR, 1D, and 2D NMR spectroscopies. In addition a full
compounds with the formula [MCl2 (L)2 ]; where M = Zn (1), 3-D structure determination by X-ray diffraction for compound 1
Cd (2), Hg (3). The structure of the zinc complex (1) in the was performed.
solid state has been determined by X-ray diffraction and the The elemental analyses for complexes 1–3 were consistent
results are discussed. In the extended structure, intermolecular with the formula [MCl2 (L)2 ]. The positive ionization spectra
interactions have been identified and studied. Finally, we have (electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry; ESI-MS) of com-
also determined the photoluminescent properties of complexes pound 1 gave a peak attributable to [MCl2 (L)2 + Na]+ . For
1–3. compounds 2 and 3 a peak attributable to [MCl(L)]+ was
observed. Moreover, a peak attributable to [MCl(L)2 ]+ was
Results and Discussion also observed for complex 2. The observed molecular peaks
of the cations exhibit the same isotope distribution as predicted
LY
Synthesis and General Characterization of Complexes
theoretically. The ESI-MS spectra of complexes 2 and 3, detail-
The reaction of 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3,5-dimethylpyrazole (L)
ing the relevant [CdCl(L)2 ]+ and [HgCl(L)]+ fragments, in
(Fig. 1) with MCl2 (M = Zn, Cd, or Hg) in a M/L molar ratio
addition to the theoretical isotopic distribution, are presented
(1/2) in absolute ethanol for 24 h, gave the desired complexes
in Fig. 2. Conductivity values in methanol are in agreement
[MCl2 (L)2 ] [M = Zn (1), Cd (2), Hg (3)]. Several techniques
with the presence of non-electrolyte compounds, given that
the observed values (25.2–31.4 −1 cm2 mol−1 ) are lower than
80 −1 cm2 mol−1 .[14]
N
N
N OH The IR spectra of these complexes, in the range 4000–
400 cm−1 , support that L is coordinated to the metallic cen-
Fig. 1. 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3,5-dimethylpyrazole ligand (L). tre. The most characteristic bands in the IR spectra are
Intens.
⫻10
8
5 (a)
427.0
429.0
O
Intens.
2000
1500
(b)
427.1
429.1
09EM
6
F
428.0
428.1
1000
4 426.0 431.0 431.1
425.0
O
426.1
425.1
430.0
430.1
2 500
433.0
O
432.1
421.0 424.2 421.1 423.1
433.9
0 0
415 420 425 430 435 415 420 425 430 435
PR
Intens. Intens.
⫻106 (c) (d) 09EM
377.0 377.0
2000
3
2
376.0
1
373.0
373.0 500
378.0 378.0
381.1
381.0
382.1 380.0
371.1 380.0
0 0
365.0 367.5 370.0 372.5 375.0 377.5 380.0 382.50 365.0 367.5 370.0 372.5 375.0 377.5 380.0 382.0
Fig. 2. (a) ESI-MS spectra in methanol of fragment [CdCl(L)2 ]+ ; and (b) corresponding theoretical isotopic distribution; (c) ESI-MS spectra in methanol
of fragment [HgCl(L)]+ ; and (d) corresponding theoretical isotopic distribution.
Properties of ZnII , CdII , and HgII Complexes 3
those attributable to the alcohol (ν(O–H)) and pyrazolyl that could be an aid in the elucidation of their biological activ-
groups (ν(C=C), ν(C=N), ν(C–H)oop ).[15] These bands typi- ity. Therefore, we have investigated the extended structure and
cally increase their frequencies when they are part of complexes. the self-assembly pattern of [ZnCl2 (L)2 ] units in the crystal
The IR spectra in the 600–100 cm−1 region were also studied. through intermolecular O–H· · ·CH3 bonding interactions. The
The presence of bands between 499 and 479 cm−1 , assigned to ν latter results in the formation of one-dimensional chains in the
(M–N), confirms the coordination of the Npz of the ligand to the crystal structure, along the crystallographic [210] and [2̄10]
metallic atom. Additionally, a band assigned to ν (M–Cl) was directions (Fig. 4a), where the distance between adjacent Zn
observed between 314 and 302 cm−1 .[16] atoms is 11.981(2) Å.
The two potentially active H atoms (alcohol groups) of the
ligands (L) are engaged in intermolecular bonds with the C atom
NMR Studies (CH3 ) of the pyrazolyl group, which acts as the receptor for this
1 H, 13 C1 H, DEPT, HSQC, COSY, and NOESY spectra were
kind of interaction. Each [ZnCl2 (L)2 ] unit is linked to two neigh-
recorded in MeOD solution. The signals in the 1 H NMR spectra bouring molecules, via four O–H· · ·CH3 intermolecular bonds
LY
for all complexes appear at slightly lower fields than for the free (2.764(3) Å and 133.9◦ ), (Fig. 4b). The O–H· · ·CH3 intermolec-
ligand, especially for the protons of the Npz CH 2 CH2 O fragment, ular contacts can be considered as ‘weak’ on the basis of the
due to the proximity to the nitrogen-coordinated atom in the contact distances and bond angles.[24]
chain. For all the complexes, at room temperature, the ethylene In this structure, it is important to acknowledge that these
protons of the Npz CH2 CH2 O chain appear as two triplets (δH interactions and the cooperative effect (four intermolecular
4.16, 3.86 (1); 4.20, 3.84 (2), and 4.07, 3.82 (3) with 3 J HH 4.8– bonds in each complex) result in a single infinite chain where,
5.7 Hz). unusually, the chlorine atoms do not play any role in the
N
Moreover, it was been possible to register 113 Cd{1 H} NMR inter- or intra-molecular interactions.[25] Moreover, these one-
(complex 2) and 199 Hg{1 H} NMR (complex 3) spectra in dimensional chains are arranged in such a way that chains of
CD3 CN (2) or D2 O (3) at 298 K. These nuclei each have the same layer are anti-parallel to each other, whereas chains of
spins of 1/2, and thus offer several advantages, including a adjacent layers are perpendicular.
larger chemical shift range, stronger heteronuclear coupling,
and faster relaxation times. This kind of heteronuclear NMR
spectroscopy is often applied on inorganic and organometallic
compounds, as a probe for structural and mechanistic studies
of proteins containing Cd/Hg, or those in which Zn is sub-
O Spectrofluorimetric Characterization of the Complexes 1–3
Fig. 5 details the emission spectra of ligand (L), and its com-
plexes 1–3, in a concentration of 10−5 M in methanol at 298 K.
The fluorescence emission spectra of the complexes were car-
stituted by Cd/Hg at their active centres.[17] For complex 2,
ried out with excitation wavelength of 325 nm. The fluorescence
the 113 Cd{1 H} NMR spectrum showed only one broad band at
F
intensity of these complexes is larger than that of the free ligand.
+454 ppm indicating the presence of a single tetracoordinated
complex in solution (where CN = 4; two N and two Cl atoms).[18]
The 199 Hg{1 H} NMR spectra of complex 3 exhibited one reso- CLa
C7a O1
C7
coordination environment similar to complex 1.[19] CL
While 113 Cd{1 H} and 199 Hg{1 H} NMR data are less com-
mon in the literature,[20] they can be useful not only to better O1a
C6
understand the coordination modes of Cd/HgII complexes with C6a
Zn
N1
O
C4 C1
Crystal Structures of [ZnCl2 (L)2 ] (1) C3
C3a
PR
C1a C5
For complex 1 it has been possible to obtain colourless C5a C2
(a)
LY
N
O 2.764
F
(b)
2.764
2.764
O
2.764
Fig. 4. (a) View of the one-dimensional ordering of the [ZnCl2 (L)2 ] units generated by intermolecular O–H· · ·CH3 bonding
O
interactions; (b) view of some O–H· · ·CH3 intermolecular bonding interactions in the crystal structure of complex 1. The hydrogen
atoms have been omitted for clarity except hydrogen atoms of the alcohol groups; O–H· · ·CH3 bonding interactions are indicated
with dashed lines.
PR
This could be explained by enhanced rigidity of the coordinated of time (more than 24 h); this is very promising for using the
ligands in when complexed.[26] corresponding ligand for sensitive luminescent determination
Experimentally, the highest fluorescent quantum yields were of heavy metals.[10b]
observed for the complex [HgCl2 (L)2 ], where the fluorescence
emission spectrum exhibits a maximum at 355 nm, with a 20-fold
fluorescence emissions increase. For ZnII and CdII complexes
the quantum yields are practically the same, exhibit very similar Conclusions
fluorescence spectra, and the results are lower than for HgII ; in A series of ZnII (1), CdII (2), and HgII (3) complexes
this case the fluorescence intensity is enhanced by a factor of with the N,O-hybrid pyrazole ligand 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3,5-
∼10. Such an increase obtained with the heavy mercury metal dimethylpyrazole (L), have been successfully synthesized and
may be related to the deficient spin-orbital interaction, which fully characterized. In addition, 113 Cd and 199 Hg NMR have
decreases the intersystem crossing probability, thus avoiding the been utilized to characterize the new complexes in solution. In
non-radiative deactivation of the fluorescent S1 (π-π*) state.[26a] the crystal structure of complex 1, the extended analysis reveals a
The free ligand (L) displays a weak luminescence at novel one-dimensional chain facilitated by the cooperative effect
∼345 nm. It is important to take into account that the fluores- of the O–H· · ·CH3 intermolecular interactions.
cent maxima of the complexes are slightly batho-chromically Moreover, the photoluminescent characterization of com-
shifted (355 nm), indicating the lengthening of the conjugated plexes 1–3 suggests that 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3,5-dimethyl-
π-electronic system in the complexes 1–3. The fluorescence pyrazole ligand (L) could be used as a starting point to develop an
intensity of the obtained complexes is stable over a long period efficient fluorescent chemosensor for the zinc triad of biological
Properties of ZnII , CdII , and HgII Complexes 5
250
Hg
removed under vacuum to yield a white solid in all cases, which
was filtered off, washed twice with 5 mL of cool diethyl ether
200 L and subsequently dried under vacuum.
ZnII (1) Compound 1 (0.248 g, 85%). Calc. for C14 H24 Cl2 N4 O2 Zn
CdII (2)
150 HgII (3)
(416.6): C 40.36, H 5.81, N 13.45%. Found: C 40.12, H 5.85;
I.F. [a. u.]
Cd
N 13.54%. Conductivity (−1 cm2 mol−1 , 1.07 × 10−3 M in
100 Zn
methanol) 29.3. νmax (KBr)/cm−1 (O–H) 3476, ν(C–H)ar 3086,
ν(C–H)al 2977, 2891, [ν(C=C), ν(C=N)]ar 1553, [δ(C=C),
δ(C=N)]ar 1444, δ(C–H)oop 789. νmax (polyethylene)/ cm−1
50
ν(Zn–N) 479, ν(Zn–Cl) 302. δH (250 MHz, MeOD, 298 K)
L 5.88 (s, 2H, CH(pz)), 4.16 (t, 4H, 3 J 4.8 Hz, Npz CH2 CH2 O),
0
250 300 350 400 450 500
3.86 (t, 4H, 3 J 4.8 Hz, Npz CH2 CH2 O), 2.28 (s, 6H, CH3 (pz)),
2.22 (s, 6H, CH3 (pz)). δC (63 MHz, MeOD, 298 K) 150.2 (pz-
LY
Wavelength [nm]
C), 140.2 (pz-C), 105.9 (CH(pz)), 63.1 (Npz CH2 CH2 O), 50.5
Fig. 5. Fluorescence spectra of (L) ligand and its complexes of ZnII (1), (Npz CH2 CH2 O), 13.5 (CH3 (pz)), 11.6 (CH3 (pz)). Fluorescence:
CdII (2), and HgII (3) (all 10−5 M) in methanol at 298 K. The wavelength (1.12 × 10−5 M in methanol), λ (I. F.): 355 nm (119). m/z (ESI)
of the exciting radiation is 325 nm. The fluorescence maximum for the
439.6 (100%, [ZnCl2 (L)2 + Na]+ ).
complexes is at 355 nm, while that of free ligand is at 345 nm.
Compound 2 (0.302 g, 93%). Calc. for C14 H24 Cl2 N4 O2 Cd
(463.7): C 36.26, H 5.22, N 12.08. Found: C 36.37, H 5.50,
N 11.99%. Conductivity (−1 cm2 mol−1 , 1.14 × 10−3 M in
N
relevance, specially for HgII ions, due to the high toxicity of their methanol) 25.2. νmax (KBr)/cm−1 ν(O–H) 3303, ν(C–H)ar 3126,
compounds and their widespread use. ν(C–H)al 2995, 2888, [ν(C=C), ν(C=N)ar ] 1552, [δ(C=C),
δ(C=N)ar ] 1468, δ(C–H)oop 878. νmax (polyethylene)/cm−1
ν(Cd–N) 499, ν(Cd–Cl) 311. δH (250 MHz, MeOD, 298 K)
Experimental
General Details
Elemental analyses (C, H, and N) were carried out by the staff
of Chemical Analyses Service of the Universitat Autònoma
de Barcelona on a Eurovector 3011 instrument. Conductivity
O 5.89 (s, 2H, CH(pz)), 4.20 (t, 4H, 3 J 5.1 Hz, Npz CH2 CH2 O),
3.84 (t, 4H, 3 J 5.1 Hz, Npz CH2 CH2 O), 2.28 (s, 6H, CH3 (pz)),
2.23 (s, 6H, CH3 (pz)). δC (63 MHz, MeOD, 298 K) 149.6
(pz-C), 142.7 (pz-C), 106.5 (CH(pz)), 62.5 (Npz CH2 CH2 O),
51.3 (Npz CH2 CH2 O), 13.5 (CH3 (pz)), 11.2 (CH3 (pz)). δ
measurements were performed at room temperature (r.t.) in 113 Cd{1 H} (80 MHz, CD CN, 298 K) +454 (s). Fluorescence:
3
10−3 M methanol solutions, employing a CyberScan CON 500 (1.15 × 10−5 M in methanol), λ (I. F.): 355 nm (133). m/z (ESI)
F
(Euthech instrument) conductimeter. Infrared spectra were run 429.0 (100%, [CdCl(L)2 ]+ ), 288.9 (67%, [CdCl(L)]+ ).
on a Perkin–Elmer FT spectrophotometer, series 2000 cm−1 as Compound 3 (0.305 g, 79%). Calculated for C14 H24 Cl2 N4
KBr pellets or polyethylene films in the range 4000–150 cm−1 . O2 Hg (551.8): C 30.47, H 4.38, N, 10.15. Found: C 30.45, H
1 H NMR, 13 C 1 H NMR, HSQC, COSY, and NOESY spectra
O
CD3 CN (2) or D2 O (3) using a recycle time of 1 s. Spectra were 5.84 (s, 2H, CH(pz)), 4.07 (t, 4H, 3 J 5.7 Hz, Npz CH2 CH2 O),
processed with a line broadening of 1 Hz before FourierTransfor- 3.82 (t, 4H, 3 J 5.7 Hz, Npz CH2 CH2 O), 2.28 (s, 6H, CH3 (pz)),
mation and externally referenced to aqueous solutions of 0.1 M 2.12 (s, 6H, CH3 (pz)). δC (63 MHz, MeOD, 298 K) 148.7 (pz-
Cd(ClO4 )2 and 0.1 M Hg(ClO4 )2 .[19] All chemical shifts values C), 142.4 (pz-C), 106.0 (CH(pz)), 62.0 (Npz CH2 CH2 O), 51.7
(δ) are given in ppm. Electrospray mass spectra were obtained
(Npz CH2 CH2 O), 13.3 (CH3 (pz)), 11.2 (CH3 (pz)). δ 199 Hg{1 H}
PR
Table 2. Crystallographic data for compound 1 (e) G. La Monica, G. A. Ardizzoia, Prog. Inorg. Chem. 1997, 46, 151.
doi:10.1002/9780470166475.CH3
[ZnCl2 (L)2 ] (1) (f) S. Trofimenko, Chem. Rev. 1993, 93, 943 and references therein.
doi:10.1021/CR00019A006
Formula C14 H24 Cl2 N4 O2 Zn [2] (a) G. R. Desiraju, Acc. Chem. Res. 2002, 35, 565. doi:10.1021/
M 416.64 AR010054T
Temperature [K] 293(2) (b) A. N. Khlobystov, A. J. Blake, N. R. Champness, D. A.
Crystal System Space group Orthorhombic Pcnb Lemenovskii, G. Majouga, N. V. Zyk, M. Schroder, Coord. Chem.
Unit cell dimensions Rev. 2001, 222, 155. doi:10.1016/S0010-8545(01)00370-8
a[Ǻ] 9.529(7) (c) C. B. Aakeröy, A. M. Beatty, Aust. J. Chem. 2001, 54, 409.
b[Ǻ] 14.479(5) doi:10.1071/CH01133
(d) P. J. Hagrman, D. Hagrman, J. Zubieta, Angew. Chem. Int.
c[Ǻ] 14.879(10)
Ed. 1999, 38, 2638. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19990917)38:18
V[Ǻ 3 ] 2053(2)
LY
<2638::AID-ANIE2638>3.0.CO;2-4
Z 4 (e) C. Piguet, G. Bernardinelli, G. Hopfgartner, Chem. Rev. 1997, 97,
Dcalc [g cm−3 ] 1.348 2005. doi:10.1021/CR960053S
μ [mm−1 ] 1.468 [3] (a) M. A. Halcrow, Coord. Chem. Rev. 2005, 249, 2880.
F (000) 864 doi:10.1016/J.CCR.2005.03.010
Crystal size (mm) 0.09 × 0.08 × 0.08 (b) C. Pettinari, R. Pettinari, Coord. Chem. Rev. 2005, 249, 525.
Index ranges −11 ≤ h ≤ 11 (c) M. D. Ward, J. A. McCleverty, J. C. Jeffery, Coord. Chem. Rev.
−17 ≤ k ≤ 17 2001, 222, 251. doi:10.1016/S0010-8545(01)00301-0
−17 ≤ l ≤ 17
N
(d) T. A. Kaden, Coord. Chem. Rev. 1999, 371, 190.
θ Range [◦ ] 2.74 to 25.68 (e) F. Mani, Coord. Chem. Rev. 1992, 120, 325. doi:10.1016/
Reflections collected/unique 13260/1941 [R(int) = 0.0656] 0010-8545(92)80058-Y
Completeness to θ [%] 99.5 (θ = 25.68◦ ) [4] (a) G. B. Deacon, C. M. Forsyth, A. Gitlits, R. Harika, P. C. Junk, B. W.
Absorption correction Empirical Skelton, A. H. White, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 2002, 41, 3249.
Data/restrains/parameters
Goodness-of-fit
Final R indices [I > 2 σ (I)]
R indices (all data)
Residual electron density [e Ǻ−3 ]
1941/2/106
1.278
R1 = 0.0714, wR2 = 0.2077
R1 = 0.0860, wR2 = 0.2226
1.020 and −0.862
O doi:10.1002/1521-3773(20020902)41:17<3249::AID-ANIE3249>
3.0.CO;2-D
(b) D. Pfeiffer, M. J. Heeg, C. H. Winter, Inorg. Chem. 2000, 39, 2377.
doi:10.1021/IC991049C
(c) J. R. Perera, M. J. Heeg, H. B. Schlegel, C. H. Winter, J. Am. Chem.
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(d) I. A. Guzei, A. G. Baboul, G. P. A. Yap, A. L. Rheingold,
H. B. Schlegel, C. H. Winter, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 3387.
F
The structure was solved by direct methods and refined
doi:10.1021/JA963446H
with the full-matrix least-squares technique using SHELXS- [5] (a) A. R. Oki, J. Sánchez, R. J. Morgan, J. T. Emge, J. Coord. Chem.
97 and SHELXL-97 programs [28] using 106 reflections, 1995, 36, 167. doi:10.1080/00958979508022558
(very negative intensities were not assumed). The func- (b) F. Paap, E. Bouwman, W. L. Driessen, R. A. G. Graaff,
O
tion minimized was w | | FO |2 − |FC |2 |2 , where w = [σ2 J. Reedijk, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 1985, 737. doi:10.1039/
(I) + (0.1233P)2 + 0.0511P]−1 and P = (|FO |2 + 2 |FC | 2 )/3. All DT9850000737
H atoms were computed and refined, using a riding model, with [6] (a) W. L. Driessen, B. Maase, J. Reedijk, H. Kooijman, M. T. Lakin,
an isotropic temperature factor equal to 1.2 times the equivalent A. L. Spek, Inorg. Chim. Acta 2000, 300, 1099. doi:10.1016/S0020-
temperature factor of the atom which are linked. The final R(F) 1693(99)00484-3
O
and Rw (F) values as well as the number of parameters refined, and (b) W. L. Driessen, S. Gorter, W. G. Haanstra, L. J. J. Laarhoven,
J. Reeddijk, K. Goubitz, F. R. Seljeé, Recl. Trav. Chim. Pays. Bas.
other details concerning the refinement of the crystal structure,
1993, 112, 309.
are summarized in Table 2. [7] (a) A. Boixassa, J. Pons, X. Solans, M. Font-Bardía, J. Ros, Inorg.
CCDC 762162 contains the supplementary crystallographic Chim. Acta 2004, 357, 733. doi:10.1016/J.ICA.2003.06.015
data for complex [ZnCl2 (L)2 ] (1). These data can be obtained
PR
[11] (a) M. Patra, N. Bhowmik, B. Bandopadhyay, A. Sharma, Environ. [19] M. L. Helm, G. P. Helton, D. G. VanDerveer, G. J. Grant, Inorg. Chem.
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(b) K. Vig, M. Megharaj, N. Sethunathan, R. Naidu, Adv. Environ. Res. [20] (a) K. Baba, T.-A. Okamura, H. Yamamoto, T. Yamamoto, N. Ueyama,
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(c) D. A. Suhy, T. V. O’Halloran, Metal-responsive Gene Regulation (b) S. M. Berry, D. C. Bebout, Inorg. Chem. 2005, 44, 27.
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[12] (a) F. Bolletta, A. Garelli, M. Montalti, L. Prodi, S. Romano, N. Zac- [21] (a) R. J. Goodfellow, Multinuclear NMR 1987 (Plenum: New York,
cheroni, L. Canovese, G. Chessa, C. Santo, F. Visentin, Inorg. Chim. NY).
Acta 2004, 357, 4078. doi:10.1016/J.ICA.2004.05.001 (b) R. G. Kidd, Annu. Rep. NMR Spectrosc. 1980, 10a, 6.
(b) P. Bühlmann, E. Pretsch, E. Bakker, Chem. Rev. 1998, 98, 1593. [22] F. A. Allen, Acta Crystallogr. 2002, B58, 380.
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(c) U. E. Spichiger-Keller, Chemical Sensors and Biosensors for Med- Chem. 2005, 690, 1935. doi:10.1016/J.JORGANCHEM.2004.11.004
ical and Biological Application 1997 (Wiley: Berlin). (b) V. Balamurugan, M. S. Hundal, R. Mukherjee, Chem. Eur. J. 2004,
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[14] (a) L. K. Thompson, F. L. Lee, E. J. Gabe, Inorg. Chem. 1988, 27, 39. 3773(20020104)41:1<48::AID-ANIE48>3.0.CO;2-U
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(b) W. J. Geary, Coord. Chem. Rev. 1971, 7, 81. doi:10.1016/S0010- University Press: Oxford).
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[15] (a) D. H. Williams, I. Fleming, Spectroscopic Methods in Organic AR950135N
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PR
AUTHOR QUERIES
AQ1: Author – you may wish to expand on this. The importance is not clearly linked. i.e. Evidence suggests. . . The development of
highly sensitive sensors for the accurate measuring of Zn is therefore paramount.
LY
N
O
F
O
O
PR
7. Anexos
7. Anexos
Artículo 7: “Design of new N,O hybrid pyrazole derived ligands and their use as
stabilizers for the synthesis of Pd nanoparticles”
Miguel Guerrero, Jordi García-Antón, Mar Tristany, Josefina Pons, Josep Ros, Karine
Philippot, Bruno Chaudret, Pierre Lecante.
Langmuir. Enviado. la-2010-016802
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32
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect 33
34
35
Journal of Organometallic Chemistry 36
37
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jorganchem 38
39
40
41
Graphical abstract
1 42
2 43
3 44
Miguel Guerrero, Josefina Pons, Josep Ros olefination and provide good yields under
4 45
phosphine-free conditions even for aryl
5 J. Organomet. Chem. xx (2010) xx 46
chlorides.
6 47
7 Several PdII complexes with dimethylpyrazolic 48
hybrid ligands efficiently catalyze the Heck 49
8
9 50
10 51
11 52
12 53
13 54
14 55
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
56
25
57
26
58
27
59
28
60
29
61
30
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31
Please cite this article in press as: M. Guerrero, et al., Effect of N1-substituted pyrazolic hybrid ligands on palladium catalysts for the Heck
reaction, J. Organomet. Chem. (2010), doi:10.1016/j.jorganchem.2010.05.012
JOM16572_proof ■ 27 May 2010 ■ 1/4
1 56
2 57
3
Effect of N1-substituted pyrazolic hybrid ligands on palladium catalysts for the 58
4 Heck reaction 59
5 60
6 Miguel Guerrero, Josefina Pons*, Josep Ros 61
7 62
8 Departament de Química, Facultat de Ciències, Unitat de Química Inorgànica, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193-Bellaterra-Cerdanyola, Barcelona, Spain 63
9 64
10 65
11 a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t 66
12 67
Article history: In this paper we have explored the influence of several linkers present on the [PdCl2(L)] complexes,
13 68
Received 26 March 2010 where L is 3,5-dimethylpyrazolic hybrid ligand N1-substituted by polyether chains and/or phenyl groups.
14 Received in revised form 69
These complexes have been used as pre-catalysts in the Heck reaction between phenyl halides and tert-
15 7 May 2010 70
butyl acrylate. The corresponding complexes efficiently catalyze the Heck olefination and provide good
16 Accepted 7 May 2010 71
yields under phosphine-free conditions, even for aryl chlorides. Different reaction conditions were
17 Available online xxx 72
investigated and it was found that the nature of the ligand has an important influence on the effec-
18 tiveness of the catalytic system. Ligand 1,8-bis(3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-3,6-dioxaoctane (L1), 73
Keywords:
19 which has previously shown to be the most flexible and versatile, achieved high turnover numbers 74
Heck reaction
20 N1-Substituted pyrazole within very short reaction times and low catalyst loadings. 75
21 Hybrid ligands Ó 2010 Published by Elsevier B.V. 76
22 Phospine-free 77
23 Palladium 78
24 79
25 80
26 81
27 82
28 1. Introduction triazoles, even though nitrogen-based catalysts have also proved 83
29 to be efficient catalysts for CeC and CeN bond-forming reactions 84
30 The great importance of palladium-catalyzed carbonecarbon [24e29]. 85
31 bond-forming reactions has encouraged the chemical community The use of pyrazole (pz) ligands is interesting due to their 86
32 to search for very active, and at the same time stable, palladium- straightforward preparative chemistry that includes modification 87
33 based catalysts, which should also be versatile and efficient systems of the substituents as well as the linkers that hold the pyrazolyl 88
34 [1e4]. This pertains particularly to the vinylation of aryl halides moieties together. The nature of substituents affects the nucleo- 89
35 called the Heck reaction which is a “classical” process in organic philicity of the nitrogen atoms and hence the strength of bonding to 90
36 synthesis and material science [5e10]. This construction of CeC the coordinated metal. Thus, the overall electrophilic nature of the 91
37 single bond has attracted increasing attention due to their synthetic metal complex can be fine tuned by the suitable choice of pz’s 92
38 versatility; the recent development of many efficient procedures substituents, linkers, or both [30e34]. 93
39 involving Pd-catalyst precursors is quite impressive [11e19]. Recently, we have successfully developed Pd-catalysts for the 94
40 The Heck reaction is normally carried out in the presence of Heck reaction containing pyridylpyrazole ligands; the most efficient 95
41 phosphine ligands and a base under an inert atmosphere to catalyst were the ones in which the pyrazole ring has a hydrox- 96
42 minimize the deleterious effect of oxygen in the air. Therefore, the yethyl substituent in the N1-position ([PdCl2(L)]) (L ¼ 2-(5-phenyl- 97
43 development of catalysts under phosphine-free conditions would 3-pyridin-2-yl-pyrazol-1-yl)ethanol) [35]. In this case, the presence 98
44 be an important achievement and many research groups have of an OH group in the ligand favours the PdeX dissociation, due to 99
45 been seriously involved in the development of easy-handling the further stabilization of the resulting cationic complex. 100
46 catalysts. To date, a number of reports on phosphine-free catalyst As an extension of our work, we have recently reported the 101
47 systems for the Heck reaction have been made [20e23]. However, synthesis and characterization of several 3,5-dimethylpyrazolic 102
48 far less attention has been devoted to phosphine-free nitrogen- hybrid ligands the reactivity of them with PdII and other MII tran- 103
49 based catalysts such as imines, imidazoles, pyrazoles, or 1,2,3- sition metals has also been studied [36,37]. The aim of our research 104
50 work is to develop an efficient catalyst system for the cross- 105
51 coupling of aryl halides with both activated (electron-deficient) and 106
52 * Corresponding author. Fax: þ34 93 581 31 01. deactivated (electron-rich) alkenes, and study the effect provoked 107
53 E-mail address: Josefi[email protected] (J. Pons). by the different ligands in the catalytic activity. 108
54 109
0022-328X/$ e see front matter Ó 2010 Published by Elsevier B.V.
55 110
doi:10.1016/j.jorganchem.2010.05.012
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111 In this paper we describe the study of the catalytic activity of 176
112 several PdII complexes in the Heck reaction with the main objective a 177
N L1
113 of checking the influence of the linkers between the pyrazole rings. N
N
O O N 178
114 179
115 2. Experimental 180
116 181
117 All experiments were carried out under an inert atmosphere N
L2 182
N
118 using standard Schlenk-type techniques. The quantification of the N O O N 183
119 catalytic reaction was carried out using a Hewlett Packard HP5890 184
120 gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector 185
121 (FID), and a Hewlett Packard HP-5 column (30 m long, 0.32 mm 186
L3
122 internal diameter and 0.25 mm film thickness). The stationary N N 187
N O O N
123 phase consists of 5% diphenyl/95% dimethyl polysiloxane. 188
124 Complexes 1 [37], 2, 3, and 4 [36] were prepared according to the 189
125 literature methods. NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker DPX- 190
126 300 spectrometer. Chemical shifts are referenced to an internal L4 191
N N
127 Me4Si standard for 1H and 13C NMR. N O O N 192
128 193
129 2.1. General procedure for the Heck-type coupling reactions 194
130 b O
R
O
195
131 Prescribed amount of base (1.4 equiv), alkene (1.5 equiv), aryl R = ethyl (1) 196
132 halide (1.0 equiv) and decane (GC internal standard) were placed in 197
133 a round bottom flask under a dry nitrogen atmosphere with R = o-xylyl (2) 198
N N
134 a magnetic stirring bar. A solution of the palladium complex (2 mL) Cl 199
R = m-xylyl (3)
135 was added through a rubber septum and the resulting mixture was N Pd N
200
136 heated to the prescribed temperature until reaction completion. R = p-xylyl (4) 201
Cl
137 The reaction mixture was then cooled to room temperature. After 202
138 extraction with CH2Cl2 (3 20 mL), the combined organic phases 203
139 were dried over MgSO4. The solvent was evaporated and a crude Scheme 1. 204
140 product analyzed by GC. The cross-coupling products were char- 205
141 acterized by their 1H NMR or GC analysis. active catalyst for the Heck reactions when aryl iodides are used). It 206
142 is worthy to note that the normally inactive styrene can also 207
143 3. Results and discussion proceed the cross-coupling reaction smoothly under the same 208
144 reaction conditions to afford the cross-coupled products in quan- 209
145 We have previously reported the synthesis and characterization titative yields (entries 5e6). However, the reaction time has to be 210
146 of the ligands 1,8-bis(3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-3,6-dioxaoc- prolonged to get a complete conversion. Otherwise, the use of 211
147 tane (L1) [37],1,2-bis[4-(3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-2-oxabutyl] bromobenzene as reagent yields slightly lower results (entry 7e8), 212
148 benzene (L2), 1,3-bis[4-(3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-2-oxabutyl] especially for complex 2 (entry 9e10). However, it is remarkable 213
149 benzene (L3), and 1,4-bis[4-(3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-2-oxa- that complex 1 has a better catalytic activity than complex 2. This 214
150 butyl]benzene (L4) [36] (Scheme 1a). These ligands and their cor- behaviour may be explained by the higher flexibility exhibited by 215
151 responding complexes [PdCl2(L)] (L ¼ L1 (1), L2 (2), L3 (3) and L4 (4)) L1 (its square planar PdII complex is less distorted) [37]. 216
152 were prepared in good yields using the method previously described For several years, aryl bromides and iodides have been preferably 217
153 in the literature by our research group (Scheme 1b) [36,37]. used as substrates in such reactions; aryl chlorides are transformed 218
154 Complexes 1e4 have been used as pre-catalysts in the Heck very sluggishly by standard palladium catalysts due to the strength 219
155 reaction between phenyl halides and tert-butyl acrylate. A charac- of the CeCl bond. There has been a growing interest in finding 220
156 teristic of these complexes is the thermal stability, which makes it catalytic systems that can successfully catalyze cross-coupling 221
157 possible to perform the reactions even at temperatures above reactions with aryl chlorides [39,40]. Therefore, in order to check the 222
158 140 C. In some cases, the reaction has also been studied using activity of complexes 1e4 and try to optimize the conditions of the 223
159 styrene as the olefin. The reaction progress was analyzed by gas reaction, we have chosen the reaction of chlorobenzene with tert- 224
160 chromatography (GC). The use of complexes 1e4 for the Heck butyl acrylate as olefinic counterpart. Interestingly, we have found 225
161 olefination of aryl halides gives rise exclusively to the formation of that complex 1 shows the bests catalytic results (entries 11e12) and 226
162 trans-acrylic acid esters (1H NMR). These complexes were not no marked differences in the reactivity between complexes 2, 3, and 227
163 sensitive to oxygen or moisture; no change in their efficiencies was 4 have been observed (entries 13e18). All these observations are in 228
164 observed even if the Heck coupling reactions were carried out agreement with those published by our group for L1. This ligand has 229
165 under aerobic conditions. During the reaction, a black solid a major flexibility and versatility than their analogous because L1 is 230
166 precipitated from the reaction mixture. This solid was identified as able to accommodate a wide range of metal coordination geometries 231
167 Pd0 through the mercury poisoning test [38]. The results of the (tetrahedral, cis/trans-square planar, or octahedral) [37]. In conse- 232
168 catalytic Heck olefination of aryl iodides, bromides and chlorides quence, the presence of the phenyl group (linker) in the alkyl chain 233
169 using complexes 1e4 are summarized in Table 1. of the complex provokes an important decreasing effect in the 234
170 Preliminary catalytic studies of complexes 1 and 2 in the Heck catalytic activity. Moreover, there is no significant difference 235
171 reaction between iodobenzene and tert-butyl acrylate at 140 C between the relative positions of the substituents in the phenyl ring 236
172 (bath temperature) and with triethylamine (Et3N) as base in (ortho, meta and para). In spite of that, complex 1 exhibits good 237
173 dimethylformamide (DMF) showed that they have similar effi- catalytic results in the Heck reaction even for less reactive olefin such 238
174 ciencies (entries 1e4). We have found that complexes 1 and 2 are as styrene (entries 19e20) and these results are better than those 239
175 more effective catalysts than classical PdII salts (even PdCl2 is an obtained for complex 2 (entries 21e22). 240
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[17] G. Blond, C. Bour, B. Salem, J. Suffert, Org. Lett. 10 (2008) 1075e1078. [33] P.J. Steel, Molecules 9 (2004) 440e448.
373 [18] M.T. Reetz, J.G. de Vries, Chem. Commun. (2004) 1559e1563. [34] L.L. de Oliveira, R.R. Campedelli, M.C.A. Kuhn, J.-F. Carpentier, O.L. Casagrande Jr.,
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374 [19] G.P. McGlacken, I.J.S. Fairlamb, Eur. J. Org. Chem. (2009) 4011e4029. J. Mol. Catal. A Chem. 288 (2008) 58e62. 389
375 [20] T. Mino, H. Shindo, T. Kaneda, T. Koizumi, Y. Kasashima, M. Sakamoto, T. Fujita, [35] V. Montoya, J. Pons, V. Branchadell, J. García-Antón, X. Solans, M. Font-Bardia, 390
376 Tetrahedron Lett. 50 (2009) 5358e5360. J. Ros, Organometallics 27 (2008) 1084e1091. 391
[21] E. Peris, J.A. Loch, J. Mata, R.H. Crabtree, Chem. Commun. (2001) 201e202. [36] M. Guerrero, J. Pons, V. Branchadell, T. Parella, X. Solans, M. Font-Bardia, J. Ros,
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379 [24] H. Liua, D.-M. Dub, Adv. Synth. Catal. 351 (2009) 489e519. (2009) 8736e8750. 394
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Editorial Manager(tm) for Journal of Chemical Crystallography
Manuscript Draft
Manuscript Number:
Title: N,O-hybrid pyrazolic ligand: X-ray Crystallographic Analysis and study of the Framework
Structure
Keywords: Supramolecular chemistry; X-ray crystal structure; Hydrogen bond; Dimeric compound;
hybrid Pyrazole ligand.
Order of Authors: Miguel Guerrero; Josefina Pons; Mercè Font-Bardia; Teresa Calvet; Josep Ros
Abstract: The crystal structure of the title compound C22H30N4O2*H2O (L), has been determined
using X-ray diffraction at 298 K. The crystal of 1,2-bis[4-(3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-2-
oxobutyl]benzene is in triclinic crystal system with space group P(-1) (Z =2), lattice parameters a =
8.225(6) Å, b = 10.967(6) Å, c = 12.903(6) Å, V = 1119.1(11) Å3. Analyses of single crystals of L,
crystallized from dichloromethane/diethyl ether (1:1), revealed that the molecules are arranged in
couples, which adopt a pseudo chair conformation, by means of intermolecular O-H****N hydrogen
bonding interactions. Moreover, the extended structure revealed a 1D chain caused by several C-H***N
intermolecular interactions.
Cover Letter
Click here to download Compressed File: Cover letter.doc
Sincerely yours,
A
Departament de Química, Unitat de Química Inorgànica, Universitat Autònoma de
Barcelona, 08193-Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
B
Cristal·lografia, Mineralogia i Dipòsits Minerals, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i
Franquès s/n, 08028-Barcelona, Spain
1
Index abstract
The crystal of a N,O-hybrid pyrazolic ligand has been determined. Analyses of single
crystals revealed that the molecules in the crystal pack are arranged in couples, due to
2
Abstract
The crystal structure of the title compound C22H30N4O2·H2O (L), has been determined
revealed that the molecules are arranged in couples, which adopt a pseudo chair
intermolecular interactions.
3
Introduction
Since the first comprehensive review of pyrazole derived ligands appeared in 1972 [1],
the preparation and characterization of pyrazole and its derivatives have been developed
vigorously over the last three decades [2-5]. Moreover, the recent period has evidenced
donor atoms. This kind of ligands has been extensively used in coordination and
In the last ten years our research group has focused on the synthesis and characterization
design of new systems of N-pyrazolether and exploring their ability as potential host
In this paper, we present the synthesis and the solid state structure analyses of 1,2-bis[4-
the crystal packing are arranged in couples, across inversion centres, by means of weak
Experimental Section
4
All solvents were dried and distilled according to standard procedures and stored under
nitrogen [21]. Crystals of title compound (L), suitable for X-ray diffraction, were
K. The data were collected using a MAR345 diffractometer with a image plate detector.
Unit-cell parameters were determined from 121 reflections (3<θ<31º) and refined by
radiation. 11,349 reflections were measured in the range 1.60≤θ≤32.29º, 6,119 of which
The structure was solved by Direct methods, using SHELXS97 computer program [22],
[23] using 11,349 reflections, (very negative intensities were not assumed). The
(FO2 + 2FC2)/3. 2 H atoms were located from a difference synthesis and were
refined with an isotropic temperature factor and 30 H atoms were computed and refined,
using a riding model, with an isotropic temperature factor equal to 1.2 time the
equivalent temperature factor of the atom which are linked. Table 1 illustrates the
Elemental analyses (C, H, N) were carried out by the staff of Chemical Analyses
2,000 cm-1 as KBr pellets or polyethylene films in the range 4,000-600 cm-1. 1H, 13C
{1H}, and HMQC spectra were recorded on a NMR-FT Bruker AC-250 MHz
5
spectrometer in [D]chloroform solution at room temperature. All chemical shifts values
(δ) are given in ppm. Mass spectrum was obtained with an Esquire 3000 ion trap mass
vigorous stirring. The resulting mixture was allowed to stir for 12 h at 60 ºC. After
excess NaH. The solvents were then evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue
was taken up in water (40 ml) and extracted with chloroform (3 x 50 ml). The
chloroform layers were dried with anhydrous MgSO4 and evaporated. The crystals were
293 K.
Yield: 2.60 g (65 %). Mp: 68.7-69.9 ºC. (C22H30N4O2·H2O): Anal. Calc.: C, 65.98; H,
8.05; N, 13.99; Found: C, 65.72; H, 7.94; N, 13.67 %. MS(ESI): m/z (%) = 383 (100) [L
+ H]+. IR (KBr, cm-1): 3,454 ν(O-H), 3,129 ν(C-H)ar, 2,986, 2,865 ν(C-H)al, 1,623 δ(O-
H), 1,556 (ν(C=C), ν(C=N))ar, 1,422 (δ(C=C), δ(C=N))ar, 1,104 ν(C-O-C), 754 δ(C-
H)oop. 1H NMR ([D]chloroform solution, 250 MHz) δ: 7.21 [4H, s, Ph], 5.81 [2H, s,
CH(pz), 4.40 [4H, s, OCH2Ph], 4.15 [t, 4H, 3J = 5.8 Hz, NpzCH2CH2O], 3.68 [t, 4H, 3J
= 5.8 Hz, NpzCH2CH2O], 2.28 [s, 12H, CH3(pz)] ppm. 13C{1H} NMR ([D]chloroform
solution, 63 MHz,) : 147.5 (pz-C), 140.3 (pz-C), 136.9-128.5 (Ph), 105.9 (CH(pz)),
6
73.7 (OCH2Ph), 69.1 (NpzCH2CH2O), 49.2 (NpzCH2CH2O), 12.5 (CH3(pz)), 11.4
(CH3(pz)) ppm.
give the sodium alkoxide. This sodium salt was converted to ligand L, by reacting it
The ligand has been fully characterized by melting point, elemental analysis, mass
spectrometry, IR, 1H, 13C{1H} NMR spectroscopies and X-ray crystal structure. The
NMR signals were assigned by reference to the literature [25] and from COSY and
HMQC NMR experiments. Elemental analysis, mass spectrometry and all spectroscopic
data are consistent with the proposed structure. The most characteristic bands in the IR
spectra are those attributable to the ether (ν(C-O-C)) and pyrazolyl groups (ν(C=C),
ν(C=N), δ(C-H)oop) [25]. A strong and well-defined band at 3,454 cm-1 it is also
water molecules [26]. In the NMR, at room temperature, the signals attributable to CH
group of the pyrazole ring appear at (δ(1H) = 5.81 and δ(13C{1H}) = 105.9 ppm).
The ORTEP [27] view of compound L is shown in Figure 1. Selected bond lengths and
bond angles are presented in Table 2. The crystal structure, which lies on a
ligands and two molecules of water (Figure 2). The two potentially active H atoms
(water molecules) are engaged in intermolecular bonds with the lone-pair of the N atom
7
of the pyrazolyl group of L, which acts as a bidentate bridge ligand. Each pair of
pyrazole rings of the molecule L are almost perpendicular to each other (interplanar
angle of 77º) and one of them coplanar to the benzene groups (interplanar angle of 4º).
The distance between two consecutive oxygen atoms (OW1) in the macrocycle is
14.483 Å. Moreover, the aromatic rings are parallel planar but do not overlap (their
centroids are displaced by over 4 Å), and therefore exhibit evidence of very slight
intramolecular π-π interaction in the solid state. However, in this system, the free ether
A detailed examination of the crystal packing (Figure 3) revealed that each dimeric unit
is linked to two neighbouring molecules, which all are in the same plane, via four C–
basis of the contact distances and angles reported by Steiner [30]. The details of the
Conclusion
oxobutyl]benzene (L) ligand. The X-ray analysis reveals that L adopts a pseudo chair
Supplementary material
8
CCDC-771079 contains the supplementary crystallographic data for this paper. These
html or from the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre, 12 Union Road, Cambridge
Acknowledgments This work has been financially supported by the Spanish Ministry
grant to M. G.).
9
References
[11] Boixassa A, Pons J, Solans X, Font-Bardía M, Ros J (2003) Inorg Chim Acta
355:254-263
[12] Boixassa A, Pons J, Solans X, Font-Bardía M, Ros J (2004) Inorg Chim Acta
357:733-738
[13] Boixassa A, Pons J, Virgili A, Solans X, Font-Bardía M, Ros J (2002) Inorg Chim
Acta 340:49-55
[16] Boixassa A, Pons J, Solans X, Font-Bardía M, Ros J (2003) Inorg Chim Acta
346:151-157
[17] Boixassa A, Pons J, Ros J, Mathieu R, Lugan N (2003) J Organomet Chem 682:
233-239
10
[18] Boixassa A, Pons J, Solans X, Font-Bardía M, Ros J (2004) Inorg Chim Acta
357:827-833
[20] Guerrero M, Pons J, Parella T, Font-Bardía M, Calvet T, Ros J (2009) Inorg Chem
48:8736-8750
Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford
McGraw-Hill, London
Compounds. 13C NMR, 1H NMR, IR, MS, UV/Vis. Chemical Laboratory Practice,
Berlin
[27] Burnett MN, Johnson CK (1996) ORTEP III, Report ORNL-6895. Oak Ridge
11
Scheme 1
dry THF H2
+ NaH +
N
N N O Na
N OH
Br
Br
N N
2 N O O
N N dry THF N
L1
O Na
12
Table 1 Crystal Data and Refinement Parameters for the Compound C22H30N4O2·H2O
(L)
CCDC 771079
Molecular formula C22H32N4O3
Molecular weight 400.52
Temperature (K) 293(2)
Crystal System Triclinic
Space group P(-1)
a (Å) 8.225(6)
b (Å) 10.967(6)
c (Å) 12.903(6)
α (º) 92.09(3)
(º) 98.44(3)
γ (º) 102.94(3)
V (Å3) 1119.1(11)
Z 2
Dcalc (g.cm-3) 1.189
Absorption coefficient (mm-1) 0.080
F(000) 432
Radiation (λ) MoKα (0.71073 Å)
Crystal dimensions (mm) 0.2x0.09x0.09
range (º) 1.60 to 32.29
Index range -12≤h≤11, -16≤k≤16, -19≤l≤19
Reflexions collected/ unique 11349 / 6119 [R(int) = 0.0308]
Completeness to (%) 93.4
Absorption correction Empirical
Max. and min. transmission 0.99 and 0.98
Data/restraints/parameters 6119 / 14 / 271
Goodness-of-fit 1.082
Final R1, R2 0.0497, 0.1483
R1 (all data), R2 0.0784, 0.1703
Largest diff. peak and hole 0.230 and – 0.215
13
Table 2 Selected bond lengths (Å), bond angles (º) and torsion angles (º) for the
compound C22H30N4O2·H2O (L)
Bond lengths
O(1)-C(7) 1.4129(18) C(3)-C(5) 1.492(2)
O(1)-C(8) 1.4331(18) C(6)-C(7) 1.503(2)
O(2)-C(15) 1.4109(16) C(8)-C(9) 1.499(2)
O(2)-C(16) 1.4161(17) C(9)-C(10) 1.386(2)
N(1)-N(2) 1.3608(16) C(9)-C(14) 1.4064(18)
N(1)-C(1) 1.364(2) C(10)-C(11) 1.376(3)
N(1)-C(6) 1.442(2) C(11)-C(12) 1.381(3)
N(2)-C(3) 1.334(2) C(12)-C(13) 1.387(2)
N(3)-C(18) 1.3476(19) C(13)-C(14) 1.381(2)
N(3)-N(4) 1.3614(19) C(14)-C(15) 1.5150(19)
N(3)-C(17) 1.453(2) C(16)-C(17) 1.509(2)
N(4)-C(20) 1.333(2) C(18)-C(19) 1.375(2)
C(1)-C(2) 1.373(2) C(18)-C(22) 1.489(2)
C(1)-C(4) 1.484(2) C(19)-C(20) 1.395(2)
C(2)-C(3) 1.393(2) C(20)-C(21) 1.504(3)
Bond angles
C(7)-O(1)-C(8) 112.91(11) C(10)-C(9)-C(14) 118.60(14)
C(15)-O(2)-C(16) 111.35(11) C(10)-C(9)-C(8) 120.54(13)
N(2)-N(1)-C(1) 112.15(12) C(14)-C(9)-C(8) 120.85(12)
N(2)-N(1)-C(6) 119.31(12) C(11)-C(10)-C(9) 121.94(15)
C(1)-N(1)-C(6) 128.43(13) C(10)-C(11)-C(12) 119.23(16)
C(3)-N(2)-N(1) 104.87(12) C(11)-C(12)-C(13) 119.88(17)
C(18)-N(3)-N(4) 112.70(12) C(14)-C(13)-C(12) 121.07(15)
C(18)-N(3)-C(17) 128.36(13) C(13)-C(14)-C(9) 119.24(13)
N(4)-N(3)-C(17) 118.88(12) C(13)-C(14)-C(15) 121.47(13)
C(20)-N(4)-N(3) 104.59(12) C(9)-C(14)-C(15) 119.27(12)
N(1)-C(1)-C(2) 105.55(14) O(2)-C(15)-C(14) 110.42(11)
N(1)-C(1)-C(4) 123.55(16) O(2)-C(16)-C(17) 109.54(12)
C(2)-C(1)-C(4) 130.90(16) N(3)-C(17)-C(16) 113.80(11)
C(1)-C(2)-C(3) 106.57(15) N(3)-C(18)-C(19) 105.61(13)
N(2)-N(3)-C(2) 110.85(13) N(3)-C(18)-C(22) 123.88(14)
N(2)-C(3)-C(5) 119.95(14) C(19)-C(18)-C(22) 130.49(15)
C(2)-C(3)-C(5) 129.19(15) C(18)-C(19)-C(20) 106.41(14)
N(1)-C(6)-C(17) 113.05(13) N(4)-C(20)-C(19) 110.68(14)
O(1)-C(7)-C(6) 108.62(13) N(4)-C(20)-C(21) 120.97(15)
O(1)-C(8)-C(9) 112.33(12) C(19)-C(20)-C(21) 128.35(16)
Torsion angles
N2-N1-C6-C7 76.61 C14-C15-O2-C16 172.16
N4-N3-C17-C16 76.58 C8-C9-C14-C15 -3.17
C9-C8-O1-C7 -79.96
14
Table 3 Distances (d, Å) and angles (<, º) related to hydrogen bonding in the compound
C22H30N4O2·H2O (L)
15
Caption Figures
Figure 1 ORTEP diagram of ligand L showing atom labelling scheme. 50% probability
amplitude displacement ellipsoids are shown. Hydrogen atoms are omitted for clarity.
See Table 2 for selected bond lengths, bond angles and torsion angles.
16
Figure 1
17
Figure 2
18
Figure 3
19
CheckCIF report
Click here to download CheckCIF report: checkcif.pdf
checkCIF/PLATON report
No syntax errors found. CIF dictionary Interpreting this report
Datablock: fiom28a
Calculated Reported
Volume 1119.2(12) 1119.1(11)
Space group P -1 P-1
Hall group -P 1 ?
Moiety formula C22 H30 N4 O2, H2 O C22 H30 N4 O2, H2 O
Sum formula C22 H32 N4 O3 C22 H32 N4 O3
Mr 400.52 400.52
Dx,g cm-3 1.189 1.189
Z 2 2
Mu (mm-1) 0.080 0.080
F000 432.0 432.0
F000’ 432.17
h,k,lmax 12,16,19 12,16,19
Nref 7982 6119
Tmin,Tmax 0.991,0.993 0.980,0.990
Tmin’ 0.984
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Alert level C
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PLAT860_ALERT_3_G Note: Number of Least-Squares Restraints ....... 14
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1
Design of new N,O hybrid pyrazole derived ligands and their use as
stabilizers for the synthesis of Pd nanoparticles
[a]
M. Guerrero, Dr. J. García-Antón, Dr. J. Pons, Dr. J. Ros
Departament de Química, Unitat de Química Inorgànica, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193-
Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
Fax: (+34) 93 581 3101
E-mail: [email protected]
[b]
Dr. M. Tristany, Dr. K. Philippot, Dr. B. Chaudret
CNRS; LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS), 205, route de Narbonne, F-31077
Toulouse, France
Fax: (+33) 5 61553003
E-mail: [email protected]
[c]
Université de Toulouse; UPS, INPT ; LCC ; F-31077 Toulouse, France
[d]
CNRS, CEMES (Centre d'Elaboration de Matériaux et d'Etudes Structurales), 29 rue J. Marvig, F-
31055 Toulouse, France
Graphical abstract
1
Abstract
We describe the stabilization studies of new palladium nanoparticles (Pd NPs) with a
family of hybrid ligands. For this purpose, two new N,O-hybrid pyrazole derived
ligands, as well as other previously reported, have been used as NPs stabilizing agents
complexes has been carried out. We have also studied the superstructures formed by the
agglomeration of NPs.
In order to evaluate the scope of the system, different parameters have been studied
such as the structure of the ligand, the ligand/metal ratio, the nature of the solvent, the
concentration and the reaction time. The colloidal materials resulting from the different
syntheses were all characterized by IR, DOSY NMR experiments, transmission electron
microscopy techniques at low or high resolution (TEM and HR-TEM) and scanning
All these observations have allowed us to better understand the coordination modes of
Introduction
Colloid materials containing metal nanoparticles have been known for a long time.1
nanoparticles, from both fundamental and practical points of view, because at a size of
particle in the nano range, different physical/chemical properties may occur compared
nanosized particles are hot research topics. For example, metal nanoparticles have
2
Moreover, the use of metal nanoparticles for catalytic transformations of organic
substrates is a growing area7-9 and has been recently reviewed.10-12 Metal nanoparticles
have been proved to be efficient and selective catalysts for reactions which are
example, but also for reactions which are not or poorly catalyzed by molecular species
efforts have been made to synthesize controlled metal nanoparticles for their use as
nanocatalysts.15
catalyzing reactions, many of which are not easily achieved with other transition metals.
The success observed using Pd nanoparticles as catalysts has led to a growing demand
synthesis procedures reported for this metal.16,17 However, the reproducible preparation
of small and stable palladium nanoparticles with a narrow size distribution is of high
importance and still remains a challenging task. Unfortunately, as the size of the
nanoparticle gets smaller, the preparation becomes more laborious because of their high
tendency to aggregate. For this reason, a major demand exists in the ability to produce
displaying a very small size.25,26 This characteristic is a key aspect for their subsequent
3
applications in catalysis where a high surface atom number will favor a higher
nanoparticles synthesis. This stabilizer has to allow the control of the size of the
quenching their surface reactivity. In the literature, several kinds of stabilizers such as
developed. But most of the time, commercial or simple ligands are used and the
resulting catalytic properties show that they are not well adapted to the surface of metal
nanoparticles since they do not lead to efficient catalytic properties, more particularly in
ligands can modify the reactivity of small nanoparticles in a way similar to the
nanoparticles without loss of their reactivity. For that purpose, the development of new
hybrid ligands (also called mixed ligands) containing two or more differentiated donor
on the particle surface and protect them from aggregation. To improve the design of
understand the role of each functional group of the ligand in the stabilization of metal
In this paper we report a family of ligands, namely N,O hybrid bis or tris-pyrazole
ligands (L1-L6), which have been used as stabilizing agents for the synthesis of
4
palladium nanoparticles through an organometallic methodology. Taking into account
previous results,46,47 these ligands appeared to us interesting since they have different
sites for anchorage at the particle surface: 1) the pyrazole rings can interact with the
metal surface through nitrogen donor atoms or through π-interaction; 2) the oxygen
atom of the alkylether chain may complete the ligand coordination; and 3) the
introduction of phenyl rings may also complete the coordination of the ligand by π-
precursor of L2-L6), in order to compare the effect between mono-, bis- and tris-
pyrazolyl ligands.
Results
Compounds L5 and L6 were synthesized for the first time in this work, using a similar
reaction pathway published for L1-L4.48,49 The synthetic procedure for L5 and L6
was reacted with NaH in dry tetrahydrofurane to give the corresponding sodium
alkoxide. In the second step, this sodium salt was converted to the corresponding ligand
(L5 or L6) by reaction with the appropriate reagent (L5 = 0.50 equivalents of 4,4’-
5
bis(chloromethyl)-1,1’-biphenyl; L6 = 0.33 equivalents of 1,3,5–tris(bromomethyl)
All the ligands have been fully characterized by determination of their melting point,
The NMR signals were assigned by reference to the literature52,53 and from DEPT,
COSY and HMQC NMR experiments. Elemental analyses, mass spectrometry and all
spectroscopic data for L5 and L6 are consistent with the proposed structures.
pyrazole ligands
L1-L6 ligands have been used as stabilizing agents of nanosized Pd particles. These
and in the presence of the chosen ligand among L1-L6. In order to determine the
Experimental data of the synthesis of the nanoparticles are reported in Table 1 and
details are described in the experimental section. The colloidal materials resulting from
techniques at low or high resolution (TEM and HR-TEM). Representative images of the
resulting Pd nanoparticles (Pd NPs) are given in Figure 1. Moreover, the IR spectra of
6
the NPs in the range 4000-400 cm-1 show that the ligands L1-L6 are not altered during
NPs synthesis and that they are coordinated onto the surface of the NPs.
1
H and DOSY NMR studies with several samples of Pd NPs have been carried out.
Unfortunately, these experiments did not give rise to conclusive results as the NPs are
During the synthesis of Pd NPs, we observed that all the tested ligands except L6 need
to be added in the reaction medium with a [L]/[Pd] ratio of at least 0.2 to stabilize
efficiently the particles. If the [L1-L5]/[Pd] ratio is lower (for example 0.1) black metal
powders containing large and dense aggregates of nanoparticles are formed, while L6 is
capable to stabilize well separated small particles in these conditions (Table 1, entry 27,
Figure 1f). The use of a higher [L]/[Pd] ratio was thus investigated and is hereafter
With L1, the mean size of the obtained Pd NPs, ca. 4.2 nm, does not significantly
depend on the [L]/[Pd] ratio, (see Figure 2, Table 1, entries 4-6). More or less spherical
superstructures containing individual nanoparticles are obtained and they are irregular
On the contrary, with L2, the mean size of Pd NPs varies with the [L]/[Pd] ratio from
4.2 nm (0.2 eq.) to 2.5 nm (1.0 eq.) (Table 1, entries 8, 10 and 11, Figure 1b), the size of
Superstructures are also obtained with this ligand, which are also irregular in size and
shape. These superstructures are larger than those obtained with L1, and their size tends
to decrease when the concentration of the reagents in the reaction medium decreases
L3 (Table 1, entries 13,14) and L4 (Table 1, entries 15-17) did not lead to satisfactory
7
[L4]/[Pd] ratio of 1.0 was used. In this case, Pd NPs with a mean size of ca. 4.4 nm are
formed embedded into irregular superstructures (Table 1, entry 17, Figure 1c).
The structure of L4 ligand probably induces its coordination to the NPs metal surface
via only one of the pyrazolyl rings (Scheme 4a). In order to check the effect of the steric
ligand similar to L4 but containing a biphenyl ring instead of a simple phenyl ring (L5,
Scheme 1). In this case, and in contrast to what we have previously observed with L4, a
[L5]/[Pd] ratio of 0.2 was enough to get stable Pd NPs with a mean size of ca. 2.7 nm
(Table 1, entry 19, Figure 3c). However, we did not notice a significant variation of the
particles mean size for higher [L5]/[Pd] ratio, as previously observed with L1 (Figure
2). Nevertheless, the colloids obtained with [L5]/[Pd] = 0.2 (Table 1, entry 19; 2.7 nm)
are smaller than with [L1]/[Pd] = 0.2 (Table 1, entry 4, 4.2 nm).
resulting from assembly of Pd NPs (Figures 3c and 3d). When a small amount of ligand
is used ([L5]/[Pd] ratio=0.2), spherical assemblies of ca. 120 nm, more or less regular in
size and containing small Pd NPs are observed (Table 1, entry 19, Figure 3c). In the
presence of a large amount of L5 (5.0 eq.), the nanoparticles appear separated on the
microscopy grid, embedded in the matrix of ligand (Table 1, entry 26, Figures 1e and
3d). The difference observed between these two samples is more evident with the SEM-
(Figure 4). It is also important to note that there is a good correlation in the mean size of
the spherical assemblies when obtained from TEM or SEM-FEG images. For example,
the mean size of the spherical assemblies obtained with [L5]/[Pd]=0.2 is 120(10) nm for
8
In order to circumvent the lack of stabilization observed with L3, we have designed a
new ligand, L6. This new ligand is very similar to L3, but it displays a tripodal
structure, since a new alkylpyrazole-ether chain has been grafted in the 5-relative
position of the phenyl ring (Scheme 1). In comparison with L3, this new ligand L6 gave
rise to stable colloidal solutions (Figures 3e and 3f), while L3 led only to precipitates. A
comparison between L6 and L4 points out that L6 is a better stabilizer since at least a
ratio of 0.1 is enough (Table 1, entry 27, Figure 1f). Finally, if we compare the effect of
L6 on the mean size of the particles with that of L2, we can conclude that they present a
similar behavior. Indeed, with L6 we obtained Pd NPs with a mean size of ca. 4.0
([L6]/[Pd] ratio=0.2) to ca. 2.6 nm ([L6]/[Pd] ratio=1.0) (Table 1, entries 28 and 30)
against ca. 4.2 ([L2]/[Pd] ratio=0.2) and ca. 2.5 ([L2]/[Pd] ratio=1.0) with L2 (Table 1,
entries 8 and 11). This shows, in comparison with L3, that the introduction of a third
alkylpyrazole-ether chain highly improves the stabilization of the colloids giving rise to
Pd NPs with a mean size decreasing with a ligand increase (Figure 2).
isolated samples, namely samples obtained for [L2]/[Pd]=0.5 (Table 1, entry 10),
[L5]/[Pd]=0.2 (Table 1, entry 19) and [L6]/[Pd]=0.2 (Table 1, entry 28). The related
Radial Distribution Functions (RDF, Figure 5) are very similar in shape, amplitude and
extent, and also quite similar to the function computed from a 3.5 nm fcc model based
on bulk Pd. These Pd NPs clearly adopt the crystalline structure of bulk palladium.
From the dampening of the RDFs, the average size of the crystalline domains can be
estimated in the 3.5-4.0 nm range, not significantly different from the sizes obtained
from TEM (3.1, 2.7 and 4.0 nm, respectively), clearly indicating that the NPs are single
crystals. Electron diffraction (ED) confirms the presence of face centered cubic (fcc)
9
palladium(0) in all the samples. Figure 6 shows the interplanar spacing of (111) Pd
ligands
probably a little different from that on a particle surface, we thought that the behavior of
the ligand in complexes could shed some light on our study. For that purpose, we
prepared Pd molecular complexes with the same pyrazole ligands. This allowed us to
know their preferential coordination mode and further, to better understand the
coordination ability of these ligands at the particle surface and the potential influence of
this coordination on the stabilization and the control of the size of Pd NPs.
The coordination chemistry of L1-L4 ligands towards Pd(II) has been recently
complexes have been obtained depending on the solvent and conditions of the reaction:
when L1-L6 ligands react with [PdCl2(CH3CN)2] in acetonitrile they yield monomers
while dimers are formed when THF is used (Scheme 5). We have observed that the N,O
hybrid ligands coordinate to the metal centers via the N of the pyrazole rings, whereas
Discussion
Taking into account the obtained results in coordination chemistry with Pd(II), we
consider that N,O hybrid pyrazole ligands only coordinate through the nitrogen atoms as
these are better coordinating donor atoms than the ether moieties. Indeed, we have only
observed this type of coordination in the crystal structure of the molecular Pd(II)
10
complexes (1A, 2A and 2B) (Scheme 5).48,49 This hypothesis is further used to compare
dimethylpyrazole (L0), precursor of L2-L6 ligands, has also been tested as a stabilizing
agent in the synthesis of Pd nanoparticles using [L0]/[Pd]=0.1-5.0. With this ligand, the
a large quantity of ligand (5 eq.) was used (Table 1, entry 2). These experiments suggest
that the coordination of the pyrazolyl groups on the nanoparticles is weak and that the
ligands are labile on the surface. This further suggests that at least two pyrazolyl groups
are necessary to stabilize the particles thanks to a chelating effect, i.e. a kinetic effect.
In the case of L1, we observed the formation of Pd NPs with a mean size of ca. 4.2 nm
whatever the quantity of added ligand, with a slight tendency to self-assembly (Figure
1a). This suggests a very weak coordination of the ligand, probably through only one
In contrast to what we found for L1, L2 gave rise to a significant variation of the mean
size of the nanoparticles depending on the [L2]/[Pd] ratio, with a decreasing size when
this ratio increases. This suggests that L2 is indeed coordinated on the particles with
enough energy to influence their growth process. This can result from the presence of
the two pyrazolyl moieties in ortho position which can serve as a pincer as well as from
the presence of a phenyl ring which may coordinate flat on the particles46 (Scheme 4b).
the size of the particles which is an indication of the number of ligands coordinated at
the particles surface. DOSY NMR experiments, despite the low quality of the spectra
due to a lack of solubility of the particles, seem to corroborate that L2 is not strongly
11
The pincer hypothesis is supported by the differences found in L1 and L2 coordination
in the molecular Pd(II) complex [PdCl2(L)] (1A and 2A, Scheme 5). Complex 2A
presents a higher distortion on the square-planar geometry than 1A showing the less
superstructures with L2 (Figure 3b) which result from the lack of spatial extension of
the ligands.
The unsatisfactory results obtained with L3, which contains a phenyl ring substituted in
meta position, may be explained by its intermediate coordination mode on the surface of
the nanoparticles. No pincer type coordination is expected with this ligand and the meta
tripodal ligand L6, obtained by adding a new alkylpyrazole chain in the 5-relative
position of the phenyl ring (Scheme 1), corrects this disadvantage. Even if this ligand
still coordinates at the particle surface in the same manner as L3 (via two N pyrazolyl
rings), L6 has a third alkylpyrazole chain that can complete the ligand coordination
through a chelating effect extended to three weakly coordinating groups. It may also
induce the necessary steric hindrance around the particles to avoid their agglomeration
(Scheme 4c).
In opposition with the behavior of ortho (L2) and meta (L3) ligands and similarly to
L1, L4 can coordinate to nanoparticle surface via only one of its pyrazolyl groups
(Scheme 4a), due to the para relative substitution of the two alkylpyrazolyl chains in the
phenyl ring. In this case, a ligand concentration [L4]/[Pd]=1.0 was needed to obtain
The use of L5, which contains a biphenyl ring, results in an improvement of the
12
individual Pd NPs are also observed when the quantity of ligand is low (Figure 3c). For
a large ligand excess ([L5]/[Pd]=5.0), spherical assemblies are no longer obtained but a
continuous layer of nanoparticles is formed showing that Pd NPs are close together
(Figure 3d). This suggests first a strong interaction between L5 and the particles
surface. This may be due to the presence of the biphenyl moieties able to strongly
interact with the palladium surface. The small size of the particles obtained in this case
and the absence of size variation as a function of the ligand concentration points to this
strong coordination of L5. The particles display little interaction between them; the
supramolecular interactions.
DOSY NMR experiments suggest that L5 and L6 ligands are more strongly attached at
the NPs surface but their poor quality, as result of the lack of solubility, prevents any
In addition, we have carried out some complementary experiments to examine the scope
that the reaction time does not affect the size and the morphology of the nanoparticles
and superstructures (Table 1, entries 19 (20h), 22 (1h), 23 (5h)). Similarly, we did not
observe significant difference by changing THF for toluene as the solvent of the
([L2]/[Pd]=1.0), the use of toluene or THF did not affect the synthesis of the
nanoparticles (Table 1, entries 11 and 12). Finally, when the initial concentration of the
reagents in the [L5]/[Pd]=0.2 system was diluted, we did not either notice any
significant difference in the mean size of the NPs and superstructures (Table 1, entry 19
and 20). However, we observed that for the [L2]/[Pd]=0.2 system, there were some
13
differences in the mean size of the spherical assemblies: 130 nm (entry 8, 1 mg Pd
Conclusion
ligands was successfully carried out. A comparison of the results of these syntheses
with those obtained with the in the preparation of corresponding Pd complexes with the
same ligands allowed us to get information on the coordination ability of such ligands at
the particle surface. It is therefore possible to conclude that the pyrazolyl groups are
weak ligands and consequently that at least two of them are necessary to stabilize Pd
NPs efficiently. When two pyrazolyl groups are present in the ligand, their position
While the ortho ligand (L2) favors the coordination of both pyrazolyl moieties to one
single nanoparticle, meta (L3) and para (L4) ligands are not good for the NPs
stabilization. New designed and synthesized ligands (L5 and L6) improve these results
and provoke the link between nanoparticles by the means of the different pyrazolyl
rings. In the case of L5, which appears to be the best ligand to obtain smaller
nanoparticles, the presence of two arene rings able at π-coordinating on the surface of
the particles may be the critical point. As previously observed, the conjunction of weak
nitrogen ligands able at kinetically approaching the nanoparticle with phenyl rings able
at strongly coordinating on the particle surface may be a key point to prepare new
ligands fully adapted to nanoparticles. It is noteworthy that this is the type of structure
adopted by cinchonidine which remains the best substituent for achieving catalytic
14
Experimental Section
All manipulations were carried out under argon atmosphere using standard Schlenk tube
was purchased from Strem Chemicals and [PdCl2(CH3CN)2] was prepared as described
in the literature55. L149 and L2-L448 ligands were synthesized following methodologies
previously described. Solvents were purchased from SDS and dried through a
sodium/benzophenone, toluene over sodium and pentane over calcium hydride. All
reagents and solvents were degassed before use by using three freeze-pump-thaw
cycles.
Elemental analyses (C, H, and N) were carried out by the staff of Chemical Analyses
Infrared spectra were run on a Perkin Elmer FT spectrophotometer, series 2000 cm-1 as
KBr pellets or polyethylene films in the range 4000-150 cm-1. 1H NMR, 13C {1H} NMR,
HSQC, COSY and NOESY spectra were recorded on a Bruker AVANCE 250 MHz
NMR spectrometer in CDCl3 solutions at room temperature. All chemical shifts values
(δ) are given in ppm. Electrospray mass spectra were obtained with an Esquire 3000 ion
evaporation of a drop of crude colloidal solution deposited under argon onto holey
carbon-covered copper grids. In some cases grids were prepared after dispersion in THF
of the isolated nanomaterial after precipitation with pentane. TEM/HR-TEM and SEM
15
analyses were performed at “Servei Microscopia de la UAB” with a JEOL JEM 2010
electron microscope working at 200 kV with a resolution point of a 2.5 Ǻ and with a
The size distributions were determined via manual analysis of enlarged micrographs by
measuring ca. 200 particles on a given grid to obtain a statistical size distribution and a
mean diameter.
Data collection for WAXS was performed at the CEMES-CNRS (Toulouse) on small
capillaries. The measurements of the X-ray intensity scattered by the samples irradiated
with graphite monochromatized MoKα (0.071069 nm) radiation were performed using a
dedicated two-axis diffractometer. Measurement time was 15h for each sample.
Scattering data were corrected for polarization and absorption effects, then normalized
to one Pd atom and Fourier transformed to obtain the RDFs. To make comparisons with
the crystalline structure in real space, a model was generated from bulk Pd parameters.
The classic Debye’s function was then used to compute intensity values subsequently
dropwise and under vigorous stirring. The resulting mixture was allowed to stir for 12 h
16
destroy excess NaH. The solvents were then evaporated under reduced pressure. The
residue was taken up in water (40 mL) and extracted with chloroform (3-50 mL). The
Ligand L5. Yield: 83% (5.71 g). m.p. 55.2-56.4 ºC. C28H34N4O2: Anal. Calcd. for
(%) = 481.3 (100%) [L+Na]+. IR (KBr, cm-1): 3070 [ν(C-H)ar], 2950, 2865 [ν(C-H)al],
1548 [(ν(C=C), ν(C=N))ar], 1454 [(δ(C=C), δ(C=N))ar], 1107 [ν(C-O-C)], 808 δ(C-
H)oop]. 1H NMR (CDCl3 solution, 250 MHz) δ: 7.53 (d, 4H, Ph), 7.29 (d, 4H, Ph), 5.79
(s, 2H, CH(pz)), 4.48 (s, 4H, OCH2Ph), 4.17 (t, 4H, 3J = 5.6 Hz, NpzCH2CH2O), 3.83 (t,
4H, 3J = 5.6 Hz, NpzCH2CH2O), 2.26 (s, 6H, CH3(pz)), 2.23 (s, 6H, CH3(pz)) ppm.
13
C{1H} NMR (CDCl3 solution, 63 MHz,) δ: 147.7 (pz-C), 139.9 (pz-C), 137.5-127.1
(Ph), 104.9 (CH(pz)), 72.9 (OCH2Ph), 69.4 (NpzCH2CH2O), 48.7 (NpzCH2CH2O), 13.6
Ligand L6. Yield: 78% (4.17 g). m.p. 44.3-45.3 ºC. C30H42N6O3: Anal. Calcd. for
(%) = 557.3 (100%) [L+Na]+. IR (KBr, cm-1): 3101 [ν(C-H)ar], 2923, 2856 [ν(C-H)al],
1552 [(ν(C=C), ν(C=N))ar], 1459 [(δ(C=C), δ(C=N))ar], 1108 [ν(C-O-C)], 774 [δ(C-
H)oop]. 1H NMR (CDCl3 solution, 250 MHz) δ: 6.96 (s, 3H, Ph), 5.75 (s, 3H, CH(pz)),
4.37 (s, 6H, OCH2Ph), 4.13 (t, 6H, 3J = 4.9 Hz, NpzCH2CH2O), 3.76 (t, 4H, 3J = 4.9 Hz,
13
NpzCH2CH2O), 2.21 (s, 9H, CH3(pz)), 2.19 (s, 9H, CH3(pz)) ppm. C{1H} NMR
(CDCl3 solution, 63 MHz,) δ: 147.5 (pz-C), 139.7 (pz-C), 139.4-125.6 (Ph), 104.7
17
3. Synthesis and characterization of Complexes [PdCl2(L)] (L = L5 (5A); L = L6
A CH3CN solution (20 ml) for 5A or a THF solution (20 ml) for 5B of
[PdCl2(CH3CN)2] (70 mg, 0.270 mmol) was added to a CH3CN solution (5 ml) (5A) or
to a THF solution (5 ml) (5B) of the L5 ligand (0.124 g, 0.270 mmol), and the resulting
solution was allowed to stir for 216 h at 60ºC (5A) or 12 h at room temperature (5B).
The solvent was removed in vacuo to yield a yellow solid, which was filtered off,
5A. Yield: 41% (0.071 g). Anal. Calcd. for C28H34Cl2N4O2Pd: C, 52.88; H, 5.39; N,
CH3CN): 31.8. MS m/z (%) = 658.9 (100%) [M+Na]+. IR (KBr, cm-1): 3120 [ν(C-H)ar],
2919, 2856 [ν(C-H)al], 1557 [(ν(C=C), ν(C=N))ar], 1422 [(δ(C=C), δ(C=N))ar], 1102
NMR (CDCl3 solution, 250 MHz) δ: 7.33 (dd, 8H, Ph), 5.88 (s, 2H, CH(pz)), 4.92 (t,
4H, 3J = 6.9 Hz, NpzCH2CH2O), 4.40 (s, 4H, OCH2Ph), 4.30 (t, 4H, 3J = 6.9 Hz,
13
NpzCH2CH2O), 2.87 (s, 6H, CH3(pz)), 2.30 (s, 6H, CH3(pz)) ppm. C{1H} NMR
(CDCl3 solution, 63 MHz,) δ: 150.3 (pz-C), 144.4 (pz-C), 140.1-127.1 (Ph), 107.7
18
5B. Yield: 77% (0.132 g). C56H68Cl4N8O4Pd2: Anal. Calc.: C, 52.88; H, 5.39; N, 8.81;
Found: C, 53.01; H, 5.23; N, 8.89. Conductivity (S cm2 mol-1, 1.02 10-3 M in CH3CN):
43.2. MS (m/z) (%) = 1237.1 (100%) [M-Cl]+. IR (KBr, cm-1): 3120 ν(C-H)ar, 2921,
2859 ν(C-H)al, 1556 (ν(C=C), ν(C=N))ar, 1400 (δ(C=C), δ(C=N))ar, 1104 ν(C-O-C)as,
804 δ(C-H)oop. (Polyethylene, cm-1): 479 ν(Pd-N), 362 ν(Pd-Cl). 1H NMR (CDCl3
solution, 250 MHz) δ: 7.53 (m, 8H, Ph), 5.89 (m, 2H, CH(pz)), 5.05 (m, 4H,
NpzCH2CH2O), 4.48 (m, 4H, OCH2Ph), 4.41 (m, 4H, NpzCH2CH2O), 2.90 (m, 6H,
13
CH3(pz)), 2.31 (m, 6H, CH3(pz)) ppm. C{1H} NMR (CDCl3 solution, 63 MHz,) δ:
150.4 (pz-C), 144.4 (pz-C), 137.2-127.2 (Ph), 107.7 (CH(pz)), 73.3 (OCH2Ph), 68.9
A CH3CN solution (20 ml) for 6A or a THF solution (20 ml) for 6B of
[PdCl2(CH3CN)2] (70 mg, 0.270 mmol) was added to a CH3CN solution (5 ml) (6A) or
to a THF solution (5 ml) (6B) of the L6 ligand (0.144 g, 0.270 mmol), and the resulting
solution was allowed to stir for 72 h at 60ºC (6A) or 12 h at room temperature (6B). The
solvent was removed in vacuo to yield a yellow solid, which was filtered off, washed
6A. Yield: 56% (0.107 g). C30H42Cl2N6O3Pd: Anal. Calc.: C, 50.61; H, 5.95; N, 11.80;
Found: C, 50.32; H, 5.76; N, 11.75. Conductivity (S cm2 mol-1, 1.08 10-3 M in CH3CN):
18.1. MS (m/z) (%) = 677.2 (100%) [M-Cl]+. IR (KBr, cm-1): 3104 ν(C-H)ar, 2921,
2856 ν(C-H)al, 1555 (ν(C=C), ν(C=N))ar, 1422 (δ(C=C), δ(C=N))ar, 1110 ν(C-O-C)as,
783 δ(C-H)oop. (Polyethylene, cm-1): 481 ν(Pd-N), 346 ν(Pd-Cl). 1H NMR (CDCl3
19
solution, 250 MHz) δ: 7.13 (s, 3H, Ph), 5.91, 5.88 (2s, 3H, CH(pz)), 4.99 (t, 4H, 3J = 5.9
Hz, NpzCH2CH2O), 4.87 (t, 2H, 3J = 5.9 Hz, NpzCH2CH2O), 4.60 (s, 2H, OCH2Ph), 4.37
(s, 4H, OCH2Ph), 4.31 (t, 4H, 3J = 5.9 Hz, NpzCH2CH2O), 3.85 (t, 2H, 3J = 5.9 Hz,
13
NpzCH2CH2O), 2.91 (s, 9H, CH3(pz)), 2.34 (s, 9H, CH3(pz)) ppm. C{1H} NMR
(CD3CN solution, 63 MHz,) δ: 150.6 (pz-C), 144.3 (pz-C), 138.6-126.2 (Ph), 107.9
6B. Yield: 89% (0.171 g). C60H84Cl4N12O6Pd2: Anal. Calc.: C, 50.61; H, 5.95; N, 11.80;
Found: C, 50.85; H, 5.96; N, 11.97. Conductivity (S cm2 mol-1, 1.13 10-3 M in CH3CN):
21.2. MS (m/z) (%) = 1389.4 (100%) [M-Cl]+. IR (KBr, cm-1): 3118 ν(C-H)ar, 2924,
2859 ν(C-H)al, 1555 (ν(C=C), ν(C=N))ar, 1450 (δ(C=C), δ(C=N))ar, 1108 ν(C-O-C)as,
824 δ(C-H)oop. (Polyethylene, cm-1): 492 ν(Pd-N), 365 ν(Pd-Cl). 1H NMR (CDCl3
solution, 250 MHz) δ: 6.98 (m, 6H, Ph), 5.97 (m, 6H, CH(pz)), 4.82 (m, 12H,
NpzCH2CH2O), 4.42 (m, 12H, OCH2Ph), 4.37 (m, 12H, NpzCH2CH2O), 2.78 (m, 18H,
CH3(pz)), 2.33 (m, 18H, CH3(pz)) ppm. 13C{1H} NMR (CD3CN solution, 63 MHz,) δ:
150.8 (pz-C), 146.1 (pz-C), 139.5-126.5 (Ph), 108.6 (CH(pz)), 73.6 (OCH2Ph), 69.5
through the case of sample [L5]/[Pd]=0.2 (Table 1, entry 19, Figure 3c). The procedure
20
150 mg of [Pd2(dba)3] (0.16 mmol) and the chosen quantity of L5 (30.1 mg for
[L5]/[Pd]=0.2) were dissolved in a Fischer–Porter reactor in THF (150 mL) under argon
and vigorous stirring at 196 K. The mixture was then pressurized under 3 bar of
dihydrogen and the mixture was left to room temperature. The color of the solution
turned after 1 hour from purple to black. The hydrogen pressure and the temperature
were maintained for 20 h. After that period of time, the colloidal solution is black and
homogeneous. The hydrogen was evacuated and a drop of the crude colloidal solution
was deposited under argon on a holey carbon covered copper grid for TEM and SEM
analysis. Then, the colloidal solution was concentrated to ca. 5 ml. Addition of cold
pentane (20 ml) allowed the precipitation of the particles as a black solid which was
washed with pentane (3 x 20 ml) and dried under reduced pressure. The filtrated
pentane from NPs precipitation was slightly yellow, showing dba elimination. This was
Acknowledgements
This has been supported by the Acción Integrada Hispano-Francesa HF2007-0035 and
M. Guerrero also acknowledges the Generalitat de Catalunya for his FI-2007 pre-
doctoral grant. The authors would like to thank the Microscopy Service of the
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona for its technical assistance with TEM, HR-TEM
and SEM. CNRS is also thanked through the LTPMM-LEA 368 action as well as Y.
Coppel at the NMR service of the LCC for NMR DOSY experiments.
21
Table 1 Stabilization of palladium nanoparticles by N,O hybrid ligands L0-L6
22
Scheme 1 Scheme of the L0 – L6 ligands.
N L0
N OH
N L1
N
N O O N
N
L2
N
N O O N
L3
N N
N O O N
L4
N N
N O O N
N L5
N
N O O N
N
N
L6
O O
N N
N N
23
Scheme 2 Synthesis of L5 and L6 ligands.
dry THF H2
+ NaH +
N
N N O Na
N OH
L0
Cl Cl
N N
N O O N
dry THF
L5
2 (L5)
or
N N
3 (L6) ONa N
N
Br O
Br Br N N
N O O N
dry THF
L6
24
Scheme 3 Synthesis of the Pd nanoparticles
Ligand (L1-L6)
[Pd2(dba)3]
-dba
THF, t = 20 h
3 bar H2, RT
25
Scheme 4 Modes of coordination of ligands onto the surface of the nanoparticles
26
Scheme 5 General synthesis of the complexes
N R N
N O O N
L: L1-L6
+
[PdCl2(CH3CN)2]
CH3CN THF
N R N
R N O O N
N N
N O O N Cl Cl
Pd Pd
Cl Cl
Pd
N O O N
N R N
Cl Cl
[PdCl2(L)] [PdCl2(L)]2
27
Figures Caption
[L6]/[Pd]=1.0
Figure 2 Influence of the variation of the [L]/[Pd] ratio on the mean size of the Pd
nanoparticles
[L5]/[Pd]=5.0
28
Figure 1
a)
[L1]/[Pd] = 0.5
40
n u m b e r of p a r ti cl e s
Dmean = 4.2(1.2) nm
30
20
10
0
2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5 4,0 4,5 5,0 5,5 6,0 6,5 7,0
size (nm)
b) 70
n u m b e r o f p a r ti cle s 60
50
[L2]/[Pd] = 0.5
40 Dmean = 3.1(0.7) nm
30
20
10
0
1,0 1 ,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5 4,0 4,5 5,0 5,5
size (nm)
c)
[L4]/[Pd] = 1.0
40
n u m be r o f p a r ti cl e s
30
Dmean = 4.4(1.2) nm
20
10
0
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
size (nm)
d)
60
50
[L5]/[Pd] = 1.0
n u m b e r o f p a r ti c le s
40
30
Dmean = 2.8(0.7) nm
20
10
0
0,5 1,0 1 ,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 3 ,5 4,0 4 ,5 5,0 5 ,5
size (nm)
e) 80
70
[L5]/[Pd] = 5.0
n u m b e r o f p a r ti cl e s
60
50
40 Dmean = 2.4(0.8) nm
30
20
10
0
1 ,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 3 ,5 4,0 4,5 5,0
size (nm)
f) 60
n u m b e r o f p a r ti cl e s
50
40
[L6]/[Pd] = 0.1
30
Dmean = 4.2(0.7) nm
20
10
0
2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5 4,0 4,5 5,0 5,5 6,0 6,5 7,0
size (nm)
g) 50
n u m b e r o f p a r ti c le s
40
[L6]/[Pd] = 1.0
30
Dmean = 2.6(0.8) nm
20
10
0
29
0,5 1,0 1 ,5 2,0 2 ,5 3,0 3 ,5 4,0 4 ,5 5,0 5 ,5
size (nm)
Figure 2
4,6
4,4
4,2
4,0
3,8 L1
3,6
L2
Size (nm)
L4
3,4 L5
3,2 L6
3,0
2,8
2,6
2,4
2,2
2,0
0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0
[L] / [Pd]
30
Figure 3
a) b)
c) d)
e) f)
31
Figure 4
a1) a2)
b1) b2)
32
Figure 5
[L2]/[Pd]=0.5
[L5]/[Pd]=0.2
RDF
[L6]/[Pd]=0.2
Pd fcc
33
Figure 6
34
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36
Submitted to XXX
Proof to Dr. J. Pons
Departament de Química
Facultat de Ciències
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
08193-Bellaterra-Cerdanyola, Barcelona
Spain
Fax: 34-93 581 31 01
E-mail: [email protected]
a
Departament de Química, Unitat de Química Inorgànica, Universitat Autònoma de
Barcelona, 08193-Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
b
Cristal.lografia, Mineralogia i Dipòsits Minerals, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i
Franquès s/n, 08028-Barcelona, Spain
1
Abstract
2
1. Introduction
2. Experimental
Elemental analyses (C, H, and N) were carried out by the staff of Chemical Analyses
series 2000 cm-1 as KBr pellets or polyethylene films in the range 4000-150 cm-1.
750 and 350 nm. Electrospray mass spectra were obtained with an Esquire 3000 ion trap
An absolute ethanol solution (20 mL) of L (0.196 g, 0.64 mmol) was added to an
absolute ethanol solution (20 mL) of Zn(ClO4)2 (0.169 g, 0.64 mmol) for 1, Cd(ClO4)2
(0.199 g, 0.64 mmol) for 2, Hg(ClO4)2 (0.256 g, 0.64 mmol) for 3, or Zn(BF4)2 (0.153 g,
0.64 mmol) for 4 and 5 mL of triethyl orthoformate (for dehydration purposes). The
resulting solution was allowed to stir for 24 h at room temperature. The solvent was
removed in vacuo to yield a white solid in all cases, which was filtered off, washed
3
Compound 1.Yield: 59% (0.216 g). C16H26Cl2N4O10Zn: Anal. Calc.: C, 33.67; H, 4.59;
MeOH): 160.1. MS (m/z) (%) = 469.1 (100%) [M-ClO4]+. IR (KBr, cm-1): 3134 ν(C-
H)ar, 2970, 2905 ν(C-H)al, 1553 (ν(C=C), ν(C=N))ar, 1472 (δ(C=C), δ(C=N))ar, 1045
ν(C-O-C)as , 1103 ν(B-F). (Polyethylene, cm-1): 493 (Zn-N). 1H NMR (D2O solution,
250 MHz) δ: 6.03 (s, 2H, CH(pz)), 4.59 (t, 4H, 3J = 5.7 Hz, NpzCH2CH2O), 4.17 (t, 4H,
3
J = 5.7 Hz, NpzCH2CH2O), 4.12 (s, 4H, OCH2CH2O), 2.33 (s, 6H, CH3(pz)), 2.12 (s,
6H, CH3(pz)) ppm. 13C{1H} NMR (D2O solution, 63 MHz,) = 151.6 (pz-C), 143.4
Compound 2. Yield: 76% (0.301 g). C16H26Cl2N4O10Cd: Anal. Calc.: C, 31.11; H, 4.24;
MeOH): 145.8. MS (m/z) (%) = 519.1 (100%) [M-ClO4]+. IR (KBr, cm-1): 3129 ν(C-
H)ar, 2952, 2887 ν(C-H)al, 1552 (ν(C=C), ν(C=N))ar, 1470 (δ(C=C), δ(C=N))ar, 1120
ν(Cl-O), 1034 ν(C-O-C)as. (Polyethylene, cm-1): 489 ν(Cd-N). 1H NMR (D2O solution,
250 MHz) δ: 6.05 (s, 2H, CH(pz)), 4.57 (t, 4H, 3J = 4.1 Hz, NpzCH2CH2O), 4.13 (s, 4H,
OCH2CH2O), 4.08 (t, 4H, 3J = 4.1 Hz, NpzCH2CH2O), 2.36 (s, 6H, CH3(pz)), 2.30 (s,
6H, CH3(pz)) ppm. 13C{1H} NMR (D2O solution, 63 MHz,) δ = 149.1 (pz-C), 142.3
14.3 (CH3(pz)), 11.6 (CH3(pz)) ppm. 113Cd NMR (D2O solution, 88 MHz) δ = 149.1
ppm.
4
Compound 3.Yield: 66% (0.298 g). C16H26Cl2N4O10Hg: Anal. Calc.: C, 27.22; H, 3.71;
MeOH): 175.2. MS (m/z) (%) = 507.2 (100%) [M-ClO4]+. IR (KBr, cm-1): 3113 ν(C-
H)ar, 2924, 2902 ν(C-H)al, 1552 (ν(C=C), ν(C=N))ar, 1424 (δ(C=C), δ(C=N))ar, 1091
ν(C-O-C)as , 1081 ν(Cl-O). (Polyethylene, cm-1): 497 (Hg-N). 1H NMR (D2O solution,
250 MHz) δ: 6.02 (s, 2H, CH(pz)), 4.54 (t, 4H, 3J = 6.1 Hz, NpzCH2CH2O), 3.84 (t, 4H,
3
J = 5.7 Hz, NpzCH2CH2O), 3.59 (s, 4H, OCH2CH2O), 2.37 (s, 6H, CH3(pz)), 2.35 (s,
6H, CH3(pz)) ppm. 13C{1H} NMR (D2O solution, 63 MHz,) = 148.9 (pz-C), 142.4
Compound 4.Yield: 81% (0.283 g). C16H26B2F8N4O2Zn: Anal. Calc.: C, 35.23; H, 4.80;
in MeOH): 168.2. MS (m/z) (%) = 458.6 (100%) [M-BF4]+. IR (KBr, cm-1): 3142 ν(C-
H)ar, 2956ν(C-H)al, 1552 (ν(C=C), ν(C=N))ar, 1470 (δ(C=C), δ(C=N))ar, 1103 ν(C-O-
C)as , 1061 ν(B-F). (Polyethylene, cm-1): 494 ν(Zn-N). 1H NMR (D2O solution, 250
MHz) δ: 5.92 (s, 2H, CH(pz)), 4.09 (t, 4H, 3J = 5.3 Hz, NpzCH2CH2O), 3.74 (t, 4H, 3J =
5.3 Hz, NpzCH2CH2O), 3.48 (s, 4H, OCH2CH2O), 2.20 (s, 6H, CH3(pz)), 2.15 (s, 6H,
CH3(pz)) ppm. 13C{1H} NMR (D2O solution, 63 MHz,) = 150.1 (pz-C), 144.2 (pz-C),
2.3 Crystallography
5
Colorless single crystals suitable for X-ray analyses were grown by slow diffusion of
diethyl ether into a ethanol solution of 1 and 2, respectively. A prismatic crystal was
selected and mounted on a MAR345 diffractometer with an image plate detector. Unit-
cell parameters were determined from automatic centering of 443 reflections (3 < θ <
31º) for 1 and 694 reflections (3 < θ < 31º) for 2 and refined by least-squares method.
2θ scan-technique. For complex 1, 15830 reflections were measured in the range 2.58 ≤
reflections were assumed as observed applying the condition I ≥ 2 σ (I) while for
complex 2, 16256 reflections were measured in the range 2.65 ≤ θ ≤ 27.79, 5060 of
The structure was solved by Direct methods, using SHELXS computer program
(SHELXS-97) [REF] and refined by full matrix least-squares method with SHELXL-97
[REF] computer program using 15830 reflections for 1 and 16256 reflections for 2,
(very negative intensities were not assumed). The function minimized was Σ w││FO│2
– │FC│2 │2, where w = [σ2 (I) + (0.0469P)2 + 0.0821P]-1 for 1 and w = [σ2 (I) +
atoms were computed and refined, using a riding model, with an isotropic temperature
factor equal to 1.2 time the equivalent temperature factor of the atom which are linked
and 2 H atoms were located for a difference synthesis with an isotropic temperature
factor equal to 1.2 time the equivalent temperature factor of the atom which are linked.
For complex 2, 2 H atoms were calculated and refined with an isotropic temperature
factor equal to 1.2 time the equivalent temperature factor of the atom which are linked
6
and 26 H atoms were computed and refined, using a riding model, with an isotropic
temperature factor equal to 1.2 time the equivalent temperature factor of the atom which
are linked. The final R(F) factor and Rw(F2) values as well as the number of parameters
refined and other details concerning the refinement of the crystal structure are gathered
in Table X. CCDC XXXXX (1) and XXXXXX (2) contain the supplementary
crystallographic data for this paper. These data can be obtained free of charge from The
4. Conclusions
CCDC XXXXXX and XXXXXX contain the supplementary crystallographic data for
Crystallographic Data Centre, 12 Union Road, Cambridge CB2 1EZ, UK; fax: (+44)
Acknowledgments
This work has been financially supported by the Spanish Ministry of Culture and
References
7
Scheme 1
[Zn(ClO4)2]
[Zn(L)](ClO4)2 (1)
[Cd(ClO4)2 ]
[Cd(L)](ClO4 )2 (2)
EtOH
N N
N O O N t= 24h, T= 298 K
[Hg(ClO4 )2]
L [Hg(L)](ClO4)2 (3)
[Zn(BF4)2]
[Zn(L)](BF4)2 (4)
8
Table 1
1 (Zn) 2 (Cd)
M – N (1) 2.069(3) 2.242(4)
M – N (1’) 2.069(3) 2.245(3)
M – O (1) 2.171(3) 2.318(3)
M – O (1’) 2.171(3) 2.407(4)
M – O (2) 2.182(2) 2.357(3)
M – O (2’) 2.182(2) 2.372(3)
9
Table 2
1 2
Molecular Formula C16H30Cl2N4O12Zn C16H28Cl2N4O11Cd
Formula weigh 606.71 635.72
Temperature (K) 293(2) 293(2)
Wavelength (Ǻ) 0.71073 0.71073
System, space group Monoclinic, C2/c Monoclinic, P21/c
Unit cell dimensions
a (Ǻ) 17.111 (14) 10.267 (3)
b (Ǻ) 9.427 (5) 14.302 (3)
c (Ǻ) 17.606 (12) 17.097 (4)
α (º) 90 90.00
β (º) 113.37 (4) 95.02 (2)
γ (º) 90 90.00
3
U (Ǻ ) 2607 (3) 2500.9 (11)
Z 4 4
Dcalc (g cm-3) 1.546 1.688
μ (mm-1) 1.210 1.147
F (000) 1256 1288
Crystal size (mm3) 0.09x0.07x0.07 0.2x0.1x0.1
hkl ranges -25≤h≤25, -14≤k≤14, -13≤h≤13, -16≤k≤18,
-24≤l≤25 -22≤l≤22
2 θ Range (º) 2.58 to 32.57 2.65 to 27.79
Reflections 15830/4549 [R(int) = 16256/5060 [R(int) =
collected/unique/[Rint] 0.0664] 0.0432]
Completeness to θ (%) 99.0% (θ = 25.00º) 99.3% (θ = 25.00º)
Absorption correction Empirical None
Data/restrains/parameters 4549/3/201 5060/5/318
Goodness-of-fit on F2 1.094 1.202
Final R indices [I>2 σ (I)] R1 = 0.0659, wR2 = 0.1221 R1 = 0.0538, wR2 = 0.1417
R indices (all data) R1 = 0.1529, wR2 = 0.1468 R1 = 0.0595, wR2 = 0.1494
Largest diff. peak and hole 0.375 and -0.358 0.980 and -0.912
-3
(e Ǻ )
10
Figure 1
a) b)
11
Figure 2
12
Figure 3
13
Figure 4
14
Figure 5
15
16
Submitted to XXX
Proof to Dr. J. Pons
Departament de Química
Facultat de Ciències
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
08193-Bellaterra-Cerdanyola, Barcelona
Spain
Fax: +34 93 581 31 01
E-mail: [email protected]
A
Departament de Química, Unitat de Química Inorgànica, Universitat Autònoma de
Barcelona, 08193-Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
B
Cristal·lografia, Mineralogia i Dipòsits Minerals, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i
Franquès s/n, 08028-Barcelona, Spain
Keywords:
1
Abstract
2
Introduction
Polymeric coordination networks have been the focus of intense research efforts
around the world during the past 15 years, in part because of the unique structural
motifs that can be generated and in part because of the unique chemical and physical
characteristics that are associated with such motifs [1].
3
chosen ligand with the desired metal center. This fact is important due to the
dimensionality and topology often define and/or restrict the potential application of
coordination materials.
The Nar-based coordination ligands have recently gained more and more interest
due to their intriguing framework topologies and potential applications in magnetism,
luminescence, and gas storage [8]. What is more, the pyrazole-containing ligands,
especially for the pyrazole-containing different heteroatoms or linkers (also called
“hybrid ligand”), have proved popular in recent years in the construction of these
supramolecular structures with diverse topology [9].
The ligands with pyrazole ring and alcohol group have not been studied
thoroughly up to now and in this paper we have used a hybrid ligand, namely 1-(2-
hydroxyethyl)-3,5-dimethylpyrazole (L) as a continued investigation extended from our
systematic research of pyrazole-containing ligand which has remarkable features in the
construction of supramolecular structures [10]. First, the lone pair of electrons on the
nitrogen can readily be donated to a metal center to form a ligand–metal linkage; second,
the alternative linking modes of the alochol group can satisfy different geometric
requirement of the metal centers; third, weak interactions, such as hydrogen bonding, π-
π interactions, can be expected in the structural construction [11].
The elemental analyses for complexes 1-3 are consistent with the formula
1M/2Cl/1L. The positive ionization spectra (ESI+-MS) of compounds 1-3 give a peak
4
attributable to [MCl(L)]+. Moreover, the peak attributable to [M2Cl3(L)2]+ is also
observed for complex 2 due to the dimeric nature of this compound. Molecular peaks of
the cations are observed with the same isotope distribution as the theoretical ones. The
ESI+-MS spectra of complexes 1-3 for fragment [MCl(L)]+ and its theoretical isotopic
distribution are presented (Figure 1). Conductivity values in methanol are in agreement
with the presence of non-electrolyte compounds since reported values (28.1-29.5 Ω-
1
cm2mol-1) are lower than 80 Ω-1cm2mol-1 [13].
Insert Figure 1
The IR spectra of these complexes in the range 4000-400 cm-1 show that L is
coordinated to the metallic center. The most characteristic bands in the IR spectra are
those attributable to pyrazolyl groups (ν(C=C), ν(C=N), δ(C-H)oop) [14]. These bands
increase their frequencies when they are part of the complexes. Moreover, in the IR
spectra of all three compounds, a broad band occurs at 3400–3000 cm-1 showing the
presence of the alcohol group. The shape and position of this band could indicate if
hydrogen bond interactions are present [15] (Figure 2). The IR spectra in the 600-100
cm-1 region were also studied. The presence of bands between 519 and 485 cm-1
assigned to ν(M-N) confirms the coordination of the Npz of the ligand to the metallic
atom. It is also observed a band assigned to ν(M-Cl) between 313 and 299 cm-1 [16].
Insert Figure 2
NMR studies.
1 13
H, C{1H}, DEPT, HSQC, COSY, and NOESY spectra were recorded in
CD3CN solution. The signals in the 1H NMR spectra for all complexes appear slightly at
lower fields than for the free ligand, especially for the protons of the NpzCH2CH2O
fragment due to the proximity to the nitrogen-coordinated atom in the chain. For all the
complexes, at room temperature, the ethylene protons of the NpzCH2CH2O chain appear
as two triplets (δ(1H) (ppm) = 4.16, 3.86 (1); 4.20, 3.84 (2) and 4.07, 3.82 (3) with
values of 3JHH (4.8 – 5.7 Hz).
113
Moreover, it has been possible to register Cd{1H} NMR (complex 2) and
199
Hg{1H} NMR (complex 3) spectra in CD3CN (2) or D2O (3) at 298 K. These nuclei
have spins ½ and offer several advantages including a larger chemical shift range,
5
stronger heteronuclear coupling, and faster relaxation times. This kind of heteronuclear
NMR spectroscopy is often applid on inorganic and organometallic compounds as a
probe for structural and mechanistic studies of proteins containing Cd/Hg or those in
which Zn is substituted by Cd/Hg at their active centers [17]. For complex 2, the
113
Cd{1H} NMR spectrum shows only one broad band at +674 ppm indicating the
199
presence of a single pentacoordinated complex in solution [18]. The Hg{1H} NMR
spectra of complex 3 show one resonance at -1281 ppm suggesting a mononuclear
structure with similar coordination environment as in complex 2 [19].
113
These Cd{1H} and 199
Hg{1H} NMR data are less common in the literature
[20] and can be useful not only to better understand the coordination modes of
Cd/Hg(II) complexes with similar cores but also for Zn(II) complexes by comparison
with their Cd/Hg(II) analogues [21].
6
gives rise to a Cd···Cd distance of 3.766(2) Å, which is too long to include any metal-
metal interaction.
Insert Figure 3
The [Cd2Cl4] core (two Clterminal and two Clbridging) is present in twenty-four
complexes in the literature but none of them present a N,O ligand [23]. Selected values
of bond lengths and bond angles for complex 2 are shown in Table 1. The Cd-Npz bond
distances are in agreement with the values reported in the literature (2.194–2.417 Å)
[23]. The two asymmetric Cd-Cl distances are also common for compounds containing
a Cd2Cl2 core (2.487 – 2.811 Ǻ) [24].
Insert Table 1
On the other hand, complex 3 (Figure 4) has a polymeric structure and shows a
one-dimensional infinite neutral chain of centrosymmetric [HgCl2(L)] units. Similarity
to what we have found for the Cd(II) complex, the mercury(II) center in 3 is also five-
coordinate, with a higher distorted trigonal-bipyramidal geometry as exemplified by its
tau parameter of Γ=0.77. Nevertheless, the local environment around the Hg(II) is
formed by one N atoms of the pyrazole and four bridging Cl. Atoms Cl2’ and Cl1’ are
in axial positions, while atoms Cl1, Cl2 and N1 are in equatorial positions. In this case
the trigonal-planar angles vary between 110.05 and 128.75 °. The angles formed by
apical atoms and those in the trigonal plane vary between 86.73 and 94.15 °, while the
angle formed by the apical atoms is 174.83º. The Hg(II) ion lies 0.008 (1) Å above the
equatorial plane. The Hg-Cl-Hg angle is 94.15(3)º and the value of the Hg···Hg distance
is 3.988(2) Å. Selected values of bond lengths and bond angles for complex 3 are shown
in Table 1. The Hg-Clequatorial bond distance of 2.426 (2) and 2.496 Å are much shorter
than the Hg-Claxial bond distances of 2.948 (2) and 2.992 Å; once again it is observed
that the polimeric [HgCl2]n core is asymmetric. Theses Hg-Cl bond lengths can be
compared with the Hg-Cl bond lengths of 2.35, 2.40, 2.81 A° in NaHgCl3, which is
composed of twofold polymeric ribbons of [Hg2Cl6] units in the solid-state structure
[25]. These values are all well within the sum of the Hg/Cl van der Waals radii of 3.30
A° [26]. Mercury halide anions are known to form a variety of multidimensional arrays
7
via bridging chlorides [27]. This could be considered as a reflection of the substantially
Lewis acidity of HgCl2 [28].
Extended Structures
Evidence suggests that Zn imbalances are involved in seizures that occur in
epilepsy, neurodegenerative diseases, and traumatic brain damage [29]. The use of this
kind of ligands that might be useful as selective sensors for the toxic Cd(II) or Hg(II)
ions is also of interest, particularly in the environment in the presence of the ubiquitous
Zn(II) ion [30]. Despite the considerable importance of this kind of compounds, little is
known about their intermolecular interactions that could be an aid in the elucidation of
their biological activity. Therefore, we have investigated the extended structure and the
self-assembly pattern of [Cd2Cl4(L)2] and [HgCl2(L)] units in the crystal through
intermolecular interactions.
Insert Figure 4
Contrary what we have found with complex 2, in the Hg(II) complex the O–
H···Cl interactions (2.516 (2) Å and 168.43º) are intramolecular (Figure 4b). This
interaction is weaker than in complex 2 even though the alcohol group is not
coordinated to de metallic center in 3. In spite of that, each oxygen atom is also engaged
in two O···H-C intermolecular interactions (2.554(3) Å, 172.03º and 2.598(2) Å,
133.88º) which form a 2D superstructure. In this extended structure it is worthy to
8
comment that all the CH2CH2OH uncoordinated fragments of the L ligand are arranged
in such a way that alkyl chains of the same polymer are parallel to each other. What is
more, and in the same manner as with Cd(II) ions, all the trans pyrazolyl rings are
perfectly coplanar to each other (interplanar angle of 0º).
Insert Figure X
Conclusions
A series of Zn(II) (1), Cd(II) (2) and Hg(II) (3) complexes with different
structures and topologies were obtained with the N,O-hybrid pyrazole ligand 1-(2-
hydroxyethyl)-3,5-dimethylpyrazole (L). These complexes have been successfully
113 199
synthesized and fully characterized. In addition, Cd and Hg NMR have been
recorded to characterize the new complexes in solution. The structures of complexes 2
and 3 were also characterized in solid state by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis
and shows that L was incorporated in the resulting complexes in a different way.
Moreover, the weak π-π stacking interactions and intermolecular hydrogen bonds
resulted in the two-dimensional network structures. All these results point out the
versatility of the hybrid pyrazole ligand on its coordination.
Experimental Section
General Details.
Elemental analyses (C, H, and N) were carried out by the staff of Chemical
Analyses Service of the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona on a Eurovector 3011
instrument. Conductivity measurements were performed at room temperature (r.t.) in
10-3 M methanol solutions, employing a CyberScan CON 500 (Euthech instrument)
conductimeter. Infrared spectra were run on a Perkin Elmer FT spectrophotometer,
series 2000 cm-1 as KBr pellets or polyethylene films in the range 4000-150 cm-1. 1H
NMR, 13C {1H} NMR, HSQC, COSY and NOESY spectra were recorded on a Bruker
AVANCE 250 MHz NMR spectrometer in CD3CN solutions at room temperature. 1D
113
Cd{1H} and 199
Hg{1H} NMR spectra were recorded on a DPX-360 Bruker
spectrometer equipped with a 5-mm broadband probe at 298 K in CD3CN (2) or D2O
(3) using a recycle time of 1s. Spectra were processed with a line broadening of 1Hz
9
prior to Fourier Transformation and externally referenced to aqueous solutions of 0.1 M
Cd(ClO4)2 and 0.1 M of Hg(ClO4)2 [19]. All chemical shifts values (δ) are given in ppm.
Electrospray mass spectra were obtained with an Esquire 3000 ion trap mass
spectrometer from Bruker Daltonics. Fluorescence measurements were made on a
SpectraMax M2e spectrophotometer equipped with quartz cuvettes of 1 cm path length
and were recorded in 10-5 M methanol solutions within the region 250-750 nm. The
instrument was configured to collect the signal in the ratio mode with dark offset using
5 nm bandpasses on both excitation and emission monochromators. Ligand 1-(2-
hydroxyethyl)-3,5-dimethylpyrazole (L) was prepared as described in the literature [12].
10
1H, CH(pz)), 4.51 (t, 2H, 3J = 5.6 Hz, NpzCH2CH2O), 4.30 (t, 2H, 3J = 5.6 Hz,
NpzCH2CH2O), 2.29 (s, 6H, CH3(pz)), 2.26 (s, 6H, CH3(pz)). δC (63 MHz, CD3CN, 298
K) 149.4 (pz-C), 142.2 (pz-C), 106.3 (CH(pz)), 62.0 (NpzCH2CH2O), 49.8
(NpzCH2CH2O), 13.4 (CH3(pz)), 12.2 (CH3(pz)). δ 113Cd{1H} (80 MHz, CD3CN, 298 K)
+674 (s). m/z (ESI+) 288.9 (100%, [CdClL]+), 612.8 (35%, [Cd2Cl3L2]+).
11
negative intensities were not assumed). The function minimized was Σ w││FO│2 –
│FC│2 │2, where w = [σ2 (I) + (0.0452P)2+1.7044P]-1 for 2 and w = [σ2 (I) +
(0.0413P)2+12.4032P]-1 for 3 and P = (│FO│2 + 2 │FC│ 2)/3. For 2 1H atom were
located from a difference synthesis and refined with an overall isotropic temperature
factor and 11 H atoms were computed and refined, using a riding model, with an
isotropic temperature factor equal to 1.2 times the equivalent temperature factor of the
atom which are linked. The final R(F) factor and Rw(F2) values as well as the number of
parameters refined and other details concerning the refinement of the crystal structure
are gathered in Table 2.
Insert Table 2
CCDC 762162 (2) and CCDC XXXXX (3) contain the supplementary
crystallographic data for complex [CdCl2(L)]2 (2) and [HgCl2(L)]n (3), respectively.
These data can be obtained free of charge via:http://www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/conts/
retrieving.html or from the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre, 12 Union Road,
Cambridge CB2 1EZ, UK; fax: (+44) 1223-336-033; or e-mail:
[email protected]
Acknowledgments
This work has been financially supported by the Spanish Ministry of Culture and
Education (Project CTQ2007-63913) and by Generalitat de Catalunya (a grant to M. G.).
We are very grateful to Dr. Arben Merkoçi for useful discussions and analysis of the
fluorescence spectra.
12
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16
Scheme 1
[ZnCl2(L)] (1)
MCl2 (M= Zn,Cd o Hg)
[CdCl2(L)]2 (2)
N 1M / 1L
N OH [HgCl2(L)]n (3)
Ethanol, 24 h, R. T.
L
17
Table 1. Selected bond lengths (Å) and bond angles (deg) for compounds 2 and 3.
18
Table 2. Crystallographic data for compounds 2 and 3.
[CdCl2(L)]2 (2) [HgCl2(L)]n (3)
Molecular Formula C14H24Cl4N4O2Cd2 C7H12Cl2N2OHg
Formula weigh 646.97 411.68
Temperature (K) 293(2) 293(2)
Wavelength (Ǻ) 0.71073 0.71073
System, space group Triclinic, Pī Orthorhombic, Pbca
Unit cell dimensions
a (Ǻ) 8.457 (5) 14.691 (6)
b (Ǻ) 8.555 (4) 7.384 (5)
c (Ǻ) 9.024 (5) 20.279 (9)
α (º) 73.90 (3) 90.00
β (º) 81.76 (4) 90.00
γ (º) 65.32 (2) 90.00
U (Ǻ 3) 569.7 (5) 2200 (2)
Z 1 8
Dcalc (g cm-3) 1.886 2.486
μ (mm-1) 2.351 14.443
F (000) 316 1520
3
Crystal size (mm ) 0.09x0.08x0.07 0.2x0.1x0.1
hkl ranges -10≤h≤9, -11≤k≤10, -8≤h≤9, -19≤k≤19,
-11≤l≤11 -25≤l≤27
2 θ Range (º) 2.35 to 30.22 2.01 to 30.67
Reflections 4061/2329 [R(int) = 17613/2891 [R(int) =
collected/unique/[Rint] 0.0298] 0.0405]
Completeness to θ (%) 91.9% (θ = 25.00º) 97.4% (θ = 25.00º)
Absorption correction None Empirical
Data/restrains/parameters 2329/1/124 2891/1/120
Goodness-of-fit on F2 1.233 1.196
Final R indices [I>2 σ (I)] R1 = 0.0341, wR2 = 0.1073 R1 = 0.0450, wR2 = 0.1167
R indices (all data) R1 = 0.0365, wR2 = 0.1136 R1 = 0.0451, wR2 = 0.1168
Largest diff. peak and hole 0.683 and -0.978 1.946 and -1.253
(e Ǻ-3)
19
Figure Captions
20
Figure 1
A1) A2)
B1) B2)
C1) C2)
21
Figure 2
78.5
75
70
65
60
55
50
%T
45
40
35
30
25
20.0
4000.0 3000 2000 1500 1000 400.0
cm-1
22
Figure 3
23
Figure 4
24
Figure 5
a)
b)
25
Figure 6
a)
b)
26