FORMULARIO PARA OBTENER LA RESISTENCIA A TIERRA MathCAD
FORMULARIO PARA OBTENER LA RESISTENCIA A TIERRA MathCAD
FORMULARIO PARA OBTENER LA RESISTENCIA A TIERRA MathCAD
1. VARILLAS ELECTRODO
1.1 UNA VARILLA electrodo de longitud L, radio r enterrada en un terreno de resistividad ρ. Uso: General
L = 3m
r = 0.008 m H.B.Dwight [6.1] ρ L
− 1 = 33.493 Ω
⋅ ln 4 ⋅
2⋅π ⋅L r
ρ = 100 Ω ⋅ m
R. Rüdenberg [6.3]
ρ L
= 35.121 Ω
⋅ ln 2 ⋅
2⋅π ⋅L r
ρ L
Sankosha [6.7] = 35.105 Ω
⋅ log 2 ⋅
2.73 ⋅ L r
1.2 DOS VARILLAS electrodo de longitud L y radio r enterradas con un espaciamiento d en un terreno de
resistividad ρ, conectadas en paralelo. Uso: General
ρ L ρ L
2
2 ⋅ L
4
L = 3m ⋅ ln 4 ⋅
− 1 + ⋅1 − + = 17.521 Ω
d>L 4⋅π ⋅L r 4 ⋅ π ⋅ d 2 4
3⋅d 5⋅d
1.3 UNA VARILLA ELECTRODO CON TRATAMIENTO O E MB EBIDA EN CONCRETO de longitud L y radio r, rodeada
de material de resistividad ρ1 y radio r1. Donde el terreno natural tiene una resistividad ρ.
ρ = 100 ohm ⋅ m
L = 3m Fagan - Lee [6.2]
r1 = 0.152 m
ρ1 = 0.25 ohm ⋅ m
1 8⋅L 8⋅L 8 ⋅ L
r = 0.008 m ⋅ ρ ⋅ ln − 1 + ρ1 ⋅ ln − 1 − ρ1 ⋅ ln − 1 = 17.897 Ω
2 ⋅ π ⋅ L 2 ⋅ r1 2⋅r 2 ⋅ r1
1
⋅ 2 − e
− 0.17 ( n − 1)
= 26.21 %
n
2. CONDUCTOR ENTERRADO
2.1 CONDUCTOR horizontal de longitud total B, radio a, enterrado a una profundidad S (s/2) en un terreno de
resistividad ρ.
B
B = 20 m s := 2 ⋅ S b :=
H.B.Dwight '[6.1] 2
a = 0.006 m
S = 0.5 m ρ b b s s
2
s
4
⋅ ln 4 ⋅ + ln 4 ⋅ − 2 + − + = 8.339 Ω
ρ = 100 Ω ⋅ m 4⋅π ⋅b
s
a 2⋅b 2 4
16 ⋅ b 512 ⋅ b
ρ B
2
⋅ ln = 8.298 Ω
2 ⋅ π ⋅ B 1.85 ⋅ S ⋅ 2 ⋅ a
Sankosha [6.7]
ρ B2
⋅ log = 8.784 Ω
2.73 ⋅ B 2S ⋅ a
ρ B2
⋅ ln = 8.788 Ω
2⋅π ⋅B 2S ⋅ a
2.2 CONDUCTOR horizontal en "L" con longitud total B (b por brazo), radio a, enterrado a una profundidad S (s/2) en
un terreno de resistividad ρ.
B
s := 2 ⋅ S b :=
B = 20 m 2
a = 0.006 m
H.B.Dwight [6.1]
S = 0.5 m
ρ b b s s
2
s
4
ρ = 100 Ω ⋅ m
⋅ ln 2 ⋅ + ln 2 ⋅ − 0.2373 + 0.2146 ⋅ + 0.1035 ⋅ − 0.0424 ⋅ = 8.617 Ω
4⋅π ⋅b a s b 2 4
b = 10 m b b
Tabla C.1 NMX-J-549-ANCE-2005 [6.6]
ρ B
2
⋅ ln = 8.597 Ω
2 ⋅ π ⋅ B 1.27 ⋅ S ⋅ 2 ⋅ a
2.3 CONDUCTOR horizontal en ESTRELLA DE TRES PUNTAS, con longitud total B (b por brazo), radio a, enterrado
a una profundidad S (s/2) en un terreno de resistividad ρ.
B
b :=
H.B.Dwight [6.1] s := 2 ⋅ S 3
B = 20 m
ρ b b s s
3
s
4
a = 0.006 m
⋅ ln 2 ⋅ + ln 2 ⋅ + 1.071 − 0.209 ⋅ + 0.238 ⋅ − 0.054 ⋅ = 8.97 Ω
6⋅π ⋅b a s b 3 4
S = 0.5 m b b
ρ = 100 Ω ⋅ m
b = 6.667 m
Tabla C.1 NMX-J-549-ANCE-2005 [6.6]
ρ B
2
⋅ ln = 8.999 Ω
2 ⋅ π ⋅ B 0.767 ⋅ S ⋅ 2 ⋅ a
2.4 CONDUCTOR horizontal en ESTRELLA DE CUATRO PUNTAS, con longitud total B (b por brazo), radio a,
enterrado a una profundidad S (s/2) en un terreno de resistividad ρ.
B
b :=
H.B.Dwight [6.1] s := 2 ⋅ S 4
B = 20 m
a = 0.006 m
ρ b b s s
3
s
4
⋅ ln 2 ⋅
S = 0.5 m
+ ln
2 ⋅ + 2.912 − 1.071 ⋅ + 0.645 ⋅ − 0.145 ⋅ = 9.835 Ω
ρ = 100 Ω ⋅ m 8⋅π ⋅b a s b 3 4
b b
b = 5m
ρ B
2
⋅ ln = 10.004 Ω
2 ⋅ π ⋅ B 0.217 ⋅ S ⋅ 2 ⋅ a
2.5 CONDUCTOR horizontal en ESTRELLA DE SEIS PUNTAS, con longitud total B (b por brazo), radio a, enterrado a
una profundidad S (s/2) en un terreno de resistividad ρ.
B
b :=
H.B.Dwight [6.1] s := 2 ⋅ S 6
B = 20 m
a = 0.006 m
ρ b b s s
3
s
4
⋅ ln 2 ⋅
S = 0.5 m
+ ln
2 ⋅ + 6.851 − 3.128 ⋅ + 1.758 ⋅ − 0.409 ⋅ = 11.779 Ω
ρ = 100 Ω ⋅ m 12 ⋅ π ⋅ b a s b 3 4
b b
b = 3.333 m
ρ B2 ⋅ 103
⋅ ln = 12.5 Ω
2 ⋅ π ⋅ B 9.42 ⋅ S ⋅ 2 ⋅ a
2.6 CONDUCTOR horizontal en ESTRELLA DE OCHO PUNTAS, con longitud total B (b por brazo), radio a, enterrado a
una profundidad S (s/2) en un terreno de resistividad ρ.
B
b :=
H.B.Dwight [6.1] s := 2 ⋅ S 8
B = 20 m
a = 0.006 m
ρ b b s s
3
s
4
⋅ ln 2 ⋅
S = 0.5 m
+ ln
2 ⋅ + 10.98 − 5.51 ⋅ + 3.26 ⋅ − 1.17 ⋅ = 13.707 Ω
ρ = 100 Ω ⋅ m 16 ⋅ π ⋅ b a s b 3 4
b b
b = 2.5 m
ρ B2 ⋅ 104
⋅ ln = 15.33 Ω
2 ⋅ π ⋅ B 2.69 ⋅ S ⋅ 2 ⋅ a
2.7 CONDUCTOR horizontal de radio a, en círculo de diámetro D, enterrado a una profundidad S (s/2) en un terreno de
resistividad ρ.
s := 2 ⋅ S
D = 10 m
a = 0.006 m
H.B.Dwight [6.1]
S = 0.5 m ρ D D
ρ = 100 Ω ⋅ m + ln 4 ⋅ = 3.324 Ω
⋅ ln 8 ⋅
4⋅π ⋅D
2 a s
3. CABLES EN CEMENTO CONDUCTOR
Ver: www.sankosha-usa.com/calc4.asp
3.1 CONTRA-ANTENA de B metros de largo totales y un ancho w, enterrado a una profundidad S, en un terreno de
resisitividad ρ. Uso: Antenas de RF
B = 20 m ρ B
2
⋅ log 2 ⋅ = 6.42 Ω
w = 0.5 m 2.73 ⋅ B S ⋅w
C.L. Hallmark [6.4]
S = 0.5 m
ρ = 100 ohm ⋅ m
3.2 CONTRA-ANTENA de B metros de largo totales repartidos en DOS BRAZOS A 90 GRADOS, y un ancho w,
enterrado a una profundidad S, en un terreno de resisitividad ρ. Uso: Antenas de RF
B = 20 m ρ ⋅ 1.03 B
2
⋅ log 2 ⋅ = 6.612 Ω
w = 0.5 m 2.73 ⋅ B S ⋅w
C.L. Hallmark [6.4]
S = 0.5 m
ρ = 100 ohm ⋅ m
3.3 CONTRA-ANTENA de B metros de largo totales repartidos en DOS BRAZOS EN PARALELO, con una separación
g entre ellos, y un ancho w, enterrado a una profundidad S, en un terreno de resisitividad ρ. Uso: Antenas de RF
B = 20 m
ρ B2 B
w = 0.5 m
⋅ log + log = 6.42 Ω
Sankosha [6.7] 2.73 ⋅ B 2⋅S ⋅w g
S = 0.5 m
ρ = 100 ohm ⋅ m
g = 5m
3.4 CONTRA-ANTENA de B metros de largo totales repartidos en DOS BRAZOS EN CRUZ, de un ancho w, enterrado a
una profundidad S, en un terreno de resisitividad ρ. Uso: Antenas de RF
B = 20 m
w = 0.5 m ρ ⋅ 1.12 B
2
⋅ log 2 ⋅ = 7.19 Ω
Sankosha [6.7] 2.73 ⋅ B S ⋅w
S = 0.5 m
ρ = 100 ohm ⋅ m
3.5 CONTRA-ANTENA de B metros de largo totales repartidos en TRES BRAZOS DE IGUAL LONGITUD, y un ancho
w, enterrado a una profundidad S, en un terreno de resisitividad ρ. Uso: Antenas de RF
B = 20 m ρ ⋅ 1.06 B2
⋅ log 2 ⋅ = 6.805 Ω
w = 0.5 m 2.73 ⋅ B S ⋅w
C.L. Hallmark [6.4]
S = 0.5 m
ρ = 100 ohm ⋅ m
3.6 CONTRA-ANTENA de B metros de largo totales repartidos en CUATRO BRAZOS DE IGUAL LONGITUD, y un
ancho w, enterrado a una profundidad S, en un terreno de resisitividad ρ. Uso: Antenas de RF
B = 20 m ρ ⋅ 1.12 B2
⋅ log 2 ⋅ = 7.19 Ω
w = 0.5 m 2.73 ⋅ B S ⋅w
C.L. Hallmark [6.4]
S = 0.5 m
ρ = 100 ohm ⋅ m
3.7 CONTRA-ANTENA de B metros de largo totales repartidos en SEIS BRAZOS DE IGUAL LONGITUD, y un ancho w,
enterrado a una profundidad S, en un terreno de resisitividad ρ. Uso: Antenas de RF
B = 20 m
C.L. Hallmark [6.4] ρ ⋅ 1.42 B2
⋅ log 2 ⋅ = 9.116 Ω
w = 0.5 m 2.73 ⋅ B S ⋅w
S = 0.5 m
ρ = 100 ohm ⋅ m
3.8 CONTRA-ANTENA de B metros de largo totales repartidos en OCHO BRAZOS DE IGUAL LONGITUD, y un ancho
w, enterrado a una profundidad S, en un terreno de resisitividad ρ. Uso: Antenas de RF.
B = 20 m
C.L. Hallmark [6.4] ρ ⋅ 1.65 B2
⋅ log 2 ⋅ = 10.592 Ω
w = 0.5 m 2.73 ⋅ B S ⋅w
S = 0.5 m
ρ = 100 ohm ⋅ m
4. MALLAS SIN VARILLAS
4.1 MALLA de forma cuadrangular, consistente en un conductor de longitud total B enterrado a S m, encerrando una
área de A m2 de terreno con una resistividad ρ. Uso: Subestaciones.
Para S<0.25m
B = 20 m
2 ρ π ρ
A = 600 m Laurent-Niemann [6.2] ⋅ + = 6.809 Ω
4 A B
S = 0.5 m
ρ = 100 Ω ⋅ m Para 0.25m<S<2.5m
1 1 1
J.G. Sverak [6.2] ρ⋅ + ⋅1 + = 6.749 Ω
B 20 ⋅ A 20
1 + S⋅
A
4.2 MALLA DE UN CUADRADO de L1 metros de lado, con conductor de radio a, enterrado a una profundidad S en
un terreno con una resistividad ρ. Uso: Subestaciones.
L1 = 20 m s := 2 ⋅ S
a = 0.006 m ρ s
Seidman [6.5] ⋅ 0.0304 − 0.0083 ⋅ ln a ⋅ = 2.961 Ω
0.2061 ⋅ L1 2
S = 0.5 m L1
ρ = 100 Ω ⋅ m
4.3 MALLA de L1 metros de lado, DE CUATRO CUADRADOS, con conductor de radio a, enterrado a una profundidad
S en un terreno con una resistividad ρ. Uso: Subestaciones.
L1 = 20 m
s := 2 ⋅ S
a = 0.006 m
Seidman [6.5]
S = 0.5 m ρ s
⋅ 0.0475 − 0.0054 ⋅ ln a ⋅ = 2.599 Ω
0.2061 ⋅ L1 2
ρ = 100 Ω ⋅ m L1
4.4 MALLA de L1 metros de lado, DE NUEVE CUADRADOS, con conductor de radio a, enterrado a una profundidad S
en un terreno con una resistividad ρ. Uso: Subestaciones.
L1 = 20 m
a = 0.006 m s := 2 ⋅ S
S = 0.5 m Seidman [6.5]
ρ s
ρ = 100 Ω ⋅ m ⋅ 0.05 − 0.0043 ⋅ ln a ⋅ = 2.365 Ω
0.2061 ⋅ L1 2
L1
5.5 Malla de los cimientos de una construcción con volumen V, en un terreno de resistividad r [6.8]
4
V = 1 × 10 L Markiewicz-Klajn [6.8]
ρ = 100 Ω m ρ
0.2 ⋅ = 9.283 Ω
3
V
5.1 MALLA consistente en el largo combinado B de conductor y varillas, enterrado todo a S m de profundidad,
encerrando una área de A m2 de terreno con una resistividad ρ. Uso: Subestaciones.
Para S<0.25m
B = 20 m
2 ρ π ρ
A = 600 m Laurent-Niemann [6.2] ⋅ + = 6.809 Ω
4 A B
S = 0.5 m
ρ = 100 Ω ⋅ m Para 0.25m<S<2.5m
5.2 MALLA de área A, enterrada a una profundidad S, EN UN TERRENO DE UNA CAPA de resistividad ρ. Las
varillas electrodo tienen un largo L y radio r, con su parte superior también a la profundidad S. La suma de las
longitudes de los conductores de radio a, sin las n varillas electrodo es B. El lado más corto es L1 y el lado
más largo es L2.
2
A = 600 m Schwarz [6.2]
Constantes de Geometría para una profundidad S < 0.1 ⋅ A = 2.449 m
S = 0.5 m
L2
K1 := −0.05 ⋅ + 1.2 K1 = 1.125
ρ = 100 ohm ⋅ m L1
L = 3m L2
K2 := 0.1 ⋅ + 4.68 K2 = 4.83
L1
r = 0.008 m
a = 0.006 m Resistencia de los conductores de la malla (R1)
B = 20 m ρ 2 ⋅ B K1 ⋅ B
R1 := ⋅ ln + − K2
π ⋅B 2⋅a⋅S A
R1 = 3.666 Ω
n=6
L1 = 20 m
Resistencia de todas las varillas electrodo (R2)
L2 = 30 m
ρ 4⋅L 2
⋅ ( n − 1)
2 ⋅ K1 ⋅ L
R2 := ln − 1 +
2⋅π ⋅n⋅L r A
R2 = 6.094 Ω
ρ 2 ⋅ B K1 ⋅ B
Rm := ⋅ ln + − K2 + 1
π ⋅B L Rm = −0.511 Ω
A
5.3 MALLA de área A, enterrada a una profundidad S, EN UN TERRENO DE DOS CAPAS. La capa superficial
tiene un espesor H y una resistividad superficial ρs. Las varillas electrodo tienen un largo L y su parte superior
está también a la profundidad S. La suma de las longitudes de los conductores sin las varillas electrodo es B. La
resistividad de la capa inferior donde está enterrada la malla es ρ. El lado más corto es L1 y el lado más largo es
L2.
Schwarz [6.2]
2
A = 600 m
Resistividad Aparente
S = 0.5 m
4 ρs
ρs = 1 × 10 ohm ⋅ m
ρa := L ⋅ ρ ⋅
[ ρ ⋅ ( H − S) + ρs ⋅ ( L + S − H) ] ρa = 103.413 Ω ⋅ m
ρ = 100 ohm ⋅ m
L = 3m
ρa 4⋅L 2
⋅ ( n − 1)
2 ⋅ K1 ⋅ L
R2 := ln − 1 +
2⋅π ⋅n⋅L r A
R2 = 6.302 Ω
ρa 2 ⋅ B K1 ⋅ B
Rm := ⋅ ln + − K2 + 1
π ⋅B L Rm = −0.529 Ω
A
6. REFERENCIAS
[6.1] DWIGHT, H.B. Calculation of Resistances to Ground. AIEE Transactions vol 55. Dic 1936. págs. 1319-1328.
[6.3] RÜDENBERG, R. Fundamental Considerations on Ground Currents. Electrical Engineering. Ene 1945.
[6.7] San-Earth Technical Review - Practical Measures for Lowering Resistance to Grounding. Sankosha Corp.
[6.8] MARKIEWICZ, H & KLAJN, A. Earthing Systems - Basic Constructional As pects . Copper Development
Association. UK 2004.
[6.9] DURHAM, M & DURHAM, R. Lightning, Grounding and Protection for Control Systems. IEEE Transactions on
Industry Applications. Jan/Feb 1995. págs 45-54