Arte Y Desindustrialización: Encuentro Internacional Lota Chile Mayo 2019
Arte Y Desindustrialización: Encuentro Internacional Lota Chile Mayo 2019
Arte Y Desindustrialización: Encuentro Internacional Lota Chile Mayo 2019
ENCUENTRO INTERNACIONAL
12 > 29
Registro fotográfico de acciones
en el espacio público
32 > 39
Reconversión / 1997 - 2017
Poesía como manifiesto híbrido
para pensar el territorio
Daniela Guerrero / Chile
40 > 43
Arte y Desindustrialización: Los murales de Diego
Rivera en Detroit
Blanca Gutiérrez Galindo / México
44 > 47
Mercado
Patricio Gil Flood / Argentina - Suiza
48 > 51
De alternativas y sus impedimentos
Francisco González / Chile
52 > 55
Algunas notas sobre arte y trabajo
Biopolíticas de la productividad
Samuel Ibarra / Chile
56 > 59
Desindustrialización y gestión urbana en el
Gran Concepción:
hitos locales del ajuste neoliberal (1974 - 1989)
León Pagola Contreras / Chile
60 > 63
Tres acercamientos al Mundo de Trofeos
Victoria Wigzell / Sudáfrica
64 > 67
Nuestro Manifiesto para un Buen Vivir
La Caleta / Chile
70 > 77
Jornada de Discusión Colectiva
Arte y Desindustrialización 2019
David Romero / Chile
78 > 87
De transferencias a transformaciones:
Esto No Es Chile (Suiza)
Eduardo Cruces / Chile
88 > 107
English
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Lota, Louta en mapudungun: Pequeño Caserío o
Caserío Insignificante; es el punto de encuentro para
esta segunda edición de Arte y Desindustrialización
2019. Lota, pueblo emblemático por la lucha
sindical obrera al centro de Chile continental, en
sus inicios fue una pequeña caleta mapuche, que
tuvo un giro radical en su historia por la instalación
de la industria carbonífera por más de 150 años,
desde mediados del siglo XIX hasta el cese de su
producción en 1997. Antes de continuar, mucho
avanzaremos si desde ya dejamos en claro nuestras
motivaciones: nuestra proposición es enfocarnos
en los alcances posteriores al cierre de la industria
e insertarnos en la etapa de su desmantelamiento
por su Reconversión, plan de transformación
económica del cual Lota fue laboratorio en
Chile. Nuestra decisión editorial y curatorial se
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por el voyerismo de la ruina y lo ominoso, este también un escenario fructífero de reflexión/
encuentro de Arte y Desindustrialización al tanto acción por su intensidad de capas roídas para
de los diversos antecedentes, se concentra redescubrir la relación entre la naturaleza y
en generar un espacio para el intercambio de el flujo de saberes ancestrales. Saberes que
saberes y experiencias entre comunidades pueden ser sintonizados con una conciencia
y la red de investigadores independientes local por sus particularidades y a su vez con
y académicos, para trazar en conjunto una una conciencia planetaria en la solidaridad:
posibilidad de acción. Hemos comenzado por La desindustrialización como quiebre para
pausar la producción de objetos artísticos a desmantelar, desmantelar para construir, construir
favor de reunirnos, conocernos e intercambiar para destruir, destruir para crear.
nuestras prácticas de trabajo y saberes en
un escenario como Lota, pueblo que ha sido
fuente de inspiración para muchas obras de
todas las disciplinas artísticas, tesis académicas Apertura del
y consultas por investigadores, pero que
adolece de una plataforma de retroalimentación
Encuentro:
efectiva. Lota como otros pueblos ubicados Día del Trabajo en
en las llamadas zonas de sacrificio en Chile,
es una comunidad que actualmente sospecha Feria Libre de Lota
de todo acercamiento como resultado de las
prácticas de extracción sin devolución de muchos Teniendo la provincia de Concepción como punto
investigadores que no regresan después del de encuentro, más específicamente la ciudad
trabajo hecho, y quienes retornan lo hacen como de Lota, escenario en continuo contraste de
“expertos” imponiendo sus propias ideas, esto fuerzas, se convocó a participar a una serie de
profundizado por la falta de un proyecto cultural a investigadores locales y provenientes de otros
largo plazo a nivel país, tiene como resultado una países. El propósito, abrir la discusión a través
comunidad imposibilitada para reflexionarse a sí de tres acercamientos públicos con el contexto:
misma en su proceso histórico. Una serie de acciones en la Feria Libre de Lota
el 01 de mayo, un Seminario abierto en CFT Lota
En contraste con Europa donde la Arauco el día 02 de mayo, y una Jornada de
industrialización es solo una capa más sobre discusión colectiva en ONG La Caleta el día 03 de
las otras que sistematizan la historia de su mayo que profundizó todo lo tratado. Generando
además, durante la semana del encuentro, predicación con un mensaje de audio que a lo
actividades de reconocimiento del lugar, a través lejos da tregua.
de derivas y caminatas por la zona, preparando
las condiciones de conexión y apertura a dialogar. Patricio Gil Flood usó el espacio de intersección
entre la ruinosa escuela de artesanos y los
Durante el día 01 de mayo, se dio inicio al puestos de venta de zapatos, para diagramar
encuentro de Arte y Desindustrialización, sobre el suelo sus ideas, pisadas en algunos
mediante una serie de acciones públicas momentos por los transeúntes, tizas usadas
llevadas a cabo por Victoria Wigzell, Pablo Rocu, para dibujar conceptos en torno al ocio y el
Patricio Gil Flood y Samuel Ibarra. El espacio trabajo. Mediante una lectura que se mezclaba
escogido, la Feria Libre de Lota, mercado suavemente con el transitar de las personas
abierto prácticamente todo el año, espacio vivo con sus bolsones cargados con productos de la
y lugar de encuentro entre las personas tanto Feria, termina su acción sosteniendo un afiche
locales como provenientes de todas partes de la que sentencia “Más Pereza Por Favor” una frase
región. en claro contraste a las antiguas consignas que
marchaban para el Día del Trabajo, hoy muy
Victoria Wigzell, dividió su proyecto World of lejos de ser instancia de protesta y reivindicación
Trophies en diversas instancias de sociabilización, colectiva.
activando para esta ocasión una acción en
el último puesto de artesanía en carbón de La jornada durante el Día del Trabajo en la Feria
la Feria de Lota, de propiedad del artesano Libre de Lota, finaliza con la acción de Samuel
Eduardo Cartes, donde las piedras negras están Ibarra en el callejón donde mujeres provenientes
acompañadas de obsoletas herramientas y de zonas rurales comercializan sus productos
utensilios que se usaban en la mina, exhibidas cosechados de sus propias huertas. Fue allí
ahora a modo de museo. Montado un televisor donde Samuel sosteniendo una fotografía
transmite fotografías antiguas del caserío de Milton Friedman, leyó una larga lista de
mezcladas con publicidad de los productos compañías, marcas y conceptos que rigen al
disponibles para la canasta familiar de los mercado neoliberal. En el suelo sobre un pendón
trabajadores. En dicho escenario, y luego de corporativo bancario aguarda un hot dog y una
escuchar el relato, a modo de visita guiada por bebida para devorar su primera jornada de laburo.
el hijo del artesano, Victoria le hace entrega de
un pequeño trofeo traído desde una fábrica de
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en una fábrica de trofeos en Johannesburgo a
su vez que da cuenta del carácter competitivo
de la propia ciudad del oro. Patricio Gil Flood
comparte una serie de referencias sobre artistas
y colectivos que han desarrollado la idea de ocio
en sus propias prácticas de creación o de nada.
Samuel Ibarra nos comparte su declamación
como curador del encuentro de performance
Arte y Trabajo, expresando los impactos de la
explotación global sobre los cuerpos. Finalmente,
una lectura poética de Daniela Guerrero basada
en su libro Reconversión, donde transita por el
desmantelamiento cultural de la zona del carbón
desde una perspectiva que recoge su propia
generación, la cual vivió la transformación de su
comunidad en escombros.
Victoria Wigzell
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Pablo Rocu
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Samuel Ibarra
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Día 2
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¿Porvenir?
el mar suena arrastrando las piedras.
(vuelvo a preguntar entonces)
¿Quién sobra en la escena de lo que llamamos patrimonio?
SEGUNDO PELDAÑO:
Las visiones, espejismos de tazas de café
Perseveramos
sin lograr escuchar los gritos voraces de lucha,
pero se siente el sueño de capturar el tiempo para no ver la derrota.
No en paracaídas
Recuerdo a recuerdo,
cae
tornándose violenta,
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pero acá se puede deambular desde el mar al bosque todos los días,
caer derretida ante una puesta de sol
o encontrarse con quien amas en medio de un camino verdoso.
Espejismos hay en todos lados
y la brisa resuelve siempre cualquier aburrimiento posible.
TERCER PELDAÑO:
Los lugares, la muerte nos iguala a todos…
Los cementerios y sus tumbas nos llenan de flores.
CUARTO PELDAÑO:
Los murmullos que esconden los rostros de las postales que nunca se ven.
Todas las mañanas vocifera su pan ante las bocinas de los buses,
a los escolares y
a los transeúntes de las cuatro esquinas que la enfrentan...
no sabe hacer otra cosa,
pero es feliz -me cuenta-
mientras recibo de sus manos tan apetecido alimento.
QUINTO PELDAÑO:
Recuerdos, marcha de estudiantes a dos días del cierre. (1997)
RECONVERSIÓN
Después del último pitazo
RECONVERSIÓN
NADIE MIDIÓ EL IMPACTO DE LA PALABRA
la política le ganó a la rabia
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la rabia le ganó al esfuerzo
el esfuerzo sólo quedó para algunos
algunos sólo siguen pensando
pensando que las cosas se pusieron difícil
difícil fue para muchos seguir haciendo arte,
arte ni parte ni espacio.
EL REFUGIO SE ARRUINA
EL MUNDO NOS INVADE PASAN LOS AÑOS...
APARECE EL ÓXIDO Y LOS PERROS
estructuras oxidadas,
RESCATAR un sentido.
RECONVERSIÓN
No hay nadie dicen...
Y ahí están las cenizas de los incendios que cada invierno vuelan
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Fragmento del mural, Diego Rivera trabajando (captura del video) y fragmento de boceto original.
Las imágenes son parte del articulo “Murales de la industria de Detroit” escrito por Miguel Calvo Santos.
Arte y
Desindustrialización:
los murales de Diego Rivera
en Detroit
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esperanzas de redirigir las promesas modernas abstractos. Y es que, en verdad, desde las
de un mundo mejor a través de la fusión de la primeras décadas del siglo XX, las problemáticas
técnica y la naturaleza, y también el fracaso estéticas del realismo configuran un terreno
de un proyecto civilizatorio que ha convertido de experimentación y reflexión artística que
a ciudades como Detroit (y Lota) en ciudades atraviesa al arte moderno.
fantasma, gobernadas por el miedo y la
desesperanza. Otra de las razones para recordar La asociación entre realismo y comunismo
los frescos de Rivera era una que no exploramos surgió en los años treinta, cuando el realismo
y que pertenece al terreno de lo afectivo se convirtió en la tendencia acogida por los
—del deseo de saber más, de investigar— los comunistas para formar un frente común
vínculos que Lota guarda con el pintor muralista antifascista, es decir, en oposición a las políticas
mexicano a través de las pinturas de Oswaldo sociales de Stalin, Hitler, Mussolini y Franco. En
Barra Cunninhgam conservadas en el salón los años del recrudecimiento de la persecución
patrimonial del CFT, donde se celebró nuestro estalinista entre 1935 y 1939 tuvo lugar el
encuentro y que representan también diversos llamado “debate sobre el expresionismo” en
aspectos de la actividad productiva de Lota la Unión Soviética; sus protagonistas fueron
durante su auge como ciudad industrial. filósofos y artistas como Ernst Bloch, Johannes
R. Becher, Anna Seghers, Alfred Kurella,
Heinrich y Klaus Mann, y Bertolt Brecht, unidos
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excedieron sus fronteras, y en el horizonte de
la emergencia del fascismo, Rivera presentaba
una postura bastante clara en relación con las
posibilidades emancipadoras de los procesos
de modernización basados en la máquina y en
los modelos tayloristas y fordistas. Los frescos
de Rivera siguen intactos en medio de una
ciudad que ha pasado de ser la capital mundial
del automóvil a escenario de exitosas distopías
cinematográficas, dicho con las palabras de
Susan Buck-Morss, de un mundo soñado a una
pesadilla aparentemente sin retorno. Así, lo que
para nuestro presente testimonian esos frescos
es la configuración (pintada) de un desvío del
capitalismo moderno como posibilidad histórica
concreta. Al mismo tiempo que testimonian una
respuesta, una entre otras, sobre lo que el arte y
los artistas pueden hacer en tiempos de crisis.
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pueden acceder a un trabajo. La precariedad la plataforma para operar, los edificios, las casas
se intensifica en todos los ámbitos de la vida, de amigos, las calles… El ocio y el vicio como la
nos estamos convirtiendo en pobres de tiempo, mano amiga. Algo que nos permite hacernos la
pobres de trabajar con los sentidos, pero la ética vida menos angustiosa y más llevadera. “Pinté sin
del trabajo sigue siendo muy alta... La práctica saber cómo pintar, escribí sin saber escribir, canté
artística no es la excepción, aunque los artistas sin saber cómo cantar. La torpeza repetida se
son considerados los trabajadores liberales convirtió en mi estilo”.
freelance perfectos, de alguna manera hay rastros
de una posibilidad de emancipación... Encuentro La escuela es la posibilidad de posibilidades.
muchas veces en prácticas artísticas ejemplos de Esta posibilidad parece estar vulnerable por la
resistencia (poética) frente a esta opacidad. efectividad. Vamos a la escuela para aprender
cómo ser efectivos, cómo ganarnos la vida,
El mundo es un mundo de “propietarios”, la sino somos personas perezosas. Y podemos
historia del trabajo es la historia de la dominación. ver fácilmente de dónde viene esta noción... Si
La desigualdad es algo común, y la redistribución miramos los textos fundacionales de la civilización
de la riqueza es una emergencia, y también, dominante judeo-cristiana, en ellos se describe
por supuesto, el tiempo. Hay y ha habido un estado original de humanidad idílica donde los
históricamente algunas prácticas y acciones de la grados de libertad y ocio parecen ser la mayoría.
vida cotidiana que cuestionan la productividad y En esta visión mainstream, la humanidad es
sus lógicas de reproducción. Para enfrentar a la expulsada de este paraíso como resultado de
“barbarie” capitalista surgieron diferentes fuerzas, consumir el fruto del Árbol del Conocimiento. Este
contra el trabajo como el centro de la sociedad, “uso del conocimiento” es el famoso mandato de
contra la productividad como único valor y contra la Biblia (en el capítulo de Génesis): “Desde ahora
la competencia como la relación con el mundo. trabajarás con el sudor de tu frente”. La era del
ocio y la sociedad de la abundancia y la gratuidad
Revisar nuestras prácticas, nuestro día a se ven atrapadas por una nueva formulación del
día, como lo que circula en un mercado de principio de la realidad: ganarse la vida.
intercambios, es un ejercicio para tratar de
entender. En algunos casos, logramos momentos Paradójicamente, de nuevo, si seguimos esta
y discursos colectivos que se presentan como visión primitiva, el ocio se define en la antigüedad
posturas artísticas, que intentan desmantelar pagana por la palabra griega “Skholè” (que dio el
o superar ciertas dicotomías como el trabajo latín “schola” y el francés “école”). Y entonces, la
noción de ESCUELA significa: “tiempo libre, ocio, de acciones y escenarios, para encontrarse con
descanso, holgazanería, discusión aprendida”. lo que quieren hacer. Si somos considerados
trabajadores, entonces tenemos que cuestionar
Ocupar la palabra escuela es como el trabajo, hasta que lo redefinamos o lo hagamos
cuando intervenimos en la esfera pública. desaparecer (de entre nosotros).
Reconceptualizamos términos y les damos
un nuevo propósito, para permitirnos
usurpar palabras. Nuestro conocimiento es
incompleto, inacabado, y estamos aprendiendo
constantemente. Lo que nos hace educarnos no
es la educación, sino la capacidad de reconocer
lo inconcluso de nuestro conocimiento... Somos
los sujetos (y no los objetos) de nuestra propia
educación.
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arte, descubres tu deseo.
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participantes que se sumaron fueron variados Implicando, además, el no contar con un espacio
y de distintas procedencias, sin embargo, para los materiales que ocupábamos, ni poder
los cupos que teníamos no se completaron; generar una identidad colectiva en el lugar.
en términos del desarrollo de las sesiones,
ocurrieron una serie de problemas en las Pero este problema también recayó en nosotros.
discusiones, vinculados a la no lectura de los Por la sociedad en la que vivimos, un asunto
textos sugeridos y a la resistencia a salir de obvio es que se necesita dinero para comer, y
las estructuras establecidas en el Arte; por eso implica trabajar y ocupar tiempo en ello. El
último, para la actividad de cierre, no obstante dedicarse a algo que no ayuda a las condiciones
los esfuerzos realizados para ese proceso en materiales necesarias para vivir fue un problema.
particular, llegó solo una participante. Inevitablemente hay una base material de
supervivencia para poder tener la posibilidad de
Por su parte, la Escuela de Verano emerge generar cambios.
desde una reflexión sobre lo que fue la
experiencia previa. Su intención fue la de
realizar un internado en la localidad de Caracol
en San Fabián de Alico, entre enero y febrero El deseo, la motivación
de 2019, invitando a personas interesadas en y las voluntades de
construir un espacio crítico de experimentación quienes participamos,
y reflexión territorial. Esta instancia buscaba
situarse en la contingencia que estaban tanto “docentes” como
viviendo diversas comunidades a raíz de un “estudiantes”
proyecto hidroeléctrico y un embalse en el río
Ñuble: sus consecuencias, expropiaciones, Pienso algo bastante simple, pero que creo es de
desalojos y el fin de un modo de vida para las enorme importancia: no hubo una coincidencia
personas del sector. Es por esto que lo que se real en el deseo que nos movía, por lo que este
propuso fueron dos seminarios centrados en movimiento no tenía la misma dirección y, por
los problemas de tal contingencia, al tiempo ende, para lograr nuestro deseo no había la
que se desarrollarían brigadas de apoyo a la misma voluntad: es un asunto de grados de
comunidad. El problema fue que hubo solo tres intensidad. Nos confundimos al centrarnos en
postulaciones, por lo que solo parte del equipo lo superficial y no en la estructura; creer que
pudo viajar (ya que existía el compromiso de vamos en un mismo flujo, cuando eran diferentes.
Un problema derivado de la convocatoria, con una mayor potencialidad que en los que van
el convocar y difundir un proyecto para que tras una palabra de la que todos piensan cosas
personas postulen. distintas, como Arte.
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jerarquías, roles y límites que nos autoimpusimos,
lo que acarreó aspectos como lo mencionado con
relación a tener que hacer una convocatoria.
Posibilidades
Aun considerando lo que ocurrió en estas
experiencias, de todas formas pienso que existen
posibilidades de cambio real. Pero para que
aquello acontezca, resulta necesario cambiar
la estructura desde la cual se actúa. El mismo
trabajo tiene que ser un flujo que cambie la
estructura, que modifique constantemente su
organización, que se construya a sí misma una y
otra vez.
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en una desmoralización colectiva que resuena
en la indolencia ciudadana y la desmovilización
política. Hay toda una inseguridad asentada
sobre manipulaciones organizadas y racionales
que hacen fácil y expeditas explotaciones a nivel
internacional (cadenas de comida rápida, de
supermercados etc.).
“Crisis posterga a la industria en la Zona”. Diario El Sur, viernes 14 de marzo de 1975, página 20.
El Trébol Concepción-Talcahuano. Diario El Sur, Concepción, miércoles 29 octubre de 1986, portada y página 11.
Desindustrialización
y gestión urbana en
el Gran Concepción:
hitos locales del ajuste
neoliberal
(1974 - 1989)
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1975, un periodo crítico para un polo tradicional territorio geográfico comenzaría a transformar
de la industria nacional, al desarrollarse su vocación hacia lo que se denominaron
paralelamente la aplicación en Chile de las commodities, también llamadas de ventajas
políticas de corte neoliberal. El impacto de dichas comparativas, materia primas en las que áreas
instituciones económicas, supuso una alteración completas se especializaron. Para la región,
a la economía nacional en su conjunto, tanto en con una vocación industrial característica
el panorama local respecto de sus complejos durante gran parte del siglo XX, los sectores
fabriles, como en las ciudades y su morfología con mayor proyección y crecimiento durante la
concordante al nuevo esquema económico. dictadura, se concentraron en el sector forestal
y la pesca. Esta especialización, repercutió en la
El tránsito a una economía de mercado, produjo en construcción de nuevas obras públicas diseñadas
el Gran Concepción estragos notables dentro de la específicamente para el transporte de carga hacia
industria y la gestión urbana del área metropolitana. distintos puertos del Gran Concepción, donde
Cabe preguntar entonces ¿El proceso solo afectó encontramos sitios emblemáticos como el Trébol
a la industria? ¿Cuáles son las huellas visibles del entre Concepción y Talcahuano con conexiones a
impacto neoliberal en el territorio? ¿Qué significó otros nudos viales de gran relevancia para el área.
para la población penquista?
Finalmente, la expulsión de población al interior
de Concepción pasó a constituirse como otro de
Procesos múltiples, los pilares que dieron forma al área metropolitana
durante la década de los 80’. ¿Qué se buscaba
impactos visibles con la expulsión de poblaciones insertas en
el centro de la trama urbana penquista?: La
En el comienzo de esta transformación productiva, higienización de la ciudad construida desde
existen una serie de hechos conjugados en cómo un nuevo urbanismo, acoplado enteramente al
se rediseñó la configuración del área metropolitana mercado. Por este motivo, varias poblaciones
hasta comienzos de los años 70’. El proceso como Libertad o Carlos Ibáñez, son parte de
neoliberal moldeó una arquitectura determinada una historia poco conocida sobre la remoción
para el Gran Concepción, respecto a la forma, de pobladores residentes al interior de la capital
hacia “ventajas comparativas” que tomaron las regional hacia lugares como San Pedro la Paz.
ciudades pertenecientes a esta zona. Al respecto, A esto se suma otra población expulsada de
durante el periodo de dictadura, existen tres Santiago que llega a la Región del Biobío.
Comentarios finales
Los procesos de desindustrialización y gestión
urbana que ocurrieron en el Gran Concepción,
como consecuencia del impacto neoliberal a
escala local durante la dictadura cívico-militar,
generó trayectorias visibles del mercado en
diversos territorios del área metropolitana. El
proceso de ajuste y transformación del Estado,
su lógica de acción, bajo una orientación al libre
mercado se hizo presente a través de discursos
e hitos que destacan en su desarrollo territorial.
Principalmente, por el tipo de organización
interna en lo que ha sido considerado un polo
industrial clave dentro del desarrollo del país
y que, como otros territorios de Chile, ha sido
impactado en su conformación material, social e
histórica por las políticas neoliberales impulsadas
desde la dictadura.
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plenamente, o casi, hacia un libre mercado.
Se concretó una gubernamentalidad neoliberal
acorde a los discursos de la época, matizando
en algunos casos con monopolios que se fueron
vislumbrando a medida que los años avanzaron.
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por Andile Msongelwa en 2013; ambos poseen persona es considerada tanto por sí misma
el sentido de dignificar el trabajo, aunque desde como por los demás, y por lo tanto se convierte
diferentes perspectivas políticas. Una gran en un sinónimo más de “estima”. La tendencia
parte de la dirección de este documental es el humana para atribuir valor a las personas y sus
tratamiento de imágenes destinadas a dignificar o acciones conduce fácilmente a nociones de
romantizar el trabajo, cuestionando porqué esta excepcionalidad y mediocridad como puntos de
forma de imagen -en combinación con el color referencia para que todas las personas midan
del oro- es tan exitosa en generar un sentido de sus niveles de realización personal y de éxito.
orgullo y fuerza. El valor también es un término que se refiere a
una guía o código moral para vivir la vida. Por lo
Algunos/as trabajadores de la tienda nos dicen: tanto, los valores positivos se utilizan a menudo
como camino hacia el éxito, la alta autoestima y
“Saben que el oro es lo que todos buscan, todo la estima social. El documental pretende resaltar
lo que es brillante llama la atención de un niño, y también problematizar esta noción, siempre
su presencia en la ciudad del oro y que tiene tratando de situar el valor más allá de un premio.
algo casi equivalente en color, a los niños les
encanta”. (Jerry) La estructura de el documental será en última
instancia una colección de viñetas. Cada una
“Honestamente no soy muy aficionado a contará una historia que presenta trofeos, pero
Johannesburgo. Encuentro la energía terrible. de hecho se trata de un evento o experiencia de
Está demasiado ocupado, demasiado lleno, la vida personal. Los momentos entretenidos o
no sé, pero para mí Johannesburgo no es el absurdos se contrastarán entre sí, para mostrar
mejor lugar, preferiría estar en otro. Y si pudiera las diferentes formas en que el tema puede
mudarme de Joburg, lo haría”. (Promise) desarrollarse.
“... y todos piensan que Joburg es un lugar Les voy a presentar un extracto del proyecto.
donde puedes hacer dinero fácil, supongo. Como Este extracto no es el documental en sí, la razón
Jerry dijo es ‘la ciudad de oro’ donde todos de esto es porque actualmente estoy recopilando
piensan que es el lugar para conseguir un trabajo los contenidos e investigando para el desarrollo
y probablemente lo sea, por eso hay tanta gente”. de un guión final. Recibí una subvención para
(Nicky) armar guiones por la Fundación Nacional de
Video y Cine de Sudáfrica, que me ha dado el
tiempo y los recursos para profundizar en las
historias de las personas y reflexionar sobre cómo
sus experiencias personales podrían relacionarse
con una construcción narrativa. En términos de
color y sonido, aún no se ha terminado, por lo
tanto, disculpen por lo tosco de la edición.
3. Discurso para
entrega de trofeo. Día
del Trabajo, Feria de
Lota
“Mi nombre es Victoria Wigzell, vengo de
Johannesburgo. Allí he pasado el último año
inmersa en un mundo de trofeos, conociendo a
las personas que los hacen, a quienes lo otorgan
y a quienes los reciben por las hazañas que
han logrado. Una palabra que he escuchado a
menudo durante este proceso es “Campeón”.
Algunos podrán decir que los campeones
solo pueden ser aquellos que ganan, pero un
campeón es también alguien que elige dónde
debe estar la importancia en su vida, alguien
que elige cuál debe ser su legado y que nunca
se rinde, por lo tanto, me gustaría entregarles
este trofeo “El corazón de un campeón”. Por su
continua labor en la preservación de la historia de
su trabajo y de su pueblo.
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Por favor, demos un gran aplauso.”
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Carnaval Cultural por los Derechos de la Niñez, en las calles de Lota, Enero, 2019.
Nuestro Manifiesto
Para un Buen Vivir
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La Caleta / Chile
ONG sin fines de lucro ubicada en Lota, Santiago y provincia de Arauco, Chile.
Durante el verano del 2018 participamos
Niños, Niñas y Adolescentes de diversos Por toda esta realidad
sectores en la comuna de Lota, Región del
Biobío, Chile. Trabajamos y reflexionamos
que vivimos, es
sobre nuestras realidades, enfocados en que les demandamos
las problemáticas que nos afectan tanto a
nosotros, a nuestras poblaciones, como y exigimos a todos
también a la comuna y, propusimos como
sus garantes: Municipio, Juntas de vecinos y
los garantes lo
nuestros padres y madres, se debieran hacer siguiente:
cargo. Al mismo tiempo trabajamos propuestas
y/o acciones para cambiar estas problemáticas • Exigimos a las autoridades que se acerquen
desde nosotros. a la población para observar y examinar las
problemáticas que afectan a los vecinos y
Niños, Niñas y Adolescentes todos los sectores vecinas del sector, proponiendo soluciones
expresamos nuestro parecer, llegando a la en conjunto, y plazos que permitan que éstas
conclusión de que existen ciertas problemáticas se ejecuten en un tiempo determinado.
en todas las poblaciones, las cuales son de
vital importancia resolver, para que los niños • Demandamos a nuestras familias, que se
y niñas podamos ejercer nuestros derechos den el tiempo para conversar y estar con
a nivel personal, a nivel comunitario, a nivel nosotros/as y así poder tener una mayor
ambiental y por supuesto escolar. comunicación, una relación afectiva, más
cercana y llevadera. Demandamos cariño
hacia los niños y niñas.
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• Cuidar, y hermosear los lugares para
compartir en nuestra población.
Epílogo
Nuestro Manifiesto para un Buen Vivir, escrito
en el verano del 2018 por los Niños, Niñas y
Adolescentes, fue creado colectivamente con
la convicción de que es necesario visibilizar y
ejercer sus derechos. Hasta la fecha ha sido
difundido por diversas vías: encuentros infantiles,
reuniones con autoridades, vecinos y entre niños/
as, talleres artísticos, congresos, seminarios,
charlas, lecturas públicas, marchas, carnavales y
diversos encuentros en la esfera pública.
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saber qué era ese pasado? ¿Qué hacer con
También nos hacemos la siguiente pregunta: ¿qué el pasado en la construcción del futuro? En
significaría desindustrializarse?, si lo pensamos contextos atravesados por el empobrecimiento
como un giro crítico desde la práctica artística, y el trauma, el pasado se observa desde
asociamos este gesto a la transformación de toda la derrota; debemos entonces recuperar la
estructura normativa heredada. Lo vemos como memoria desde la multiplicidad, desmontar sus
una oportunidad para ensayar otros modos de versiones hegemónicas e indagarla desde otras
relacionarnos con la historia y la memoria; como perspectivas y lugares; poner en funcionamiento
un espacio para lo interdisciplinario que permita una arqueología que indague en aquellas
generar nuevos campos de acción colectiva. memorias que han sido excluidas del gran relato
de la historia. La historia de Lota, por ejemplo, es
mucho más amplia que la historia de las minas
Acción crítica, del carbón, ahora bien, sus ruinas tienen una
presencia ineludible, están ahí, y por lo tanto
contexto y nos interpelan. Esta presencia física del pasado
representada en la ruina y que se reproduce
comunidades en muchas otras localidades posindustriales
desperdigadas por el mundo, nos plantea una
Nociones tales como contexto y comunidad serie de interrogantes respecto a la forma en
aparecen de forma recurrente en la discusión de que indagamos en la memoria y proyectamos
nuestras prácticas, en tanto dibujan el horizonte el porvenir. Si bien señalamos la necesidad de
hacia donde apunta nuestro trabajo. Pero cuando sacudirnos del lastre de la nostalgia, debemos
hablamos de contexto y comunidad tener presente que ella se manifiesta producto de
–en localidades posindustriales como Lota, las violentas y fallidas políticas de reconversión
por ejemplo– no podemos soslayar que dichos económica. En el caso de Lota, el cierre de la
conceptos son también parte del lenguaje de mina de carbón se dio como un súbito despojo
especialistas dedicados al emprendimiento que dejó a la población sumida en el trauma,
capitalista, sea este de carácter turístico, urbano, despojada también de toda perspectiva de
académico o cultural. ¿Cómo entonces nos desarrollo futuro. En otras palabras, en realidades
planteamos la acción crítica desde el arte, por donde el desmantelamiento industrial solo
fuera de las lógicas de mercado y de las políticas produjo mayor pobreza, el pasado siempre fue
asistencialistas por parte del Estado? En primer mejor.
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Con mayor fuerza, entonces, es preciso dejar En definitiva, el trabajo es un espacio que debe
atrás la idealización del pasado y prestar atención ser cuestionado, en este sentido, insistimos, es
a los fenómenos que ocurren en el presente y necesario romper con la idea de que el artista es
que están conectados con esos componentes de un ser extraño al mundo y que su trabajo consiste
la historia que, siendo menores, conservan una en algo excepcional.
importante carga simbólica de resistencia. Estar
atentos a la temperatura del hoy, no debemos
olvidar que la memoria es un asunto político,
es un espacio de disputa del significado en el Pedagogía y
presente. El encuentro Arte y Desindustrialización
está pensado precisamente bajo esta premisa:
conocimiento
el pasado es un espacio en conflicto y por ello Una preocupación relevante de este encuentro
ponemos en discusión distintas maneras de ha sido el modo en que la práctica artística
acercarnos a él. Así, vemos la relación con el transmite o sociabiliza el conocimiento. Desde
pasado como un proceso en constante cambio, un pensamiento que busca generar instancias
buscando desmontar la historia oficial para colectivas de aprendizaje, vemos la necesidad de
así habitar todos los tiempos. De esta forma instituir prácticas que puedan subvertir las lógicas
podemos confrontar la capitalización estética de producción de conocimiento hegemónicas,
que el arte hace de la ruina, es decir, su ya sea actuando dentro de las instituciones
mercantilización como fetiche. establecidas o bien por fuera de ellas.
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una radiografía de la sociedad actual, acaso Lo anterior tiene relación con la responsabilidad
la diferencia sea que en el arte lo podemos que subyace al trabajo artístico en términos de la
discutir, creamos las condiciones para repensar sociabilización de sus procesos y reflexiones, ya
el trabajo. ¿Qué quiere decir trabajo? Arte es que generalmente no hay una mediación que le
trabajo en la medida en que significa pensamiento permita al espectador comprender e interiorizarse
y procesamiento de formas. Occidente ha mayormente en la producción artística
establecido la diferencia entre trabajo y libertad, y contemporánea.
el arte se ha definido como espacio de libertad, de
ahí que ciertas vanguardias llamaron a la sociedad Por otra parte, para involucrarse en proyectos
a vivir y expresarse como en el arte. pedagógicos críticos es necesario romper con
la excepcionalidad que, todavía, se le otorga al
Pero las formas de trabajo cambian, los artistas trabajo artístico, como si el arte ocupara un lugar
contemporáneos ya no trabajan sólo con las separado de las miserias cotidianas. En el marco
manos ni produciendo objetos, y, por ejemplo, del capitalismo posfordista y cognitivo, se vuelven
la huida hacia los contextos y comunidades interesantes ciertas acciones que, en principio,
se ha transformado en una tendencia del arte no parecen tener gran impacto pero que actúan
contemporáneo. En este caso, deberíamos estar directamente en esferas más localizadas o
atentos y observar en qué medida estamos menores, dando cuenta de algo así como una
reproduciendo las lógicas del sistema, tener política de los gestos. Esta forma localizada de
conocimiento de sus engranajes y abandonar la operar en ciertos contextos específicos, nos
representación romántica del artista. Un asunto plantea también la pregunta respecto del modo
problemático y que se repite en esta discusión en que dichos gestos logran articular relaciones;
es la eventual posición de privilegio que posee en este sentido, el trabajo artístico que asume
el artista, en tanto, en apariencia, dispone de como propias la acción y el conocimiento
mayor libertad y tiempo que el resto. Sin embargo, críticos, debería crear modos de relación
también tenemos la figura del artista como ser como eje fundamental. Es desde ese lugar que
precarizado y modelo de la flexibilización laboral, podemos pensar en experiencias de aprendizaje
esta es una dicotomía que persiste al momento de alternativas. Si bien es cierto cada artista tiene
pensar al artista como trabajador. Por otra parte, sus propias temáticas, sus propios gestos, la
el trabajo como concepto y categoría histórica idea es intentar que ello se pueda conectar con
está relacionada con el mercado, por ello también procesos que trasciendan el ámbito puramente
resulta problemático definirse como trabajador. individual.
Contra la ética del
trabajo capitalista
La ética del trabajo reproduce nociones tales
como ahorro, sacrificio, individualismo, etc.;
para tensionar o abolir la ética del trabajo sería
necesario proponer otras éticas: una ética del
goce, una ética del buen vivir, una ética de
la colaboración. Así también, romper con la
especialización que propende el capitalismo y
trabajar en la colectivización del pensamiento y
de la actitud crítica. El arte debería llevar esta
discusión a otras esferas del trabajo o poner
atención a los lugares en donde se están llevando
a cabo este tipo de cuestionamientos, en tanto
se trata de una discusión global. Siempre se
debe pensar, en el fondo, hasta qué punto se
puede transformar el concepto de trabajo, en ese
sentido, hablamos de explorar otras formas de
intercambio en donde sea posible cuestionar la
ética del trabajo capitalista.
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Eduardo Cruces
01
1. Printing from Mar de Pisagua, project by Oscar Concha, 2018. 6. Poster from the book Art and Deindustrialization, by research
collective that organized the international seminar in the city of
2. Indian Flanders. 16th century on going. Tomé, Chile, 2018.
3. Front cover from El Residente II, publication by art collective 7. Diagram of relations and participants from the culinary
Mesa8, 2013. encounters Sobremesa, project by Natascha de Cortillas, 2018.
4. Photograph of Milton Friedman being interviewed in Chile, 1981, 8. Documentation from Mar de Pisagua, project by Oscar Concha,
included in Atlas: [RE] NACIONALIZACIÓN, publication by art 2017.
collective Mesa8, 2017.
9. Monoprint with coal waste by Eduardo Cruces, 2012-2014.
5. Mapping of conflicts and resistances within the Biobío Region,
Chile.
10. Poster from the exhibition Opening as An Action of Art (1979), collective Mesa8, 2013.
archive included in the research about dictatorship in the city of
Concepción, by research group based in Concepción, Chile. 15. Front cover from the book Breeding Ground, Natascha de
Cortillas, 2018.
11. Poster This is Not Chile. by the artists participating in the
exhibition, 2018. 16. Women. Memories. Resistances, Collective creation by
Urdiendo Memorias (Political prisioners of Concepcion). Cultural
12. Manifesto Reconversion by Eduardo Cruces. Centre for the Memory La Monche – VAMP Collective, 2016-2018.
almacenes y cines, activados a su vez por artistas paradójicamente por la contingencia, nuestro
de diversos contextos, con quienes a medida que mapa devino imagen obsoleta, porque al poco
se traspasaba la invitación se iba enriqueciendo tiempo de difundirlo como portada del proyecto
por la suma de sus ideas y motivaciones. la Región del Biobío sufriría una modificación
política al ser fragmentada con la creación de
En dichas condiciones de colaboración, incentivé la nueva Región del Ñuble. THIS IS NOT CHILE
la participación de artistas investigadores desde apela a la fuerza de las prácticas colectivas y
la Región del Biobío: Leslie Fernández, Natascha autónomas que dan forma a territorios comunes
De Cortillas, Andrea Herrera, Oscar Concha y más allá de los límites establecidos por el
David Romero; quienes en conjunto propusimos gobierno y los intereses económicos.
una serie de situaciones públicas donde lo
primordial era plantear cómo sociabilizar las La exposición de carácter temporal, presenta
investigaciones con una audiencia diversa en una serie de impresos como portadas de
lenguajes y disciplinas. publicaciones, carteles y fotografías que, en
conjunto, crean un archivo colectivo sobre
Pertinente era también tensionar la presencia de investigaciones y procesos de colaboración.
estos artistas provenientes de un contexto en El archivo se articula como una muestra de
desmantelamiento social, el cual contrastaba con intereses comunes, mostrando la forma colectiva
una ciudad de perfil biotecnológico y bancario de hacer y pensar como uno de los aspectos
como Basilea, inmersa a su vez en un país fundamentales que definen todas estas prácticas
como Suiza al centro de Europa. Se proponía e investigaciones. El archivo aborda varios temas,
visibilizar desde sus experiencias cómo la como la resistencia artística bajo la dictadura,
desindustrialización transforma el sentido con la la memoria colectiva, la lucha feminista, la
tierra y con ello las dinámicas entre las personas reconversión económica y social, las prácticas
y sus comunidades. Para Cristián y Louise culinarias locales y el extractivismo económico en
además era coherente la presencia de artistas zonas de sacrificio.
desde la Región del Biobío, quienes estaban
en sintonía con sus propios cuestionamientos Junto con los archivos, se dibujó sobre un papel
sobre la producción de objetos y enfocados en el hoy transformado mapa de la Región del Biobío
reflexionar sobre las condiciones de trabajo en identificando las zonas de conflicto, como el
el arte. En visitas anteriores a Concepción les daño ambiental, gentrificación, las violaciones a
pareció revelador en ciertos artistas “el hecho de los derechos humanos y la crisis educativa, entre
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84
otros. Frente a estas zonas de conflicto, el mapa Con este proyecto también se materializa una
muestra ejemplos de resistencia y cooperación etapa fructífera en la relación entre artistas
por parte de organizaciones locales e iniciativas investigadores desde la Región del Biobío de
colectivas vínculados. Así, el mapa señala la Chile con Suiza. Esta relación iniciada el año
contingencia política y social en la Región del 2012 con nuestra presencia como investigadores
Biobío, que los artistas abordan a través de en el Magíster de Arte en la Esfera Pública en
sus prácticas e investigaciones personales y ECAV, vinculación extendida dentro y fuera de la
colectivas. institución a través de constantes transferencias
con diversas redes hasta la actualidad. Sin
Además de la exhibición en Klingental, embargo, como toda relación transcontinental
se generaron una serie de acciones en el que tiene puesto su valor en el afecto, continúa
mismo espacio y en VIA, que incluyeron transformándose, abierta a conectar también
lecturas performáticas, una acción culinaria con otros puntos de encuentro en diferentes
y el lanzamiento de las publicaciones Arte contextos a nivel local y planetario, hacia la
y Desindustrialización 2018 y Atlas. Leslie búsqueda plural de una sintonía activa allá donde
Fernández presenta La inauguración como acción sea urgente la solidaridad para catalizar una
de arte, lectura de manifiestos realizados por resistencia.
colectivos de estudiantes universitarios desde
Concepción, Chile, en resistencia durante la
represión política vivida en dictadura. Andrea
Herrera invita a otras artistas como Leslie,
Natascha, Louise junto a Federica Martini y
Madeleine Amsler; quienes alrededor de una
mateada declaman la reivindicación por las
mujeres para el reconocimiento histórico,
desplegando en la calle un lienzo con el mensaje
“La revolución será feminista o no será”. Oscar
Concha presenta Imagen familiar de Agüita de la
Perdiz desde la investigación fotográfica sobre
uno de los primeros asentamientos establecidos
a mediados siglo XX en Concepción, generando
vinculaciones históricas con Pisagua al norte
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de Chile. David Romero proveniente de Tomé,
ciudad que cobró importancia durante los siglos
XIX y XX como una de las primeras ciudades
industrializadas del país por sus fábricas textiles,
reflexiona sobre sus imaginarios postindustriales
activando diversos archivos. Eduardo Cruces
articula un espacio de experiencia en torno
al desmantelamiento de la voz, mediante la
transformación de la palabra Reconversión a
una serie de conceptos asociados a la lucha de
clases. Natascha De Cortillas con Sobremesa
genera un espacio de encuentro alrededor de
una acción culinaria, articulando los sistemas
de producción local y reivindicando un ejercicio
comunitario como eje del quehacer artístico.
English
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Arte y Desindustrialización 2019
Dismantling o Culture and tourist operation, among the vestiges of deindustrialized
zones
Lota, Louta in Mapudungun: Small Village or Insignificant Village, is the meeting point for this second edition of
Arte y Desindustrialización 2019. Lota, emblematic town for the labor union struggle at the center of Chile, was
initially a small fisherman’s cove for Mapuche people. The town had a radical turn in its history with the installation
of the coal industry for more than 150 years, from the mid-nineteenth century until the shutdown of its production
in 1997. Before going further, we want to make it clear that motivations of our project is to focus on the scope
of events that followed the closure of the coal mine and to insert ourselves in the phase of its dismantling due
to Reconversion, an economic transformation plan for which Lota was a laboratory in Chile. Our editorial and
curatorial decision is based on the fact that there is already enough literature from various disciplines on issues
around the industrial stage. The proposal of our meeting is precisely to generate the conditions for a critical review
of how this phenomenon has been investigated in context, and even beyond Lota considering local and global
synchronizations with other towns and cities linked to bankruptcy and crisis processes. We consider that an
economic dismantling is also a cultural dismantling that transforms the experience of life with the land in one way
or another across the planet.
With the Reconversion Plan, Lota went from being an industrial society to a spectacle society, governed by
commercial goals in a touristic makeup, being forced to delimit itself to a mining identity which nevertheless
corresponds to a brief stage in its history that was imposed with brutality. The paradox is that far from being
interested in selling their town as a postcard, the community itself is those who resist being labeled as a
monument to ruin, dismantling the infrastructure of the remains of the mining town by themselves, driven by the
precariousness of their lives in poverty. This speculative way of operating in a post-industrial context, is similar
in other mining towns worldwide where the deindustrialization process is linked to a touristic and recreational
economy with the promise of a new well-being and appealing to nostalgia as an engine of consumption.
Europe is a model in the transformation of open coal deposits in lakes and geoparks such as in Germany and
Spain, or the terrils, mountains of coal slag converted into viewing platforms throughout France and Belgium.
Microeconomies have also been generated at the level of programmatic activation with the installation of
museums or festivals, such as Manifesta 9 in Genk, Flanders, the Louvre Museum franchise that moved to
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Lens, France or The Unconformity Festival in Queenstown, Tasmania. Although it could be affirmed that there
is a global trend for the consumption of post-industrial scenarios or the voyeurism of ruin and the ominous,
the meeting of Arte y Desindustrialización concentrates on generating a space for the exchange of knowledge
and experiences between communities and the network of independent researchers and academics, to draw
together a possibility of action, keeping in mind the diversity of backgrounds. Instead of producing objects of
art, we are engaged in generating instances for meeting, knowing and exchanging our working practices and
knowledge in a scenario like Lota, a town that has been a source of inspiration for many works from all artistic
disciplines, academic theses and consultations by researchers, but it suffers from the lack of a platform for
effective feedback. Lota, like other towns of the Sacrifice Zone in Chile, is a community that currently suspects
any approach towards itself, as a result of the practices of extraction, since many researchers had not come
back to this context after their work was done. And the ones who did return, manifested themselves as “experts”
of the town and imposed their own ideas without consulting the community. Plus, the lack of a long-term cultural
project for these places at the national level, all this made it impossible for the town to reflect on itself about its
historical processes.
In contrast to Europe where industrialization is just another historical layer over the others that systematize the
history of its landscape (which we are obliged to learn about at the school despite the distance between the
continents and centuries), it seems that in Latin American countries industrialization and deindustrialization have
greater relevance because of their recent history as nation states. Once the Spanish colonial stage was overcome,
it was with industrialization that the Western extractivist ideology entered fully into the recent independent Latin
American nations at the beginning of the 19th century with the introduction of modernity and its connection to
the global market of the contemporary capitalist system. Industrialization is represented as if it were also the
beginning of our own history, omitting all the previous processes that drew and erased this “New World”. That is
why deindustrialization in its total dismantling force is also an opportunity to generate a pause on the rubble of
Latin American history to rethink our project as a community from the fragments and remains of what seemed
like the unique story. In the Deindustrialization of Latin America, it is also possible to reach out to the forgotten
knowledge of native peoples and other ways of life prior to the implementation of Western work and exploitation
modes, in a renewed and refreshed way. In this aspect of future projection from a Latin American perspective,
deindustrialization is also a fruitful scenario for reflection / action due to its intensity of gilded layers to rediscover
the relationship between the nature and the flow of indigenous knowledge. With this, you can be tuned to a local
conscience for its particularities and in turn to a planetary awareness in solidarity: Deindustrialization as a break
to dismantle, dismantle to construct, construct to build, build to destroy, destroy to create.
Opening of the Meeting: Labor Day at the Marketplace in Lota
It is to this scenario of continuous contrast of forces that we invite researchers from Chile and other countries to
participate in the Province of Concepción as a meeting point, with whom we open the discussion through three
public approaches to the context: A series of performances at the Marketplace on May 1, a seminar at CFT Lota
Arauco on May 2, and a collective discussion day at NGO La Caleta on May 3. During the week of the Meeting, we
organized a series of activities in order to familiarize the participants with the town, such drifts and walks through
the area prepare the conditions for connection and openness to dialogue.
On May 1, a series of public actions by Victoria Wigzell, Pablo Rocu, Patricio Gil Flood and Samuel Ibarra is
organized at the Marketplace. It is proposed to generate there the opening of Arte y Desindustrialización 2019
as an open market throughout the year, popular and meeting point for the local people and from all parts of the
region.
Victoria Wigzell situates her project World of Trophies in various instances of socialization. For this occasion,
she did a performance in the last coal souvenir shop in Lota by the artisan Eduardo Cartes, where black stones
are accompanied by obsolete tools and utensils that were once used in the mine, and now displayed as in a
museum. There was also a TV set where old photographs of the town mixed with advertisement of the products
for worker families were being transmitted. After hearing the story as part of a guided tour by the son of the
artisan, it was in this scenario that Victoria gave him a small golden trophy which had been brought from a trophy
shop in Johannesburg. The plaque on it was inscribed “The Heart of a champion”, a gesture in reference to her
own questioning of the parameters that govern the values of triumph or defeat, personal and official history, great
victories or anecdotes.
Pablo Rocu made a performance based on his autobiography where he read the discourses of colonialism in a
manner that was against the current. In the past, his father had gone on a pilgrimage from Lota to Andorra, also a
mining town in Spain, in order to spread the holy word. And for this performance, Rocu made his own transatlantic
journey through poetry by crossing the spiritual exile of the re-converts, and reconnecting with the delirium of the
evangelizing travelers in the 16th century on Mapuche ancestral territory. Now the Bible in his hands had become a
eucalyptus trunk, pinned to the street corner in Lota where people are evangelized everyday. He loudly questioned
the opposing forces that stressed the zone of sacrifice: between Christian guilt and crack cocaine, between the
past of great labor union struggles and their current vote of support for nationalist and conservative politics,
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between the dream of good life in community and the nightmare of polluting companies. He offered himself in a
public immolation and he was stopped by the spectators themselves, all the while verbalizing his epistle. It ended
with the preaching of his father, a message that announced truce in the distance.
Patricio Gil Flood used the zone of intersection between the school of artisans in ruin and the stalls selling shoes,
in order to lay out his ideas on the ground by making a chalk diagram of concepts around leisure and work which
were sometimes stepped on by passers-by. Through a reading that mixed gently with the movement of people with
their bags full of products from the market, his performance ended by holding a poster that said “More Laziness
Please”, a phrase in clear contrast to the old slogans for marching on the Labor Day, today far from being an
instance of protest and collective demand.
The Labor Day at the Marketplace in Lota; was closed by the performance of Samuel Ibarra in the alley where
a number of women from the countryside were selling products harvested from their own gardens. Holding a
photograph of Milton Friedman, Samuel read a long list of companies, brands and concepts that have been
governing the neoliberal market and he put a banner of a corporate bank on the ground, on which a hotdog and
soda were waiting to be devoured on his first day at work.
Open Seminar and public feedback in CFT Lota Arauco and Discussion Day in La Caleta.
The second day of the Meeting took place at the CFT Lota Arauco, an emblematic educational project that
persisted the rugged Reconversion Plan after the mine closed down. Today it continues to receive a student
population from the Province of Arauco and Concepción, and although being far from the political context of the
1970’s, it identifies with and makes references to Universidad del Carbón, a project truncated by the military
civic dictatorship. The Seminar took place in the “Patrimony Hall”, located in the former casino of the National
Coal Company. It was open to the entire community and the audience consisted of people from different ages,
profiles and backgrounds, both local and from other cities, highlighting the presence of artistic groups and cultural
associations, university, independent institutions, municipality.
The objective of the Seminar was to bring both academics and independent researchers together in the same
place. All the readings were correlated between themselves by different layers of connection, sometimes by their
methodologies and sometimes by their questions and even convictions. The focus was not always on “Art” or
“Deindustrialization”, but rather on expanding the concepts associated with them by the presented research.
The following chapters within this book offer the investigations of each participant which are extensively developed.
The summaries are as follows:
Blanca Gutierrez interprets the murals created by Diego Rivera in Detroit while challenging the role of artists
against the conditions of crisis. León Pagola makes a review of the implementation of the neoliberal system
by the dictatorship in Chile, through urban transformation. Francisco González shares his reflections on
the search for other production methodologies and desire for collective meetings. Zunilda Moraga makes a
reading and dissemination of the Manifesto for Good Life written by children from Lota and addressed to the
adults who guarantee their rights. Victoria Wigzell presents an excerpt from her film World of Trophies that
tells the story of workers in a trophy shop in Johannesburg while at the same time realizing the competitive
character of the City of Gold. Patricio Gil Flood shares a series of references about artists and collectives
that have developed the idea of leisure in their own creative practices. Samuel Ibarra shares his statement as
curator of the Art and Work Performance Festival, expressing the impacts of global exploitation on the bodies.
Finally, a poetic reading by Daniela Guerrero; acts as a transition through the cultural dismantling in the coal
zone from a perspective of her own generation that experienced the transformation of their community turning
into rubble.
On Friday, May 3, we met in La Caleta, a non-profit NGO that works with the community in Lota, with a focus
on children’s rights. Based on a series of questions on the table where we horizontally engaged in a dialogue
together, the topics discussed during the actions and the Seminar were investigated more in depth. The points of
discussion and reflection are presented in another chapter of this book, entitled: Collective Discussion Day - Art
and Deindustrialization 2019.
Now, we continue with the dissemination of our experience during the Meeting. This book brings together and
elaborates various topics, and it does so in Spanish and English languages, in order to broaden the discussion
globally. The project was initiated in 2018 in the city of Tomé at the other end of the Province of Concepción,
and for the second edition, we continued in Lota at the southern border of the Province. We plan the next Arte y
Desindustrialización 2020 in the other coastal cities between Tomé and Lota, as a triptych for this collaborative
research.
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Day 2
RECONVERSION / 1997 - 2017
POETRY AS A HYBRID MANIFESTO TO THINK OF THE TERRITORY
(Fragment edited for Arte y Desindustrialización.
Reconversión, Editorial Alto Horno, 2017)
Daniela Guerrero
RECONVERSION
After the last whistle
Reconversion
NOBODY MEASURED THE IMPACT OF THE WORD
politics won over the rage
rage won over the effort
the effort was only for some
someone just kept thinking
thinking that the situation has become difficult
difficult for many to continue making art,
art with no place nor space.
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To connect art and memory
rusty structures,
and all the echoes that still resound from under the earth …
To want and to love the new and the old in the same way.
RETURN to a pursuit
RECOVER a meaning.
RESTART a connection between all things and all of us,
RETHINK how to become personal and collective.
REVIVE the witch, for she could not go down into the mine
RECALL the forgotten dead in the art
REWRITE what is my view in poetry...
RENAME that which was crossed out from the official speech
RECOGNIZE the voice of women and their processes
RECONVERSION
There is nobody, they say...
And there goes the trickle of water that continues running through the streets,
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And the smoke continues to perfume the clothes hanging free at the edge of the street.
Nothing happens they say …
And here are the ashes of the fires, flying in the air every winter
and they stick to the soles of the shoes of those who walk around.
Walter Benjamin wrote that when we enter the past, we should do it in a way of interrogation. Exploring the past
is useful not because it sheds light on the present, or because the present illuminates our understanding of the
past; but because when we call the past to present itself, we can see what the past can testify on the horizon
of the present. This means thinking about the history as the place where collective desires, utopian promises
and energies susceptible to renewal are accumulated. When Leslie Fernández suggested the possibility of
participating Arte y Desindustrialización, we decided together that it was worth remembering the murals that
Diego Rivera painted in Detroit at the beginning of the 1930s. Indeed, the frescoes of the Detroit Institute of Art
are an extraordinary example of Realism, which materializes the dignification of the new social subject of the
industrial society in that phase of capitalism. According to Fredric Jameson, this new subject is the workers. The
murals have been also at the center of the disasters generated by the transition to post-industrial capitalism.
The frescoes, painted in the midst of the economic crisis of the Great Depression, were about to be sold in
2013, when the city fell into total bankruptcy as a result of the crisis of 2008. Thus, the hopes for redirecting
the modern promises of a better world through the fusion of technology and nature, and also the failure of a
civilizing project that has turned cities like Detroit (and Lota) into ghost cities, governed by fear and despair, are
materialized in these murals. Another reason to remember Rivera’s frescoes belongs to the field of the affective
-the desire to know more, to investigate: I want to emphasize here the connection between Lota and Diego
Rivera, through the paintings by Oswaldo Barra Cunninhgam, which are conserved in the ‘’patrimonial hall’’ of
CFT where our meeting was held, and which also represent various aspects of the productive activity of Lota
during its boom as an industrial city.
Notes on Realism
In the nineteenth century the term Realism designated a type of art that is based on the careful observation of
reality. Its emergence in Europe marks a reorientation of the interests of the artists who reject the aristocratic
values and the classical forms of official art -as it is described by the “bourgeois” communists- in order to deal
with the effects of social and economic changes that come as a result of modernization processes which are
experienced in different parts of the continent. Realism emerged on the horizon of the Industrial Revolution that
laid the foundations for social and cultural modernization in Europe, and it was a movement whose purpose was
an independent and living art, in the words of Gustave Courbet -one of its greatest representatives in painting. For
the artists who practiced Realism, creating a living art meant painting the life of the most disadvantaged classes
with the greatest sincerity, which led them to consider the problem of who were the subjects of the representation
and who were their receivers. This aspect is fundamental for what was later called “committed art” and today
we could qualify it as “post-autonomous art”. Thus, by rejecting the physiological premise of Naturalism -with its
degrading and discriminatory descriptions of the working class- and focusing on the understanding of material
reality from a moral or political perspective, in what Engels called a “tendency”; Realism introduced the workers,
the miserable people of the industrialized cities and the revolutionary heroes into the artistic representation.
Hence, “reality” and the debates on its aesthetics as a positive value that would be claimed by both figurative
and abstract artists, broke into art in the nineteenth century. And indeed, since the first decades of the twentieth
century, the aesthetic problems of Realism have created a terrain of experimentation and artistic reflection that
crossed through the modern art.
The association between Realism and communism emerged in the thirties, when the communists welcomed
Realism as the tendency to build a common anti-fascist front, that is, in opposition to the social policies of
Stalin, Hitler, Mussolini and Franco. In the years of the intense Stalinist persecution between 1935 and 1939, the
so-called “debate over Expressionism” took place in the Soviet Union; its protagonists were philosophers and
artists such as Ernst Bloch, Johannes R. Becher, Anna Seghers, Alfred Kurella, Heinrich and Klaus Mann, and
Bertolt Brecht, united in their positioning against the Nazi regime, which had come to power in 1933. George
Lukács, Ernst Bloch, Walter Benjamin, Hans Eisler and George Brecht also participated in the discussion. Lukács
formulated one of the most influential treatments about the aesthetics of Realism and modern art during the Cold
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War. According to the Hungarian philosopher, Realism in literature achieves a true representation of reality in its
depth, totality and essence with what fulfills the cognitive function by making it possible for individuals to achieve
their self-understanding as part of the social totality and to participate consciously in the construction of the new
society. Realism allows people to locate themselves in a social fabric which would contribute to the strengthening
of their class consciousness.
Market
Patricio Gil Flood
On May 1, 2019, I performed in the streets of Feria de Lota, within the framework of the Arte y Desindustrialización.
This intervention in the public space was based on an attempt to activate a mind map of notes and references that
I have been investigating in the process of the School of No Work.
In this research, I am talking and writing from my experience in order to understand situations, and to share
questions. It is about people who inspired me; projects, artwork, texts, poems that affected me at some point, and
also about connections and mistakes. Among all these footnotes, there are references that question the work (of
art) and its documentation (or existence), there are tensions between productivity and unproductivity, visibility and
invisibility, drift and control. There are many materials that are linked together; to build a personal track.
One of the objectives is to consider time as a public sphere where we must intervene to dismantle the idea of work
that has been imposed on our lives. It’s in the streets, it’s in the archives.
Living to work seems to be the only solution in dominant discourses, while paradoxically millions of people can not
access a job. Precarity is intensified in all areas of life; we are becoming poor in terms of time, we are becoming
poor when it comes to work with the senses, but the standards of work ethic are still very high... The artistic
practice is not the exception. Although the artists are considered the perfect freelance liberal workers, in some way
there are traces of a possibility of emancipation... I often find in artistic practices examples of (poetic) resistance
against this darkness.
The world is a world of “owners”, the history of work is the history of domination. Inequality is common, and the
redistribution of wealth is an emergency, also redistribution of the time, of course. There are and there have been
historically some practices and actions of daily life that question productivity and its logic of reproduction. In this
regard, we are doing so many things, and we imagine even more. Different forces arose to confront the capitalist
“barbarism”, against work as the center of society, against productivity as the only value, and against competition
as a way to relate to the world.
Reconsider our practices, our daily life as something that circulates in an exchange market; this is an exercise to
try to understand. In some cases, we achieve collective moments and discourses that are seen as positions in the
Art, which attempt to dismantle or overcome certain dichotomies such as work in comparison with leisure, artistic
versus non-artistic, productive versus unproductive, professional and amateur... How are these dichotomies
represented, overcome or critically rejected? How can we experience an ineffective way of using time threatened
by political and economic forces?
A dichotomy offered by modern common sense is to put our material condition of life in opposition to our subjective
condition of life. The first would be what we need to survive: house, food, clothing, etc. The second is what we
generate subjectively starting from the affectivity (what affects us), the poetics, the narratives.
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This dichotomy is a false contradiction, both spheres are intimately connected with one another, extremely
connected; we can not separate them, we can not neutralize one from the other. How do we live without stories,
without poetry? How do we eat without words, without exchanges? The question is, how would this separation
implode?
Federico Manuel Peralta Ramos said that aesthetics is the state of existence. Aesthetics is the stage that invites
the existence of everyday life, so his practice was to be himself, his life. He was part of the generation that had
access to almost nothing; the walls of the abandoned houses, the buildings, the houses of friends, the streets
were the platform to create... Leisure and vice as the helping hand. Something that allows us to make life less
anguishing and more bearable. “I painted without knowing how to paint, I wrote without knowing how to write, I
sang without knowing how to sing. Repeated ineptitude became my style.”
***
The school is the possibility of possibilities. This possibility seems vulnerable because of its effectiveness. We go to
school to learn how to be effective, how to make a living; if not, we are lazy people. And we can easily see where
this notion comes from... If we look at the founding texts of the dominant Judeo-Christian civilization, they describe
an original state of humanity where the freedom and leisure seem to be idyllic. In this mainstream vision, humanity
is expelled from this paradise as a result of consuming the fruit of the Tree of Knowledge. This “use of knowledge”
is the famous command of the Bible (in the Genesis chapter): “From now on, you will work with the sweat of your
brow.” The age of leisure and the society of abundance and gratuity are trapped by a new formulation of the reality
principle: earning a living.
Paradoxically, again, if we follow this primitive vision, leisure is defined in pagan antiquity by the Greek word
“Skholè” (which gave the Latin “schola” and the French “école”). And then, the notion of SCHOOL means: “free
time, leisure, rest, laziness, learned discussion”.
Occupying the word school is like when we intervene in the public sphere. We reconceptualize terms and give
them a new purpose, to allow us to usurp words. Our knowledge is incomplete, unfinished, and we are constantly
learning. What educates us is not education, but the ability to recognize the incompleteness of our knowledge...
We are the subjects (and not the objects) of our own education.
A classroom can be any space; it is a political space; where power relations exist, and this generates conflicts of
interest. The problem is that institutional voices in power seek to build apolitical zones. In the classroom or even in
the house. Those are the places where it should be evident to understand power relations. The knowledge comes
from that clash... But leisure does not mean that “everyone should sit and drink piña colada all day”, although
we are reasonably sure that a day or ten days of relaxation never hurt anyone. However, it is likely that once we
are completely relaxed, we will feel finally the desire to participate in something of our own choosing. And that
happens when you face a work of art, you discover your desire.
Félix Guattari and Suely Rolnik in Micropolitics – Cartographies of Desire define it in the following way: “Micropolitics
has to do with the possibility that social agencies take the productions of subjectivity in capitalism into account,
problems that are generally left behind by the militant movement.” Desire is a strategy of resistance to power,
which is not necessarily thought in violent terms.
The fight is in the micro level, because that is where the fascist forms of capitalism are reproduced more. Politics
is not something separate from society. Politics is how we live. It means having a place to build identities and
subjectivities. In her book Subjectivity at Risk, Silvia Bielchmar states that “we can not tell children that they have
to go to school because that way they will earn their living... Humans should feel that what they do has a meaning
that goes beyond self-preservation. In addition to that, <the school is a place to retake dreams>, not only for self-
preservation.” In order to overcome it, we have to get closer, we have to discuss, we have to be affected, share,
face something that makes us sick or face our failure, with oppression and defeats, it is a micro school, everyone
can make a micro school; with its own possibilities of actions and scenarios, to find out what they want to do. If
we are considered workers, then we have to question the work, until we redefine it or we make it disappear (from
among us).
The desire to try to create a way of relating to each other, that configures a reality that is different from the one
imposed on us. What is there to understand when this desire does not achieve its purpose? What lessons to draw
from an unfulfilled experience? What are we doing wrong? What kind of obstacles does the system pose against
this desire? These questions will be approached from a personal perspective to project alternatives that create a
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particular meaning in our immediate context.
The experiences on which I will base our analysis are: C.A.P.A. School, and the Summer School Submerged
Memories of Caracol in Chile. Both instances took place under the aegis of GCAS (Global Center for Advanced
Studies) and GCAS-SAC (South America Collective).
C.A.P.A. (Critic / Art / Thought / Action) was a platform that sought to focus on experimentation around various
artistic practices and the exercise of critical thinking in the face of today’s society. Although it is possible to refer
to several aspects of what this experiment was, I would like to mention those that, I think, can exemplify certain
problems on which this reflection is based. In the beginning, C.A.P.A. made an open call, and we saw that the
participants who joined were diverse and from different backgrounds. However, the quotas we had were not
complete. When it comes to the sessions, a series of problems occurred in the discussions: The suggested texts
were not read by the participants and they displayed a resistance to move outside the confines of the established
Art. Finally, despite the efforts made for this process, only one participant arrived for the closing of the program.
On the other hand, the Summer School Submerged Memories of Caracol emerged from a reflection on a previous
experience we had in that place. Our intention was to make an internship in the small town of Caracol in San
Fabián de Alico, Chile, between January and February 2019, where we invited people who were interested in
building a critical space for experimentation and reflection on the territorial dynamics. This attempt sought to
situate itself in the contingency that various communities were experiencing as a result of a hydroelectric project
and construction of a reservoir on the Ñuble River: expropriations, evictions and the end of a way of life for people.
Two seminars which focus on the problems of this contingency were proposed, while community support groups
would be developed. Here is the problem: There were only three applications, so only some part of the team could
travel. Since there was a commitment to paint the school as well which was a work opportunity created for the
community. We were painting the school, and in between we had discussions and made some tours around the
town.
I think that what we wanted was not achieved concerning the process: We felt the lack of an articulation that is
different from the one we use in the artistic practice and critical thinking. In a sense, both proposals were a failure,
or at least they were unfulfilled in relation to our proposal. Why did this happen? What kind of obstacles does
the system pose against our proposition? Next, I will share the reflections I have had about this, which are more
intuitions than finished ideas.
The material and operational conditions
Although we tried to be in control of our means of production -which to a certain extent we achieved-, the fact that we
did not have our own space for this project and that we had to use the schoolyard, played against us. The problem
occurred from a complication about money: We chose not to ask for a fixed participation fee, so everyone was free to
contribute as much as they wanted. In the end, we didn’t have enough to rent a place for the project. Consequently,
there was no possibility of keeping the material we had to use for painting, and we could not build a collective identity
with the place.
But the problem of money affect us on a personal level as well. In the society we live in, it is evident that you need money
to eat, and that means working and taking time to make money. It is a problem to engage in something that does not
help the necessary material conditions for living. Inevitably, there are material needs for survival in order to be able to
generate change.
The desire, motivation and will of those who participate, both “teachers” and “students”
I think it’s quite simple, but it is of enormous importance: In fact, there was no common desire that moved us; we moved
in different directions. To achieve our desire there was not a common objective: It is a matter of degrees of intensity. We
got confused by focusing on the surface and not on the structure; we believed that we were in the same flow, but this
was not the case. This problem was due to the open call format.
The clash between our desire, and the structures and conceptions which seem given and immutable
The category of Art, as a system that goes far beyond the artwork itself, has generated enormous damage based on
its modern paradigm, by subtracting power from artistic practices. Art is a capitalistic category with its autonomy and
structure around representation, which reduce the artistic practice to an “object”. Plus, the idea of artist and genius, its
system of museums and galleries, formation and market, all these factors turn the category of Art into a straitjacket that
restricts thinking other possibilities of reality.
So does the structure of “School”: Having occupied such a configuration for what we wanted was counterproductive;
and rather than helping us, it hindered the possibility of creating a different way. By placing ourselves in this dynamic;
-although we did not want to do so- hierarchies, roles and limitations that we imposed on ourselves were maintained
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POSSIBILITIES
In any case, considering what happened in these experiences, I think there are possibilities for real change. But for that
to happen, it is necessary to change the structure from which one acts. The work has to be a flow that changes the
structure, that constantly modifies its organization, that builds itself again and again.
If we only change the facade, the colors, or any element of the building, it will always maintain its structure, verticality,
dynamics. If we do not want to live in such a system, but in a horizontal community, we must create that configuration,
not try to change the already existing one.
Returning to the question of why to make an open call, I think that this is not the means for what I want-we want. The
necessary thing is to meet each other, and be attentive to those encounters. When we come together, it is because
there is something in common between us which led us to a point allowing us to come together. Decisions and chance.
We must pay attention to this, since, in these common procedures, there is a greater potentiality than in those that go
after a word that everyone thinks of different things, such as Art.
To recover a transformation and a practical and creative flow that is connected with others in their plurality, can be a
way to change all this.
RED BULL RECHARGE WOM KODAC FULL COLOR MOVISTAR CHIP FUJI FILM DRIVE EVOLITION SANTANDER MG
MOTOR GAS CONNECTED BEAUTY FILLY NEW BALANCE HECMAR SASON YONG FOR CENTER NECKTIE HOT
DOG OPEL BAPE LEX SERVICE ANGI TRASH GATORADE POWER PRETROBRAS PETROGAS CHROMA KYOCEDA
JACCARD OROLEY OF LOMGY KENWOOD HEAL 20 DULCONOROMA SUSARON TAS CHOAPA KNOPS BE FOOTS
DOÑA CARNE BROWN LUBBA FITTCHENETE LO VALLEDOR INGENEC NATURAL UPAM SANTA ISABEL SAMSUNG
VIAGGIO 1050 TUR BUS CENCES PF OSAT RCA XPREMT 0’CARROL SALFA RENT FLEX VOLT DICOM BAIGON
EVERGREEM ODIS (Extract of the list of brands read in Feria de Lota, 1 May 2019).
We are living a period of transition between the decomposition of old class identities and the possible
recompositions to come. The frames of social representation are no longer useful. “Working class”, “executives”,
“class”; are categories that do not reveal neither the new imbrications between the workers and the rest of the
salaried employees (mainly in the treatment of the information), nor does it reveal the segmentation and the
division introduced among all the salaried employees by the process of precarization of work. (Jean Lojkine, french
economist and sociologist, extracted from the Actuel Marx Magazine N 5. Santiago de Chile.)
Our performance festival called ART AND WORK / Biopolitics of Productivity, designates a framework and curatorial
proposal that invites us to think/reflect on the conditions, conceptions and implications of the contemporary
condition of work. Under this frame, the curatorial script of ART AND WORK, we propose the realization of
performances that address the complexities of the current space/scene from their limits by fictionalizing and testing
critical and creative inputs (poetically strategic or excessive). Wide, immeasurable, challenging and provocative,
the proposal of the event seeks to stimulate performance works that go from a quiet and docile tautological visual
conformism to performances that are conceived as a proposal of political-aesthetic character, contemporary,
stimulating and open to the philosophical or political discussion, in all their fragility and power. Works that play
and fictionalize to sharpen the eye/touch of the performer (and the excess of his/her inventiveness) toward the
corporal and material writing of a thought regarding a body that is watched and punished, measured and managed
by the games of supply and demand; decimated under the economic symmetry of the calculation, exchanged,
mediated and measurable, anticipated. Works that aspire to think and rethink the possibility of existences beyond
the unlimited administration of one’s own.
Reflecting on the work and the operation of the bodies that make the work possible today, means identifying them
under another sovereignty, one that is (post) imperial and military techno-financial. A body in resistance, a witness
of the end of the Fordist model and the decomposition of any possible balance that regulates life and production.
In Chile, the framework of the work is tributary to the discourses of globalization that neoliberalism imposed with
brutality four decades ago, retracting the State and establishing the free kingdom for the management of the
capitalist program. Its benefits: an irrepressible financial speculation and the solidification of an economy that
progressively strips the citizen of rights, a citizen who is a slave and victim of a pattern of accumulation that is
based on madness and catastrophe. Hope: the unbeatable stubbornness of thinking of a politics of the common.
Thinking about the Biopolitics of Productivity. Talking about Biopolitics means to disconnect. This opens up more
possibilities for one-way readings that question the apparent “truth discourses” with which our contemporary
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events are narrated as social and cultural subjects, always located and in process.
The biopolitical turn would help to think these plots as social relations in conflict. Nothing floats in the air, but
responds to power relationships, mobilized by agents, government authorities, experts, international organizations,
etc. Its importance is not in the simple causality of its relations, but in the specific effects of the whole, which
shape and configure the devices of power. Productivity as a strong idea is also an ideologeme, a mode, a form, an
order, a way, a certain type of body, a conception, a reason, a definitive biopolitical zone. What does it mean to be
productive? What does the idea of productivity connote? What do they really mean concepts such as optimization,
entrepreneurship, initiative, effectiveness, commitment, risk, sacrifice, network? Etc.
Governments benefit from these concepts to strenghten their verdict, generating policies, discourses and
indicators, laws, epistemologies that have the MARKET as a place where TRUTH and rationality are produced. The
capital and the spectacle of consumption become the state, dispelling the material reflection towards the purely
calculated show on the surface, in order to empty the idea of community and pauperise its existence. Then, the
biopolitical body is drunk with an idea of global flotation; it is a decentralized and adjustable body, condemned only
to consumption and the premature vacuum; the only destiny for it, whom can not forget obedience or property,
is terror. Hope for this body is the ephemeral happiness of virtue and production, its therapeutic structure is the
discipline.
The body has the use of tools and communication, and aspires mainly to maintain the similarity, protecting itself
from the difference. Terror claims beauty and aesthetics uses it as ornamentation to slim down its critical potential.
The biopolitical body imagines collective divorce as something useful and prosperous. Then it becomes functional
for a depoliticized city and the corporate concentration of power.
The new economy of contemporaneity has also generated new poverty, extensive poverty that adds large human
masses to its flow; young people, unemployed people, migrants, women. On the other hand, the situation of
workers is in general dependent on market fluctuations, and fierce competition generates a paranoid and suspicious
look towards the other who is also seeking work. The existence is degraded, as well as the hope for a better
future. Today, more than ever, the labor masses are weakened as far as their fundamental rights are concerned.
The cooperation of political powers is evident. The worker’s horizon today is the restlessness and uneasiness
of knowing that the future is not assured at all. Stuck in the work or in the constant search for it, workers have
to live calculating for survival. These subjective and new forms of domination create a state of subjugation and
submission. “That’s life” became a motto in the face of conditions of precarity and insecurity that also affects a
collective demoralization that resonates with citizen indolence and political demobilization. There is a whole feeling
of insecurity stemming from organized and rational manipulations that make easy and efficient exploitation on an
international level (fast food chains, supermarkets, etc.).
Communications is a strategic space today, they re-codify the working space in another way. The relationship
between the workers and the work is individualized in order to isolate the workers and remove them from the
collective by integrating them in a totalitarian way to the “entrepreneurial spirit” assigning variable schedules and
taking them completely out of the production relations.
The management of communication and information technologies work together in order to develop an ideal
worker, who is always available, who devotes even part of his free time to get trained-educated for greater
profitability. These technologies activate a strange closeness in those who exploit it and who can work more hours,
even free of charge sometimes, to safeguard their existence.
In this frame, it seems difficult to organize politically when the atomization of exploitation is based on making
people feel like that work is a privilege, however precarious and temporary it may be. The word solidarity, with its
power, could make people reflect on the precarity of work. The new collective struggles already let their scattered
music out, based on the revaluation of the identities of work that repair the wounds of ties that are broken by the
living conditions in the already long neoliberal night.
Gran Concepción, the name of the metropolitan area in the Biobío Region of Chile, contains a diverse history of
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industrialization in the region as well as different territories that formed traditional enclaves in the process known
as “Industrialization by Import Substitution”. This industrial plan generated a culture and identity in the context
of factory work, creating populations that were identified with various items such as textiles, crockery, brewing,
mining, steel, port, among others. This condition determined a territory with a clear industrial vocation in the long
term, related to the particular character of the area; as well as a characteristic morphology in relation to industrial
enclosures, particularly those associated with housing. For this reason, deindustrialization process can not be
isolated from other territorial dynamics that began to take shape during the seventeen years of the civic-military
dictatorship in Chile.
The period from 1974 to 1989, despite being a starting point, is not the end of the contraction process of the
industrial base in the region. This process is part of a much more extensive economic and social transformation,
also present in post-dictatorship governments. Privatization and deregulation were part of the praxis. It began,
particularly as of 1975, a critical period for a traditional pole of the national industry, while the neoliberal policies
were developed in parallel. The impact of these economic institutions, meant an alteration to the national economy
as a whole, both in the local context with respect to its industrial sectors, and in the morphology of the cities
according to the new economic system.
The transit to a market economy, produced a remarkable havoc within the industry and urban management of the
metropolitan area in Gran Concepción. It is worth asking then: Did the process only affect the industry? What are
the visible traces of the neoliberal impact on the territory? What did it mean for the population of Gran Concepción?
At the beginning of this productive transformation, there is a series of conjugated facts on how the configuration
of the metropolitan area of Concepción was redesigned until the beginning of the 1970s. The neoliberal process
generated a certain architecture for Gran Concepción and the cities in the region, based on “comparative
advantages”. In this regard, during the period of dictatorship, there are three key processes to understand the
visible changes in the area.
First, a clear reduction of the existing industrial premises in the area shows the market advance in the composition
of the social fabric that formed the workforce. Although between the coup d’état in 1973 and the crisis of 1982,
it is possible to observe a contraction of the industrial base present in the territories belonging to the area, it is
also visible the maintenance of certain traditional industries such as the textile factory “Bellavista’’ in Tomé and
the decline of others, such as ‘’Vidrios Planos’’ in Penco-Lirquén and the “Compañía de Cervecerías Unidas’’. It
is important to note that some factories close their doors, such as the “Fábrica Italo-Americana de Paños- FIAP’’
in Tomé (1979) and CRAV, a sugar refinery in Penco (1976). “Caupolicán’’ a textile factory in Chiguayante is
transformed into the “Manufactura Chilena de Algodón S.A.- MACHASA’’ by private companies. Industrial work in
manufacturing companies went down, as subcontracting became a more evident reality in the flexibility that the
labor-capital relationship had adopted in production and service sector.
Secondly, but in the same line, the geographical territory would begin to transform its vocation towards
“commodities’’, meaning comparative advantages, raw materials in which complete areas are specialized. For the
most of the 20th century the region possessed a characteristic industrial vocation, however during the dictatorship
the sectors with the greatest projection and growth became the forestry and fishing sectors. This specialization
affected the construction of new public infrastructure designed specifically for the transport of cargo to different
ports of the Gran Concepción, where we find emblematic sites such as the “Trebol’’ between Concepción and
Talcahuano with connections to other road junctions of great importance for the area.
Finally, the expulsion of people from Concepción became one of the pillars that shaped the metropolitan area
during the 1980s. What was sought with the expulsion of populations inserted in the urban fabric of Concepción?
The sterilization of the city built with a new urbanism, entirely coupled with the market. For this reason, several
neighborhoods such as Libertad or Carlos Ibáñez, are part of a silenced story about the removal of residents
living in Concepción to places like San Pedro la Paz. Other expulsions from Santiago were added to this, when
displaced populations arrived in the Biobío Region.
Final comments
The processes of deindustrialization and urban management that took place in the Gran Concepción generated
visible trajectories of the market in various zones of the metropolitan area, as a consequence of the neoliberal
impact on a local scale during the civic-military dictatorship. The process of adjustment and transformation of the
State, its logic of action under the orientation to the free market, was realized through discourses and milestones
that stand out in its territorial development. Like other regions in Chile, the neoliberal policies promoted by the
dictatorship has an impact on material, social and historical conformation of its internal organization as an important
industrial pole for the development of the country.
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To define this metropolitan area design, the dictatorship configured a system of thought rooted within the
institutionality of that time. The modification of the protagonist character that the State had in the market, mainly
during the middle of the 20th century, played a fundamental role in the relations existing in the societies that were
formed as a welfare state after the Second World War. This character of the State was replaced by a complex
network of relationships that was fully or almost in line with a free market. By the time, a neoliberal government
and monopolies were established according to the discourses of the period.
It is nearly impossible to think about the Gran Concepción without the impacts of the neoliberal experiment,
since the effects that we see from those years still persist in the regional, metropolitan and local level. So, in this
text I tried to theorize the productive transformation of the region as an example of the impact of the neoliberal
experiment. However this interpretation opens other questions where the response can not be only found in the
dictatorship (1970s-80s), but they also extend to the Concertación Era (1990s-2010). To contemplate these both
political eras is an important starting point to explain the contemporary economical history of the region.
Part of the research process involves the gathering of visual details of the shop’s vast collection of trophies to
choose from. Figurines with names such as ‘business female’, ‘business male’, ‘beauty queen’, ‘comedy and
tragedy’ and ‘lamp of knowledge’ reinforce iconography reminiscent of classical images of struggle and victory.
Johannesburg itself is a city filled with iconography relating to heroism, particularly in pieces depicting miners
at work. Entering the city from the freeway at Albertina Sisulu Road, a statue of a miner having discovered gold
greets new visitors. The Monument to the Miners erected in 1964, and a mineworker’s monument, created by
Andile Msongelwa in 2013; both carry the sense of dignifying labour - albeit from different political perspectives.
A large part of the film’s direction in treating imagery aimed at dignifying or romanticising labour, is in questioning
why this form of imagery - in combination with the colour of gold - are so successful in engendering a sense of
pride, and strength.
”You know gold is what everybody looks for, everything that is shiny is what catches a child’s eye and being in the
city of gold and having something that is almost equivalent in color- children love it.” (Jerry)
“I’m honestly not very fond of Johannesburg. I find the energy terrible. It’s too busy, too crowded, I don’t know
Johannesburg for me is just not the nicest place, I would rather go somewhere else. And if I could move out of
Joburg I would.” (Promise)
“...and everyone thinks that Joburg is a place where you can make an easy buck I suppose. Like Jerry said “the
city of gold” and everyone thinks it’s the place to be a place to get a job. and it probably is and that’s why it’s so
overcrowded.” (Nicky)
“Maybe it’s because I’m from the rural area, so coming to Joburg, everything was too fast and too noisy and stuff
like that. Then I realized that this is not the place where I want to be. This is where you can make your dreams
come true. You can grow big from this place. Rather than staying at home not experiencing, not getting any
exposure from the city.” (Sydney)
World of Trophies is a project about trophies and award giving. It is a narrative documentary based in Johannesburg
and is built around the central theme of value. There are many layers to the term ‘value’. On the one hand it can
be used in relation to objects, where material and aesthetic concerns are key drivers in how they are valued. On an
emotional and psychological level, value is similarly used to define how a person is regarded both by themselves
and others, and therefore becomes more synonymous with ‘esteem’. The human tendency to ascribe value to
people and their actions leads easily to notions of exceptionality and mediocrity as the benchmarks for all people
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to measure their levels of personal fulfillment and success. Value is also a term that refers to a moral guideline or
code to live one’s life by. Positive values are therefore often used as the roadmap to success and high self and
social esteem. The film is intended to highlight and also problematise this notion, by always trying to locate the
value beyond an award.
The film’s structure will ultimately be a collection of ‘vignettes’. Each will tell a story that features trophies, but is in
fact about a personal life event or experience. Humorous or absurd moments will be contrasted against one another,
to show the different ways that the theme can play out.
I am going to present to you an excerpt edit from the film project. This excerpt is not the film itself, the reason for
this is that I am currently gathering content and researching towards the development of a final script. I received
a script development grant from the National Video and Film Foundation of South Africa, which has allowed me
the time and resources to go deep into people’s stories and reflect on how their personal experiences might
tie into a narrative construction. This edit has not been finished in terms of colour and sound, so excuse the
roughness.
“My name is Victoria Wigzell, I come from Johannesburg. There I have spent the past year immersed in a world
of trophies. Meeting the people who make them, those who award them, and those who receive them for the
achievements they have made. One word I have heard often during this process, is ‘champion.’ Some might say that
champions can only be those who win. But a champion is equally someone who chooses where importance in their
life should lie. Someone who chooses what their legacy should be, and who never gives up on it. Therefore, i would
like to present you with this trophy ‘The Heart of a Champion’ for your ongoing work in preserving the history of your
work and your town.
During the communal congress of Children and Adolescents from all the neighborhoods, we express our opinion,
reaching the conclusion that there are certain problems in all populations, which are of vital importance to solve,
so that as Children we can exercise our rights at the personal level, community level, environmental level and
at the school as well.
The most common problems that we see and that concern us:
For all these realities that we live in, what we demand from all of our adult guarantors is the
following:
• We demand that the authorities get closer to our neighborhoods, to observe and examine the problems
that affect us, to propose solutions together and determine deadlines that allow these solutions to be
executed in a specific time.
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• We demand from our families, that they spend time to talk and be with us, so that we can have more
communication, an emotional relationship that is closer and that makes life more livable. We demand
affection towards children.
• We demand the teachers from the administration departments of each school, to generate more spaces
for dialogue between parents and students, assistants, inspectors and the entire school community,
in order to address issues such as the premature use of drugs among students, and other problems.
• We ask the neighbors to solve their problems through dialogue and respect, avoiding gossip and
rumors between different families living in the neighborhood.
• We ask the community not to throw garbage on the streets and places not suitable for it, thus to avoid
to continue polluting the environment in which we live; and that the authorities take measures for
pollution.
• We demand to have green areas, recreational spaces and playgrounds in our neighborhoods. Security
on our streets. Regulation and supervision of the sale of alcohol and its consumption in public space.
Eradicate drug trafficking.
• Promote respect and trust in the family and in the community by providing education of values.
• We demand an Action Plan to sterilize stray dogs and stray cats.
We propose:
• To have meetings with our neighborhood councils, councilors and the mayor of the commune, to discuss
the concrete proposals.
• More communication and relationship between neighborhood boards and Children.
• That the authorities of the commune and the social programs that are directly related to us, Children and
adolescents, approach the neighborhood to observe and examine the problems that affect us and the
neighborhoods, proposing common solutions that are executed in a determined time.
Manifesto for a Good Life written in the summer of 2018 by Children and Adolescents, was created collectively with the
conviction that it is necessary to visualize and exercise their rights. To this date, it has been disseminated through various
channels: Children’s meetings, meetings with authorities, neighbors and children, artistic workshops, congresses,
seminars, lectures, public readings, marches, carnivals and various meetings in the public sphere.
We make a fraternal invitation to continue spreading (and reflecting with action) the Manifesto for a Good Life of Children
and Adolescents.
La Caleta
Day 3
Collective Discussion Day - Art and Deindustrialization
The following text summarizes the dialogue we had during a collective discussion that we held on the last day of
Arte y Desindustrialización, Lota 2019. We developed a series of questions that were discussed together, where
the objective was to collectively reflect on the issues addressed during the meeting. We were divided into two
working groups, in this dynamic both groups answered and complemented each question which arised from
the elaboration of conceptual diagrams. With this exercise, we deepen those issues and concerns that were
manifested on the days of the meeting, in the performance day and in the lectures during the seminar. Then, we
took the time to share our experiences and perspectives within a space of critical reflection.
This collective discussion was held on May 3 in La Caleta, Lota.
Participants: Patricio Gil Flood, Victoria Wigzell, Samuel Ibarra, Blanca Gutiérrez, Francisco González, Zunilda
Moraga, Daniela Guerrero, Lucy Quezada, Ash Aravena, Alejandra Villarroel, Leslie Fernández, Eduardo Cruces,
Oscar Concha, David Romero.
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Deindustrialization is an economic and productive dismantling, but it is also a cultural dismantling. Art provides the
conditions to discuss this phenomenon and its implications. Within that frame, artistic production processes open
some layers in order to make a reading beyond nostalgia and the aestheticization of ruin: it generates vanishing
points and open spaces from the diversification of memory. On the other side, the so-called cultural extractivism
is related to the perpetuation of a unique history that is transacted as a symbolic or material fetish. Extractivism
occurs, we think, when appropriations are generated without any feedback or exchange with those contexts or
communities that were part of the artistic research. On the other hand, when we discuss about gentrification as
a common practice in post-industrial contexts, the possibility of infiltration strategies arises, that is, modifying
its pragmatics from within and slowly directing it towards collective benefit. However, it is necessary to maintain
a consistent ethic and commitment; work towards and from the collective so as not to reproduce the logic of
capitalist appropriation.
We also ask ourselves the following question: what would it mean to deindustrialize ourselves? If we think of
it as a critical turn from artistic practice, we associate this gesture with the transformation of any inherited
normative structure. We see it as an opportunity to rehearse other ways of relating to history and memory; as a an
interdisciplinary space to generate new fields of collective action.
Notions such as context and community appear recurrently in the discussion of our practices, they draw the
horizon for our works. But when we talk about context and community - in post-industrial locations such as
Lota, for example - we cannot ignore that these concepts are also part of the language of specialists dedicated
to capitalist entrepreneurship, with a touristic, urban, academic or cultural profile. How then do we articulate the
critical action from inside the art, and outside the market logic and welfare policies by the State? First, we point out
the impossibility of a unique narrative while addressing contexts and communities, which, in fact, must be taken
in their diverse and plural condition. In this sense, artistic work should be attentive to the flows and desires that
communities and contexts travel through; something like a mutant practice, liquid, to be close to that latency that
always manifests itself in a paradoxical and contradictory way.
Located in the contexts of crisis and facing the dismantling of modern industrial production modes, memory
appears as a fundamental field of action. Through our practices, we can manage a type of relationship with
the past that is not nostalgic, making our research an engine for the future. On the other hand, the action and
production of critical thinking are not in any case exclusive to the artistic field, so it is necessary to be attentive to
what happens outside the walls of art, always questioning our ways of operating and our places of enunciation,
seeking to generate links that transcend disciplinary structures.
Ruin
The ruin evidences Lota’s past, how do you know what that past was? What to do with the past while building
the future? In contexts crossed by impoverishment and trauma, the past has been observed from the perspective
of defeat; we must then recover memory with a multiplicity, disassemble its hegemonic versions and investigate
it from other perspectives and places; put an archaeology into operation that investigates those memories that
have been excluded from the great story of history. The history of Lota, for example, is much broader than the
history of coal mines; but its ruins have an unavoidable presence, they are there, and therefore they challenge us.
This physical presence of the past represented in the ruin -and that is reproduced in many other post-industrial
locations scattered around the world- raises a series of questions about the way we inquire into memory and
plan to proceed. While we point out the need to shake off the ballast of nostalgia, we must keep in mind that it
manifests itself as a product of the violent and failed policies of economic reconversion. In the case of Lota, the
closure of the coal mines took place as a sudden dispossession that left the population mired in trauma, also
stripped them of any prospect of future development. In other words, in the contexts where industrial dismantling
only produced greater poverty, the past was always better.
With greater force, then, it is necessary to leave the idealization of the past behind and pay attention to the
phenomena that occur in the present that are connected with those components of history that, being minor, retain
an important symbolic burden of resistance. Be attentive to the temperature of today, we must not forget that
memory is a political issue, it is a space for dispute of meaning in the present. Arte y Desindustrialización is thought
precisely under this premise: the past is a space in conflict and therefore we discuss different ways of approaching
it. Thus, we see the relationship with the past as a constantly changing process, seeking to dismantle the official
history in order to inhabit all times. In this way we can confront the aesthetic capitalization that art makes of ruin,
that is, its commodification as a fetish.
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The artist as a worker
Art and work? What is work? Work and freedom? Art is a sphere that reproduces strata and forms of social
relationships regulated by the culture of each era and stage of capitalism. What happens in the field of art is
finally an x-ray of today’s society, perhaps the difference is that in art we can discuss it, we create the conditions
to discuss the work. What does work mean? Art is work inasmuch as that work means thinking and processing
forms. The West has established the difference between work and freedom, and art has been defined as a space
of freedom, hence certain avant-gardes called society to live and express itself as in art.
But the ways of working change; contemporary artists no longer work only with their hands or producing objects,
and, for example, the escape into contexts and communities has become a trend in contemporary art. In this
case, we should be attentive and observe to what extent we are reproducing the logic of the system, be aware
of its gears and abandon the romantic representation of the artist. A problematic issue that is repeated in this
discussion is the seemingly eventual position of a privilege of the artist, meaning, the artist has more freedom and
time than the rest of the people. However, we also have the figure of the artist being precarious and a model of
labor flexibility. This is a dichotomy that persists when thinking of the artist as a worker. On the other hand, work as
a concept and historical category is related to the market, so it is also problematic to define yourself as a worker. In
short, the work is a space that must be questioned, in this sense, we insist, it is necessary to break with the idea
that the artist is a strange being to the world and that his/her work consists of something exceptional.
A relevant concern of this meeting has been the way in which artistic practice transmits or socializes knowledge. From
a perspective that seeks to generate collective instances of learning, we see the need to constitute practices that can
subvert the hegemonic knowledge production logics, either acting within established institutions or outside them.
Knowledge is a very broad and complex concept, maybe it would be interesting to deconstruct the term and see what
role the experience plays in it. When we talk about knowledge here, we do not use the term in the sense of “the light
that will change the world”. In principle, we should start by looking at the human being as a subject and not as an
object, as well as questioning the ownership of ideas and rethinking the places from which artistic initiatives are located.
The above is related to the responsibility that underlies the artistic work in terms of the socialization of its processes
and reflections, since there is generally no mediation in contemporary artistic production that allows the audience to
understand and internalize it.
On the other hand, to get involved in critical pedagogical projects, it is necessary to break with the exceptionality that
is still given to the artistic work, as if art occupies a place separated from daily miseries. Within the frame of postfordist
and cognitive capitalism, certain actions in art become important. In principle they do not seem to have great impact,
but that act directly in more localized or minor spheres, realizing something like a gesture policy. This localized way of
operating in certain specific contexts also raises the question of how these gestures manage to articulate relationships.
In this sense, artistic work should create modes of relationships as fundamental axis in order to assume critical action
and knowledge. It is from that place that we can think of alternative learning experiences. While it is true that each artist
has their own themes and gestures, the idea is to try to connect it with processes that transcend the purely individual
sphere.
The work ethic reproduces notions such as savings, sacrifice, individualism, etc. In order to put in tension or abolish
the work ethic, it would be necessary to propose other types of ethics: an ethic of enjoyment, an ethic of good life, an
ethic of collaboration. Also, work on the collectivization of thought and critical attitude, breaking with the specialization
that capitalism promotes. Art should take this discussion to other spheres of work or pay attention to the places where
such questions are taking place, as it is a global discussion. We must always think to what extent the concept of work
can be transformed, in that sense, we talk about exploring other forms of exchange where it is possible to question the
ethics of capitalist work.
A question that is repeatedly put on the table and always generates uncertainty: how much is our work worth? In the
field of art this is a permanent tension, so a greater commitment by artists is necessary regarding the precariousness
and labor flexibility that is reproduced in art. One strategy is at least to have a common ground as a manual of good
practices among the artists themselves to value artistic work. It is necessary to embrace the crisis, abandoning the
logic of eternal comfort. Crises represent opportunities to rethink the economic and political models of our societies,
they allow the emergence of alternatives. In the end, everything leads us to the insistence on a question that we must
continue to reflect: to what extent is it possible to reform the idea of work, or should it simply be rejected?
This text was not part of the seminar, but there are many connections to include it in this book Arte y Deindustrialización,
2019. The organizers of this project in Chile were also part of the project in Switzerland, for the various links, themes
and references that cross both countries, and the discussions that this text exposes.
THIS IS NOT CHILE was the title of the experience generated by a group of artists and researchers from the Biobío
Region for the project ERIAZO. art practices from residual space in Basel, Switzerland during October 2018. Eriazo
“referring to the waste lands which exist in between poor neighborhoods in Chile” was conceptualized by its “instigators’’
Cristián Valenzuela and Louise Mestrallet, both based in Europe. With the conviction of opening the discussion, they
invited Simon Wunderlich based on his knowledge on the art scene in Basel and Eduardo Cruces as co-curator in order
to open the project with the presence of participants from Chile. It seems important to say that all partners were aware
of the lack of financial resources, but they had enough commitment and empathy for reflection and action to manage
this process. The project involved various independent spaces such as galleries, off-spaces, kiosks and cinemas that
were activated by participants from different contexts, with whom the invitation was extended horizontally and it was
enriched by the sum of ideas and motivations.
In these collaborative conditions, I proposed and encouraged the participation of artists-researchers from the Biobío
Region: Leslie Fernández, Natascha De Cortillas, Andrea Herrera, Oscar Concha and David Romero. Together we
proposed a series of public actions where it was essential to explore how to socialize our research with a diverse
audience speaking different languages and coming from different disciplines.
It was also important to situate the project in tension with artists coming from a context of social dismantling in Chile
in contrast to a city in Central Europe with a biotechnological and banking profile such as Basel. The proposal was to
make visible from their experiences how deindustrialization had transformed the meaning of the land and the dynamics
between people and communities. The presence of artists from the Biobío Region was also consistent for Cristián and
Louise, as these artists were in tune with their own questions about the production of objects and reflection on the
working conditions in Art. When Cristián and Louise visited Concepción a few years ago, they observed that “certain
artists were looking into their own context and at the same time they were quite informed about the outside, but without
a tendency to emulate it”. This was a group of people who stopped the production of objects in order to question the
conditions of this production. In this inversion of intentions, the material object is not treated as an end; in the opposite,
the intentions focus on the various stages that cross through an idea in order to materialize it. In this way, a special
importance is attributed to the instances of exchange with other people about the research, through actions and public
gestures that leave multiple trails behind which go back into feeding the history of the project-work.
After collectively planning and reflecting on the stages of the project in Basel, it was decided to launch it in two moments:
a temporary exhibition in Klingental with a series of actions and readings, and also in VIA, an association that operates
as a studio for video and audio productions. Furthermore, the participants had a short residency in Nachthafen; an
accommodation place for artists, located in a former brewery, which they used as a common leisure and meeting place
as well as an operational center.
THIS IS NOT CHILE, title of the exhibition, questions the image of Chile that is exported abroad as a supposedly
successful, stable country, integrated to the globalized economies. From a critical position, it also questions the centralist
administration of the country. Paradoxically enough, our map became an obsolete image: shortly after disseminating
the flyers with the map of Biobío Region on the cover, the region suffered a political modification as it was fragmented
with the creation of the new Ñuble Region. THIS IS NOT CHILE appeals to the power of collective and autonomous
practices that shape common struggles beyond the limits established by the government and economic interests.
The temporary exhibition presents a series of forms: covers of publications, posters and photographs that create a
collective archive about research and collaboration processes. The archive is articulated as a sample of common interests,
showing the collective way of doing and thinking as one of the fundamental aspects that define all these practices and
investigations. The archive addresses several topics, such as artistic resistance under the dictatorship, collective memory,
feminist struggle, economical and social restructuring, local culinary practices and economic extractivism in “sacrifice
zones”.
Along with the archives, the current transformed map of the Biobío Region was drawn on paper, identifying the
conflict zones stricken by environmental damage, gentrification, human rights violations and educational crisis, among
others. Facing these conflict zones, the map shows examples of resistance and cooperation of local organizations
and collective initiatives linked together. Thus, the map points to the political and social contingency in the Biobío
Region, which the artists approach through their personal and collective research and practices.
In addition to the exhibition in Klingental, a series of public actions were generated in the same space and in VIA:
performative readings, a culinary performance and the launch of two publications, Arte y Desindustrialización 2018
and Atlas. Leslie Fernández presented The Opening as An Art Action where she read manifestos made by groups
of university students in resistance from Concepción, Chile, during the political repression of the dictatorship.
Andrea Herrera invited other artists such as Leslie, Natascha, Louise along with Federica Martini and Madeleine
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Amsler; who started by drinking mate with the audience in a circle and after that, declared the vindication of
women for historical recognition by unfolding a banner on the street with the message “The revolution will be
feminist or it will not be”. Oscar Concha presented Family Image of Agüita de la Perdiz, a photographic research
on one of the first settlements established in the mid-20th century in Concepción, where he made historical links
with the small town of Pisagua in northern Chile. David Romero from Tomé, a city that gained importance during
the nineteenth and twentieth centuries as one of the first industrialized cities in the country for textile production,
delivered a lecture that reflected on postindustrial imaginaries of this place by activating various archives. Eduardo
Cruces articulated a sensitive space around the dismantling of the voice, through the transformation of the word
Reconversion into a series of concepts, associated with the class struggle. Natascha De Cortillas with Sobremesa
generated a meeting space around a culinary performance, articulating the local production systems and claiming
the community exercise as an axis of the art practice.
THIS IS NOT CHILE in the context of ERIAZO. art practices from residual space was a meeting point for a collective
feedback, where research was focused on reflecting on the art practices and socialized by diverse means. “After
each time a participant left, their floating essence was still palpable, which invited those who remained to follow the
process with enthusiasm”, in the words of Cristian Valenzuela and Louise Mestrallet, ERIAZO also established itself as
“a platform for an essay of new forms” as a result of a series of affective vibrations and ideas that were materialized
between people and groups who, over a period, were synchronized by their questions and also by the formulation of
other concepts in the grammar of art.
Moreover, the project generated a fruitful relationship between artists-researchers from the Biobío Region of Chile and
Switzerland. This exchange started in 2012 with our presence as researchers in the Master of Arts in Public Spheres
in ECAV, a linkage that extended until now inside and outside this institution through constant transfers and various
networks. However, as any transcontinental relationship, whose value lies in the affection, this exchange continues to
transform. It is open to connect with other meeting points in different contexts at local and planetary level towards a
plural search for an active synchronization wherever solidarity is needed urgently to catalyze a resistance.
Recorrido por las ruinas de ENACAR, Lota, Chile, 2019.