Sedación y Analgesia
Sedación y Analgesia
Sedación y Analgesia
y analgesia
y analgesia
Medicina interna
R1MI Karen Paola Rodríguez Arellano
Concepto de sedación
Técnica en la que se utilizan uno o más fármacos para deprimir el sistema
nervioso central de un paciente, reduciendo así la conciencia del paciente sobre
su entorno
Ansiolisis
Amnesia
Analgesia
Introducción
Beneficios
Riesgos
Temesgen, N., Chekol, B., Tamirie, T., Eshetie, D., Simeneh, N., & Feleke, A. (2021). Adult sedation and analgesia in a
resource limited intensive care unit - A Systematic Review and evidence based guideline. Annals of medicine and
surgery (2012), 66, 102356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amsu.2021.102356
Reade, Michael C. A Finfer, Simon Sedation and Delirium in the Intensive Care Unit 2014/01/29 New England Journal of
Medicine P 444-454 V 370 10.1056/NEJMra120870524476433 https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMra1208705
Analgesia
• El dolor se define como : una experiencia no placentera emocional y
sensitiva que se asocia con daño tisular real o potencial, o descrita en
términos de ese daño
Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Prevention and Management of Pain, Agitation/Sedation, Delirium, Immobility, and
Sleep Disruption in Adult Patients in the ICU Crit Care Med. 2018 Sep;46(9):e825-e873
Evaluación inicial
Nordness MF, Hayhurst CJ, Pandharipande P. Current Perspectives on the Assessment and Management of Pain in the Intensive
Care Unit. J Pain Res. 2021;14:1733-1744 https://doi.org/10.2147/JPR.S256406
Escalas de medición
Severgnini, P., Pelosi, P., Contino, E. et al. Accuracy of Critical Care Pain Observation Tool and Behavioral Pain Scale to assess pain
in critically ill conscious and unconscious patients: prospective, observational study. j intensive care 4, 68 (2016).
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40560-016-0192-x
Escalas
M Narayanan, MB BS MD FRCA FCARCSI EDIC EDRA, A Venkataraju, MB BS MD FRCA EDRA, J Jennings, MSc MPharm, Analgesia
in intensive care: part 1, BJA Education, Volume 16, Issue 2, February 2016, Pages 72–78,
https://doi.org/10.1093/bjaceaccp/mkv018
Analgesia: Causas de dolor
M Narayanan, MB BS MD FRCA FCARCSI EDIC EDRA, A Venkataraju, MB BS MD FRCA EDRA, J Jennings, MSc MPharm, Analgesia
in intensive care: part 1, BJA Education, Volume 16, Issue 2, February 2016, Pages 72–78,
https://doi.org/10.1093/bjaceaccp/mkv018
Modalidades
Se prefiere la administración de medicamentos vía intravenosa
• Rápido inicio, compensación y ser titulable.
• Sin interacciones.
• Rentabilidad.
M Narayanan, MB BS MD FRCA FCARCSI EDIC EDRA, A Venkataraju, MB BS MD FRCA EDRA, J Jennings, MSc MPharm, Analgesia
in intensive care: part 1, BJA Education, Volume 16, Issue 2, February 2016, Pages 72–78,
https://doi.org/10.1093/bjaceaccp/mkv018
M Narayanan, MB BS MD FRCA FCARCSI EDIC EDRA, A Venkataraju, MB BS MD FRCA EDRA, J Jennings, MSc MPharm, Analgesia
in intensive care: part 1, BJA Education, Volume 16, Issue 2, February 2016, Pages 72–78,
https://doi.org/10.1093/bjaceaccp/mkv018
Clasificación analgésicos
Complementos
analgésicos
M Narayanan, MB BS MD FRCA FCARCSI EDIC EDRA, A Venkataraju, MB BS MD FRCA EDRA, J Jennings, MSc MPharm, Analgesia
in intensive care: part 1, BJA Education, Volume 16, Issue 2, February 2016, Pages 72–78,
https://doi.org/10.1093/bjaceaccp/mkv018
Opioides
M Narayanan, MB BS MD FRCA FCARCSI EDIC EDRA, A Venkataraju, MB BS MD FRCA EDRA, J Jennings, MSc MPharm, Analgesia
in intensive care: part 1, BJA Education, Volume 16, Issue 2, February 2016, Pages 72–78,
https://doi.org/10.1093/bjaceaccp/mkv018
Opioides
M Narayanan, MB BS MD FRCA FCARCSI EDIC EDRA, A Venkataraju, MB BS MD FRCA EDRA, J Jennings, MSc MPharm, Analgesia
in intensive care: part 1, BJA Education, Volume 16, Issue 2, February 2016, Pages 72–78,
https://doi.org/10.1093/bjaceaccp/mkv018
Opioides
Se recomienda un enfoque escalonado, en el que el opiáceo se inicia con una
dosis más baja y se aumenta en un 15 a 20 % de la dosis inicial hasta que se
logra un control adecuado del dolor.
M Narayanan, MB BS MD FRCA FCARCSI EDIC EDRA, A Venkataraju, MB BS MD FRCA EDRA, J Jennings, MSc MPharm, Analgesia
in intensive care: part 1, BJA Education, Volume 16, Issue 2, February 2016, Pages 72–78,
https://doi.org/10.1093/bjaceaccp/mkv018
Analgésicos no opioides
AINE Paracetamol
M Narayanan, MB BS MD FRCA FCARCSI EDIC EDRA, A Venkataraju, MB BS MD FRCA EDRA, J Jennings, MSc MPharm, Analgesia
in intensive care: part 1, BJA Education, Volume 16, Issue 2, February 2016, Pages 72–78,
https://doi.org/10.1093/bjaceaccp/mkv018
Fármacos complementarios
M Narayanan, MB BS MD FRCA FCARCSI EDIC EDRA, A Venkataraju, MB BS MD FRCA EDRA, J Jennings, MSc MPharm, Analgesia
in intensive care: part 1, BJA Education, Volume 16, Issue 2, February 2016, Pages 72–78,
https://doi.org/10.1093/bjaceaccp/mkv018
Reade, Michael C. A Finfer, Simon Sedation and Delirium in the Intensive Care Unit 2014/01/29 New England Journal of
Medicine P 444-454 V 370 10.1056/NEJMra120870524476433 https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMra1208705
Manejo
• No farmacológico
Terapia de relajación
Nordness MF, Hayhurst CJ, Pandharipande P. Current Perspectives on the Assessment and Management of Pain in the Intensive
Care Unit. J Pain Res. 2021;14:1733-1744 https://doi.org/10.2147/JPR.S256406
Manejo farmacológico Método de "analgosedación"
Nordness MF, Hayhurst CJ, Pandharipande P. Current Perspectives on the Assessment and Management of Pain in the Intensive
Care Unit. J Pain Res. 2021;14:1733-1744 https://doi.org/10.2147/JPR.S256406
Sedighie, L., Bolourchifard, F., Rassouli, M., & Zayeri, F. (2020). Effect of Comprehensive Pain Management Training Program on
Awareness and Attitude of ICU Nurses. Anesthesiology and pain medicine, 10(2), e98679. https://doi.org/10.5812/aapm.98679
Sedighie, L., Bolourchifard, F., Rassouli, M., & Zayeri, F. (2020). Effect of Comprehensive Pain Management Training Program on
Awareness and Attitude of ICU Nurses. Anesthesiology and pain medicine, 10(2), e98679. https://doi.org/10.5812/aapm.98679
Indicaciones de sedación profunda
• Tratamiento de la hipertensión intracraneal
• Insuficiencia respiratoria grave
• Estado epiléptico refractario
• Prevención de la conciencia en pacientes tratados con bloqueantes
neuromusculares
FAST HUG
Dirigido a todo el personal de salud que esta en contacto con pacientes críticos
Objetivos
Errores
Rondas medicas
Vincent JL. Give your patient a fast hug (atleast) once a day. Crit Care Med .2005; 33:1225-9.
FAST HUG
Vincent JL. Give your patient a fast hug (atleast) once a day. Crit Care Med .2005; 33:1225-9.
F- Feed (alimentación) La desnutrición empeora los resultados e
incrementa las complicaciones
Inicio de 24-48 h
Vincent JL. Give your patient a fast hug (atleast) once a day. Crit Care Med .2005; 33:1225-9.
A - Analgesia
• El dolor puede afectar la recuperación psicológica y fisiológica del
paciente
Vincent JL. Give your patient a fast hug (atleast) once a day. Crit Care Med .2005; 33:1225-9.
S- sedación
Beneficios Riesgos
C
alma
omodidad
Regla olaboración
Vincent JL. Give your patient a fast hug (atleast) once a day. Crit Care Med .2005; 33:1225-9.
T-tromboproflaxis
• Regularmente desestimado
• Entre los pacientes que no reciben profilaxis, las tasas de trombosis venosa
profunda objetivamente confirmadas oscilan entre el 13 % y el 31 % , para
los pacientes traumatizados, esta cifra puede ser considerablemente mayor
Vincent JL. Give your patient a fast hug (atleast) once a day. Crit Care Med .2005; 33:1225-9.
Elevación de la cabecera del paciente (H)
• 45 grados
Incidencia de neumonías
Vincent JL. Give your patient a fast hug (atleast) once a day. Crit Care Med .2005; 33:1225-9.
U- Prevención de ulceras por estrés
• No se deben utilizar de rutina , sin embargo se deben considerar los
factores de riesgo individuales
Agonistas H2
Sucralfato
Vincent JL. Give your patient a fast hug (atleast) once a day. Crit Care Med .2005; 33:1225-9.
G- control glucémico
• Glicemias mayores a180 se asocian con aumento de la morbilidad y
estancia hospitalaria , sin embargo la hipoglicemia se asocia con
aumento de la mortalidad
Vincent JL. Give your patient a fast hug (atleast) once a day. Crit Care Med .2005; 33:1225-9.
FAST HUGS BID
Nair, A. S., Naik, V. M., & Rayani, B. K. (2017). FAST HUGS BID: Modified Mnemonic for Surgical Patient. Indian journal of
critical care medicine : peer-reviewed, official publication of Indian Society of Critical Care Medicine, 21(10), 713–714.