A Cosmic Hunt in The Berber Sky - Les Cahiers de L'aars
A Cosmic Hunt in The Berber Sky - Les Cahiers de L'aars
A Cosmic Hunt in The Berber Sky - Les Cahiers de L'aars
Julien d’Huy*
Les mythes, comme les espèce, évoluent par descendan- As species, myths are evolving entities. Here, we bu-
ce modifiée. Nous avons ici construit différents arbres ilt phylogenetics trees of a mythological family. The
phylogénétiques pour une même famille de mythes. results clearly support low horizontal transmissions
Les résultats montrent que les mythes se transmettent
(borrowings), Palaeolithic diffusions and punctuated
essentiellement de façon verticale,ce qui permet de
remonter à une diffusion paléolithique et reconstruire evolution. Additionaly, a probable Palaeolithic ver-
une proto-version. De plus, il semblerait que les mythes sion of the story has been reconstructed.
évoluent par ponctuations.
Fig. 1. Reconstruc-
ted phylogeny of
the Cosmic Hunt’s
versions linked to
the Big Dipper. We
have analysed 19
versions of these
tales using bio
Neighbor Joining
(10.000 boots-
trap replications,
d’Huy 2012d).
* Doctorant au CEMAf (Centre d’Étude des Mondes africains), UMR 8171 CNRS. [email protected]
Received Oct. 15th 2012.
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A Cosmic Hunt in the Berber Sky : A Phylogenetic Reconstruction
3 – Method and results likelihood allowed to reconstruct ancestral Fig.2. Mesquite tree
The questionnaire previously used in d’Huy states of mythemes and of the protomyth itself including mytho-
for each root. We then identified the recons- logical versions
2012d was developed on the basis of the known of Cosmic Hunt
typological variations in this family of myths tructed mythemes for each eurasian root centred on Big Dip-
(see the table at the end of the paper). The (Fig. 3) and selected the version that holds the per but also other
absence or presence of a mytheme was coded majority of the wide shared mythemes (>50%) versions centred on
as the better root. Consequently, the tree has Orion, Pleiades, etc.
for each version by 0 or 1, respectively, to pro- (red : Asia ; gray :
duce a binary matrix of 93 mythemes in 47 been rooted with Evenki 3. The reconstructed
Greece ; yellow :
versions. The database was still incomplete but Palaeolithic version was almost identical to the Basque ; orange :
has been build so that it could flexibly grow as previous one (see below). Africa ; light blue :
new versions emerge. This will allow the abi- The second mythological tree was Arctic ; magenta :
constructed with MrBayes 3.2.1 (Huelsenbeck american Coast-
lity to test our model. Plateau / British
& Ronquist 2001; Ronquist & Huelsenbeck
We took into account adaptation to the Columbia ; pink :
2003). We set the evolutionary model to the northeastern Ame-
local environment, because the choice of the
generalised time reversible substitution model rica ; wood : ame-
same mytheme (e.g. tapir, fisher) by neighbo- rican Great Basin
with gamma-distributed rate variation across
ring cultures probably showed vertical trans- / Great Southwest ;
sites and a proportion of invariable sites. We
mission from mother to daugther mythologies. ran an ordinary Markov Chain Monte Carlo
green : Guiana)
To reconstruct the first state for the myth, (MCMC) analysis for 40.000.000 generations
we used Mesquite 2.75 (Maddison & Maddison with a sample on the screen every 10.000 gene-
2011). We calculated the parsimony treelength rations. The summaries were based on a total
of the tree and matrix. Character matrices of 8.002 trees from two runs. Each run pro-
were supplied from data files and the tree was duced 4.001 trees of which 3.001 samples were
rearranged by subtree pruning and regrafting. included. The fact that stationary has been
We built a majority rules consensus tree where reached (burn-in) was controled with Tracer
only those clades present in more than 50 per 1.5.0 (Drummond & Rambaut 2007). As a pre-
cent of the trees were present (Fig. 2 ; 200 caution, the 2.500.000 first steps (250 samples)
trees ; treelength : 213). The retention index were discarded as “burn-in”. According to the
for matrix (0,6966) indicated that most of the previous analysis, the tree was rooted with
mythemes were shared through common des- Evenky people 3 version.
cent. Indeed, high CI and RI values (for ins- We simulated evolution of DNA sequences
tance, greater than 0.60) usually show a low on the bayesian tree with Mesquite 2.75 and
horizontal transmission (Nunn and al. 2010). chose the Jukes-Cantor model as a user-defi-
Arguments in favour of localization of pro- ned model of nucleotide evolution. The four
typical Cosmic Hunt in Asia seem persuasive submodels of this one were i/ the states at the
(Berezkin 2005). We successively rooted the root of the tree, ii/ the equilibrium frequencies
tree with each eurasian version, one by one. of states on other branches, iii/ the relative
Phylogenetic reconstructions using maximum rates of characters, and iv/ the relative rates of
95
Julien d’Huy
Fig. 3. Recons-
tructed mythemes
for each eurasian
root by maxi-
mum likelihood
method. Claude
Lévi-Strauss calls
zoemes “animals
given seman-
tic functions.”
Zoemes “allow
mythic thought to
keep operations
within the same
framework”
(Levi-Strauss
1985 : 130).
A : Khanty
B : Saami1
C : Evenki 1
D : Evenki 2
E : Evenki 3
F : Ob-Ugric
G : Saami2
H : Chukchi
I : Rutul
J : Basque 1
K : Basque 2
L : Pausanias
M : Pseudo-
Apollodorus
N : Hesiod
O : Ovid
Last column : % of
shared mythemes.
change from state to state. We simulated 1000 of distributions that represent different mixtures
characters and obtained a consistency index of of the posterior distribution and the prior dis-
0,7358 and a retention index of 0,8548. These tribution (Xie and al. 2011). The sampling was
results were greater than the results for the pre- based on 50 steps with 294.000 generations
vious tree. (588 samples) within each step. The marginal
likelihood was bigger for the strict-clock model
Using MrBayes, we also run an MCMC than for the non-clock model, the log values
analysis with the standard non-clock model being -1057,04 and -1092,66, respectively (Fig.
for 15.000.000 generations. Then we repeated 4). There was good agreement between the two
the procedure under the strict clock model. We independent analyses for both models, indica-
used the stepping-stone method and we estima- ting that we had accurate estimates of the mar-
ted the model likelihood by sampling a series ginal model likelihoods. The strict-clock model
96
A Cosmic Hunt in the Berber Sky : A Phylogenetic Reconstruction
Fig. 5. Consensus
tree based on ave-
rage branch lengths.
Labels indicate
the probability
of each node.
97
Julien d’Huy
98
A Cosmic Hunt in the Berber Sky : A Phylogenetic Reconstruction
nivore.” Additionaly, the logically dependent of death (dHuy 2012e). All of that reinforces Fig. 8. Splitgraph
mythemes 91-92-93 were eliminated. The pro- the idea that the peoples with the haplogroup without some
X were part of the original founders of Native mythemes.
blem is that a “yes” on item 57-78 implies a
“yes” on items 91 for instance. This could have American populations. Yet the cluster Greek /
a big effect on the results of our analysis by Ojibwa may be weakly supported (see below).
exaggerating the appearance of clustering. The Two Salish versions (Snohomish people /
NeighborNet network created with SplitsTree’s Twana people) are incorrectly placed before the
analysis is shown in fig.8 and the tree created Basque versions and belong to the same cluster
with Mesquite is shown in fig.9. than Evenki. Note that the larger and contro-
4 – Discussion versial family “Dene-Caucasian” includes the
Basque and maybe the Salish language fami-
The MrBayes’ consensus tree is shown in lies (Shevoroshkin 2003, 2008). Moreover, the
fig.5. The root and the first nodes of the second Yeniseian languages that belong to the Dene-
branches are eurasian. A branch groups the Caucasian family share many contact-induced
Greek and Ojibwa versions. That can be explai- similarities with the South Siberian Turkic
ned by an ancient genetic link : haplogroup X2 languages, Samoyedic languages and Evenki
appears to be essentially restricted to northern (Anderson 2003) ; these contacts could explain
Amerindian groups and to the Near East, the the proximity between Evenki, Basque and
Caucasus and Mediterranean Europe, making Salish versions. If we exclude this hypothesis,
it likely that some Native American founders it can be assumed that during the last glacial
have European ancestors (Brown and al. 1998). maximum, one migration spreads from Asia to
There also are mythological links (d’Huy 2012 the Pyrenees and the Northwest Coast.
c, e) between Europe / Western Asia and North By observing the figure 5, several conclu-
America. Many similar and very ancient tales sions can be drawn. North and South Ameri-
are largely restricted to the haplogroup X2 area, can versions may come with many migrations
e.g. i/ a person gets into a monster’s homestead, from Siberia rather than just a single wave of
can be killed, but escapes sticking to the hair migrants, one by ancestors of present Eski-
of an animal who is going out or under an ani- mos and some Northeastern Amerindians,
mal’s skin (d’Huy 2012c, 2013b), or ii/ animals one by ancestor of Algonquian (who sha-
ask riddles that the hero must answer on pain red haplogroup X with European), another
99
Julien d’Huy
Fig. 9. Tree drawn by people whose descendants are confined hopefully give a better measure of this punc-
with an altered to the Southwest of North America and the tuational effect and of the role of distance in
version of the South America, and another one by ancestors mythological differentiation.
database, without
some mythemes.
of many Salishian people. These migrations The SplitsTree’s network shows a non star-
probably occurred at least 15.000 years ago, like aspect according to a deeply stable signal
before the rising sea water submerged Berin- (Fig. 7). This network highlights higher level
gia. The fact that African and Great Basin cluster in the data with an African, an Eura-
versions belong to the same cluster can be sian and an Amerindian groups. Additionally,
explained by a common eurasian origin. The it correctly organises some of the versions
African versions probably indicate a reverse into well-known linguistic groups, with Ura-
migration from Asia to Africa. lic (Ob-Ugric, Khanty people, Saami), Saha-
Our results also suggest that, as for spe- ran (Tuareg 1, Tuareg 2), Greek (Hesiod /
cies and language (Atkinson and al. 2008; Ovid / Pausanias / Pseudo-Apollodorus),
Dediu and al. 2012), newly formed versions Tungusic (Evenki 1 and 3), Eskimo (Copper,
diverge at a rapid pace around myths splits, Baffin land, Polar Eskimo, Netsilik, Igloo-
and then adopt a slower rate of change, where lik), Salishan (Snohomish / Twana ; Lillooet
they evolve at a rate relatively constant over / Coeur d’Alene / Nlaka-Pamux), Iroquoian
time (see also: d’Huy 2013b). The punctuatio- (Mohawk / Cherokee / Seneca, with three
nal bursts may account for about 84% of the geographically close Algonquian versions :
total divergence among the studied versions. It Mi’kmaq, Lenape and Meskwaki), Algon-
could be due to a cultural need to foster group quian (Ojibwa 1 / Ojibwa 2), Yuman (Mari-
identity and social cohesion (we think that ver- copa / Kiliwa / Mojave ; Chemehuevi is Uto-
sus they think that) : for instance, a story of Aztecan) and Carib (Kalina / Akawaio) area
the origin of fire was told by an amerindian to being the most distinct. The low number of
offset another story by an amerindian of ano- boxes showing conflicting signals and the
ther tribe (Goddard 1904 : 197). The second coherent groupings of mythological versions
hypothesis is a mythological founder effect. indicate that the structural features of these
In a similar effect to its genetic counterpart, versions were deeply stable through time (for
a mythological founder mutation appears in a the same analysis with language: Greenhill
myth known by individuals who are founders and al. 2010). There is a clear link between
of a distinct population; then this mutation can languages and mythological versions. Myths
get passed down to other generations. Here, belong probably to the category of cultural
the myth is probably characterized by serial features that are most similar to languages in
founder effects as people settled Eurasia and their distribution and the both seem change
North America by rapid and long distances fol- relatively little over their history.
lowed by periods of settlement. Consequently, According to the haplogroup X’s hypothesis,
mythological differentiation tends to increase the Greek cluster is not placed into the eurasian
with geographic distance. Future works will cluster. The Khoikhoi version is also incorrectly
100
A Cosmic Hunt in the Berber Sky : A Phylogenetic Reconstruction
placed. Its place might indicate a quick migra- misplacements do not affect their general
tion from Asia to Africa and America. Note that meaning. Yet we should note that the results
a specific version can only appear around the obtained with the modified data could be less
perimeter (and not in the midst) of a network of reliable because there may be not a sufficient
reticulations. If borrowings are identified in a amount of data analysed.
version, NeighborNet cannot place such a ver- According to the reconstructed Palaeolithic
sion in an intermediate position between many version (see Methods and results), there is an
others around it, and that can biase its position animal that is a horned herbivore, especially an
(Heggarty and al. 2010). A cluster groups the elk. One human pursues this ungulate. The hunt
Tuareg, Basque, Saami, Evenki and Uralic ver- locates or get to the sky. The animal is alive when
sions, which could be interpreted as indicating it is transformed into a constellation. It forms the
an ancient common ancestry. This grouping Big Dipper. With the altered tree (Fig. 9), the only
may confirms that the Franco-Cantabrian change is that the zoeme is an herbivore, without
refuge area was the source of expansions of any additional information (according with infor-
hunter-gatherers that colonized northern Africa mation partially given by the modified data).
and recolonized much of northern and central The transition of the Ursa Major designa-
Europe after the last glacial maximum. It also tion from elk to bear in Indo-European and
reveals a common mythological and palaeo- Mediterranean area (not earlier than 2000
lithical bond that unites the European hunter- B.C.) is corroborated by various cultural and
gatherer populations and the Berbers. linguistic sources (Lushnikova 2003). The
To assess the solidity of the network, reconstructed prehistoric story also explains
we repeated the NeighborNet analysis with why there is no bear representations similar
Splitstree after removing some doubtful to the Big Dipper in Upper Palaeolithic (Hay-
mythemes (see Methods and results). The new den and Villeneuve 2011), the cosmic animal
network (Fig. 8; delta-score: 0,3514) is very being a horned herbivore. The Cosmic Hunt
similar to the previous one, with approxi- myth is probably reflected in the rock art of
matively the same linguistic clusters, except Karelia, Siberia, the Far East and Northern
for Saharan. The Eurasian group is divided Mongolia (Ernits 2010) and may be repre-
into two groups that remain at the root of the sented in the famous Lascaux shaft ‘scene’
other branches. The Eskimo cluster is splited showing a bird-headed ithyphallic man with
between Netsilik / Igloolik / Polar Eskimo and an apparently disembowelled bison (d’Huy
Copper / Baffin land groups, yet remains at the 2012d). Yet the contents of the myth and the
base of the Northeastern amerindian branch specifics of rock art make it difficult to prove
(as it actually does with more mythemes; see definitively the relevant connection. Additio-
fig.7). Yuman and African versions continue nally, the phylogenetic approach suggests that
to be closely associated, as Basque / Snoho- the Cosmic myth would have existed in many
mish / Twana and Greek / Ojibwa versions area, including the prehistoric Sahara : we
do. The Khoikhoi version is always incorrectly now need to find where and how this myth
placed. The Wasco version changes position. has been represented in this area.
With a Mesquite analysis of the modified 5 – Conclusion
database (Fig. 9; consensus tree of 200 trees ; Our phylogenetic approach of myths allows
treelength: 172 ; retention index: 0,6566), the us to : 1/ confirm the Palaeolithic datation of the
relationship within each of the main clusters Cosmic Hunt linked to a horned herbivore, 2/
remains approximatively the same and the reconstruct the first version of the myth, 3/ cor-
linguistic and cultural groups are relatively roborate the hypothesis of a European post-gla-
similar. The tree groups the Ojibwa versions cial human recolonization of Europe and a part
with the Iroquoian tales, which weakens the of North Africa from the Franco-Cantabrian
haplogroup X’s hypothesis. It also groups one refuge, 4/ prove the existence of a mythological
Tuareg version with Greek versions. These root common to Berbers and European hunter-
new clusters could be explained by borrowings gatherers, 6/ document at least four migrations Acknowledegments :
The author thanks
between neighboring people (see the Box for from Eurasia into America and suggest that Yuri Berezkin,
the Tuareg version). Additionaly, the Iroquoian there was reverse migration from Eurasia to Brian Hayden, Jean-
family does not form a monophyletic group Africa, 5/ find support for the punctuated evo- Loïc Le Quellec,
and Mojave and Netsilik versions are mis- lution of myths, 6/ offer some suggestions to Steven Pinker,
placed. To conclude, in agreement with the interpret prehistoric rock art images that should Yves Vadé and
Søren Wichmann
two modified data analyses, a deeply change be discovered. Thus, the study of human mytho- for their helpful
of mythemes may cause only small changes logy directly opens up new ways for genetics, suggestions and
in the topology of the tree and network, and archaeology and rock art researches. encouragements.
101
102
Ch Nl Tw Sn Me Mi Mo Kh Ev Ev Ob Ba Sa Tu Tu He Ps Ov Pa Lill W Oji Se Ch Co Ne Pol Ba Co Tsi Oji Ba Kal Ak Le Mo Igl Ch Ma Kili Ev Kh Ka Ru Sa Ts Wa
ero ak an oh sk km hw ant en en ugr sq am are are sio eu id us oo as bw ne uk pp tsili ar ffin eur bw sq ina aw na jav ool em ric wa en oik ran tul am wa go
lhq
ke a'p a om wa ac ak y ki ki ic ue i1 g 1 g 2 d do- ani et co a ca chi er k Es La d'A a2 ue aio pe e ik eh op ki hoi ga i2 na go
e am ish ki 1 2 1 Ap as ki nd lèn ot'i 2 ue a 3
ux oll mo e vi
n
od
oru
s
1 The zoeme is a big mammal. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 The zoeme is a herbivore. 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
3 The zoeme is a horned animal. 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0
4 The zoeme is an ungulate. 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
5 The zoeme is an elk. 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
6 The zoeme is a reindeer. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
7 The zoeme is a deer. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
8 The zoeme is a moose. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
9 The zoeme is a camel. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 The zoeme is an ass. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
11 The zoeme is a mountain sheep. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
12 The zoeme is an antilope. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
13 The zoeme is a zebra. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
14 The zoeme is a pig 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
15 The zoeme is an ox. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
16 The zoeme is a tapir. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
17 The zoeme is a carnivore. 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
18 The zoeme is a bear. 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
19 The zoeme is a fisher. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
20 It's a domestic animal. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
21 It’s a six legged-animal. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
22 The zoeme captures the sun 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
23 There is one animal. 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
Julien d’Huy
dart or arrow.
56 The hero is the origin of warmth 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
57 Each animal is transformed into a star 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
of the Big Dipper.
58 One animal turns into a star of the 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Dipper.
59 Two animals turns into two stars of the 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
A Cosmic Hunt in the Berber Sky : A Phylogenetic Reconstruction
Dipper.
60 Four animals turn into four stars of the 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Dipper.
61 Seven animals form seven star of the 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Dipper.
62 The animal forms four stars of the 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Dipper.
63 The animal forms the Dipper. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
64 Members of the same family turn into 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Ursus Major and Ursus Minor.
65 Cut off limbs are stars seen in winter. 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
66 Three stars are the shadow of the 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
animal.
103
67 Hunters are the handle of the Dipper. 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
104
68 Hunters form four stars of the Dipper. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
69 Hunters form five stars of the Dipper. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
70 Hunters form seven stars of the Dipper. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
71 Animals are associated to their owner. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
72 Alcor is a dog. 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
73 Alcor is an object. 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
74 Alcor is a cooking pot. 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
75 Alcor is an arrow. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
76 Alcor is a knife. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
77 Alcor is a pack 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
78 The Big Dipper is a drawing. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
79 Orion is a pursuer. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
80 The three stars of Orion’s Belt are 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0
interpreted as three animals
81 The three stars of Orion’s Belt are 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
interpreted as three pursuers.
82 Three stars of Orion’s Belt are 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
interpreted as one single animal.
83 One of the neighboring stars of Orion is 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
a sword shot by the hunter to hit the
animals.
84 The sword of Orion is a pursuer. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
85 Canopus is a hunter 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
86 The Hyades are a game. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
87 The Pleiades are hunters. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
88 The Pleiades are an animal. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
89 Cassiope is a game. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
90 Betelgeuse is a game. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
91 One of the main constellation of the 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
story is the Big Dipper
92 One of the main constellation of the 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
story is Orion.
93 One of the main constellation of the 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Julien d’Huy
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