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OCACTRUONGSUPHAM •
ThS. NGUYEN TH! HUONG*

T heo quan diem dq.y hC?c (DH)truyen thong, mC?i

yeu to cua qua trinh DH deu xoay quanh nglfoi
dq.y, vi$c ITnh hQi tri thuc duqc thlfc hi~n theo ca
che"binh thong nhau": ngLIO'i dq.y cung cap kien thLtc
nglfOi hQC mang tinh h$thong. Song, m$ttrai cua yeu
cau nay la lam cho chlfctng trinh hc;>e tr&nen "kh6 cling",
a
kh6ng tq.o ra dlfQ'C hU'ng thU nglfOi hQC. Tuy nhien,
theo LTKT, yeu cau DH b9 m6n lq.i nhan mq.nh den
va ngLIO'i hC?C tiep thu mQt each thL,J dQng. Song, theo nhling "khai ni$m 16'n" trong chLtctng trinh, t?p trung
Li thuyetkien tq.o (lTKT), mL,Jc dich cua vi$c DH khong vao nhling van de gan gOi v6i thl/C te giao dL,JC ma sinh
chi la truyen thv kien thLtc ma chu yeu la tam thay aol vien (SV) quan tam, hU'ng thu, kich thich tlf duy trong
ho?c phcit trien cac quan ni?m cua nguai hc;c, giup hC? h9c t?P va chu d¢ng xay dt,mg kien thLrc GD Hcho minh.
kien tq.o tri thU'c m6'i, qua d6 phat trien tri tu$, nhan Nhling tri thU'c GD H dl!Q'c giang dq.y trong trl!ong
each ban than . MQt trong nhling nguyen t~c mang SL! phq.m bao gom ca tri tht.fc Ii thuyet Va thlfC hanh
tinh d$c trLing cua DH theo LTKT la nguoi dq.y khong nh~m cung cap cho ngUOi hQC ca tri tht.fc, ki nang,
cung cap s~n tri thvc ma chi cung cap "ca hQi" giup kixao va thai dQ tich ClfC ve nghe DH nh~m chua'n
nguoi hC?c tlf kien tq.o tri thU'c cho minh. Chinh vi v~y, b! cho hQ vling bLtac trong nghe nghi~p cua minh.
trong DH mon Gi8od1,1ch9c(GDH)theo LTKT, ngoai LTKT quan ni$m hC?c t~p la vi~c "tim hieu ynghia"
xac d!nh "m~c tieu ket qua" - ITnh hQi tri thvc, ki nang nen chu y vao nhling "khai ni~m nen tang" chv
giao dL,JC con can quan tam den "mL,JC tieu qua trinh" - kh6ng phai la nhling slf vi~c roi rq.c. Do v?y, DH
tlIC la nglfOi h9C dq.t dLtqc ket qua d6 thong qua qua m6n GOH theo LTKT cung t~p trung vao nhling
trinh nao. van de Ian, nhling tri thU'c Ii lu~n GOH can hinh
1. NQi dung, chuang trinh DH mon GOH a
thanh ho~c thay doi nguoi hqc. Tuy nhien, khi
theo LTKT DH theo hLtcl'ng tiep c~n nay, GV can phai thiet ke
Theo J. Bruner, de dam bao cho cau true chVO'ng cac nqi dung DH thanh cac "tinh huong pht.fc hqp",
trinh c6 kha nang san sinh ra cai m6i va slic mq.nh tu
gan gUi vcl'i CUQC song de do CO the kich thich
thi cau true ChlfO'ng trinh mon hQC phai thoa man ht.fng thu cua ngLtoi hQc, giup hQ d~ dang bqc IQ
hai dieu ki~n: 1) BQ khung cua mQt linh VlfC khoa nhling quan ni$m CU am inh Ve hQC t~p, Va nhat la
hQC Vcti cac nguyen t~C, cac ytlfOng CO' ban Va khai t90 dieu ki~n de hQ biet "dong h6a" va "dieu t.fng" tri
quat nhat chiem v! tri trung tam; 2) Vua svc v6'i trinh thl.fc m6'i.
dQ cua hQC Vien Va tq.o ra dlfQ'C hVng thu hQC t~p cua 2. Phuang phap d~y hQC (PPDH) mon GOH
nglfoi h9c ... (1 ). Tac gia Ph6 DU'c Hoa cho r~ng: theo LTKT
"thuyet kien lE,10 ddi hoi cai g9i 18. chuong trinh chuan. DH theo LTKT la m9t each tiep c?n DH. Theo
Thay vao d6 khuyen khfch vi?c sJd1,1ng cac chucmg each tiep c~n nay, vi$c hinh thanh tri tht.fc, kT nang
trinh ca bi?t h6a ngud'i h9c, dur;c thief ke'uu tien cho a
G0 H SV hoan toan kh6ng phai dlfq'c "r6f' nhling tu
nh?n thtic h9c sinh" (2). "cai binh Ian" ma thlfc slf d6 la m9tqua trinh kien tq.o tri
Hi~n nay, n9idung DH m6n GDH trongcactrvong thCtc, tl,(xay dlf.1g mcS'itren kinh nghi~m da c6va th6ng
sLt phq.m dVQ'c thiet ke chu yeu theo logic n¢i dung qua qua trinh tLtO'ng tac tich Cl/C vcl'i Gv bq.n hQC va
I

khoa hc;>e giao dt,Jc, v6i d~c diem n6i b?t la chu tr9ng den n(lidung hc;>et?p. NhLtv?y, nhling phL!O'ng phap ''truyen
h~ thong tri thVC Ii thuyet, Slf phat trien tuan llf CUa cac thtJ m<?t chieu" se khong con hi$u qua trong each tiep
khaini$m, nguyen t~c .... Trang DH GOH, vi$c tuan thu c?n nay, can thiet phai doi mai va c6 nhling phuang
n9i dung chLtO'ng trinh la m9t nguyen t~c ''toi cao" ma phap phu hQ'p hon.
bat cugiang vien (GV) nao cOng can thlfc hi$n, nh~m
dam bao cho nhling tri thLtc giao dtJC Cung cap Cho * Khoa Quan Ii giao d~c, Truong D~i hqc sll' ph~m Ha Nqi

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T~p chi Gilio_ dye so 320 j 35
 Tlm hieu cac PPDH giup nglfO'i hQC kien t90 kien bai hQc mci'i; -Xay dlfng tlnh huong DH co chi/a mau
thU'c, d~c bi$t nhan m9nh den cac kinh nghi$m dl!qc thuan gilia kien thU'c cu va m&i; - Neu cau hoi va tlnh
huy d(>ng de xay dlfng kien thLrc, A. Sherman va S.A. huong DH dung thO'i diem; - Gqi ma de SV nh& l9i
Scott, (D?i hQc Calgary, Canada) co de xuat cac nhling kien thU'c da co lien quan den bai h9c; 2) Ket
phLtO'ng phap va hlnh thL!c to chU'c DH nhlf:- The'hi?n no/ tri tht.Jc, gom: - Gioi thi$u mLJC tieu bai hQc; - G~n
va fhlfc hanh {Demonstration and Practice); - Thao ket kien thLrc cu da dlfqc huy d(>ng v&i kien thU'c can
lu?n ve'cac cau hoi(Discussion on focus question); tlm du&i d9ng "van de"; - Yeu cau SV trinh bay cac
- Nghien ct1u cfien hinh (Case study analyes); - Nghien dlf doan cua mlnh ve van de hQC t~p; 3) To'cht.Jc cho
ct.Ju ca nh8n/ aong cf9i (Research individual or Tear sVtranh lu?n khoa hQc, gom: -Dt! doan trvci'c ykien
based);- Phattrien cac ytlldng va trinh bay(Develoing ma SV se dlfa ra; - Phan lo9i cac y kien thanh cac
posters and displays); - Tro chO'i va module (G'ame nhom d9i di$n; - To cht!c, khich 1$ sv l?p lu?n de
and Simutations); · PhllO'ng phap phong vanltinh kh~ng djnh dlf doan CUa minh; - f)jnh hu&ng CUQC
huong c6 fhlfc ho?c gia cfinh (Interviews real or tranh lu?n di den mvc tieu bai hQc; - Tong ket cac y
mock), ... (3). De t90 dieu ki$n cho sv co the tl! mlnh kien , yeu cau SV phat bieu kien thU'c chuan; 4) To'
xay dlfng tri thU'c GOH dlfa tren nhling kinh nghi$m cht.Jc cho S V v?n d1,mg tri tht.Jc mai, gom: - Svu tam ,
da co, DH GOH theo LTKT khong "chi djnh" vi$c Slt thiet ke nhvng tin ti huong giao dvc de v?n dt,mg tri
dt,mg mQt Vai phl!O'ng phap ClJ the, nhlfng khuyen thU'c m6'i; - Xay dlfng h$ thong cac cau hoi de kiem
khich v~n dt,mg quan diem DH tinh huong (4) va co tra tri th t!c m6'i.
thev?n dl,lng phoi ket hQP nhieu phlfO'ng phap, phlfO'ng 2) Doi v6i SV: LTKT luon d~t nguai h9c vao vj tri
ti$n khac nhau (PPDH tlnh huong, PPDH kham phci Chu th~ CUa qua trJnh hQC t?p, biettl/tlm toi, phat hi$n tri
co hlfci'ng dan, PPDH hqp tac, PPDH dlf an, ... ). thuc cho ban than ch u khong phai do cac yeu to "ben
3. Ho~tdqng cua GV va SV trong quatrinh DH ngoar' mang den. Vi v~y1 trong qua trinh DH GOH
mon GOH theo LTKT theo LTKT, sv ding luon phai the hi$n vai tro chu the
1) £Jo/ v6i GV:Tuy tu tv&ng va nen tang CO' ban cua mlnh thong qua cac nhi$m Vl) nhlf:- Tiep nh~n cac
cua LTKT la d~t vai tro cua chu the nh?n thU'c vao vj cau hoi, tlnh huong DH m¢tcach chu d¢ng;- Trinh bay
tri hang dau cua qua trlnh nh~n thU'c nhlfng khong nhling quan diem, hieu biet CUa minh VS van de hQC
phai vi the ma vai tro nglfO'i d9y khong con quan t~p;- Tvong tac v6i GV va b?n hQC trong qua trlnh kien
trQng. Theo Tran Kieu (5), trong DH theo LTKT, GV tC).o tri thuc; -Tlf mlnh ITnh hQi nQi dung DH, ...
dong th&i phai givvai tro t6 chuc, chan doan, hu6'ng 4. Ki~m tra • danh gia trong DH mon GOH
dan, kham pha, thlfC nghi$m, nghien ClrU, ... Va can theo LTKT
lam tot duqc cac nhi$m v~ sau day: - TC).o dieu ki$n 1) Danh gia ket qua, dlfa tren ba tieu chi: kie'n
toi da cho SV b9c 19 va trao doi nhling quan ni$m thtic, thai OQ va kT nang giao d1,1c ma nglfO'i hQC d?t
cua mlnh ve van de GOH duqc de c?p den; chu yt6'i duqc so v&i m~c tieu de ra (chu yeu dlfa theo cac tieu
nhling quan ni$m sai, chlfa chinh xac cua sv de chi danh gia cua B.J. Bloom).
giup hQ thay d6i; - Sv d~ng cac "ki thu?t tuang tac" 2) £Janh gia qua trinh (tuc la danh gia "con dLIO'ng"
nhlf tlfO'ng tac nhom , tlfO'ng tac gilia sv v&i van de ma ngVO'i hQC di den ket qua). Day la each danh gia
hQC t~p, tlfO'ng tac xa hQi, tlfO'ng tac ngon ngli ... de "d~c trvng" trong DH theo LTKT, v6'i cac tieu chi nhlf:
thuc day qua trlnh nMn thL!c cua sv nh~m xay dlfng mUC dQ ti ch Clf.C cua ngvO'i hQC trong vi$c dlfa ra cac
I' tri thU'c cho ban than; - TC).O khong khi, moi trlfO'ng quan ni$m CUa mlnh Ve van de hQC t~p; Slf tlfO'ng tac
hQC t~p soi n6i, khuyen khich Slf Chia Se, hieu biet gilia nglfO'i hQc v&i ngvO'i d9y, ngvO'i hQc v&i nglfO'i hQc
trong t~p the nh~m kh~c ph~c tam Ii n,1t re, e ng9i va trong qua trlnh xay dLfng kien thuc ... Ngoai ra, DH
th~ d¢ng &SV ngltO'i hQC. Muon v~y, GV can c6trlnh theo LTKT con quan tam den chu the cua qua trlnh
dQ van h6a, Slf thau hieu SV Va ngh$ thu~t, kinh kiem tra - danh gia: ngvai d?Y khong phai la chu the
nghi$m ung xllvci'i sv. duy nhat trong kiem tra - danh gia ma dan chuyen
Ben CC).nh d6, GV can c6 m(>t so ki nang sau: djch sang tl! danh gia va danh gia "dong d~ng".
1) Huy a<?ng trai nghi?m ctla SV, gom: - Xay dlfng 5. Cac buac DH mon GOH theo LTKT
h$ thong cau hoi kiem tra kien thvc co lien quan den 1) Huy dqng trai nghi~m: • M1,1c tieu: Khuyen

361 T~p chi Giao dye so 320 (ki2 -10/2013)

 khich nglfcYi hQC XaC d!nh nhli'ng khai ni$m, kinang CO d9y cac kien thvc GOH , GV thl16'ng trinh bay luon
lien quan den bai h9c; - Tien trinh: GV va SV 1$p ke khai ni$m roi IL! minh (ho~c yeu cau SV) la'y vi dlJ de
ho9ch det90 ra trai nghi$m; GV giup SV xl'rli cac kien phan tlch , hieu khai ni$m. Cach DH nay da vi ph9m
thvc da c6 de to ch Lie va phan lo9i kien th Lie; - Gae kT nguyen t~c cua DH theo LTKT; - Tam the ngvai
thu?t DH, gom dqng nao, phan lo9i; thao lu$n, phan h9c: sv thvang ng9i chia se nhling quan ni$m cua
hoi, cau hoi "dong m&'. Vaitrocua GV la 1$p keho9ch, minh trv&c t$p the; mU'c d9 thL:J dqng cao (nhat la sv
hoi, ghi nh$n; SV CO nhi$m VL:J la Chia Se, trao doi, sv ph9m). flay la tr& ng9i Ion doi v&i DH b9 mon
phan tich kien thvc cua ban than b~ng each tra IO'i cac theo LTKT.
cau hoi .. 2) cac yeu to'khach quan: kiem tra, danh gia
2) Ket no/ tri thtic: - Ml.!c tieu: gi6'i thi$u nhling n$ng ve gh i nh& kien thvc; chl!a co co che, chinh
thong tin va ki nang m&i b~ng each xay dlfng cau noi sach khuyen khich ngvOi d9y v~n dt,mg DH theo LTKT;
de g~n ket kinh nghi$m trlfOC do CUa ngVO'i hQC v6'i moi trvang hQc t$p chva th$t SL! phu hqp. ·
th6ng tin m6'i (cai da biet v6'i cai chva biet), tlt d6 dva •**
ra nhO'ng di.! doan tra IO'i cho tin h huong; - Tien trinh: DH mon GOH theo l TKT trong trv&ng sl! ph9m
GV gi6'ithi$u mL,JC tieu cua bai hQC va lien h$v6'i nhli'ng mang mt,1c tieu "kep": vt.!a trang bi nhling tri thU'c, ki
kien thvc dvqc chia se trong bv6'c 1. Cac nh6m (ca nang ve giao dt,JC cho SV; vt.!a t?O dieu ki$n cho cac
nhan) dva ra nhli'ng dlf doan cua minh; 3) Kithu?t em duqc trai nghi$m trong each DH m6'i va de dang
DH, gom: chia nh6m, trinh bay cua ngvai hQc, sv v$n dt,1ng Ii thuyet trong qua trinh DH sau nay. flay la
dL,Jng mau dong vai ... mQt hVOng nghien CllU phU hqp VOi XU the phat trien
3) Tranh /u~n khoa hqc:- Ml.!C tieu: cac y kien Chung CUa giao dL,JC the giOi Cung nhV thlfC tien giao
dvqc "cQ xM', tranh -lu$n v6'i nhau de di den y kien dt,1c d?ih9cd'Vi$t Nam, doihoi m¢tslfcog~ng 16'n cua
thong nhat, dan t&i "kien thvc chu~n"; - Tien trinh: to ca cac nha quan Ii, cac GV khi v$n dt,1ng LTKT trong
chLtc Cho ngVO'i hQC trao dO'i, thao lu~n, danh gia Ve DH b9 mon. D
CaC phan doan (quan ni$m) dVqc dlla ra, h/a ChQn
phan doan (quan ni$m) thich hqp: + neu sv dl!a ra (I) Phan Tr9ng NgQ. D~y hQc va phU'O'llg phap d~y
dlfdoan chinh xac, GV secung sv hQP thvc h6a kien h9c trong nha tnremg. NXB Df].i h9c su phfi.m, H. 2005.
(2) Pho Due Hoa. D~y hQc tich ct;rc va each tiep c~n
thL!c, chuyen sang bu&c tiep theo; + Neu sv dua ra
trong d1,1y h9c ti~u h9c. NXB Dr;1i h9C su phr;zm, H.
dlf doan chua chinh xac (c6the chua dung m<?t phan, 2009.
c6the sai hoan toan), GV se gqi yngu&i hQc xay dl.fng (3) Bernd Meier - Nguyen Van CU'ang. "Li luQ.n dq.y
nhli'ng phan doan m6'i; KTthu?t DH, gom: thao lu~n. hqc hi~ n dq.i • M9t sf) van v~ dfii m&i p/urong phap
tranh lu~n ung h9 - phan doi ... dq,y hqc" (Tai li~u h9c t?p) . Potsdam. Ha N(>i, 2009.
4) V~n dl;lng trithtic:-Ml.jc tieu: cung cap co hqi (4) Handbook for the Bed Master of teaching
Cho ngl!O'i hQC V$n dl,JnQ th6ng tin Va ki nang m6'i vao program. Uni versity of Calgary. Canada, 2007.
tinh huong m&i; - Tien trinh: GV va SV 1$p ke ho9ch (5) Tran Kieu. "Buac cttlu c16"i mai phuang phap dr;iy
h9C a trung h9C ca so" (Ph6n I : Nhung vd/1 d~ Ii
ho9t dqng. sv lam vi$c theo nh6m' theo c$p ho$c ca
nhan de hoan thanh nhi$m VL,J; - Kithu?t DH, gom:
lu(ln).De tai cap BO (ma s6 B94-37-07PP). 1995.
Tai litu tham khao
phvong phap h9c t~p hqp tac, trinh bay nhom ho~c I. Nguyen Hliu Chau. NhOng v~n de CO' ban ve chU'011g
canhanva ho9td<;ing nhom. GV dong vaitr6hotrqva trinh va qua trinh d1,1y hQc. NXB ·ciao dftc, H.2005.
danh gia; sv dong vai tr6 l~p ke ho9ch, sang t90, giai 2. Phan Thi Hong Vinh. Phlf01lg phap giang di,iy giao
quyet van de, trinh bay va danh gia. d~c hQc. NXB Dr;ii h9c su ph9m H.2007.
Cac bl!6'c DH tren day co the dvqc thiet ke thanh
cac ho9t d<;ing trong qua trinh giang d9y va tuy theo SUMMARY
tt.fng bai d?Y co the v~n dL,Jng cac bv&c m¢t each Teaching pedagogy according to the constructivist
linh ho9t. theory emphasizes major concepts in the program,
to
6. Cac yeu anh huang den DH mon GOH focusing on matters rele1rant to educational practice
which students are interested in. This teaching ap-
theo LTKT proach stimulates students' creative thinking to build
1) Cacyeu to' chu quan: - Thong thv&ng, khi up their own pedagogical knowledge.

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