Dasar-Dasar Virologi Total
Dasar-Dasar Virologi Total
Dasar-Dasar Virologi Total
Standar Kompetensi
Sejarah Virologi
1892
Dmitri Iwanoski
Penyebab penyakit pada tembakau
Filter untuk bakteria
Tak ada mikroba yang tersaring
diinjeksikan ke pohon yang sehat
Timbul penyakit
1935
Wendel M. Staley
VIRUS ?
Sifat-sifat Virus :
1. Mempunyai satu macam asam nukleat, DNA atau RNA
2. Mempunyai Selubung protein ( yang membungkus
asam nukleat)
3. Bereplikasi pada sel hidup dengan menggunakan alatalat sintesis pada sel inang
4. Menyebabkan tersintesisnya struktur spesifik yang
dapat mentranfer asam nukleat dari virus ke sel lain
Bacteria
Typical
Bacteria
Intracellular
parasite
Plasma membrane
Binary fission
Filterable through
Bacteriological filters
Possesses both DNA
and RNA
ATP generating
metabolism
Ribosomes
Sensitive to antibiotics
Sensitive to Interferon
Rickettsia
Viruses
Chlamydia
+
+
-
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
-
+
+
-
UKURAN VIRUS
Bacteriophages
f2,MS2 24 nm
TMV, 250nmx18nm
Polio Virus, 30 nm
Vaccinia virus
Chlamydia, a bacterium
300nmx200nmx100nm 1500nmx200nm
E. Coli , a bacterium
3000 nm x 1000nm
Morfologi Virus
Enveloped Viruses
mempunyai selubung/
pembungkus
Naked Viruses
Tidak mempunyai selubung
Complex Viruses
mempunyai suatu simetri yang
tidak dapat didefinisikan
Helical viruses
Simetris mengelilingi asam
nukleat yang berulir disebut
susunan heliks
Polyhedral viruses
Kuboid mengelilingi asam
nukleat yang bulat dan
memiliki 20 permukaan disebut
susunan ikosahedral
Envelope Viruses
Naked-virusES
Virus complex
Virus icosahedral
Virus helix
STRUKTUR VIRUS
Virion
A complete, fully developed viral particle composed of nucleic acid
surrounded by a coat that protects it from the environment and
serves as a vehicle of transmission from one host cell to another
Struktur Virus
Nucleic acid
Envelope
(a)
Capsid
Capsomer
Figure1. General structure of virus
(a). Naked virus
(b). Enveloped virus with spikes
(b)
Spikes
GENOM Virus
CAPSID
Envelope/selubung
Virus binatang-------binatang
Virus tumbuhan-----tumbuhan
Virus manusia-------manusia
Virus binatang-------manusia
Trofisme sel :
Ada reseptor?
Attachment site pada permukaan host cell
Ligand dan viral attachment protein mengikat reseptor pada
permukaan plasma membrane sel target
eg. Gp120 attachment prot HIV CD4 reseptor pd membran T4
lymphocyte
Adanya reseptor mrp hal yg fundamental utk menentukan
susceptibilty dari host thp infeksi viral
eg. Polio virus mengikat spesifik reseptor yg hanya ada pd
primate cell (human&monkey)
Berdasarkan :
Asam Nukleat
Mekanisme replikasi asam nukleat
Ada tidaknya Envelope
Ukuran Capsid
Jumlah Capsomers
Sifat biologi, kimia, dan fisika
Metode penularan alami
Host, jaringan, dan trofisme sel
Simtomatologi
Klasifikasi virus
berdasarkan sifat kimia & fisikanya
Asam
nukleat
DNA
Adanya
selubung
pada virion
Ikosahedral
Ukuran
partikel
(nm)
Tipe fisik
asam nukleat
Famili virus
Telanjang
Resisten
18-26
45-55
70-90
ss
ds melingkar
ds
Parvoviridae
Papovaviridae
Adenoviridae
Berselubung
Sensitif
100
ds
Herpesviridae
Lapisan
kompleks
Resisten
230-400
ds
Poxviridae
42
ds melingkar
Hepadnaviridae
Telanjang
Resisten
20-30
35-39
60-80
ss
ss
ds bersegmen
Pikornaviridae
Kalciviridae
Reoviridae
Berselubung
Sensitif
50-70
ss
Togaviridae
Tidak
diketahui/
kompleks
Berselubung
Sensitif
45-50
50-300
80-160
~100
ss
ss bersegmen
ss
ss diploid
Flaviviridae
Arenaviridae
Koronaviridae
Retroviridae
Heliks
Berselubung
Sensitif
90-100
80-120
150-300
75-180
ss bersegmen
ss bersegmen
ss
ss
Bunyaviridae
Ortomiksoviridae
Paramiksoviridae
Rabdoviridae
Kompleks
RNA
Sensitivitas
thd eter
Ikosahedral
Ket.
Klasifikasi Baltimore
I
KLASIFIKASI BERDASARKAN
SIMTOMATOLOGI
Rabies
Meningitis
Campak
KLASIFIKASI BERDASARKAN
SIMTOMATOLOGI
Penyakit mata
KOJUNGTIVITIS ADENOVIRUS
KERATOKONJUNGTIVITIS HERPES
KONJUNGTIVITIS HEMORAGIK EPIDEMIK
ADENO VIRUS,
ENTERIKVIRUS ,
ROTAVIRUS
HERPES SIMPLEK,
VIRUS HEPATITIS B,
VIRUS PAPILOMA,
VIRUS MOLOSKUM KONTAGIOSUM,
RETROVIRUS,
Dasar-dasar virologi
Kompetensi dasar
indikator
Primary Replication
Localized Infections:
Virus:
Primary Replication:
Rhinoviruses
U.R.T.
Rotaviruses
Intestinal epithelium
Papillomaviruses
Epidermis
Systemic Infections:
Virus:
Primary Replication:
Secondary Replication:
Enteroviruses
Intestinal epithelium
Herpesviruses
Multiplikasi virus
Replikasi bacteriophage
Replikasi Animal Virus
Virus DNA
Virus RNA
Langkah-langkah Umum
Replikasi Virus
ATTACHMENT
PENETRATION
Butuh energi
Mekanisme :
Fusi
Viropexis/pinocytosis (endositosis)
Melekat pd protein clathrin membran
sel (coated pit)
Menembus permukaan sel secara
langsung (virus telanjang)
PENETRATION
UNCOATING
REPLICATION
Remember
INFORMATION FLOW IN CELLS GOES FROM:
DNA TO DNA (REPLICATION)
DNA TO RNA (TRANSCRIPTION)
RNA TO PROTEIN (TRANSLATION)
RELEASE
Assembly/Morfogenesis
Molekul Chaperon
Faktor morfogenetik
Bukan bagian dari struktur virus tapi diperlukan
utk proses morfogenesis/perakitan virus
Multiplication of
T-even Bacteriophages
Maturation
Release
Lysogeny
1. attachment
4. Maturation;
virion are assembled
2. Penetration
3. Biosyntesis of
viral component
Attachment
Penetration
Endocytosis
Fusion
Uncoating
Biosyntesis
Attachment
nukleus
Cytoplasma
Maturation
Capsid
protein
Host cell
Late
translation;syntesis of
capsid proteins
Penetration and
uncoating
mRNA
Early transcription
Cytoplasma
Host cell
Capsid
protein
Viral genom,
RNA
- Strand is
transcribed from
the + viral genom
ssRNA, + strand
(picornavirus)
+ strand
Maturation
and release
- Strand are
incorporated
into capsid
mRNA is
transcribed from
the - strand
Envelope
protein
Capsid
protein
Viral
protein
ssRNA, - strand
(Rhabdovirus)
+ Strand (mRNA) must be first
transcribed from the viral
genom before proteins can be
syntezise
dsRNA, + sense
strand with or
antisense strands,
reovirus
Maturation
and release
Antigen detection
Complement Fixation
Test in Microtiter Plate
Analog Nukleosida
Analog Nukeosida
Asiklovir (asikloguanosin)
Difosforilasi oleh timidin kinase-virus,
mengakibatkan penghambatan polimerase
DNA-virus (menghambat viral DDDP)
Herpes virus yg menyandikan timidin kinasenya sendiri (HSV1, HSV2, HHV3) lebih rentan
Gansiklovir
Turunan metilguanin yg mirip asiklovir
Menghambat polimerase DNA virus &
menahan perpanjangan rantai
Utk HHV5
Analog Nukleosida
Valacyclovir (Valtrex)
Famciclovir
Aktivitas Interferon
Mekanisme Kerja
Vaksin Virus
Resiko virulensi
Pencemar
Kemungkinan infeksi persisten
Penyimpanan & keterbatasan hidup
Administered
Hepatitis A
im
Hepatitis B
im/sc
Attenuated
Inactivated
X
Influenza
im
Japanese B encephalitis
sc
Measles, Mumps,
Rubella (MMR)
im
o/im
Poliovirus
Recombinant
/Sub-unit
Rabies
im
Smallpox
sc
Tick-borne encephalitis
im
Varicella-Zoster
im
Yellow fever
sc
X
X
(X)