Latihan Soal
Latihan Soal
Latihan Soal
Paro
3
CONTOH SOAL
Jawab :
Ao = 100 MBq, A(t) = 25 MBq, dan waktu t = 6 jam.
Setelah 6 jam aktivitasnya tinggal 25 / 100 = ¼ kali
yang berarti telah mancapai 2 kali T½.
2 x T½ = 6 Jam, maka T½ = 3 jam.
5
SKEMA PELURUHAN
1(95%) 1(99%)
0,6616 Mev 2,5057 Mev
2(5%) 2(1%)
(85%) 1(99.89%)
0,0 1,3325 Mev
56 Ba 137 2(99.98%)
0,0
28 Ni 60
6
Hf-176 Hf-177
226
88 Ra ----> + 4
2He + 200
U235 + nt Y1 + Y2 + (2-3)n + Q
92 U235 + n
t 54 Xe140 +
38 Sr 94 + 2 n1 + Q
0
137
55Cs→ 137 Ba+e−+ν¯e (beta minus),
56
22 Na→ 22 Ne+e++νe (beta plus)
11 10
7
3 Li He ? n
4
2
Penyelesaian :
7
3 Li He ? n
4
2
X
Y
i
P
N
P N i
Nomor 2 (UN 2012)
Massa inti 4Be9 = 9,0121 sma, massa proton = 1,0078, massa
neutron = 1,0086 sma. Jika 1 sma setara dengan energi
sebesar 931 Mev, maka energi ikat atom 4Be9 adalah...
A. 51,39 MeV
B. 57,82 MeV
C. 62,10 MeV
D. 90,12 MeV
E. 90,74 MeV
Pembahasan
Energi ikat:
E = ((mp + mn) - mi) . 931 MeV
E = ((4 . 1,0078 + 5 . 1,0086) - 9,0121) 931 MeV
E = (4,0312 + 5,043) - 9,0121) 931 MeV
E = 57,82 MeV
Jawaban: B
2 2 3 1
1 1 1 1
2 3
1 1
1
1
2 2 3 1
1 1 1 1
Kesetaraan Massa -Energi
1 sma = 931,5 MeV artinya apabila massa sebesar 1 sma hilang maka akan terjadi
energi sebesar 931,5 MeV
1 sme (Me) = 0,51 MeV artinya apabila 1 elektron hilang maka terjadi energi sebesar
0,51 MeV
Massa ekuivalen dengan energi, berarti energi pengikat inti ekuivalen dengan selisih
massa nukleon bebas dengan massa inti.
Contoh:
Jika diketahui massa nukilda netral 1H1 = 1,007825 sma, 16O8 = 15,9949149 sma, dan
massa 1n0 = 1,086645, berapakah energi pengikat inti 16O8 ?
Jawab:
EB 16O8 = [8(Mp - Me) + ( 16 - 8)Mn - (MO-16 - 8 Me)] × 931,5 MeV
= (8(1,007825) – 8 Me + 8(1,0086645) – 15,9949149 + 8Me ) × 931,5 MeV
= 127,61736 MeV
Catatan: Oleh karena massa elektron pada akhir persamaan saling meniadakan, maka
nilai energi ikat dapat dihitung langsung dgn rumus:
EB AXz = [ZMp + NMn - (MX-A )] × 931,5 MeV
12
6
P
N
12
6
soal
• Buat grafik peluruhan dari induk :Ba 140 (t1/2
= 12,8 hari, dan anak : La-140 (t11/2: 40 jam)
• Buat grafik peluruhan untuk induk Cs-137
(t1/2= 30 th) dan anak Ba-137 (t1/2= 2,6
menit)
a. Pemancar Alpha
– 13Al27 + 0n1 11Na24 + a
• b. Pemancar Beta
– 14Si31 + 0n1 15P32 + –
• c. Pemancar Gamma
– 27Co59 + 0n1 28Ni60 + – +
• d. Pemancar Neutron
– 95Am241 93Np237 + a
– 4Be9 + a 6C12 + n
1. Yang dimaksud dengan waktu paro (half life)
adalah:
a.waktu yang diperlukan agar aktivitas zat radioaktif
bertambah separo dari nilai aktivitas mula-mula
b. waktu yang diperlukan aktivitas zat radioaktif bertambah
menjadi dua kalinya
c.waktu yang diperlukan aktivitas zat radioaktif berkurang
menjadi separo dari nilai aktivitas mula-mula
d. waktu yang diperlukan untuk menurunkan aktivitas radiasi
22
soal
Inti 23Ne meluruh ke inti 23Na dengan
memancarkan beta negatif. Berapakah energi
kinetik maksimum elektron yang dipancarkan?
40K adalah suatu isotop tidak lazim, dalam arti
23
Inti 12N meluruh beta ke suatu keadaan eksitasi
dari 12C, yang sesudah itu meluruh ke keadaan
dasarnya dengan memancarkan sinar gamma
4,43 MeV. Berapakah energi kinetik
maksimum partikel beta yang dipancarkan?
Hitunglah nilai Q bagi rantai peluruhan
U -> Pb, dan carilah laju energi yg dihasilkan per
gram uranium
24
Rantai peluruhan U ada 8 alfa dan 6 beta, utk
elektron bergabung dg massa inti, jadi
Q = [ m(238U92) – m(206Pb82)– 8m(4He2 )]c2
l 4,9 x 10-18s-1
Jadi, secara rerata, jumlah peluruhan 238U adalah
(1/238 x 6 x 10023atom)x 4,9 x 10-18 peluruhan/atom s = 12000 peluruhan/s
Tiap peluruhan membebaskan 51,7 MeV, jadi laju pembebasan energi adalah
26
Hitunglah nilai Q dari rantai peluruhan 238U
> 206Pb
dan cari laju energi yang dihasilkan per gram
uranium
Hanya ada dua inti stabil yang memiliki Z>N?
Apakah itu?
Jika ada 20 proton dan 20 netron membentuk
inti manakah yang banyak membebaskan
energi (menjadi satu inti 40Ca atau 2 inti 20Ne)
27
Lengkapi peluruhan berikut:
a). 27Si 27Al + .....
b). 74As 74Se + ...
c). 238U a + ....
d). 93Mo e- +
e). 132I 131Xe +
28
• Ada delapan isotop helium yang diketahui, namun hanya
helium-3 dan helium-4 yang stabil. Di atmosfer Bumi, hanya
ada satu atom 3He untuk setiap satu juta atom 4He.
keberlimpahan isotop helium bervariasi tergantung pada
asal usulnya karena proses pembentukan yang berbeda-
beda. Isotop yang paling banyak adalah helium-4 dan
dibentuk di Bumi melalui peluruhan alfa unsur-unsur
radioaktif yang lebih berat. Helium-4 memiliki stabilitas inti
yg tidak lazim karena nukleonnya tersusun secara penuh.
Helium-4 terbentuk dalam jumlah yang sangat banyak
semasa nukleosintesis Ledakan Dahsyat
Soal Latihan :
1. Tentukan sinar radioaktif x pada persamaan
reaksi inti berikut :
a. 84Po212 → 82Pb208 + x
b. 83Bi210 → 84Po210 + x
c. 92U238 → 90Th234 + x
d. 30Zn68 + x → 28Ni65 + 2He4
e. 12Mg24 (x,n) 14Si27
f. 13Al27 (α,x) 15P30
2. Tentukan unsur X pada persamaan reaksi inti
berikut :
a. X + n → 56Ba139 + 36Kr94 + 3n
(EBTANAS 1990).
b. 90Th235 → X + 6α + 4β (EBTANAS 1986).
c. Unsur 90Th235 dapat memancarkan 5 kali
sinar alfa hingga terbentuk unsur X yang
memiliki 135 neutron (EBTANAS 1989).
d. 19K40 (n,e) X (UMPTN 1995).
RADIOACTIVE HALF-LIFE
After this reading this section you will be able to do the following:
•Describe carbon dating and how half-life information is used.
•Explain how a radiographer uses half-life information.
As we have mentioned before each radioactive isotope
has its own decay pattern. Not only does it decay by
giving off energy and matter, but it also decays at a
rate that is characteristic to itself. The rate at which
a radioactive isotope decays is measured in half-life.
The term half-life is defined as the time it takes for
one-half of the atoms of a radioactive material to
disintegrate. Half-lives for various radioisotopes can
range from a few microseconds to billions of years. See
the table below for a list of radioisotopes and each of
unique their half-lives.
How does the half-life affect an isotope?
Let's look closely at how the half-life affects an
isotope. Suppose you have 10 grams of Barium-
139. It has a half-life of 86 minutes. After 86
minutes, half of the atoms in the sample would
have decayed into another element, Lanthanum-
139. Therefore, after one half-life, you would
have 5 grams of Barium-139, and 5 grams of
Lanthanum-139. After another 86 minutes, half
of the 5 grams of Barium-139 would decay into
Lanthanum-139; you would now have 2.5 grams of
Barium-139 and 7.5 grams of Lanthanum-139.
How is half-life information used in carbon dating?
The half-lives of certain types of radioisotopes are
very useful to know. They allow us to determine the
ages of very old artifacts. Scientists can use the
half-life of Carbon-14 to determine the approximate
age of organic objects less than 40,000 years old. By
determining how much of the carbon-14 has
transmutated, scientist can calculate and estimate
the age of a substance. This technique is known as
Carbon dating. Isotopes with longer half-lives such as
Uranium-238 can be used to date even older objects.
You will learn more about carbon dating in the next
sub-unit.
Uses of the half-life in NDT
In the field of nondestructive testing radiographers (people who produce
radiographs to inspect objects) also use half-life information. A
radiographer who works with radioisotopes needs to know the specific
half-life to properly determine how much radiation the source in the
camera is producing so that the film can be exposed properly. After one
half-life of a given radioisotope, only one half as much of the original
number of atoms remains active. Another way to look at this is that if the
radiation intensity is cut in half; the source will have only half as many
curies as it originally had. It is important to recognize that the intensity or
amount of radiation is decreasing due to age but not the penetrating
energy of the radiation. The energy of the radiation for a given isotope is
considered to be constant for the life of the isotope.
Review:
1.The half-life of radioisotopes varies from seconds to billions of years.
2.Carbon-dating uses the half-life of Carbon-14 to find the approximate age of an object that is
40,000 years old or younger.
3.Radiographers use half-life information to make adjustments in the film exposure time due to the
changes in radiation intensity that occurs as radioisotopes degrade.
Radioisotope Half-life
Radioisotope Half-life
Polonium-215 0.0018 seconds Polonium-215 0.0018 seconds
Bismuth-212 60.5 seconds
Bismuth-212 60.5 seconds
Sodium-24 15 hours
Sodium-24 15 hours Iodine-131 8.07 days
Iodine-131 8.07 days Cobalt-60 5.26 years
Cobalt-60 5.26 years Radium-226 1600 years
Uranium-238 4.5 billion years
Radium-226 1600 years