Frank - Capitolo - 12 Rivisto 2
Frank - Capitolo - 12 Rivisto 2
Frank - Capitolo - 12 Rivisto 2
Il monopolio
IL MONOPOLIO
Price
reduction
effect
Output
expansion effect
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Figura 12.6: Ricavo marginale
in relazione alla curva di domanda
Figura 12.3: Ricavo totale per il monopolista, data la
domanda totale (ed elasticità)
Figura 12.7: Curva di domanda e curva
di ricavo marginale associata
LA MASSIMIZZAZIONE
DEL PROFITTO IN MONOPOLIO
• Natural
Monopoly: when a
good is produced
most economically
by a single firm
• Natural
monopolies are a
reason why
governments
create monopolies
Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Figura 12.11: Un monopolista che non dovrebbe produrre
nulla nel breve periodo
Figura 12.12: Equilibrio di lungo periodo per un monopolista
che massimizza il profitto
Welfare Effects of Patent Protection:
the case Pharmaceutical Patents in
Developing Countries
Welfare Impacts under the Agreement on Trade-Related Intellectual
Property Rights (“TRIPS”), where all members of the World Trade
Organization must enforce product patents on pharmaceuticals.
•In the past, governments in many developing countries have not done so,
allowing domestic producers to sell copied versions of patented drugs,
which led to much lower pharmaceutical prices in developing countries
than in developed countries.
•For example, the antibiotic ciprofloxacin was roughly 15 times more
expensive in the United States than in India.
•Enforcing patents in developing countries, where most citizens are very
poor, might drastically limit people's access to life-saving drugs.
Welfare Effects of Patent Protection:
the case Pharmaceutical Patents in
Developing Countries
• How much would the higher prices caused by patent enforcement
harm individuals in developing countries?
Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Welfare Effects of Patent Protection:
the case Pharmaceutical Patents in
Developing Countries
Might the harm from such price increases be offset by a greater flow
of new drugs?
•The extent to which this effect will offset the loss of consumer
surplus due to higher prices is difficult to predict, however.
DISCRIMINAZIONE DI PREZZO
Il monopolista può cercare di utilizzare il
potere di mercato di cui dispone per
operare la cosiddetta discriminazione di
prezzo
Con ciò si intende la pratica di fissare
prezzi differenti per i diversi acquirenti
Quando il monopolista è in grado di
discriminare il prezzo, egli trasforma una
parte dei benefici dei consumatori in
profitto
DISCRIMINAZIONE DI PREZZO
P = $10 < AC
Q = 88
First-Best vs. Second-Best Price Regulation
P = $20 = AC
Q = 80
Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Nonprice Effects of Price Regulation
• Besides pricing, monopolists make many other
decisions like the mix of inputs, efforts to reduce costs,
and the introduction of new, higher-quality products.
• If price regulations force the monopolist’s profits to zero,
there would not be much incentive to innovate and lower
costs (regulation leads to a distortion of monopolist’s
choices).
• Alternatively, regulators can set the price so that current
profit is zero, but allowing the monopolist to keep future
gains from cost reduction.
• Problem: incomplete information >> Tenders (gare
d’appalto)
Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Figura 12.26: Il monopolio frena l’innovazione?