Metabolismul Glucidelor 2
Metabolismul Glucidelor 2
Metabolismul Glucidelor 2
Biochimie metabolica
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CH3
C=O
NAD+
CoA-SH
COOH
CH3-CO~SCoA
NADH
CO2
glucide imposibila
Nr.catene
L. Reed
Complex
E,coli
Grupari prostetice
E1-Componenta A
TPP
24
realizeaza decarboxilarea oxidativa a piruvatului
E2 Dihidrolipoil
24
transacetilaza
..transferul gruparii acetil pe CoASH
E3 Dihidrolipoil
dehidrogenaza
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Lipoilamida
FAD
12
regenerarea formei oxidate a lipoilamidei
4
E1
H+
carbanion
CH3
C=O
COOH
piruvat
HO-C-CH3
COOH
HO-C-CH3
CO2
H+
Hidroxietil-TPP-E1
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HO-C-CH3
TPP-E1
E1-TPP
Lipoilamida E2
H
CH3-CO~
H
CH3-CO~
b)
CoASH
CH3-CO~SCoA
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H
H
E3-FAD
E3-FADH2 + NAD+
E3-FADH2
E3-FAD + NADH+H+
pH>7
E1
E2.E3
uree
E2
E3
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PDH-OP
inactiva
PDH-OH
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activa
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10
Ciclul Krebs
Ciclul
acizilor tricarboxilici Ciclul
acidului citric
2
2
3
7
6
6
4
5
4
5
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11
12
Aconitaza
are un cluster 4Fe-4S in centrul catalitic activ
catalizeaza hidratarea reversibila a cisaconitatului
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13
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14
GTP + ADP
GDP + ATP
15
FADH2
Fe-S
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16
17
CH2-COOH
O=C-COOH
HO-C-COOH
CH2-COOH
CH2-COOH
CH2-COOH
H-C-COOH
CH2-COOH
CH2
HO-CH-COOH
CH2
O=C-COOH
CO2
CH2-COOH
COOH
CO2
Reinoire - turnover
CH2-COOH
COOH
Aconitaza deosebeste
intre cele doua grupari
carboximetil datorita
structurii centrului
catalitic activ
CH2-COOH
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18
glucoza
gluconeogeneza
5
Corpi cetonici
2
3
4
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+ Acetil CoA
Mn2+
oxalacetat + ADP + Pi
3
Mitocondrie
650 kDa, 4 subunitati
1 mol biotina/subunitate
2. PIR + CO2+NADPH
3. Transaminari
4. Ciclul glioxilat
malic enzima
malat + NADPH
Malat: NADP oxidoreductaza
decarboxilanta
20
Ciclul glioxilat
Plante, microorganisme
In glioxizomi
5
CH2-COOH
Izocitrat liaza
CH2-COOH
CH-COOH
4
HO-CH-COOH
CH2-COOH
CHO
succinat
COOH glioxilat
0=CH-COOH
+
CH3-CO~SCoA
+
H 2O
malat
HO-CH-COOH
sintaza
CH2-COOH
+
CoA-SH
Reactie totala:
2 Acetil CoA + NAD+ + H2O
Acizi grasi
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22
Biochimie metabolica
GLUCONEOGENEZA
Cale anabolica generala sinteza glucozei din precursori neglucidici
Decurge cu viteza maxima in ficat; Vmax in cortexul renal; viteze
mici in creier, muschi
Rol
Mentinerea glicemiei
Alimentarea cu glucoza a tesuturilor nehepatici
Creier glucoza este combustibilul principal; consum de
120 g glc/zi din cele 160 g glc necesare omului adult/zi
Lactat
Propionat
Metabolitii glicolizei
surse neglucidice
Piruvat
Alanina
Oxalacetat
Aspartat
GAP, DHAP
Alte surse
gluconeogenice
Glucoza
Glicoliza
Glc + 2 NAD+ + 2 (ADP+Pi)
2 Pir + 2 NAD + 2 ATP
Go = - 20 kcal/mol
3 etape ireversibile
Hexokinaza
Fosfofructokinaza
Piruvat kinaza
Gluconeogeneza
2 Pir + 2 NADH + 4 ATP + 2 GTP
Glc + 2 NAD+ + 4 ADP + 2 GDP +
6Pi
Go= - 9 kcal/mol
4 reactii ireversibile
4
Etapele gluconeogenezei
1) Carboxilarea piruvatului piruvat carboxilaza mitocondrie
reactie anaplerotica ciclului Krebs
CH3
C=O
COOH
+ CO2 + ATP + H2O
CH2 + ADP + Pi
COOH
C=O
COOH
piruvat
oxalacetat
acetil CoA
Biotin-E + CO2 + ATP
CO2~biotin-E + ADP + Pi
CO2~biotin-E + Piruvat
Biotin-E + oxalacetat
O
-O
C
C
NH
lysine
residue
CH CH
H2C
CH
S
(CH2)4
carboxybiotin
O
C
NH
(CH2)4 CH
NH
Mitocondrie
PIR
citosol
Piruvat carboxilaza
ATP
OA
OA
MDHc
MDHm
NADH
NADH
Malat
Malat
OA oxalacetat
MDH-malat dehidrogenaza
MMI membrana mit.interna
MMI
PEP carboxikinaza
+ GTP
CH2
C~OP + CO2 + GDP
COOH
COOH
Oxalacetat
Suma reactiilor 1 + 2
PIR + ATP + GTP
2-PG
3-PG
ATP
1,3-DPG
NADH
GAP
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
NAD+ + Pi
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
Dehydrogenase
NADH + H+
1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
ADP
Phosphoglycerate Kinase
ATP
3-phosphoglycerate
Phosphoglycerate Mutase
2-phosphoglycerate
2 GAP + 4 ADP +2 GDP + NAD+ + 5 Pi
Enolase
H2O
phosphoenolpyruvate
CO2 + GDP
PEP Carboxykinase
GTP
oxaloacetate
Pi + ADP
HCO3
+ ATP
pyruvate
Pyruvate Carboxylase
Gluconeogenesis
glucose
Pi
Gluconeogenesis
Glucose-6-phosphatase
H2O
glucose-6-phosphate
Phosphoglucose Isomerase
fructose-6-phosphate
Pi
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase
H2O
fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
Aldolase
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate + dihydroxyacetone-phosphate
Triosephosphate
Isomerase
(continued)
11
Cicluri futile
ATP
ADP
100
B
90
Pi
Flux metabolic A
100
90
Viteza neta
H 2O
A + ATP
B + ADP
B + H 2O
A + Pi
ATP + H2O
ADP + Pi
10
12
B 120
A
72
48
13
+fosfructokinaza
glicoliza
[F-2,6BP] creste
- F-2,6-BP
fosfataza
neogeneza
Inanitie
[F-2,6BP] scade
Invers!
14
15
6 ADP ficat
+ 2 ATPeritrocit
CITOSOL
17
PIR
MITOCONDRIE
Glu
Glu
NAD+
GPTc
NH3
OG
Ala
GLUONEOGENEZA
malat
NAD+
OA
CO2
ATP
Glu
Ala
malat
OA
NADH
MDHm
NAD+
malat
Glu
GPTc
OA
Pir carboxilaza
NADH
PIR
Glu DHaza
NADH
OG
PIR
MDHc
Ala principalul
aminoacid
gluconeogenic
OA
GOTm
OG
OG
Asp
Pir carboxlaza
PIR
OA
La fel!
malat
OG 2-oxoglutarat; OA oxalacetat; MDH malat dehidrogenaza; GPT alanin aminotransferaza; GOT
glutamat aminotransferaza
Glucide
Piruvat
PDH
Acetil~CoA
Lipide
CH2-OH
lipaza tisulara
hormon sensibila
CH-OH
CH2-O-CO-R3
CH2-OH
ADP
R1-COOH
+
R2-COOH
R3-COOH
ATP
CH2-OH
CH-OH
CH2-O- P
Glicerol 3-P
dehidrogenaza
DHAP
Glicerol
kinaza
NAD+
NADH
18
19
A 2-a exceptie
Aminoacizii ramificati (Val, Ile)
catabolism
Propionat
Colesterol
ATP, CoA
CO2
AMP+PP
ATP
Propionat
Propionil
CoA sintetaza
Propionil
CoA
ADP
COOH
CH-CH3
Vit B12
Propionil
mutaza
CoA
CO~SCoA
carboxilaza
Metil malonil CoA
Succinil CoA
Succinil
CoA
sintetaza
CITOSOL
fumaraza
Oxalacetat
Malat
Malat
Fumarat
succinat
Succinat
dehidrogenaza
MITOCONDRIE
GLUCONEOGENEZA