Referat Drept Penal Iresponsabilitatea
Referat Drept Penal Iresponsabilitatea
Referat Drept Penal Iresponsabilitatea
INTRODUCERE 1
CAPITOLUL I RESPONSABILITATEA I IRESPONSABILITATEA JURIDIC
DISCERNMNT 4
1.1. DELIMITAREA CONCEPTUAL NTRE RSPUNDEREA PENAL RESPONSABILITATE
I IRESPONSABILITATE 4
1.2. SURSE INTERNATIONALE DE DREPT PRIVIND IRESPONSABILITATEA 13
CAPITOLUL II: PARTICULARITILE EXPERTIZEI MEDICO-LEGALE PSIHIATRICE PRIVIND
IRESPONSABILITATEA JURIDIC 19
2.1. REFERINTE LA LEGISLATIA INTERNA SI INTERNATIONAL DIN DOMENIUL
SANATATII MINTALE 19
2.2. ETAPELE EXPERTIZEI MEDICO-LEGALE PSIHIATRICE A ADULTULUI 23
2.3. ASPECTE PROCESUAL-PENALE PRIVIND EXPERTIZA JUDICIAR 25
2.4. ASISTENTA PSIHIATRICA IN REPUBLICA MOLDOVA. 39
2.5. CUNOASTEREA SI EVALUAREA ASPECTULUI CLINICO - PRACTIC A FENOMENULUI
PSIHIATRICO - LEGAL 46
CAPITOLUL III: COMPORTAMENTUL DUPLICITAR DIN PERSPECTIV MEDICO-LEGAL
50
3.1. TULBURRILE DE PERSONALITATE: O PERSPECTIV A PSIHOLOGICA,
PSIHOPATOLOGICA SI CLINICA 50
3.2. CRITERII DE DIAGNOSTIC N TULBVRARILE DE PERSONALITATE 57
3.3. COMPORTAMENTUL DUPLICITAR 69
CONCLUZII 72
BIBLIOGRAFIE 74
ANEXE 79
INTRODUCERE
Chestiunea responsabilitatii/lipsei de responsabilitate a persoanei in planul
judecatii medico-legale este una de o importanta decisiva pentru justa gestionare a
actului de justitie. Posibilitatii de a stabili daca un subiect este/nu este responsabil
in raport cu actele anti-sociale savarsite ii corespunde sansa unei judecati obiective
si drepte. De multe ori, in ciuda probelor indiscutabile si a enormitatii morale a unor
infractiuni, aprecierea la nivelul sentintei se joaca in cheie de responsabilitate
mintala si nu de impardonabilitate etico-juridica. De pilda, in 1982, sentinta in cazul
inculpatului John Hinckley, acuzat ca a incercat sa-l asasineze pe presedintele
Statelor Unite ale Americii, Ronald Reagan, a fost de "nevinovat pe motiv de
alienare mintala" (not guilty by reason of insanity). In fapt, adevarata miza in
situatiile in care se dubiteaz asupra capacitatii acuzatului de a fi responsabil
pentru faptele comise consta in dovedirea stiintifica riguroasa a unei patologii de
natura sa anuleze putinta acestuia de a distinge intre bine si rau. Pe scurt, trebuie
demonstrat ca exista o alterare masiva a capacitatii de optiune axiologica cat il
priveste pe inculpat, deci de intelegere si respectare a legii.
DREPT COMPARAT:
1. Schizofrenic paranoic executat in Texas
Larry Keith Robison, 42, a fost executat vineri, 21 ianuarie, in ciuda rugamintilor adresate catre
Guvernatorul statului Texas, George W. Bush, in sensul de a cruta viata barbatului bolnav psihic.
A murit prin administrarea injectiei letale vineri dimineata, in Huntsville. Uniunea Europeana,
Papa Ioan Paul II si Alianta nationala a bolnavilor mentali au apelat la Bush pentru a se stopa
executia.
Larry Robison, dignosticat cu schizofrenie de tip paranoid, a fost condamnat la moarte si
executat pentru uciderea in 1982 a cinci persoane, crime pe care le-a comis in stare de psihoza..
Mama lui Robison, Lois, cautase in repetate randuri forme de tratament pentru fiul ei, dar nu a
gasit suport psihiatric pe care si l-ar fi putut permite in statul Texas. Deoarece fiul ei implinise 21
ani si era somer, polita de asigurare a parintilor nu putea acoperi cheltuielile, iar parintii nu au
putut plati costurile enorme ale ingrijirilor psihiatrice din sistemul de sanatate privat.
Curtea penala de apel din Texas a ordonat suspendarea executiei in speta Robison in luna august,
dand dispozitie unei curti inferioare sa organizeze o audiere cu scopul de a determina daca
Robison era mental competent pentru a fi executat sub jurisdictia Texana. Legislatia texana
prevede ca inculpatul trebuie sa fie suficient de coerent sa inteleaga motivul condamnarii sale la
moarte, dar nu interzice executia celor care sunt bolnavi psihic in momentul savarsirii crimei.
Curtea inferioara a statuat ca Robinson a inteles natura pedepsei si implicit, poate fi executat.
In cadrul celor doua procese penale ale lui Robison, juratilor nu li s-a adus nicio proba in sensul
dovedirii bolii sale. Procurorul care a instrumentat cazul sau a declarat : Sunt o sumedenie de
oameni care desi diagnosticati cu o forma de schizofrenie nu ucid oameni. *
[http://www.avocatnet.ro/content/forum%7CdisplayTopicPage/topicID_47770/schizofrenia-nuinlatura-caracterul-penal-al-faptei-in-unele-tari-civilizate.html#ixzz1B6CvVU7a]
Opinie personala:
*Instanta ar fi trebuit sa se aplece asupra masurii de siguranta a internarii medicale ,luata pe
durata nedeterminata, e clar , din cele relatate , ca fapta a fost savarsita fara discernamant ,
faptuitorul neavand in minte reprezentarea actiunilor sale.
Chiar in cazul omorului deosebit de grav , in acest caz , vad incidenta iresponsabilitatea
*insuficienta diagnosticului de fond (schizofrenie paranoida) pentru a inlatura caracterul penal al
faptei si necesitatea stabilirii prin expertiza a discernamantului in momentul savarsirii faptei.
Avand in vedere tabloul clinic sumar, general acceptat al afectiunii, care poate fi sintetizat astfel :
Aceasta forma de schizofrenie este caracterizata de delire nesistematizate primare urmate de
interpretari delirante cu caracter bizar de cele mai multe ori insotite de halucinatii auditive,
tulburari de comportament, mergand pana la agitatie si agresivitate extrema. Temele de
persecutie pot determina un comportament suicidar, iar combinarea ideilor delirante de
persecutie si de grandoare cu furia poate predispune individul la violenta. mi se pare aproape
imposibil de determinat fara echivoc, daca in momentul savarsirii faptei, subiectul era sau nu
ghidat de acea voce interna simbiotica declansatoare de interpretari delirante.
Daca mai acceptam definitia conform careia discernamantul este functia psihica care se
manifesta in capacitatea subiectului de a concepe planul unei actiuni, scopul ei, ordinea etapelor
desfasurarii, savarsirea ei si rezultatul (consecintele), care au decurs din savrirea ei. Este
capacitatea subiectului de a organiza motivat activitatea sa , observam cat de importanta este in
definitie idea planului si a organizarii, ceea ce este dificil, daca nu imposibil de urmarit in
afectiunea in cauza, in care impredictibilitatea este cuvantul cheie.
Ceea ce ma duce la concluzia ca o reglementare mai corecta a situatiei acestei categorii de
oameni ar trebui sa poarte similitudini cu cea a raspunderii juridice pentru faptele minorilor.
Daca persoanele responsabilizabile refuza sa-si asume aceasta raspundere, persoanele care sufera
de aceasta forma de boala (si altele similare) ar trebui institutionalizate pe cheltuiala statului si sa
se afle sub permanenta supraveghere a personalului specializat. Cred ca nu s-ar ajunge la o
situatie similara cu cea a insuficientei penitenciarelor, deoarece ponderea populatiei care sufera
de schizofrenie (toate formele, inclusiv cea catatonica, care nu prezinta potential de agresivitate)
este de apr.1,1% din totalul populatiei : The Prevalance Rate for schizophrenia is approximately
1.1% of the population over the age of 18 (source: NIMH) or, in other words, at any one time as
many as 51 million people worldwide suffer from schizophrenia .
*****Vezi si MENTAL ILLNESS IN TEXAS EBOOK*******
The precise definition of criminal responsibility varies from place to place but, in general, to be
responsible for a criminal act implies the perpetrator must understand what they are doing and
that it is wrong. Clearly, most young children are too immature to fully appreciate the difference
between right and wrong. Most countries have fixed an age below which a child cannot be held
criminally responsible for their actions. Commonly this is set at ten years, although the age of
criminal responsibility can vary between six and 12 years.
An individual may also not be held responsible for their crimes on grounds of mental disorder. It
has long been recognized that some people do not have control over or understanding of their
actions and the issue of criminal responsibility has been a subject of debate since ancient times.
A landmark case occurred in 1843, when Daniel M'Naghten shot and killed the secretary to
Britain's Prime Minister Robert Peel. The medical evidence found M'Naghten to be insane. This
led to the famous M'Naghten Rule where someone could evade criminal responsibility if it could
be proved that they did not understand the "nature and quality" of the act they were committing.
Equally, they were not held responsible if they did understand what they were doing, but did not
appreciate that it was wrong.
Over the years, there has been much discussion over the meaning of these terms. In countries or
states that do not have the death penalty, the difference between being found guilty and
responsible and guilty and not responsible is a prison term or a stay in a mental institution.
Where the death penalty applies, it may mean the difference between death and life. In March
2005, the United States Supreme Court ruled that while persons under the age of 18-years-old
can be held responsible for crimes and punished by imprisonment, they are not subject to the
death penalty for crimes committed while under the age of 18.
There are many situations in which someone may not be responsible for their actions. Psychosis
may mean they were out of touch with reality at the time of the crime. Criminals suffering from
schizophrenia may cite "inner voices" driving them to murder someone. Disorders of impulse
control may mean someone is unable to stop himself or herself from attacking someone. People
whose actions and judgment are affected by prescription drugs may also not be fully responsible.
Crimes with no apparent or rational motive may also be committed by those who are not fully
responsible for their actions.
The forensic psychiatrist will examine the accused and will also look for evidence of whether he
or she understood what they were doing was wrong. Wearing gloves or a mask or giving a false
alibi or name are all clear indicators of knowing a criminal act is being committed. Suspects who
dispose of evidence, flee the scene, or lie to police are also likely to appreciate that they are
doing wrong. Some criminals can be very manipulative and may feign mental illness, thinking
that a stay in a mental hospital is preferable to prison or, indeed, the death sentence. It is up to the
forensic psychiatrist to examine all the evidence and the suspect and then to assess if the suspect
is, or is not, responsible for the crime.