閩

See also: 闽

閩 U+95A9, 閩 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-95A9 ← 閨 [U+95A8] CJK Unified Ideographs 閪 → [U+95AA]

Translingual

Han character

閩 (Kangxi radical 169, 門+6, 14 strokes, cangjie input 日弓中一戈 (ANLMI), four-corner 7713₆, composition ⿵門虫)

Derived characters

• 𤁝

Related characters

• 闽 (Simplified Chinese)

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 1335, character 7
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 41315
• Dae Jaweon: page 1841, character 4
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4295, character 9
• Unihan data for U+95A9

Chinese

trad.		閩
simp.		闽
alternative forms		𨷷

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (門) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
蔄	*roːs, *mruːns
闅	*min, *mrɯn, *mɯn
閩	*mrɯn, *mɯn
蕄	*mɯːŋ, *mrɯːŋ
門	*mɯːn
捫	*mɯːn
悶	*mɯːns
聞	*mɯn, *mɯns
閿	*mɯn
問	*mɯns

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mrɯn, *mɯn) : phonetic 門 (OC *mɯːn) + semantic 虫 (“snake”). The 虫 radical was a common component of the names of barbarians (Schuessler, 2007), probably reflecting the Min people's worship of snakes (Li, 2017).

Etymology

Matisoff (2003) relates it to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-b/m-ruːl (“snake”), but this comparison is no longer held in STEDT.

In most modern Min dialects and some other southern dialects (including Hakka and Xiang), it is read with a level tone (平聲), which is the expected reflex based on rime dictionaries. In Mandarin and the remaining southern dialects, it is read with a rising tone (上聲), probably due to analogy with the phonetic component of 閔 (MC minX) (Li, 2017).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Standard)

  (Pinyin): mǐn, mín

  (Zhuyin): ㄇㄧㄣˇ, ㄇㄧㄣˊ

  (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): min³

• Cantonese

  (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): man⁵ / man⁴

  (Taishan, Wiktionary): man³

• Gan (Wiktionary): min³
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): mén

  (Meixian, Guangdong): men²

• Jin (Wiktionary): ming²
• Northern Min (KCR): mâing
• Eastern Min (BUC): mìng
• Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): mang² / ming²
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): bân / bîn

  (Teochew, Peng'im): mang⁵

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁶min
• Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): min²

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland and Taiwan)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: mǐn
    • Zhuyin: ㄇㄧㄣˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: mǐn
    • Wade–Giles: min³
    • Yale: mǐn
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: miin
    • Palladius: минь (minʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /min²¹⁴/
      
  • (Standard Chinese, variant)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: mín
    • Zhuyin: ㄇㄧㄣˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: mín
    • Wade–Giles: min²
    • Yale: mín
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: min
    • Palladius: минь (minʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /min³⁵/
  • (Chengdu)
    • Sichuanese Pinyin: min³
    • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: min
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /min⁵³/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: man⁵ / man⁴
    • Yale: máhn / màhn
    • Cantonese Pinyin: man⁵ / man⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: men⁵ / men⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /mɐn¹³/, /mɐn²¹/

Note: man4 - uncommon.

• • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
    • Wiktionary: man³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ᵐban²²/
• Gan
  • (Nanchang)
    • Wiktionary: min³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /min²¹³/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: mén
    • Hakka Romanization System: men^ˋ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: men³
    • Sinological IPA: /men³¹/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: men²
    • Sinological IPA: /mən¹¹/
• Jin
  • (Taiyuan)⁺
    • Wiktionary: ming²
    • Sinological IPA (old-style): /mĩŋ⁵³/
• Northern Min
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: mâing
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /maiŋ³³/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: mìng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /miŋ⁵³/
• Puxian Min
  • (Putian, Xianyou)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: mang²
    • Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: Máng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /maŋ¹³/
  • (Putian, Xianyou)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: ming²
    • Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: Míng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /miŋ¹³/

Note:

• mang2 - vernacular;
• ming2 - literary.

• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bân
    • Tâi-lô: bân
    • Phofsit Daibuun: baan
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /ban²³/
    • IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Taipei): /ban²⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /ban¹³/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bîn
    • Tâi-lô: bîn
    • Phofsit Daibuun: biin
    • IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou): /bin²⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /bin¹³/

Note:

• bân - vernacular;
• bîn - literary.

• (Teochew)
  • Peng'im: mang⁵
  • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: mâng
  • Sinological IPA ^(key): /maŋ⁵⁵/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ⁶min
    • MiniDict: min^去
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³min
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /min²³/
• Xiang
  • (Changsha)
    • Wiktionary: min²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /min¹³/

---

• Middle Chinese: min, mjun

Rime
Character	閩	閩
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Initial (聲)	明 (4)	明 (4)
Final (韻)	眞 (44)	文 (59)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Closed
Division (等)	III	III
Fanqie	武巾切	無分切
Baxter	min	mjun
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/mˠiɪn/	/mɨun/
Pan Wuyun	/mᵚin/	/miun/
Shao Rongfen	/mien/	/miuən/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/mjin/	/mun/
Li Rong	/mjĕn/	/miuən/
Wang Li	/mǐĕn/	/mĭuən/
Bernhard Karlgren	/mi̯ĕn/	/mi̯uən/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	mín	wén
Expected Cantonese Reflex	man4	man4

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*mrə[n]/

  (Zhengzhang): /*mrɯn/, /*mɯn/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	閩
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	mǐn
Middle Chinese	‹ min ›
Old Chinese	/*mrə[n]/
English	southern tribes
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	閩	閩
Reading #	1/2	2/2
No.	8956	8966
Phonetic component	門	門
Rime group	文	文
Rime subdivision	1	1
Corresponding MC rime	珉	文
Old Chinese	/*mrɯn/	/*mɯn/

Definitions

閩

1. (historical) Min people (ancient ethnic group)
2. (～江) Min River (a river in Fujian, China)
3. Fujian

   閩南／闽南  ―  mǐnnán  ―  southern Fujian

   閩西／闽西  ―  mǐnxī  ―  western Fujian

   閩菜／闽菜  ―  mǐncài  ―  Fujian cuisine

4. (～語, ～方言) Min languages
5. a surname

Compounds

• 七閩／七闽 (Qīmǐn)
• 八閩／八闽 (Bāmǐn)
• 洛閩／洛闽
• 洛閩之學／洛闽之学
• 濂洛關閩／濂洛关闽
• 閩中／闽中 (Mǐnzhōng)
• 閩中十子／闽中十子
• 閩中話／闽中话
• 閩中語／闽中语 (mǐnzhōngyǔ)
• 閩侯／闽侯 (Mǐnhòu)
• 閩劇／闽剧 (mǐnjù)
• 閩北／闽北 (Mǐnběi)
• 閩北話／闽北话
• 閩北語／闽北语 (mǐnběiyǔ)
• 閩南／闽南 (Mǐnnán)
• 閩南話／闽南话 (mǐnnánhuà)
• 閩南語／闽南语 (mǐnnányǔ)
• 閩學／闽学
• 閩寧／闽宁 (Mǐnníng)
• 閩嶠／闽峤
• 閩嶺／闽岭
• 閩川／闽川
• 閩徼／闽徼
• 閩本／闽本
• 閩東／闽东 (Mǐndōng)
• 閩東話／闽东话
• 閩東語／闽东语 (mǐndōngyǔ)
• 閩江／闽江 (Mǐn Jiāng)
• 閩派／闽派
• 閩洛／闽洛
• 閩海／闽海
• 閩清／闽清 (Mǐnqīng)
• 閩粵／闽粤
• 閩荒／闽荒
• 閩虻／闽虻
• 閩蚋／闽蚋
• 閩西／闽西 (Mǐnxī)
• 閩語／闽语 (mǐnyǔ)
• 閩越／闽越 (Mǐnyuè)
• 閩都／闽都
• 閩關／闽关
• 閩隸／闽隶

 

See also

• 蠻／蛮 (mán)

Japanese

Kanji

閩

(Hyōgai kanji)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings

• Go-on: まん (man)、みん (min)、もん (mon)
• Kan-on: ばん (ban)、びん (bin)、ぶん (bun)

Compounds

Compounds

• 閩越(びんえつ) (Bin'etsu): Minyue
• 閩江(びんこう) (Binkō)
• 閩南語(びんなんご) (Binnango): Southern Min
• 洛閩(らくびん)の学(がく) (rakubin no gaku)
• 濂洛関閩(れんらくかんびん)の学(がく) (renrakukanbin no gaku)

Proper noun

Kanji in this term
閩
びん Hyōgai
kan'on

閩(びん) • (Bin) 

1. Min, one of the w:Ten Kingdoms of China

Korean

Hanja

閩 • (min) (hangeul 민, revised min, McCune–Reischauer min, Yale min)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

閩: Hán Nôm readings: mân

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.