Draw Something

Penelitian yang dilakukan ini bertujuan untuk menghasilan suatu media audio visual berupa compact disc (CD) panduan praktis pola hidup sehat bagi lansia, artikel yang siap di masukan ke jurnal ilmiah nasional terakreditasi dan modul kuliah pada jenjang S1 jurusan Pendidikan Luar Sekolah pada matakuliah Pendidikan Orang Dewasa. Penelitian dan pengembangan ini dilakukan dalam dua tahun, tahun pertama telah menghasilkan CD panduan praktis pola hidup sehat bagi lansia yang sudah tervalidasi secara terbatas, artikel yang siap di masukan ke jurnal ilmiah nasional terakreditasi dan modul kuliah pada jenjang S1 jurusan Pendidikan Luar Sekolah pada matakuliah Pendidikan Orang Dewasa. Pada tahun kedua diharapkan dapat di validasi secara luas dan didesiminasikan ke kelompok sasaran. Penelitian pengembangan ini dilaksanakan di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta dengan sasaran kelompokkelompok lanjut usia yang tergabung dalam paguyuban lansia. Dalam penelitian ini, data dikumpulkan dengan menggunakan me...

In North America, close-fitting structural pipe liners are designed according to the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) F1216 design appendix. This design standard is based on the structural buckling theory. A long-term material elastic modulus is introduced to accommodate for material creep for a long-term design. This paper discusses the theoretical incorrectness of applying a long-term elastic modulus in the instantaneous buckling equation, and the technical difficulties in determining the value of the modulus. Based on the critical buckling strain theory introduced in the 1960's, the authors propose an alternative liner design method. In the proposed design method, the instantaneous buckling equation is used for shortterm liner buckling design, then the creep strain and the critical buckling strain theory are used to validate the long-term design. Compared with the current design method, the proposed design method: 1) is theoretically sound, 2) utilizes mature creep theory and simple creep tests to predict liner long-term performance, and 3) overcomes the over-conservativeness in the current design method. A design example is given to illustrate the proposed design procedure. Discussions are presented to address some key issues in current plastic liner design, tests, and long-term performance.

Permasalahan penuaan penduduk merupakan permasalahan kompleks dan membutuhkan solusi komprehensif untuk menyelesaikannya. Dengan meningkatkan kualitas penduduk lanjut usia dan meningkatkan angka kelahiran pada Provinsi Riau maka pemerintah dapat mengurangi permasalahan penuaan penduduk. Upaya tersebut merupakan upaya utama yang bisa dilakukan untuk mengatasi permasalahan penuaan penduduk. Meningkatkan angka kelahiran dapat menghasilkan proporsi usia produktif lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan proporsi lanjut usia. Peran masyarakat juga penting untuk mencapai upaya tersebut, Penanaman kesadaran masyarakat tentang pentingnya mengatur reproduksi berdasarkan program keluarga berencana sangat berpengaruh pada proporsi penuaan penduduk. Sehingga dapat dicapai hasil penyelesaian permasalahan penuaan penduduk di Provinsi Riau.

Soomaaliya, oo ku taal meel istiraatiiji ah geeska Afrika, ayaa soo jiidatay indhaha dalal badan oo doonaya inay saameyn ku yeeshaan Dalalka qaar ka mid ah ayaa kaalin muuqata ka qaata faragelinta arrimaha Soomaaliya iyagoo marmarka qaarkood iska dhigaya inay yihiin saaxiibbo daneeya horumarka iyo nabadda Soomaaliya, balse dhab ahaantii leh dano gaar ah oo aan mar walba dan u ahayn Soomaalida. Sababaha keena in dalalkaas ay sidaa yeelaan waa kuwo isugu jira dano siyaasadeed, dhaqaale, iyo istiraatiiji ah.

The sources of error associated with the use of particle-tracking techniques in the measurement of velocity and vorticity fields in moderately three-dimensional turbulent flows are analysed. The two dominant sources of error are the visualisation error, resulting from the limited resolution of the optical data acquisition system, and the sampling error, due to limited particle concentration. Their relative importance is discussed.The performance of the interpolation methods used to translate the measurements from the positions of the particles to an arbitrary point is discussed, and a non-parametric algorithm is given to estimate the errors that arise, using only the available data. The smoothing of the results to produce flow maps of a given statistical significance is also discussed. Finally, the method is validated using simultaneous laser-Doppler velocity measurements.The system is applied to measurements of the near wake of a circular cylinder. Velocity and vorticity maps are p...

An interlaboratory round-robin study was conducted on the tensile strength of SiC-SiC ceramic matrix composite (CMC) tubular test specimens at room temperature with the objective of expanding the database of mechanical properties of nuclear grade SiC-SiC and establishing the precision and bias

■ Proposed changes to ASTM A1061-16 are presented with the aim of providing clarity to the standard, reducing the frequency of improper test procedures, and improving the test precision. Multiwire steel prestressing strand is widely used in precast and post-tensioned concrete construction. Although the mechanical properties of strand products are relatively invariant across production runs, it is necessary for producers and some end users, such as state departments of transportation, to document whether a given sample of strand complies with applicable specifications. Samples of strand are therefore frequently tested in tension in accordance with ASTM A1061, Standard Test Methods for Testing Multi-Wire Steel Prestressing Strand. Problems occasionally arise when producers and end users obtain different results from tests of samples from the same strand. These problems can be difficult to resolve because the precision of the ASTM A1061 methods has not been previously quantified.

Prefiguration
Through a picture-searching meditation pictures arose before my inner eye, which I drew with charcoal pencils on paper.

I do not want to go deeper into the style theory of the drawings and also not, what they mean. For me the drawings are important, they say something universal, something magical. Few numbers and letters appeared within 1200 drawings. Some of them are repeated and then images appeared that I asked for. I tried to enter the subconscious with a feeling, such as fear, to capture the images with this feeling. Drawings emerged in which fear was actually expressed.

Did the sign, the image or the drawing come before the writing?
When evaluating a work of art, I instinctively consider the quality of the contrasts. What is there and what is not there. What do I see and what do I not see? What do I hear and what do I not hear? What do I smell and what do I not smell? If I can recognize whether both are there, then I dare to classify it as a work of art.


Search for quality in art
What does it mean? The art historian Giulio Carlo Argan said about Paul Klee's theory : "...the main thread that runs through the whole of Klee's theory is the search for quality; it is the search for quality, namely the search for one's own absolute authenticity, for which man (as Kierkegaard would say) desperately longs in order to justify and perhaps save himself. But it is not enough to want this; it is to become oneself, and only through conscious and methodical action to attain a quality or value that is also the value of existence, a full consciousness that benefits every human being."

Quality for me is the ultimate product of repeatable and unique experiences; I achieved it by my consciousness descending into the depths of the unconscious to decode the secret sources of images and signs that lie dormant. Like a light at the end of the tunnel, there are images. Then I memorize in my consciousness what I have seen, down to the last detail. Once I have fixed the image, then I try to make the seen visible with a drawing. I have to fix the image in detail, because I can't go back, the image has disappeared, I see another image again, and another drawing is created. The hand wants to synthesize and materialize what I have seen with the charcoal pencil. I put the charcoal on the paper and first a dot is created, then the line. The prefiguration is connected with movement of the mind.

The full consciousness, as Klee described it, I attain through the work "Imaginations" and "Atlas of Imagination". In the full consciousness the subconscious is fully contained.  A new quality has thus arisen in my creative work. This quality of absolute authenticity is an old as well as new way in my personal artistic research. For me a new theory about imagination and creativity emerged. In 1976 the credo was born: "...to realize every day an artistic idea, no matter with which material". Many works were created in which, at the beginning of the process, at the brainstorming stage - that is, at the beginning of an artistic idea - I turned my eye outside to get my ideas and inspiration there, and then reinterpreted them in my own manner. I call it "outside in and out art."

Ingres wanted to have created artistic order out of stillness; Paul Klee wanted to create order out of feeling and, going even further, out of movement. I want to create an order and quality from my personal spiritual parallel world in my subconscious, which is provided for me by the creator of imagination.

The movements of the mind and the movements of the hand
The straight and the crooked lines, vertical, horizontal and rhythmized in different variations, become metamorphoses or lose themselves in nothingness. The interrupted lines, whether crooked or straight, make me awake, and when they correspond, they lead to a harmonious sense of form. The movements of the hand with the charcoal pencil are rolling like those of a wheel or they are like waves or water. The growth of a line of Q ends in springs - movements. The angular, crystal - movements, like K, end in an object. Symmetrical forms are created, which turn into metamorphoses. Some drawings are also reflections, or become asymmetrical symmetries. Round - angular shapes, whether symmetrical or asymmetrical, complement each other on the right and on the left. Many characteristics emerge from the circle. They are roundish, pointed, in rotation, and variants of round into angular and vice versa. Some spirals contract and others are liberating to the outside. Some of the lemniscates are soothing and calming to my mind. They are symmetrical, roundish, pointed, asymmetrical, up and down, closed or open. The mathematical gray point between the dimensions, which is neither black nor white, not hot nor cold, also has no top and no bottom. The point as original element is cosmic. Every island is cosmic. The point as the intersection of paths is cosmic.

Opposite - Contradictions
Concepts without their opposite is not conceivable. Terms stand separately from their opposite. Concepts are only effective with its opposite. Opposite concepts like chaos - cosmos, disorder - order are concept pairs. What means "black" if there is no "white"? What means "light" if there is no "shadow"? What does "yin" mean if there is no "yang"? In every concept there is its opposite, as in the Taj Gi (light and dark, female and male). In most drawings, there is an opposite. I call it "the presence of absence." By this I mean that an idea from the inner eye, manifests itself on the paper with the drawing pencil. A sign has been created, but something is missing, as when the object is not yet finished drawing.

Example
What is this figure carrying and what is behind and under it? Is someone carrying it? What has not yet been drawn here? What has been left out?
The absence!
The present is the top of a figure with hat, which carries something. Here the contrasts are inserted, which make up the whole work of art.
Laotse means to it: What is serves the possession, what is not serves the work. This contrast serves the quality of the work of art.

The gestures and the images in the inner eye radiate serenity as well as sadness in a certain way. There are images with solemn, filigree lines like hair, linked into a large pattern or ornament, in a poietic alizarin crimson red, on a dark background in anthracite.

To draw this image, and then to put it on paper with a thick charcoal pencil, and then to paint it in oil, I found very difficult. I could at least hint at the pattern I saw. One could try it digitally. Whereas, again, it would be difficult to paint the digital image in oil. This drawing is more of a sketch for a sculpture. Oversized and chunky. But actually it has been seen from fine thin lines.
Some images are reminiscent of speech marks from different cultures. Whereas these images are symbols that make sense.

For example, in this drawing, there are similarities with characters from the Native American Kekinomin or cultures from Central America.

It means "symbol of the power to see into the future". The script is called Kekiwin.

Source: "Book of Scripture", characters and alphabets of all times and all peoples of the world by Carl Faulmann. © 1985 by GRANO Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, D-8860 Nördlingen.

The charcoal
The charcoal pencil has a long history. Wikipedia says: "Charred wood has been used to draw since prehistoric times, as evidenced by many cave drawings. Until the Middle Ages, however, it was more of a tool, such as for preliminary drawings or for practice. It was only with the higher estimation of hand drawing in general and development of suitable fixing methods from the 15th century on that works were created in this technique that were the final goal and not a preliminary stage." And it goes on to say, "...the fossil evidence for fire comes mainly from charcoal. The earliest charcoal dates to the Silurian period. Charcoal is formed from organic material exposed to high temperatures, which expels volatile elements and leaves carbon residues. Charcoal is different from coal, which is the fossilized remains of living plants that burn and leave soot."
I use charcoal to create strong textured tonal gradations.
Since charcoal is easily smudged, smooth transitions and shading are possible. Corrections can be made easily. However, they cannot make the colors visible, nor can they make the intricate lines. Charcoal is a medium that has been used to express emotionally since human history. Because it has these qualities, I feel the connection to this story with every dot or stroke.

I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. This is a true copy of the thesis, including any required final revisions, as accepted by my examiners. I understand that my thesis may be made electronically available to the public.

AbstrakAktivitas-aktivitas yang diberikan keluarga dalam pengasuhan pada lanjut usia teramat penting untuk menunjukkan kepedulian, kehangatan, perhatian, cinta, dukungan dan rasa hormat kepada orang tua. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan kegiatan yang dilakukan keluarga dalam merawat lansia dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan naratif analis. Temuan penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa keluarga memainkan peran yang optimal. Hal ini dapat dilihat dari aktivitas religius dan aktivitas fisik keluarga yang sudah menyediakan sarana dan prasarana yang memadai bagi lansia, dengan mempertimbangkan keberadaannya atas pelayakan pengasuhan dan perawatan pada lanjut usia.Kata Kunci: Aktivitas, Pengasuhan, Keluarga, Lanjut Usia The activities that the family provides in the care of the elderly are very important to show care, warmth, care, love, support and respect for the parents. This study aims to describe the activities ca...

A numerical scheme is developed whereby the stress-strain characteristic of a plastics test specimen is derived from a set of measured load versus total elongation data. Finite element analysis is employed to check the validity of the assumptions made. The stress-strain characteristics obtained using the numerical scheme compare well with those measured using an infrared extensometer. The success of the scheme could dispense with the use of clip-on extensometers on relatively soft plastics, which has been shown to give rise to inaccuracies of measurement and premature failure of test specimens.

An interlaboratory study involving 19 laboratories was conducted to quantify the precision of ASTM A1061-16, Standard Test Methods for Testing Multi-wire Steel Prestressing Strand. This standard includes methods for measuring strand yield strength, elastic modulus, elongation, and breaking strength. Strand specimens were 0.375, 0.500, and 0.600-in. [9.5, 12.7, and 15.2 mm] diameter Grade 270 [1860] low-relaxation seven-wire steel prestressing strand compliant with ASTM A416. The reported results were used to examine how the methods are implemented in practice and how precise the results are when the methods are implemented correctly, resulting in the development of a precision statement proposed for adoption into the standard. Precision statistics were calculated for yield strength, elastic modulus, elongation, and breaking strength. Methods for obtaining the yield strength, elastic modulus, and breaking strength were found to be acceptably precise, with reproducibility limits less than 4, 10, and 3 %, respectively, of the mean reported values. Methods for obtaining elongation were highly imprecise, resulting in a reproducibility limit near 50 % of the mean reported value. Compliance with requirements of ASTM A1061 was also an issue. At least one result was classified as valid from 74, 82, 32, and 100 % of laboratories that submitted results for yield strength, elastic modulus, elongation, and breaking strength, respectively. It was found that the frequency with which strands fracture within a distance of 0.25 in. [6 mm] of the grips is very dependent on the type of grips used, with V-grips without cushioning material resulting in strand fracture near grips in 78 % of tests. Other methods of gripping strand resulted in no more than 35 % of specimens fracturing within a distance of 0.25 in. [6 mm] of the grips. This may be cause to disallow use of serrated V-grips without cushioning material, as fracture near grips was shown to correlate with a statistically significant reduction in breaking strength and elongation for some strand diameters. Finally, use of the 0.2 % offset method to determine yield strength, currently not an accepted method, resulted in added variability and small (1 to 5 %) but consistent increases in yield strength compared to other methods that were statistically significant. Several changes to ASTM A1061 are proposed aimed at improving the clarity of the standard.

■ Proposed changes to ASTM A1061-16 are presented with the aim of providing clarity to the standard, reducing the frequency of improper test procedures, and improving the test precision. Multiwire steel prestressing strand is widely used in precast and post-tensioned concrete construction. Although the mechanical properties of strand products are relatively invariant across production runs, it is necessary for producers and some end users, such as state departments of transportation, to document whether a given sample of strand complies with applicable specifications. Samples of strand are therefore frequently tested in tension in accordance with ASTM A1061, Standard Test Methods for Testing Multi-Wire Steel Prestressing Strand. Problems occasionally arise when producers and end users obtain different results from tests of samples from the same strand. These problems can be difficult to resolve because the precision of the ASTM A1061 methods has not been previously quantified.

Pendahuluan: Demensia merupakan proses hilangnya fungsi kognitif seperti berpikir, mengingat, dan bernalar sehingga penderita demensia terganggu dalam melakukan kehidupan dan aktivitas sehari-hari pada seseorang. WHO menyebutkan bahwa jumlah pasien demensia di dunia terus meningkat. Pada tahun 2015, pasien demensia diprediksi mencapai 47,47 juta pasien dan dapat mencapai 75,63 juta pada 2030. Semakin meningkat usia lansia, faktor komorbiditas yang menyerang lansia juga semakin meningkat. Faktor komorbiditas dapat berupa penyakit kronik seperti stroke, hipertensi, DM, juga penyakit jantung. Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui prevalensi komorbiditas pada pasien lansia demensia di RSUD Dr. Soetomo Surabaya. Metode: Data diambil dari rekam medis pasien pada periode Januari hingga Desember 2017 di RSUD Dr. Soetomo Surabaya berdasarkan kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi yang telah ditetapkan. Hasil: Faktor komorbiditas yang paling banyak terjadi pada pasien demensia adalah stroke (57,3%), diikuti oleh h...

Lansia merupakan kelompok umur pada manusia yang telah memasuki tahapan akhir dari fase kehidupannya. Diperkirakan pada tahun 2025, akan ada 1.2 miliar orang dengan usia di atas 60 tahun dan akan meningkat menjadi 1.9 miliar pada tahun 2050. Di beberapa negara, semakin tingginya populasi kelompok usia lanjut menjadi masalah serius, dikarenakan proses natural penuaan mengakibatkan banyak masalah kesehatan yang timbul dan beban ekonomi menjadi lebih tinggi. Pada kelompok yang dikategorikan lansia ini akan terjadi suatu proses yang disebut Aging Process atau proses penuaan. Pada masa ini, seseorang akan mengalami perubahan dalam segi fisik, kognitif, maupun dalam kehidupan psikososialnya. Kualitas hidup lansia menjadi perhatian penting bagi para profesional kesehatan karena dapat menjadi acuan keberhasilan dari suatu tindakan, intervensi, atau terapi. Demensia dan terbatasnya mobilitas pada lansia berkaitan erat dengan disabilitas dan peningkatan dependensi, membatasi aktivitas, partis...

This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 78; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval. This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense. 1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 on Concrete and Concrete Aggregatesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C09.61 on Testing for Strength. Current edition approved Jan. 10, 2002. Published March 2002. Originally published as C 78-30T. Last previous edition C 78-00.

Materials testing is often the last step in the manufacturing process. Yet quality cannot be put in after the fact since it is the result of both the materials and the process. In forming materials, it’s helpful to understand their properties in order to better predict the manufacturing outcome. For stamping and forming operations and for many products it is also helpful to have a profile of the material in order to detect variations in materials from suppliers over time.

Pull-off adhesion testing per ASTM D-4541 is a commonly used quality control check for coatings on large diameter steel water pipe. During the testing a metal dolly is glued to a pipeline coating then pulled off, to assess adhesion of the coating. In practice, results are very sensitive to circumstances and have large standard deviations compared to their mean value. It is clear from a simple inspection of Griffith's equation for the strength of materials that the pull-off stress at failure increases with the stiffness of the materials, the interfacial failure energy and is diminished by presence of existing cracks or flaws. Finite element stress analysis explored the effect of the coating and glue stiffness as well as some of the other possible reasons for variation in the results, i.e. pipe curvature, misalignment of the dolly, as well as the effect of scoring through the coating and glue around the dolly. The tensile modulus of three polyurethane coatings, an epoxy adhesive and a cyanoacrylate adhesive were measured and showed that it was possible for a polyurethane coating to be stiffer than an adhesive used to fix the dolly in place. The location of the maximum strain, in the glue or the coating, was used as an indicator of where the adhesive failure was likely to occur within the overall joint. Results indicate that the influence of dolly misalignment on the coated pipe is greater than the influence of the pipe curvature itself. If the dolly was aligned perfectly, the greatest strain, and thus most likely location of failure was on the crest of the pipe at the pipe-coating interface. The value of the strain was not a strong function of the curvature of the underlying pipe surface. If the dolly was misaligned, then the locus of failure shifted to where the glue was thinnest, but remained at the coating-pipe interface, if the glue is stiffer than the coating. However, if the coating was stiffer than the glue, then the location of the 1319 Pipelines 2014: From Underground to the Forefront of Innovation and Sustainability © ASCE 2014 greatest strain indicated that failure was more likely to be at the glue-dolly junction in all cases, rather than at the coating-pipe interface. Users should be aware of how these, and other possible, variations affect the pull-off results if they rely upon single dolly pull values to assess the overall adhesion or use the test method to assess the likely reliability of a coated steel pipe in service.

During the climacteric period, there will be a decline in function. This climacteric period is also known as the critical period. At this time there will be an increase in the prevalence of degenerative diseases that have an impact on functional abilities (Se Hee Min, 2022). The better the level of independence in the elderly in carrying out daily living activities, the better the quality of life for the elderly and vice versa. The higher the dependency level of the elderly, the more passive the elderly will be, so that it can increase the prevalence of degenerative diseases (Aprilian 2021). This study aims to analyze the effect of daily living activity on increasing the prevalence of degenerative diseases in women during the climacteric period in Ngringin Hamlet, Bangsri, Karangpandan. The type of research used is observational analytic. The sampling technique used was "Purposive Sampling" with a sample of 33 respondents and was carried out in Dukuh Ngringin, Bangsri, Karangpandan. The instrument used is a questionnaire. The results of the study show the exact sig value. 2-sided whose probability value = 0.006. The p-value = 0.006 <0.05 so it can be concluded with a significance level of 95% that there is an effect of daily living activity on the prevalence of degenerative diseases.

Mechanical characterization of newly developed polymers and composites are the basic measurements that are used to check the potential of the material towards its usage in various applications. Young researchers who are new to the field of materials science often find it difficult in selecting the specific testing standards for their novel materials. This review article provides a detailed explanatory of the various ASTM standards that are used for analyzing the basic mechanical properties of polymer composite materials. The standard dimensions of the test specimens and the mechanical testing parameters that are universally followed in different testing phases are illustrated for the ease of research.

For wet soil site conditions that require protection of aquatic species at the outfall, consider a CIPP specification that restricts the contractor to the following options:  UV cure, or  Pull-through or inversion installation, minimum steam temperature of 240 o F, water diversion, and forced heated air post-cure treatment. 1 Water Quality of Flow Through Cured-In-Place Pipe (CIPP) Water Quality of Flow Through Cured-In-Place Pipe (CIPP) established a maximum contaminant level (MCL) for styrene in drinking water at 100 µg/L. Environmental studies have shown that styrene biodegrades and volatilizes quickly in the environment (Fu and Alexander 1992), so the threat to the environment is reduced with time and distance to receiving waters. Fate and transport to the receiving water is an important factor that was not addressed in this study. Because CIPP in California is more often used on culverts with ephemeral flows, fate and transport to receiving waters could be an important consideration when selecting culvert rehabilitation methods. A programmatic scientific approach was recommended to address these potential water quality concerns (CTC 2012). A systematic study based on the Caltrans specification can also reduce project-specific costs. For example, the regulating agency required discharge concentrations to be verified for up to 60 days after installation of the Caltrans project under expenditure authorization (EA) 04-264900. In addition to this requirement, a flushing procedure was imposed (CTC 2012). These requirements add substantial cost and time to CIPP projects. The lack of water quality data from Caltrans CIPP installations prompted the present study. Data from this study could reduce the need for project-specific analysis in the future. Data could also inform improvements to the Caltrans CIPP specification. Water Quality Standards and Toxicity Thresholds Thresholds for all volatile organic compounds (VOCs) found in reportable quantities are listed in Appendix B. Among these thresholds, limits for styrene were of principle concern. For styrene, known toxicity lethal concentration (LC), effect concentration (EC), and no observable effect concentration (NOEC) thresholds may be appropriate for comparison to discharge from CIPP to nearby receiving waters depending on transport, flow, and beneficial uses of the receiving waters. In the following list, species and threshold (EC, LC, or NOEC) are listed from highest to lowest concentration and the ranges represent values from different studies, as summarized by Donaldson and Baker (2008).  Amphipod 96-hr LC50-9.5 mg/L  Fathead minnow 96-hr LC50-5.2 to 10 mg/L  Water flea 48-hr EC50-4.7 mg/L  Amphipod 96-hr NOEC-4.1 mg/L  Fathead minnow NOEC-2.6 to 4 mg/L  Rainbow trout 96-hr LC50-2.5 mg/L  Freshwater green algae 96-hr EC50-0.72 mg/L  Freshwater green algae 72-hr NOEC-0.53 mg/L  Freshwater green algae 96-hr NOEC-0.063 mg/L The California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) set a public health goal (PHG) of 0.5 ppb for drinking water, based on carcinogen effects in test species (OEHHA 2010). PHGs are not regulatory standards and their application to surface waters is not appropriate. Surface water standards are available in the basin plans approved by the Regional Water Boards. 3 Water Quality of Flow Through Cured-In-Place Pipe (CIPP) The drinking water MCL is 100 ppb (CA Title 22 §64444) and this value is referenced in many California basin plans such as the Los Angeles Region Plan (Los Angeles Water Board 2014). Further, basin plans in California have narrative objectives for receiving waters that may be applicable to CIPP, particularly the prohibition of discharge materials that cause "visible film" in receiving waters (Central Valley Water Board 2016).

The design and development of jaw grip for circular tensile test samples in a universal mechanical tester were undertaken in this work. In developing economies, the cost of acquiring laboratory testing equipment and accessories is huge, thereby depriving most of the supposedly advanced laboratories of most of this necessary research equipment. Where the equipment is available, they are either non-functional due to inadequate maintenance know-how or non-availability of necessary accessories. The developed grip in this work is part of an effort at providing accessories as their need arises. Advanced design and manufacturing tools were deployed to develop the jaw grip by using austenitic stainless steel. The developed jaw grip was used on the test equipment to conduct tensile tests on steel samples and the results were found to conform to international standard. Consequently, replacement of worn-out accessories has been carried out in resent time, which eventually saves idle time of equipment or otherwise importation for replacement.

An interlaboratory round-robin study was conducted on the tensile strength of SiC-SiC ceramic matrix composite (CMC) tubular test specimens at room temperature with the objective of expanding the database of mechanical properties of nuclear grade SiC-SiC and establishing the precision and bias

Latar belakang: Demensia vaskuler (VaD/vascular dementia) menempati peringkat kedua penyebab utama demensia atau dikenal dengan istilah pikun. Demensia berkembang sekitar 15-30% dalam kurun waktu 3 bulan setelah serangan stroke. Diabetes melitus tipe 2 merupakan faktor risiko independen stroke nonhemoragik yang dapat dimodifikasi. Sekitar 90% kasus lebih sering terjadi pada individu dengan diabetes melitus tipe 2. Indonesia menempati urutan ke-6 dengan angka penderita diabetes sebanyak 10,3 juta jiwa di tahun 2017. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran demensia vaskular pada pasien stroke nonhemoragik dengan diabetes melitus tipe 2 di Poli Saraf RSUD Sultan Syarif Mohamad Alkadrie Pontianak. Metode: Penelitian deskriptif dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan teknik purposive sampling. Data diperoleh dari wawancara dan kuesioner penelitian MoCA-INA, HIS, ADL dan IADL. Hasil: Pasien stroke nonhemoragik lebih banyak laki-laki (57,9%), kelom...

Latar belakang: Demensia vaskuler (VaD/vascular dementia) menempati peringkat kedua penyebab utama demensia atau dikenal dengan istilah pikun. Demensia berkembang sekitar 15-30% dalam kurun waktu 3 bulan setelah serangan stroke. Diabetes melitus tipe 2 merupakan faktor risiko independen stroke nonhemoragik yang dapat dimodifikasi. Sekitar 90% kasus lebih sering terjadi pada individu dengan diabetes melitus tipe 2. Indonesia menempati urutan ke-6 dengan angka penderita diabetes sebanyak 10,3 juta jiwa di tahun 2017. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran demensia vaskular pada pasien stroke nonhemoragik dengan diabetes melitus tipe 2 di Poli Saraf RSUD Sultan Syarif Mohamad Alkadrie Pontianak. Metode: Penelitian deskriptif dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan teknik purposive sampling. Data diperoleh dari wawancara dan kuesioner penelitian MoCA-INA, HIS, ADL dan IADL. Hasil: Pasien stroke nonhemoragik lebih banyak laki-laki (57,9%), kelom...

One of the health problems in the elderly are dementia disorder, or better known to laymen as senile. About 5% of 65-70 year old age suffer from dementia and has doubled every 5 years reached 45% at the age of 85 years. The purpose of this activity is to equip doctors of health centers to implement the use of MMSE as a screening tool that is sustainable for the prevention of disorder dementia in the elderly. The methods of these activities by providing direct training to the general practitioners to use the MMSE. Training activities and practice the use of MMSE for clinics doctors in North Bengkulu district has been going smoothly after the expected. It is necessary synergy between health centers, hospitals and health authorities to monitor this activity and follow up on the elderly who experience these dementia.

Latar belakang: Demensia vaskuler (VaD/vascular dementia) menempati peringkat kedua penyebab utama demensia atau dikenal dengan istilah pikun. Demensia berkembang sekitar 15-30% dalam kurun waktu 3 bulan setelah serangan stroke. Diabetes melitus tipe 2 merupakan faktor risiko independen stroke nonhemoragik yang dapat dimodifikasi. Sekitar 90% kasus lebih sering terjadi pada individu dengan diabetes melitus tipe 2. Indonesia menempati urutan ke-6 dengan angka penderita diabetes sebanyak 10,3 juta jiwa di tahun 2017. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran demensia vaskular pada pasien stroke nonhemoragik dengan diabetes melitus tipe 2 di Poli Saraf RSUD Sultan Syarif Mohamad Alkadrie Pontianak. Metode: Penelitian deskriptif dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan teknik purposive sampling. Data diperoleh dari wawancara dan kuesioner penelitian MoCA-INA, HIS, ADL dan IADL. Hasil: Pasien stroke nonhemoragik lebih banyak laki-laki (57,9%), kelom...

Manufacturing processes of polymeric plastic pipes play an important role and effect on their mechanical behavior. These processes cause a significant difference in the mechanical behavior between traditional tensile test specimens from the basic materials and final product of plastic pipes. The present study is focused on the mechanical behavior of ring specimens cut from pipes in the circumferential direction to obtain accurate materials design data during checking the quality of the final product for the plastic pipes. One of the most important tensile test specimens that can be used to simulate the final product of plastic pipe in natural gas piping systems (NGPS) is ring hoop tension test (RHTT) specimen. Single and double configurations from dumbbell shaped (DBS) are formed on the RHTT specimens that are cut from plastic pipes made from High-density polyethylene (HDPE) in transverse directions with identical widths. The experimental work is conducted at different crosshead speeds (V C.H =10-1000 mm/min), and different loading angles relative to the location of the DBS ( =0 o , 30 o , 45 o , 60 o and 90 o) to study

Latar belakang: Demensia vaskuler (VaD/vascular dementia) menempati peringkat kedua penyebab utama demensia atau dikenal dengan istilah pikun. Demensia berkembang sekitar 15-30% dalam kurun waktu 3 bulan setelah serangan stroke. Diabetes melitus tipe 2 merupakan faktor risiko independen stroke nonhemoragik yang dapat dimodifikasi. Sekitar 90% kasus lebih sering terjadi pada individu dengan diabetes melitus tipe 2. Indonesia menempati urutan ke-6 dengan angka penderita diabetes sebanyak 10,3 juta jiwa di tahun 2017. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran demensia vaskular pada pasien stroke nonhemoragik dengan diabetes melitus tipe 2 di Poli Saraf RSUD Sultan Syarif Mohamad Alkadrie Pontianak. Metode: Penelitian deskriptif dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan teknik purposive sampling. Data diperoleh dari wawancara dan kuesioner penelitian MoCA-INA, HIS, ADL dan IADL. Hasil: Pasien stroke nonhemoragik lebih banyak laki-laki (57,9%), kelom...

Fish is very important source of protein especially in Egypt. Fish and fish products are one of the most important food stuffs as they are one of the cheapest sources of animal protein. Fish are enriched with essential minerals, vitamins, and unsaturated fatty acids [1]. Histamine is known as a biogenic amine which is low molecular weight and possesses biological activity [2]. The levels of histamine have been suggested as rapid fish spoilage indicators [2,3]. Gramnegative histamine producing bacteria are more common in fish. A wide range of Gram-negative bacteria can produce histamine in fish, but the major types are mesophilic enteric and marine bacteria. Morganella morganii, Morganella psychrotolerans, Photobacterium damselae, Photobacterium phosphoreum, Raoultella planticola, Hafnia alvei were reported as histamine formers. In the case of fermented sea food, Staphylococcus spp. and Tetragenococcus spp [4]. These types of bacteria naturally present on the gills, external surfaces and in the gut of live saltwater fish with no harm to the fish. Up on death, the defense mechanism of the fish no longer inhibits bacterial growth in the muscle tissue and histamine forming bacteria may start to grow resulting in the formation of biogenic amines [5].scombroid poisoning is a form of toxicity caused by the ingestion of spoiled dark-flesh fishes, mainly of the scombroid family. The clinical picture is secondary to histamine toxicity, manifest ed as flushing, headache, palpitations, and abdominal cramps [6]. Inadequate cooling following harvest promotes bacterial histamine production and can result in outbreaks of scombroid poisoning [7] which results from the ingestion of histamine-contaminated fish of the scombroid fish including tuna, mackerel, and non-scombroid fish include sardine, herring and anchovy [8].The symptoms of scombroid poisoning appear within a few minutes after eating fish of Scombridae family and related species. The first symptoms are cutaneous, with flush, pruritus, and erythema of the face and trunk having an urticarial appearance, together with faintness. Gastrointestinal symptoms include nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps and occasionally diarrhea [9]. This work aimed to determine histamine residue in salted and smoked fish collected from different fish markets in Gharbia governorate, Egypt by using ELIZA technique to asses quality of fish. Materials and Methods Collection of Samples A total of 90 random samples of salted and smoked fish products represented by fesiekh, salted sardine, and smoked herring (30 of each) were collected from different fish markets in Gharbia governorate, Egypt. The collected samples were labeled and preserved individually in an insulated ice box as well as transferred to the laboratory as quickly as possible.

The antifeedant potential of extracts of five natural plants; Galic (Allium sativum), Manjack (Cordia millenii), African nutmeg (Mondora myristica), Negro pepper (Xylopia aethiopica) and Ginger (Zingiber officinale) against cowpea weevil, (Callosobruchus maculatus) was evaluated. The results established that extracts of Ginger caused the strongest feeding deterrency against the insect pests with percentage feeding index of 48.3%. The order of the antifeedant potency of the extracts against C. maculatus after 5-hour exposure was Z. officinale (43.9%), > X aethiopica (48.3%) > C. millenii (59.9%) > A. sativum (61.6%) > M. myristica (64.9%). The study further discussed the challenges confronting researchers and farmers in practically deploying these plant materials for general use in crop protection and makes recommendations on appropriate solutions.

The structural integrity of butt fusion (BF) joints in thermoplastic pressure piping systems is critical to their long-term safe use. The tapered waist tensile (TWT) specimen was developed to alleviate issues associated with the currently used ISO 13953 waisted tensile (WT) specimen for evaluating BF joints. Experimental and finite element analyses were performed to obtain optimum TWT specimen designs for the BF joint destructive test. For TWT specimens, depending on the pipe size, the displacement at onset necking was reduced by 30~100%, and the tested BF area increased by 60~80% compared to the WT specimen. In addition, the transverse specimen deflection was lower thus providing better experimental stability. Furthermore, it showed the same BF displacement at the maximum force local to the BF bead, indicating that the tapered waist geometry provides equivalent deformation constraint and BF failure mode designed for the BF joint in the WT specimens. Therefore, TWT specimens offer s...

One of the health problems in the elderly are dementia disorder, or better known to laymen as senile. About 5% of 65-70 year old age suffer from dementia and has doubled every 5 years reached 45% at the age of 85 years. The purpose of this activity is to equip doctors of health centers to implement the use of MMSE as a screening tool that is sustainable for the prevention of disorder dementia in the elderly. The methods of these activities by providing direct training to the general practitioners to use the MMSE. Training activities and practice the use of MMSE for clinics doctors in North Bengkulu district has been going smoothly after the expected. It is necessary synergy between health centers, hospitals and health authorities to monitor this activity and follow up on the elderly who experience these dementia.

Lansia merupakan kelompok umur pada manusia yang telah memasuki tahapan akhir dari fase kehidupannya. Diperkirakan pada tahun 2025, akan ada 1.2 miliar orang dengan usia di atas 60 tahun dan akan meningkat menjadi 1.9 miliar pada tahun 2050. Di beberapa negara, semakin tingginya populasi kelompok usia lanjut menjadi masalah serius, dikarenakan proses natural penuaan mengakibatkan banyak masalah kesehatan yang timbul dan beban ekonomi menjadi lebih tinggi. Pada kelompok yang dikategorikan lansia ini akan terjadi suatu proses yang disebut Aging Process atau proses penuaan. Pada masa ini, seseorang akan mengalami perubahan dalam segi fisik, kognitif, maupun dalam kehidupan psikososialnya. Kualitas hidup lansia menjadi perhatian penting bagi para profesional kesehatan karena dapat menjadi acuan keberhasilan dari suatu tindakan, intervensi, atau terapi. Demensia dan terbatasnya mobilitas pada lansia berkaitan erat dengan disabilitas dan peningkatan dependensi, membatasi aktivitas, partis...

The sources of error associated with the use of particle-tracking techniques in the measurement of velocity and vorticity fields in moderately three-dimensional turbulent flows are analysed. The two dominant sources of error are the visualisation error, resulting from the limited resolution of the optical data acquisition system, and the sampling error, due to limited particle concentration. Their relative importance is discussed.The performance of the interpolation methods used to translate the measurements from the positions of the particles to an arbitrary point is discussed, and a non-parametric algorithm is given to estimate the errors that arise, using only the available data. The smoothing of the results to produce flow maps of a given statistical significance is also discussed. Finally, the method is validated using simultaneous laser-Doppler velocity measurements.The system is applied to measurements of the near wake of a circular cylinder. Velocity and vorticity maps are p...

Peningkatan jumlah penduduk lansia menjadi tantangan sendiri. Pemenuhan fasilitas, sistem serta peran dari pemerintah dan masyarakat dengan tujuan meningkatkan kualitas hidup lansia.. Salah satu aspek yang terkait dengan proses penuaan adalah penurunan fungsi yang mencakup psikologis, sosiologis dan biologis. Salah satu perubahanan yaitu penurunan fungsi kognitif. Penuruan fungsi pada lansia juga menjadi faktor yang mempengaruhi tingkat kemandirian dari lansia. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menilai hubungan tingkat kemandirian dan gangguan kognitif pada lansia. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain cross-sectional dengan teknik pengumpulan sampel convenience-sampling. Sampel penelitian ini merupakan pasien prolanis. Pengumpulan data menggunakan kuesioner Moca-Ina versi Indonesia untuk menilai fungsi kognitif dan Indeks Barthel untuk menilai tingkat kemandirian. Untuk menilai keadaan sosiodemografi dinilai melalui wawancara. Hasil penelitian ini didapatkan hasil hubungan tingkat kem...

Proses penuaan pada lansia mengakibatkan turunnya berbagai fungsi fisiologis, termasuk munculnya berbagai penyakit saraf. Berbagai studi menunjukkan hubungan antara status gizi yang dinilai dari Indeks Massa Tubuh (IMT) terhadap penurunan fungsi kognitif. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara status gizi dan penurunan dari fungsi kognitif pada lansia. Penelitian menggunakan studi observasional dengan desain potong lintang yang mengikutsertakan 82 lansia di Panti Sosial Tresna Werda Budi Mulia 2. Data karakteristik meliputi jenis kelamin, tingkat pendidikan dan status pernikahan diperoleh dengan cara wawancara menggunakan kuesioner. Fungsi kognitif dinilai menggunakan Mini-Mental State Examination. Status gizi dinilai dengan mengukur berat badan dan tinggi badan dan menghitung IMT, serta pengukuran lingkar pinggang responden. Analisis data menggunakan SPSS 23.0 dengan tingkat kemaknaan 0,05. Analisis chi-square menunjukkan adanya hubungan yang secara statistik ber...

An interlaboratory study involving 19 laboratories was conducted to quantify the precision of ASTM A1061-16, Standard Test Methods for Testing Multi-wire Steel Prestressing Strand. This standard includes methods for measuring strand yield strength, elastic modulus, elongation, and breaking strength. Strand specimens were 0.375, 0.500, and 0.600-in. [9.5, 12.7, and 15.2 mm] diameter Grade 270 [1860] low-relaxation seven-wire steel prestressing strand compliant with ASTM A416. The reported results were used to examine how the methods are implemented in practice and how precise the results are when the methods are implemented correctly, resulting in the development of a precision statement proposed for adoption into the standard. Precision statistics were calculated for yield strength, elastic modulus, elongation, and breaking strength. Methods for obtaining the yield strength, elastic modulus, and breaking strength were found to be acceptably precise, with reproducibility limits less than 4, 10, and 3 %, respectively, of the mean reported values. Methods for obtaining elongation were highly imprecise, resulting in a reproducibility limit near 50 % of the mean reported value. Compliance with requirements of ASTM A1061 was also an issue. At least one result was classified as valid from 74, 82, 32, and 100 % of laboratories that submitted results for yield strength, elastic modulus, elongation, and breaking strength, respectively. It was found that the frequency with which strands fracture within a distance of 0.25 in. [6 mm] of the grips is very dependent on the type of grips used, with V-grips without cushioning material resulting in strand fracture near grips in 78 % of tests. Other methods of gripping strand resulted in no more than 35 % of specimens fracturing within a distance of 0.25 in. [6 mm] of the grips. This may be cause to disallow use of serrated V-grips without cushioning material, as fracture near grips was shown to correlate with a statistically significant reduction in breaking strength and elongation for some strand diameters. Finally, use of the 0.2 % offset method to determine yield strength, currently not an accepted method, resulted in added variability and small (1 to 5 %) but consistent increases in yield strength compared to other methods that were statistically significant. Several changes to ASTM A1061 are proposed aimed at improving the clarity of the standard.

■ Proposed changes to ASTM A1061-16 are presented with the aim of providing clarity to the standard, reducing the frequency of improper test procedures, and improving the test precision. Multiwire steel prestressing strand is widely used in precast and post-tensioned concrete construction. Although the mechanical properties of strand products are relatively invariant across production runs, it is necessary for producers and some end users, such as state departments of transportation, to document whether a given sample of strand complies with applicable specifications. Samples of strand are therefore frequently tested in tension in accordance with ASTM A1061, Standard Test Methods for Testing Multi-Wire Steel Prestressing Strand. Problems occasionally arise when producers and end users obtain different results from tests of samples from the same strand. These problems can be difficult to resolve because the precision of the ASTM A1061 methods has not been previously quantified.

An interlaboratory study involving 19 laboratories was conducted to quantify the precision of ASTM A1061-16, Standard Test Methods for Testing Multi-wire Steel Prestressing Strand. This standard includes methods for measuring strand yield strength, elastic modulus, elongation, and breaking strength. Strand specimens were 0.375, 0.500, and 0.600-in. [9.5, 12.7, and 15.2 mm] diameter Grade 270 [1860] low-relaxation seven-wire steel prestressing strand compliant with ASTM A416. The reported results were used to examine how the methods are implemented in practice and how precise the results are when the methods are implemented correctly, resulting in the development of a precision statement proposed for adoption into the standard. Precision statistics were calculated for yield strength, elastic modulus, elongation, and breaking strength. Methods for obtaining the yield strength, elastic modulus, and breaking strength were found to be acceptably precise, with reproducibility limits less than 4, 10, and 3 %, respectively, of the mean reported values. Methods for obtaining elongation were highly imprecise, resulting in a reproducibility limit near 50 % of the mean reported value. Compliance with requirements of ASTM A1061 was also an issue. At least one result was classified as valid from 74, 82, 32, and 100 % of laboratories that submitted results for yield strength, elastic modulus, elongation, and breaking strength, respectively. It was found that the frequency with which strands fracture within a distance of 0.25 in. [6 mm] of the grips is very dependent on the type of grips used, with V-grips without cushioning material resulting in strand fracture near grips in 78 % of tests. Other methods of gripping strand resulted in no more than 35 % of specimens fracturing within a distance of 0.25 in. [6 mm] of the grips. This may be cause to disallow use of serrated V-grips without cushioning material, as fracture near grips was shown to correlate with a statistically significant reduction in breaking strength and elongation for some strand diameters. Finally, use of the 0.2 % offset method to determine yield strength, currently not an accepted method, resulted in added variability and small (1 to 5 %) but consistent increases in yield strength compared to other methods that were statistically significant. Several changes to ASTM A1061 are proposed aimed at improving the clarity of the standard.

Lanjut usia di Indonesia telah mengalami peningkatan dari sebelumnya yaitu sekitar 26 juta pada tahun 2020 dan diperkirakan akan meningkat sekitar 30-40 juta jiwa pada tahun 2030. Semakin bertambahnya umur lansia cenderung akan mengalami penurunan daya ingat yang berakibat menggangu aktifitas sehari-hari serta menurunkan kualitas hidup sehingga perlu menjadi perhatian bersama baik keluarga maupun masyarakat. Tujuan pelatihan ini adalah mengenalkan metode terapi reminiscence sebagai suatu upaya dalam menjaga ingatan atau mencegah kepikunan bagi lansia. Pelatihan yang termasuk dalam kegiatan pengabdian kepada masyarakat ini dilaksakan di wilayah Dukuh Mertosanan Kulon, Bantul pada bulan Juli 2021. Sasaran pelatihan adalah kelompok ibu yang memiliki anggota keluarga lanjut usia (lansia). Metode pengabdian yang digunakan adalah pemutaran video materi, diskusi, pelatihan dan penugasan. Pada sesi pemutaran video, sasaran menyimak materi sesuai waktu yang diberikan. Selanjutnya pada sesi diskusi dan pelatihan sasaran aktif mengajukan pertanyaan pada bagian materi yang kurang dipahami. Pada sesi penugasan, sasaran memberikan respon positif dengan mengumpulkan tugas video tepat waktu. Dari hasil sesi diskusi, pelatihan dan penugasan diketahui pengetahuan dan keterampilan sasaran terapi reminiscence bertambah.

The design and development of jaw grip for circular tensile test samples in a universal mechanical tester were undertaken in this work. In developing economies, the cost of acquiring laboratory testing equipment and accessories is huge, thereby depriving most of the supposedly advanced laboratories of most of this necessary research equipment. Where the equipment is available, they are either non-functional due to inadequate maintenance know-how or non-availability of necessary accessories. The developed grip in this work is part of an effort at providing accessories as their need arises. Advanced design and manufacturing tools were deployed to develop the jaw grip by using austenitic stainless steel. The developed jaw grip was used on the test equipment to conduct tensile tests on steel samples and the results were found to conform to international standard. Consequently, replacement of worn-out accessories has been carried out in resent time, which eventually saves idle time of equipment or otherwise importation for replacement.

Irradiation creep has been identified as a primary degradation mechanism for the structural ceramic composites being considered for control rod applications within the VHTR design. While standard sized (i.e. 150-mm long or longer) test specimens can be used for baseline non-irradiated thermal creep studies, very small, compact, tensile specimens will be required for the irradiated creep studies. Traditionally, it is standard practice to use small, representative test samples in place of full-size components for an irradiated study. However, a real problem exists for scale-up of composite materials. Unlike monolithic materials, these composites are engineered from two distinct materials using complicated infiltration techniques to provide full density and maximum mechanical properties. The material properties may be significantly affected when the component geometry or size is changed. It must be demonstrated that the smaller test samples used in an irradiated study will adequately represent larger composite tubes used for control rod applications. To accomplish this, two different test programs are being implemented to establish that small, flat test specimens are representative of the mechanical response for large, cylindrical composite tubes: a size effect study and a geometry effect study.

The neutral axis (NA) for a beam with isotropic, homogeneous material coincides with the geometrical centroid of the cross section. For wood beams, it is often assumed that the NA is at the centroid of the beam as well. Wood, however, is neither isotropic nor homogeneous. A multitude of anatomical features such as grain direction, grain pattern, knots, and so on provide wood with its orthotropic properties and in turn cause deviations in the location of the NA from the centroid of the beam. Knowledge of the true location of the NA would help one gain a better understanding of the mechanical behavior of wood beams. The objective of this study was to continue developing a protocol to optically analyze the NA in wood beams. Moreover, this study characterized the changes in the location of the NA with the presence of single and multiple knots in the beam. To characterize the location of the NA and its subsequent movement due to the presence of knots, a digital image correlation technique was applied to full-size lumber beams, which were loaded in flexure. The NA location was determined using longitudinal strain plots. The location and movement of the NA varied greatly between specimens and was affected by different patterns and types of knots in those specimens. In this testing, the average location of the NA in a nominal 2 Â 4 clear beam was 50.7 % of the depth above the tension side. With multiple knots, the results revealed more complex, qualitative behavior. In some beams the knots in tension and the knots in compression had very nearly equal effects on the NA and, in fact, offset each other with very little movement in the local location of the NA. In other cases, when the knots were placed close together longitudinally, the NA showed little to no movement. This work marks significant progress in developing a protocol for optically understanding the effect of knots on the NA and can be used for other beam sizes and species.